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WHO-EM/OCH/85/A/Lالتوزيــع: محـدود
א א “ŒªÀfiA “ŒZvªA “ÕBßjªA ü îºøB®ºª ©UjùA
“ŒùB®ªA “ZvªA “¿§ƒø
°mÃNùA ∂jrª œ¿Œº≥‚A KN∏ùA
—j«B¥ªA
2002
©World Health Organization 2001
هذه الوثيقة لم يتم إصدارها لعامة الناس وجميع الحقوق محفوظة لمنظمة الصحة العالمية (WHO). ال يجوز مراجعة هذه الوثيقة أو تلخيصها أو االقتباس منها أو نسخها أو ترجمتها كليا أو جزئيا بدون إذن تحريري مسبق من منظمة الصحة العالمية. ال يجوز حفظ أي جزء من هذه الوثيقة في نظام استرجاع أو نقله بأية وسيلة، سواء إلكترونية أم ميكانيكية أو أخرى، بدون إذن تحريري مسبق من منظمة الصحة العالمية.
اآلراء التي يعبر عنها مؤلفون تم ذكر أسمائهم تقع على مسؤولية هؤالء المؤلفين حصرا.
EDR/EMRO ،تصميم جون شيمويل
WHO-EM/OCH/085/A/L/04.01/2000 الوثيقة
7 .......................................................................................jÕfvM
9 ....................................................................................... “øf¥ø
13 .......................................................................................fŒ»ó
19 .............................................................................. LifùA ΩŒªe
١ א ٢٣ بيئة العمل
23 .............................................................................≤Af«fiA -1
23 .......................................................... “ŒmBmfiA ¡Œ«B∞ùAÀ fŒ»¿NªA -2
24 .............................................................. “ŒZvªA j BbùA ≤Ìj®M -3
31 ............................................................... “ŒZvªA j BbùA ¡ŒŒ¥M -4
33 ............................................................... j BbùA ”ºß —jÒŒnªA -5
34 .......................................................................îIifN¿ºª ¬B»ø -6
٢ אاألمراض المهنية واألمراض األخرى المرتبطة بالعمل٣٩
39 .............................................................................≤Af«fiA -1
39 .......................................................... “ŒmBmfiA ¡Œ«B∞ùAÀ fŒ»¿NªA -2
40 ...................................................................... “Œƒ»ùA ~AjøfiA -3
60 .............................................................Ω¿®ªBI “ÒJMjùA ~AjøfiA -4
64 .......................................................................îIifN¿ºª ¬B»ø -5
٣ א ٦٧ الكشف المبكر لألمراض المهنية
67 .............................................................................≤Af«fiA -1
67 .......................................................... “ŒmBmfiA ¡Œ«B∞ùAÀ fŒ»¿NªA -2
68 .......................“Œ÷BÕlŒ∞ªA ΩøAîªA ≈ß “öBƒªA “Œƒ»ùA ~Ajøflª j∏JùA ±r∏ªA -3
69 ..................... “ŒUêÌJªA ΩøAîªA ≈ß “öBƒªA “Œƒ»ùA ~Ajøflª j∏JùA ±r∏ªA -4
70 ........................ “Œ÷BŒ¿Œ∏ªA eAÃùA ≈ß “öBƒªA “Œƒ»ùA ~Ajøflª j∏JùA ±r∏ªA -5
76 .......................................................................îIifN¿ºª ¬B»ø -6
٤ א ٧٧ اإلرغونوميات (المالءمة) المهنية
77 .............................................................................≤Af«fiA -1
77 .......................................................... “ŒmBmfiA ¡Œ«B∞ùAÀ fŒ»¿NªA -2
79 ....................................... W«BƒùA ef®Nø ¡ºß :(“ø’›ùA) PBŒøÃ√ôi‚A -3
