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34-1
Isao Takei. Poverty among Native Americans. Studies in International Relations Vol. 34, No. 1. October 2013. pp. 6775.
Using data from the 2006-2010 American Community Survey (ACS), this study investigates absolute and relative poverty among American Indians and Alaska Natives. The analysis distinguishes between four racial groups of American Indians and Alaska natives including: single-race Native Americans; biracial white and Native Americans; biracial black and Native Americans; and other multi-race Native Americans. This study also reports some results for 35 of the largest self-reported tribal affiliations for single-race Native Americans. In general, all of the Native American groups have higher levels of absolute and relative poverty rates compared to non-Hispanic whites. Significant variation is, however, evident with single-race Native Americans being the most disadvantaged. Furthermore, all of these racial groups of Native Americans have higher odds of relative and absolute poverty than comparable non-Hispanic whites, after taking into account age, gender, education, metropolitan status, and residential region. The analysis also finds variation in both absolute and relative poverty across the thirty-five tribal groups compared to the overall Native American rate. Although all of the 35 major tribal groups have higher poverty rates than non-Hispanic whites, significant variation nonetheless is evident suggesting the need for further research into various tribal affiliations and tribal economy.
4 35
Liebler 2004; 2010; Snipp 19891960 80 Passel 1997
68
Eschbach 1993; Eschbach, Supple and Snipp 1998; Liebler 2004 56670 Department of the Interior Bureau of Indian Affairs 2012
American Community SurveyACS American Indian or Alaska Native
Farley 1996; Gregory, Abello and Johnson 1997; Hunt et al. 2010; Sakamoto, Wu and Tzeng 2000; Sandefur and Sakamoto 1988; Snipp 1986; 19921980 Sandefur and McKinnell1986 Sandefur and McKinnell 1986 2000 Huyser, Sakamoto and Takei 2010
Snipp 1989
Liebler 2004; Snipp 1989 Liebler 2004; 2010; Sandefur and Liebler 1997; Snipp 1989
Brady 2003ACS
the income-to-needs ratio Sakamoto and Xie 2006
69
2006-2010ACS 3.26 1.63 1.0063 1.00
Iceland 2006
Bonilla-Silva 1996 Saenz and Morales 2005
Bonilla-Silva1996
Bonilla-Silva and Glover 2004:28 Feagin and Vera1995:7
Snipp 1989 Cornell and Kalt 1990, 1998 56637Department of the Interior Bureau of Indian Affairs 2012
70
2339 9.518.5
ACS ACS 35 2
5 1
2 “ ”
1RegionDivision
D.C.
71
2
0.0952 0.1852 9,933,063 18 0.1151 0.2185 2,191,133 0.0845 0.1663 4,831,818 0.1055 0.2036 5,101,245 0.2313 1 0.3901 1 227,303 18 0.2852 2 0.4658 2 75,384 0.2128 3 0.3664 3 109,055 0.2485 4 0.4121 4 118,248 0.2625 1 0.4331 1 122,439 0.1842 1 0.3300 1 78,656 0.2553 1 0.4135 1 9,948 0.2171 1 0.3579 1 16,260
0.2109 7 0.3485 6 1,030 0.3239 5 0.4995 5 3,153 0.3117 7 0.4730 6 1,052 0.2238 5 0.3758 5 14,548 0.3676 5 0.5444 5 536 0.1428 5 0.2833 5 1,075 0.2619 7 0.4398 6 5,454 0.1570 5 0.3211 5 4,670 0.2307 0.4034 642 0.2129 6 0.3477 5 2,250 0.3850 5 0.5746 5 485 0.2266 0.3677 6 2,331 0.2464 0.4472 5 2,567 0.3260 5 0.5151 5 16,805 0.2466 0.4091 7 784 0.3614 5 0.5247 5 965 0.1729 5 0.2927 5 999 0.2409 0.4161 3,687 0.2126 0.4135 712 0.4042 5 0.5647 5 4,875 0.1982 0.4052 802 0.3427 5 0.5876 5 802 0.2496 5 0.4165 5 14,689 0.1408 6 0.2707 5 762 0.2434 5 0.4403 5 5,145 0.1908 5 0.2730 5 435 0.2526 7 0.4404 949 0.3874 5 0.6153 5 424 0.3220 5 0.4958 5 1,107 0.2492 0.4327 457 0.2919 7 0.5295 5 333 0.3178 5 0.4934 5 359 0.2877 5 0.4701 5 623 0.2462 5 0.4187 5 20,568 2 0.2533 5 0.4238 5 3,177 0.1767 5 0.3558 793 0.2308 0.3760 2,394 1p<.001 5p<.001 2p<.001 6p<.01 3p<.001 7p<.05 4p<.001
