functional groups

Functional Groups

What is the family name?

alkanes

Only carbon and hydrogen

All single bondsCC H

H

HH

H

H

Q: What should you call cyclic hydrocarbons made up o of just single bonds?

A: Cycloalkanes

alkenes

Only carbon and hydrogen

A carbon to carbon double bond

C C

H H

HH

Q: What should you call a molecule with two C=Cs?

A: A diene

alcohols

Only one oxygen Has an O-H group Can classify as 1º/2º/3º

according to position of O-H group on carbon skeleton

CC

H H

H

HH

HO

Q: Why are short-chain alcohols so soluble in water?

A: They can form hydrogen bonds with H2O molecules

phenols

Only one oxygen Has an O-H group The O-H group is

directly attached to a benzene ring

HO

Q: The C6H5- group has a special name. What is it?

A: Phenyl

aldehydes

Only one oxygen Has a C=O group C=O group is at the

end of carbon chain, so is next door to a hydrogen atom

C C

H

H

O

HH

Q: Aldehydes can be easily oxidised to form …?

A: Carboxylic acids

ketones

Only one oxygen Has a C=O group C=O group is not

at the end of carbon chain, so is next door to 2 carbons

C C

H

H

O

H

H

C

H

H

Q: Ketones cannot easily be oxidised. Why not?

A: No hydrogen atom attached to the C=O group.

carboxylic acids

Has 2 oxygens Has O-H and C=O

groups on the same carbon atom

This -COOH group has to be at the end of a carbon chain (why?)

C C

H

H

O

OH

H

Q: Write an equation showing how ethanoic acid can a act as a (weak) acid.

A: CH3COOH(aq) CH3COO–(aq) + H+(aq)

esters

Has 2 oxygens One oxygen is part

of a C=O bond, the other is next door, sandwiched between two carbons

C C

H

H

O

OH

C H

H

H

Q: This ester can be made by reacting ethanoic acid with a an alcohol. Name the alcohol, and name the ester.

A: Alcohol = methanol; ester = methyl ethanoate

ethers

Has 1 oxygen No O-H or C=O

group The oxygen is

sandwiched between two carbon atoms

C C

H

H O

H

C H

H

H

H

H

Q: Why do ethers have much lower boiling points t than their isomeric alcohols?

A: No hydrogen bonds between ether molecules (why?)

“What family…?” quiz

Family names: cycloalkane alkene primary (1º) alcohol secondary (2º) alcohol tertiary (3º) alcohol phenol

aldehyde ketone carboxylic acid ester ether

… are you ready?

5 … 4 … 3 … 2 … 1 … GO!

What family does it belong to? (1)

C C

H H

HH

What family does it belong to? (2)

C C

H

H

O

HH

What family does it belong to? (3)

CC

H O

H

HH

HC

H

H

H

What family does it belong to? (4)

OC

H

H

H

What family does it belong to? (5)

H C O C H

H

H

H

H

What family does it belong to? (6)

C C

H

H

O

OH

C H

H

H

What family does it belong to? (7)

C C

H

H

O

H

H

C

H

H

What family does it belong to? (8)

HO

What family does it belong to? (9)

C C

H

C

O

OH

H

H

H

H

What family does it belong to? (10)

CC

H

H

H

HO

CH H

H

C

H H

H

What family does it belong to? (11)

CC

H

H

H

H

H

Answers: “What family?” quiz (1)

C C

H H

HH

alkene

Answers: “What family?” quiz (2)

C C

H

H

O

HH

aldehyde

Answers: “What family?” quiz (3)

secondary alcohol

CC

H O

H

HH

HC

H

H

H

Answers: “What family?” quiz (4)

primary alcohol

OC

H

H

H

Answers: “What family?” quiz (5)

ether

H C O C H

H

H

H

H

Answers: “What family?” quiz (6)

ester

C C

H

H

O

OH

C H

H

H

Answers: “What family?” quiz (7)

ketone

C C

H

H

O

H

H

C

H

H

Answers: “What family?” quiz (8)

phenol

HO

Answers: “What family?” quiz (9)

carboxylic acid

C C

H

C

O

OH

H

H

H

H

Answers: “What family?” quiz (10)

tertiary alcohol

CC

H

H

H

HO

CH H

H

C

H H

H

Answers: “What family?” quiz (11)

cycloalkane

CC

H

H

H

H

H

“Spot the functional groups” quiz

Functional groups: alkene primary (1º) alcohol secondary (2º) alcohol tertiary (3º) alcohol phenol arene (NEW!)

aldehyde ketone carboxylic acid ester ether

… are you ready?

5 … 4 … 3 … 2 … 1 … GO!

Spot both the functional groups (1)

OH

OH

O

OH phenol

OH

O

carboxylic acid

Spot all three functional groups (2)

OH

OO

O

O

OOH

O

carboxylic acid

arene

ester

Spot both the functional groups (3)

OO

OH

OO

OH

phenol

ester

OHOH

OH

Spot both the functional groups (4)

OHOH

OH

primary alcohols

secondary alcohol

Spot all three functional groups (5)

OHO

OH

tertiary alcohol

ketone

alkene

O

Spot all three functional groups (6)

HO

HO

arene

alkene

aldehyde

Spot all three functional groups (7)

OCH3

OOOCH3

ketone

arene

ether

Functional groups quiz: results

Maximum score = 18

How did you do?