84 .......................................................................îIifN¿ºª ¬B»ø -4
٥ א ٨٧ الكرب والعوامل النفسية الضائرة في العمل
87 .............................................................................≤Af«fiA -1
87 .......................................................... “ŒmBmfiA ¡Œ«B∞ùAÀ fŒ»¿NªA -2
90 ..............................................................…NZØB∏øÀ Lj∏ªA ’B¥MA -3
91 .............................................................. æB¿ßfiA ¡Œ¿vM ŸeBJø -4
92 .......................................................................îIifN¿ºª ¬B»ø -5
٦ א ٩٣ السالمة المهنية واتقاء الحوادث
93 .............................................................................≤Af«fiA -1
93 .......................................................... “ŒmBmfiA ¡Œ«B∞ùAÀ fŒ»¿NªA -2
96 .......................................................... B»ŒÈv¥MÀ TeAÃáA ΩŒVnM -3
97 ....................................................................TeAÃáA P‹Èf®ø -4
98 .........................................B»Œºß —jÒŒnªAÀ “Œƒ»ùA TeAÃáA ≈ø “ÕB≥êA -5
98 .......................................................................îIifN¿ºª ¬B»ø -6
٧ א ١٠١ اإلسعاف األولي وممارسته 101 ...........................................................................≤Af«fiA -1
101 ............................................................. ÀfiA ≤B®m‚A “Œ¿«C -2
101 ..........................................................................PBIBu‚A -3
104 ............................................................................ iÃn∏ªA -4
105 ................................................................. “ÕiAjáA PBIBu‚A -5
106 .............................................................................¡¿nNªA -6
107 ..............................................................................≤lƒªA -7
107 .............................................................................“øfvªA -8
107 ..................................................................o∞ƒNªA LAjÒyA -9
107 ...................................................................îIifN¿ºª ¬B»ø -10
7
٨ א ١٠٩ التثقيف الصحي في الصحة المهنية 109 ...........................................................................≤Af«fiA -1
109 .................................................................... “Œƒ»ùA ~AjøfiA -2
110 .................................................................... “Œƒ»ùA TeAÃáA -3
111 ....................................Ω¿®ªA ∆B∏ø ü —jÒŒnªA PBŒº¿ßÀ Ω¿®ªA “◊ŒI -4
113 .............................................“Œƒ»ùA TeAÃáAÀ ~AjøfiA ≈ø “ÕB≥êA -5
114 ............................................................................ ©ÕjrNªA -6
114 .....................................“ZvªA ”ºß ∫únªAÀ —BŒáA LúmC PA QDM -7
115 .................................................. Ω¿®ªA ∆B∏ø ü œZvªA ±Œ¥RNªA -8
117 .................................................. …º÷BmÀÀ œZvªA ±Œ¥RNªA µ÷Aj -9
118 ...........................................œZvªA ±Œ¥RNªA ü ΩuAÃNªA PAiB»ø -10
120 ...................................................................îIifN¿ºª ¬B»ø -11