72
18 2.42.1 2.32.0
2 8 1329 4047 62
2
3
226.6 2.2643.174 2.380 1.8592.868
8 2
2.359 135.91.898 2.9551.952
73
Brady 2003
2
3
3.266 *** 2.378 *** 2.965 *** 2.359 *** 2.264 *** 1.859 *** 2.126 *** 1.898 *** 3.174 *** 2.868 *** 2.864 *** 2.955 *** 2.380 *** 1.957 *** 2.025 *** 1.952 ***
0.899 *** 0.883 *** 1.001 *** 1.001 *** 0.440 *** 0.438 *** 0.463 *** 0.491 *** 0.367 *** 0.356 *** 0.226 *** 0.235 *** 0.148 *** 0.136 *** 0.098 *** 0.086 ***
0.754 *** 0.711 ***
0.897 *** 0.894 *** 0.969 *** 1.018 ** 0.988 1.028 *** 1.014 1.093 *** 1.016 * 1.038 *** 1.280 *** 1.322 *** 1.047 *** 1.100 *** 0.990 1.040 ***
0.004 0.104 0.004 0.128 anti-log *p<.05; **p<.01; ***p<.001
74
8 status marker
2000 Huyser, Sakamoto and Takei2010 ACS2009 Kim and Sakamoto 20082009ACS
Bonilla-Silva, E. 1996. “Rethinking Racism: Toward a Structural Interpretation.” American Sociological Review 62:465-480.
Bonilla-Silva, E. and K. Glover. 2004. “We Are All Americans: The Latin Americanization of Race Relations in the USA.” Pp. 149-183 in The Changing Terrain of Race and Ethnicity, edited by Maria Krysan and Amanda E Lewis. New York: Russell Sage.
Brady, D. 2003. “ Rethinking the Sociolog ical Measurement of Poverty.” Social Forces 81:715- 752.
Cornell, S. and Kalt, J. P. 1990. “Pathways from Poverty: Economic Development and Institution- Building in American Indian Reservations.” American Indian Culture and Research Journal 14:89-125.
. 1998. “Sovereignty and Nation-Building: The Development Challenge in Indian Country Today.” American Indian Culture and Research Journal 22:187-214.
75
Eschbach, K. 1993. “Changing Identification among American Indians and Alaska Nat ives.” Demography 30:635-652.
Eschbach, K., K. Supple, and C. M. Snipp. 1998. “ Changes in Racial Identification and the Educational Attainment of American Indians, 1970-1990.” Demography 35:35-43.
Farley, R. 1996. The New American Reality: Who We Are, How We Got Here, Where We Are Going. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
Feagin, J. R. and H. Vera. 1995. White Racism: The Basics. New York: Routledge.
Department of the Interior Bureau of Indian Affairs. 2012. “Indian Entities Recognized and Eligible to Receive Services from the Bureau of Indian Affairs.” Federal Register 77:155.
Gregory, R. G., Abello, A. C., and Johnson, J. 1997. “The Individual Economic Well-Being of Native American Men and Women During the 1980s: A Decade of Moving Backwards.” Population Research and Policy Review 16:115-145.
Hunt, V. H., Kerr, B., Ketcher, L. K., and Murphy, J. 2010. “The Forgotten Minority: An Analysis of American Indian Employment Patterns in State and Local Governments, 1991-2005.” American Indian Quarterly 34:409-434.
Huyser, K. R., A. Sakamoto, and I. Takei. 2010. “The Persistence of Racial Disadvantage: The Socioeconomic Attainments of Single-Race and Multi-Race Native Americans.” Population Research and Policy Review 29:541-568.