٩ א ١٢١ الوبائيات واإلحصاء الحيوي في الصحة المهنية 121 ...........................................................................≤Af«fiA -1
121 .............................................................................±ÕiB®M -2
122 ........................................................ “ÕÃŒáA “Œ÷BvY‚A PB√BŒJªA -3
123 ........................................................... “Œ÷BIêA PBmAifªA ¢BòC -4
124 ....................................................~jùA iAj∏Nª “®÷BrªA oŒÕB¥ùA -5
125 .....................................................................îIifN¿ºª ¬B»ø -6
١٠ א ١٢٧ حفظ السجالت 127 ...........................................................................≤Af«fiA -1
127 ...................................................... B» BòCÀ P›VnªA ≈ø “ÕB¨ªA -2
129 ...................................................................P›VnªA •∞Y -3
130 .....................................................................îIifN¿ºª ¬B»ø -4
١١ א ١٣١ الصحة المهنية في مجاالت خاصة 131 .............................................................................≈Õf®NªA -1
133 ................................................................‘j¨vªA PBßBƒvªA -2
136 ...........................................................“Œ∞ÕjªAÀ “ŒßAilªA µ BƒùA -3
١٢ א ١٤١ الصحة المهنية للفئات الخاصة 141 ...................................................................P›øB®ªA ’BnƒªA -1
146 ..................................................................... æB∞ fiA “ªB¿ß -2
152 ..........................................................................“ŒØByG PA’Aj≥
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™¶kBKOºA ™¶at A |A•lA. א א א א א א א א
NXA•RA |A•k: א א
א
א א א א א −٣−٣ XA•A XZO ™ÆBv
א א א א א א א א א א: א א א א א . א
א −א אא א א
א
1 —fYêA :Ω¿®ªA “◊ŒI
28
אא א א. א
א א −א ، א א א ، ، ، א
. ، א. ، א א ، א א א א א ، א א
، א א א ، א א א ، א א א ، א. ، א א ، א labelling א
א −א א א א א א א
א א א א א א ، א א אא א ، א א א
. א א א א א א
LB¶lA XZO ™ÆBv. א א א א א א
: אא
( א א ) א א א אא א
א א א אא א
א א אא א
א א א. א א א א א
א א א א א א ، ، א. א א א א
: א
א א א אא א א
“ŒªÀfiA “ŒZvªA “ÕBßjªA ü îºøB®ºª “Œƒ»ùA “ZvªA ü ÕifNªA ©UjùA
29
(ßA•OKA) |Õ•OKA |ºU · ß ¢A SReKA Sa. א א ، א א א א
א .(١−١ א א ) א א א א א א אא א א ( (א א א א א א א
. א א א א א א אא א א א א −
א א אא א א א
א א א א אא א א א א א
. א אא א −
א א א א א(١−٢ א א א א (א א א א
: א א א א א א אא א - א
- א -
- א -
( א א א א א ) א א א. א א ، א א א ، א
. א: א א אא א - א
א א א א א א א א א - א א א - א
א א א - אא א ، א א ، - א
. ، אא −
: א
1 —fYêA :Ω¿®ªA “◊ŒI
30
א א א א א א א א אא א
א א אא א א א א א
א א א א. א א א
א −א א א א א א א
אא א א א א
א א א אא א א א א א
א א א א א א א
. א א
≠A•¢A ·B¶KkA PAZI؛ א א ، א א א א
א . א א א א א א ،. א א א א א: א א
א א א א א א א א א : א אא א : א
א א א א א :compliance אא א
א א א ، א ، א א א א : אא א
א : א. א א א א א : א
א א . א א א א א א אא א א א א
א ، א א א א א א א א .. א א
“ŒªÀfiA “ŒZvªA “ÕBßjªA ü îºøB®ºª “Œƒ»ùA “ZvªA ü ÕifNªA ©UjùA
31
אאא א
،אאא ، ،
א אא ، ،אא ،א
٤- تقييم المخاطر الصحية א א א א ( א א ) א א א
. א א