Iceland, J. 2006. Poverty in America, Second Edition. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
Kim, C-H and A. Sakamoto. 2008. “ Have Asian American Men Achieved labor Market Parity with White Men?” American Sociological Review 75:934-957.
Lee, S. 1994. “Poverty and the U. S. Asian Population.” Social Science Quarterly 75:541-559.
Liebler, C. A. 2004. “Ties on the Fringes of Identity” Social Science Research 33:702-723.
. 2010. “Homelands and Indigenous Identities
in a Multiracial Era. Social Science Research 39:596-609.
Passel, J. S. 1997. “The Growing American Indian Population, 1960-1990: Beyond Demography.” Population Research and Policy Review 16:11- 31.
Saenz, R. and M. C. Morales. 2005. “Demography of Race and Ethnicity.” Pp. 169-208 in Handbook of Population, edited by D. L. Poston and M. Micklin. New York: Springer.
Sakamoto, A. and Y. Xie. 2006. “The Socioeconomic Attainments of Asian Americans.” Pp. 54-77 in Asian Americans: Contemporary Trends and Issues, edited by P. G. Min. Thousand Oaks, CA: Pine Forge.
Sakamoto, A., H.-H. Wu, and J. Tzeng. 2000. “The Declining Significance of Race among American Men During the Latter half of the Twentieth Century.” Demography 37:41-51.
Sandefur, G. D., and Liebler, C. A. 1997. “ The Demography of American Indian Families.” Population Research and Policy Review 16:95- 114.
Sandefur, G. D. and T. McKinnell. 1986. “Native American Intermarriage.” Social Science Research 15:347-371.
Sandefur, G. D., and Sakamoto, A. 1988. “American Indian Household Structure and Income.” Demography 25:71-80.
Snipp, C. M. 1986. “Who Are American Indians? Some Observations about the Perils and Pitfalls of Data for Race and Ethnicity.” Population Research and Policy Review 5:237.
. 1989. American Indians: The First of this Land. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
Isao Takei. Poverty among Native Americans. Studies in International Relations Vol. 34, No. 1. October 2013. pp. 6775.
Using data from the 2006-2010 American Community Survey (ACS), this study investigates absolute and relative poverty among American Indians and Alaska Natives. The analysis distinguishes between four racial groups of American Indians and Alaska natives including: single-race Native Americans; biracial white and Native Americans; biracial black and Native Americans; and other multi-race Native Americans. This study also reports some results for 35 of the largest self-reported tribal affiliations for single-race Native Americans. In general, all of the Native American groups have higher levels of absolute and relative poverty rates compared to non-Hispanic whites. Significant variation is, however, evident with single-race Native Americans being the most disadvantaged. Furthermore, all of these racial groups of Native Americans have higher odds of relative and absolute poverty than comparable non-Hispanic whites, after taking into account age, gender, education, metropolitan status, and residential region. The analysis also finds variation in both absolute and relative poverty across the thirty-five tribal groups compared to the overall Native American rate. Although all of the 35 major tribal groups have higher poverty rates than non-Hispanic whites, significant variation nonetheless is evident suggesting the need for further research into various tribal affiliations and tribal economy.
4 35
Liebler 2004; 2010; Snipp 19891960 80 Passel 1997
68
Eschbach 1993; Eschbach, Supple and Snipp 1998; Liebler 2004 56670 Department of the Interior Bureau of Indian Affairs 2012
American Community SurveyACS American Indian or Alaska Native
Farley 1996; Gregory, Abello and Johnson 1997; Hunt et al. 2010; Sakamoto, Wu and Tzeng 2000; Sandefur and Sakamoto 1988; Snipp 1986; 19921980 Sandefur and McKinnell1986 Sandefur and McKinnell 1986 2000 Huyser, Sakamoto and Takei 2010
Snipp 1989
Liebler 2004; Snipp 1989 Liebler 2004; 2010; Sandefur and Liebler 1997; Snipp 1989
Brady 2003ACS
the income-to-needs ratio Sakamoto and Xie 2006
69
2006-2010ACS 3.26 1.63 1.0063 1.00
Iceland 2006
Bonilla-Silva 1996 Saenz and Morales 2005
Bonilla-Silva1996
Bonilla-Silva and Glover 2004:28 Feagin and Vera1995:7
Snipp 1989 Cornell and Kalt 1990, 1998 56637Department of the Interior Bureau of Indian Affairs 2012
70
2339 9.518.5
ACS ACS 35 2
5 1
2 “ ”
1RegionDivision
D.C.
71
2
0.0952 0.1852 9,933,063 18 0.1151 0.2185 2,191,133 0.0845 0.1663 4,831,818 0.1055 0.2036 5,101,245 0.2313 1 0.3901 1 227,303 18 0.2852 2 0.4658 2 75,384 0.2128 3 0.3664 3 109,055 0.2485 4 0.4121 4 118,248 0.2625 1 0.4331 1 122,439 0.1842 1 0.3300 1 78,656 0.2553 1 0.4135 1 9,948 0.2171 1 0.3579 1 16,260
0.2109 7 0.3485 6 1,030 0.3239 5 0.4995 5 3,153 0.3117 7 0.4730 6 1,052 0.2238 5 0.3758 5 14,548 0.3676 5 0.5444 5 536 0.1428 5 0.2833 5 1,075 0.2619 7 0.4398 6 5,454 0.1570 5 0.3211 5 4,670 0.2307 0.4034 642 0.2129 6 0.3477 5 2,250 0.3850 5 0.5746 5 485 0.2266 0.3677 6 2,331 0.2464 0.4472 5 2,567 0.3260 5 0.5151 5 16,805 0.2466 0.4091 7 784 0.3614 5 0.5247 5 965 0.1729 5 0.2927 5 999 0.2409 0.4161 3,687 0.2126 0.4135 712 0.4042 5 0.5647 5 4,875 0.1982 0.4052 802 0.3427 5 0.5876 5 802 0.2496 5 0.4165 5 14,689 0.1408 6 0.2707 5 762 0.2434 5 0.4403 5 5,145 0.1908 5 0.2730 5 435 0.2526 7 0.4404 949 0.3874 5 0.6153 5 424 0.3220 5 0.4958 5 1,107 0.2492 0.4327 457 0.2919 7 0.5295 5 333 0.3178 5 0.4934 5 359 0.2877 5 0.4701 5 623 0.2462 5 0.4187 5 20,568 2 0.2533 5 0.4238 5 3,177 0.1767 5 0.3558 793 0.2308 0.3760 2,394 1p<.001 5p<.001 2p<.001 6p<.01 3p<.001 7p<.05 4p<.001
72
18 2.42.1 2.32.0
2 8 1329 4047 62
2
3
226.6 2.2643.174 2.380 1.8592.868
8 2
2.359 135.91.898 2.9551.952
73
Brady 2003
2
3
3.266 *** 2.378 *** 2.965 *** 2.359 *** 2.264 *** 1.859 *** 2.126 *** 1.898 *** 3.174 *** 2.868 *** 2.864 *** 2.955 *** 2.380 *** 1.957 *** 2.025 *** 1.952 ***
0.899 *** 0.883 *** 1.001 *** 1.001 *** 0.440 *** 0.438 *** 0.463 *** 0.491 *** 0.367 *** 0.356 *** 0.226 *** 0.235 *** 0.148 *** 0.136 *** 0.098 *** 0.086 ***
0.754 *** 0.711 ***
0.897 *** 0.894 *** 0.969 *** 1.018 ** 0.988 1.028 *** 1.014 1.093 *** 1.016 * 1.038 *** 1.280 *** 1.322 *** 1.047 *** 1.100 *** 0.990 1.040 ***
0.004 0.104 0.004 0.128 anti-log *p<.05; **p<.01; ***p<.001
74
8 status marker
2000 Huyser, Sakamoto and Takei2010 ACS2009 Kim and Sakamoto 20082009ACS
Bonilla-Silva, E. 1996. “Rethinking Racism: Toward a Structural Interpretation.” American Sociological Review 62:465-480.