א א −٤−١: ، א א א א
א א א א א א א א א אא א א א א א א א
. א א א א א א
B¢KZ¶Bl• LA•XæA ≠BwK A: א א
א א א א( א ) א א א א א א
. א א א א א א، א . א א א א א א
. א א א א א א
™IaB A |¶RKA xÆAZi b¶aDKא א reproducible א א א א א א א
:( /א (א א א א א . א אא ، א א א א א א א
א: א uptake א א א א
א א ، א אא א א א
. א א /א א א
1 —fYêA :Ω¿®ªA “◊ŒI
32
: א ، א א א א(WHO) א א
(ISO) א א(EC) א א
(AHIA) א א א א(NIOSH) א א א א א
(OSHA) א א א א א(ACGIH) א א א א א
(APHA) א א א.(ANSI) א א א
bB¶wA• ·B¶KkºA ™¶O¶KAZKaA: ، א ( ) א
؟ א؟ א؟ א
؟ א א؟ א
א א א א א א א א. א א א א א
א א −٤−٢: א א ، א א א א א
א א א אא ( )
א: א א א א א
א א א א אא א א א א א
. א א א א א א א א א אא א א א א א א א א א
א א א א א א א . א א. א א א א ، א א א א
“ŒªÀfiA “ŒZvªA “ÕBßjªA ü îºøB®ºª “Œƒ»ùA “ZvªA ü ÕifNªA ©UjùA
33
א א −٤−٣א א . א א א א א א אא א א (BEIs) א א א א א א א (TLVs) א
.(ACGIH) א א א: א א
٨ א א א :(TWA8) א א. ، ٤٠ א
א ١٥ א א :(STEL) א אא . א א א א א א
. א א א א א א א א، א א . א א א א א :C א
א ، ١٥ א א א. א א
: א א א( א א א )
( א א ) אrespirable א א inhalable א א א א
(PNOC) א אא א א א : א א
(BEI) א אא א א
. א א א
٥- السيطرة على المخاطر א א א א א א א /א א א א
. א א
א א −٥−١: ، א א א א א א א
א א א א אא א
א א א
1 —fYêA :Ω¿®ªA “◊ŒI
34
א א −٥−٢: א א א א . א א
א א א א א א א א א א א אא
א א א אא א א א א א
א א א. א א א א א א א א א א
א א א −٥−٣:
، ؛ א א א א א. א א א א א א א
، א א א א א א.( (א א א א א א א א א א א א א א א א
א א א א א. א א א
٦- مهام للمتدربين . ، א א א א א א א א
א א א א א א א א ( א ) א؛ א א א א א א א א א א ؛ א
. א א. א א א
א א א ؛ א א א א א א א א א א. א א א א א )؛ א ) א
. א א. א א א א א א א
: א אא - א - אא - א
א א -
“ŒªÀfiA “ŒZvªA “ÕBßjªA ü îºøB®ºª “Œƒ»ùA “ZvªA ü ÕifNªA ©UjùA
35
. א א א א א א א א -
1 —fYêA :Ω¿®ªA “◊ŒI
36
الملحق ١-١ العمليات ذات المخاطر المحتملة وملوثات الهواء المرافقة٣
LB¶lA iB C N–•A i N–•A ´k ™MC
™ UBaA LB¶lA كرومات (ج) غازات (غ) لحام (كهربائي أو غازي)
الزنك ومركباته (ج) جسيمات (ج) تفاعالت كيميائية المغنيز ومركباته (ج) (أغبرة، دخائن، سحب) سمكرة صهر قولبة حرق
™ÆBaA LB¶lA
بنزن (ب) أبخرة (ب) دهان ثالثي كلور اإليتيلين (ب) غازات (غ) إزالة الشحوم
dipping كلور الميتيلين سحب (س) تغطيس١،١،١-ثالثي كلور اإليتيلين (ب) بخ
حمض كلور الماء (س) تفريش حمض الكبريت (س) طلي
كلور الهيدروجين (غ) تنميش (حفر على المعدن) أمالح السيانيد (س) تنظيف
حمض الكروم (س) تنظيف على الناشف (pickling تخليل) سيانيد الهيدروجين (غ) تنظيف في حمام حمضي
MDI ،TDI (س) خلط الطالءات كبريت الهيدروجين (غ) غلفنة
ثاني أكسيد الكبريت (غ) تفاعالت كيميائية رابع كلور الكربون (ب)
™IeA LB¶lA
إسمنت أغبرة (غب) سكب كوارتز (السيليكا الحرة) خلط ألياف زجاجية (فيبرغالس) فصل
استخالص تكسير
نقل شحن (تحميل)
تعبئة
ipgBI VIA مذيبات عضوية (ب) أبخرة (ب) تنظيف القطع
كلوردان (س) أغبرة (غب) تطبيق المبيدات باراثيون (س) سحب (س) إزالة الشحوم
ثالثي كلور اإليتيلين (ب) تنظيف بتيار الرمل ١،١،١-ثالثي كلور اإليتان (ب) دهان
كلور الميتيلين (ب) كوارتز (السيليكا الحرة، غب)
|¶ycKA LB¶k أسبست أغبرة قطع
بيريليوم صقل يورانيوم برد (بالمبرد)
زنك طحن رصاص قولبة
نشر (بالمنشار) ثقب
3Leidel NA, Busch KA, Lynch JR. Occupational exposure sampling strategy manual. Cincinnati, Ohio, US Department of
Health, Education and Welfare, 1997:77-173.