Bonilla-Silva, E. and K. Glover. 2004. “We Are All Americans: The Latin Americanization of Race Relations in the USA.” Pp. 149-183 in The Changing Terrain of Race and Ethnicity, edited by Maria Krysan and Amanda E Lewis. New York: Russell Sage.
Brady, D. 2003. “ Rethinking the Sociolog ical Measurement of Poverty.” Social Forces 81:715- 752.
Cornell, S. and Kalt, J. P. 1990. “Pathways from Poverty: Economic Development and Institution- Building in American Indian Reservations.” American Indian Culture and Research Journal 14:89-125.
. 1998. “Sovereignty and Nation-Building: The Development Challenge in Indian Country Today.” American Indian Culture and Research Journal 22:187-214.
75
Eschbach, K. 1993. “Changing Identification among American Indians and Alaska Nat ives.” Demography 30:635-652.
Eschbach, K., K. Supple, and C. M. Snipp. 1998. “ Changes in Racial Identification and the Educational Attainment of American Indians, 1970-1990.” Demography 35:35-43.
Farley, R. 1996. The New American Reality: Who We Are, How We Got Here, Where We Are Going. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
Feagin, J. R. and H. Vera. 1995. White Racism: The Basics. New York: Routledge.
Department of the Interior Bureau of Indian Affairs. 2012. “Indian Entities Recognized and Eligible to Receive Services from the Bureau of Indian Affairs.” Federal Register 77:155.
Gregory, R. G., Abello, A. C., and Johnson, J. 1997. “The Individual Economic Well-Being of Native American Men and Women During the 1980s: A Decade of Moving Backwards.” Population Research and Policy Review 16:115-145.
Hunt, V. H., Kerr, B., Ketcher, L. K., and Murphy, J. 2010. “The Forgotten Minority: An Analysis of American Indian Employment Patterns in State and Local Governments, 1991-2005.” American Indian Quarterly 34:409-434.
Huyser, K. R., A. Sakamoto, and I. Takei. 2010. “The Persistence of Racial Disadvantage: The Socioeconomic Attainments of Single-Race and Multi-Race Native Americans.” Population Research and Policy Review 29:541-568.
Iceland, J. 2006. Poverty in America, Second Edition. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
Kim, C-H and A. Sakamoto. 2008. “ Have Asian American Men Achieved labor Market Parity with White Men?” American Sociological Review 75:934-957.
Lee, S. 1994. “Poverty and the U. S. Asian Population.” Social Science Quarterly 75:541-559.
Liebler, C. A. 2004. “Ties on the Fringes of Identity” Social Science Research 33:702-723.
. 2010. “Homelands and Indigenous Identities
in a Multiracial Era. Social Science Research 39:596-609.
Passel, J. S. 1997. “The Growing American Indian Population, 1960-1990: Beyond Demography.” Population Research and Policy Review 16:11- 31.
Saenz, R. and M. C. Morales. 2005. “Demography of Race and Ethnicity.” Pp. 169-208 in Handbook of Population, edited by D. L. Poston and M. Micklin. New York: Springer.
Sakamoto, A. and Y. Xie. 2006. “The Socioeconomic Attainments of Asian Americans.” Pp. 54-77 in Asian Americans: Contemporary Trends and Issues, edited by P. G. Min. Thousand Oaks, CA: Pine Forge.
Sakamoto, A., H.-H. Wu, and J. Tzeng. 2000. “The Declining Significance of Race among American Men During the Latter half of the Twentieth Century.” Demography 37:41-51.
Sandefur, G. D., and Liebler, C. A. 1997. “ The Demography of American Indian Families.” Population Research and Policy Review 16:95- 114.
Sandefur, G. D. and T. McKinnell. 1986. “Native American Intermarriage.” Social Science Research 15:347-371.
Sandefur, G. D., and Sakamoto, A. 1988. “American Indian Household Structure and Income.” Demography 25:71-80.
Snipp, C. M. 1986. “Who Are American Indians? Some Observations about the Perils and Pitfalls of Data for Race and Ethnicity.” Population Research and Policy Review 5:237.
. 1989. American Indians: The First of this Land. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
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