“ŒªÀfiA “ŒZvªA “ÕBßjªA ü îºøB®ºª “Œƒ»ùA “ZvªA ü ÕifNªA ©UjùA
37
الملحق ١-٢ قائمة بنود مسح التصحح المهني
: א א −١؟ א
؟ א א؟ א؟ א
؟ א. א א א א א −٢
: א א א −٣. א א א א א
. א א א א א א א א א. א א א א
. א א א א א א א. א א א. א א א א א
. א א א א א א. א א א א
: א א א −٤. א א א א א. א א א
. א א א א א ، א א א א א. א א א א א
. א א א אא א ، א ، א ، א א ، ) א א א א א א
.(. ، א א ، א ، א א. א
. א א א א א א א: א א א א −٥
. א א א א. א א א א
. א א א א א א א א: א א ،
1 —fYêA :Ω¿®ªA “◊ŒI
38
א - א( ) א -
א א - ( א ) א א א א -
א א - א א א ، א ، א א א ) א -
( א. א א
א ، ، ) א א א.(. ، א
: א −٦. א א
. א א א א. א א
. א א א א ، ، א א. א א א א
. א א א א א −٧: א א א א −٨
(. ، ، )(. ، א ، א א ) א
א אא א
א א. א א
: א א א −٩؟ א א؟ א
؟ א א א؟ א
؟ א: א א ( א ) −١٠
א א. א
الوحدة ٢
א א א א א א א
١- األهداف א א א
א א א. ، א א א ، א א א א א
aggravation א א א א אא א א
א א א א א א א א ، אא / א
א א א א א אא א א א א א א א
א א א א אא א א א א
( א א ) א א א א א א א אא א א א א א א א א א א א
) א א א א א א א א א א א אא א א א א א א ( א א א
א א א א א א א א א א א אא א
. א א א א א א א א
٢- التمهيد والمفاهيم األساسية א א א א א א −٢−١
א א א … א א א "א א א א א . א א א א א א
٤". ، א ؛ א
4Identification and control of work-related diseases. Report of a WHO Expert Committee (WHO Technical Report Series
No. 714), Geneva, World Health Organization, 1985.
2 —fYêA :Ω¿®ªBI “ÒJMjùA ‘jafiA ~AjøfiAÀ “Œƒ»ùA ~AjøfiA
40
א −٢−٢א א א
: ، א، א א א ، א
. א ؛א ، ، א א א א
. א א א ، . א א א אא א ، א א א א א א
א א א . א א א א ، א א א א: ، א ؛ א א א א א
- א( ) א -
א - א א א -
( א א א א (א א א א א א - אlocomotor disorders א א - א
؛ א א א : א א. א א א א א א א
א א א א א. א
. א א א א א א . א א א א א א
٣- األمراض المهنية −٣−١
א א א adverse א א א: א א . א א
א א א :א א א א א :
א א B א א א :، א א א :
א א א א א א : א א א א. א א א א א :
“ŒªÀfiA “ŒZvªA “ÕBßjªA ü îºøB®ºª “Œƒ»ùA “ZvªA ü ÕifNªA ©UjùA
41
א א א −٣−٢. א א א א א א א א
. א א ، א א א) א ، ؛ א א א א א א א /א א אא / א א ( א א א א א א
. אא א א א א א . א א א א
. א ٣٠−٤٠ א ( א א )א א א א ، ؛ א א /א א א אא א א א ، א א، א א
. א א א א א ، אא א ؛ א א א א א א א
. ٧٠ ٥٠ א א א ، א
א א א א −٣−٣ ™¶•æA ™¶Bv•A
א א א א א ، א א א אא א . א א א א א א א . א
א א א א א א א א א א. א א א א א
. א א אא א א א א א א א א א א
.( א א א )
™¶• BMA ™¶Bv•Aא ( א ) / א א א א
א א א א א . א א א . א א א א. א
א ، א א א א א א. / א א ، א א א
. א א א א א
2 —fYêA :Ω¿®ªBI “ÒJMjùA ‘jafiA ~AjøfiAÀ “Œƒ»ùA ~AjøfiA
42
™¶MBMA ™¶Bv•Aא א . א א /א א א א
، ، ، א ) א א . /א אא א א א א א .chelating medication א א ( א
. א א א
א א א −٣−٤ thermal stress ®ZAZRA JZyA
א א א −א . א א א א א ٣٧ א א א א
.hypothalamus א א א א א א אא א א . א א א ، א א אא א א א א א א . א א א א א
، א א א א א . א אא א א א א א ، ، א א א א א א indices
.(wet-bulb-globe temperature א א א (א א א א אא א א −
: א אא א . ، א א א
א א ( ) .( א א ) א.( ) א ( ) א chilblains א א א א אא א א א א .shivering א א א א א
. א א א א ،hypothermia
א : א. א א א א א א א א : א א א
heat א . א א א א א .. א א א exhaustion
א א . א א א א : אא dehydration א ( א א ) heat cramps
א א א א א א א . א א א אא א א ، א א א א א . א
.( א ) א א א
“ŒªÀfiA “ŒZvªA “ÕBßjªA ü îºøB®ºª “Œƒ»ùA “ZvªA ü ÕifNªA ©UjùA
43
א א א א א א :heat stroke א א. א א א א ( ) א א א
. א א ، א א א . א א.( א (א א א א א א
א א −א א א . א א א א
. א א א א א א א א אא א א . א א א ، א א א א
א ؛ א א א א ؛ א ( א ). א א ، א
P¶OgA: א . א
א אא
א אא
א א אא א
(Hz ، ) א א א א א. ٢٠٠٠٠ ٢٠ א א א א א .(dB)
א ، ١٣٠ א א ، ( ) ∴ א א אא א . א א א א א א א א .
. ٢٠٠٠ – ٥٠٠א א א א ، א א א אא א א א א ، א א א . א א
. א ، א אא א .(NIHL) א א א אא א . א א א ( ٨٥ א ) א א א ، א
א ؛ א א א א א א א .( א ٧−١٠) א.
. א א ، ٣٠٠٠−٦٠٠٠ א א א א א. א ( א ) א א א
2 —fYêA :Ω¿®ªBI “ÒJMjùA ‘jafiA ~AjøfiAÀ “Œƒ»ùA ~AjøfiA
44
: א א אא
אא א א א א א א א א
א אא
. א א א א א א א א א א א א
`A`K°ºA. א א א א א א א א א א
. א א א א אא א א א א א א א א segmental א א א אא א א א א . א א א א ، א
. א א א א ،" א "א " א "א
™I¶lA •C ™t¶lgA ©≠Bg¬A. א א א א א
. א א א א א א א אא א א . א א א א א א
.( א א ) א
nBlc¬A ≈Õ¤ùA ´ ™B®q‚A -C
א א( א א (א ؛ א א א א א
א (" א א " ) א א א א .א א א . א א
. א א א א .א א א
א . א א א א א א א א. ، . א cataract א א
. א א א ≈Õ¤ùA ™B®q‚A -L
א א א א א א א . א א א אא א א . א א
. א א א א . א
“ŒªÀfiA “ŒZvªA “ÕBßjªA ü îºøB®ºª “Œƒ»ùA “ZvªA ü ÕifNªA ©UjùA
45
، א ، א א א א א אא א، א א א א . א א
. א، א אא א א א ، א
. א א: א א
. א א٢٤−٤٨ א א א . א א א א
א א . א א א ، א א א.( א א א ) א ( א ) א
.alopecia אא א א א א א
.א א א א א א א א א א א א א א
א א א א א א א א . א א א keratosis
: א א א. א א א −١
א −٢.( (א א ( א ) א א −٣
. א ( א א א uptake ) א א א א אא א א א א א א א א א א
א א א א א . א א ،. א
א ، א א א אא. א א א א א ، א א א
. א א א: א א א
א א א א ( א ) א א א
personal monitoring badges
א אא א א
. א א א א
2 —fYêA :Ω¿®ªBI “ÒJMjùA ‘jafiA ~AjøfiAÀ “Œƒ»ùA ~AjøfiA
46
®•OA ipgA ßs LAZ¶pKA –ÃÜA °¨zªA —eBÕk -C
א א א א א א א א א א א א א א. א ١٠ א א א א . א א
א ) א א א א א א א : אא א א א א ،( א א
. א א ، א א אא א א א א א א
. א א א ؛ א ، אא ( א ) א א אא א א א א א . ، א א
א . א א א א א א א א אא ( א ) א א א ، א א א א א ( א )
caisson disease ( (א א א א the bends א א א.( א א א ) decompression sickness א
. א ، א א א א א א compression א א ٢٤ א א א
. א א א א . א א א chamber
. א א א א אא א א −
. א א א ، א א א א. א א א א א א אא א . א א א א א
. א א א
( א (א א א −٣−٥א . א ، א א א א
. א א א א א
©ZUIæA• LA`BpA. א א א א א א א
PB¥√BàA -C
א א . א א א א. א א
“ŒªÀfiA “ŒZvªA “ÕBßjªA ü îºøB®ºª “Œƒ»ùA “ZvªA ü ÕifNªA ©UjùA
47
. א א א א ، ، א א א : א א. א א א א א ؛ : א٪١٢ א א .٪١٧ א א א א
. א א א א، א א א א א א :( א ) א
. א א ،א א א . א א א ، א א א :(CO2) אא ، א א א א ، א א א א
א א ، א . א א . אא א ، א א א א א .
. א، א א א א א א : א א
. א א (CO) א، א א א א א א :(CO) א، א א א ، א א ، א א א א א א
. א א( א א ٢١٠ ) א
א א א א א א א . א (HbCO)
.( א א א ) א א אא א א א א א א א א א א א
. א א א א אא א א א (CO2 ٪٥ ) א א א
. א א ؛ אא א . א א א א א א :(H2S) א
، . א א ( א (א א א א א א א. א א
א א ، א א א ، אא . א א א . א א א
. א א א ( א )א fumigation א . א א א א :(HCN) א
. א א א א א א א א،
2 —fYêA :Ω¿®ªBI “ÒJMjùA ‘jafiA ~AjøfiAÀ “Œƒ»ùA ~AjøfiA
48
. א א ، א א אא א א א . א א ، א
. א . א א א א. א א א א א
א א . א א EDTA
. א א א ،א א א א א א ، HCN
. א “VŒ»ùA PAkB¨ªA -L
א א א א א . א א . א א א אא א א ، א א ، א א א ؛ א א אא ، א ، א א ، א א א ؛ א
. א אא א א א א א . א א :(SO2) אא . א א א א ، א א א א א
. א א א א. א א א א א
א א א א א א א ، א א א א א. א
א א א א ، :(NH3) אא . א א א א א . א א א א א
. א ، א א.( א (א א א א א א א א א א א
. א א א א א، א א potent :(HCHO)
. א א א א . א א א. א ، א א :(HF) א
. א א א אא ، א א א א א א :(O3) א
. א א ، א א א . אא . א א א א . א :(Cl2) אא . א א א ، א א א . א א
. א א א א ، א א א א
“ŒªÀfiA “ŒZvªA “ÕBßjªA ü îºøB®ºª “Œƒ»ùA “ZvªA ü ÕifNªA ©UjùA
49
א א ) א א :(COCl2) א. א א א א ، א א א .( א א CCl4
. א ٤٨ א א ،א . א א :(NOX) א
א א א א א א .( ) N2O4 NO2
. א א . א א א א א א، א א א א، . ٢−٢٠ א א . א א، א א א ، א ، א א
. ٢٤ “Œ√f®ùA “ÕÃz®ªA PBJ∑jùA -_U
. א א א א א :(AsH3) א. א א א א א א א א . א א א א
. א א . א א א :[Ni(CO)4] א “Vƒ‰JÛùA —jÇfiA -e
. א א א ، א: א א א א א א
. אא. א א א א א א
א א א ، א.
. א א ، א ، א א אא א א א . א א א א א א
. א א
·XBlAא א א א א) א א uptake א א .
. א ( אא . א א א א א
. א ، א xBujªA -C
א א א א א א א א : א א. א א א א א א א
2 —fYêA :Ω¿®ªBI “ÒJMjùA ‘jafiA ~AjøfiAÀ “Œƒ»ùA ~AjøfiA
50
א א . א א א א א א א، א א א . א
. א א א א . א אא . א א א א א : א א א א
. א א א א א א א א. א א א א א
؛ א א א א :( א א ) א אא א א א א . א
. µJ÷lªA -L
א א א א א א א א א . אא א א ( א (א א א א א א א
. א א א א א (" ("אא א א א א : א א
. א א . א( ) א . א א א : א א
. א א א lŒƒ¨ƒùA -_U
א א א א א א א א א אא א א א א א . א א א
. א א ( א א א (א א cŒ√ilªA -e
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2 —fYêA :Ω¿®ªBI “ÒJMjùA ‘jafiA ~AjøfiAÀ “Œƒ»ùA ~AjøfiA
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א א . א respirable א. א א א א ، א
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، א א א . א א א א ( א ) א א אא א . א א א א א א . א א
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2 —fYêA :Ω¿®ªBI “ÒJMjùA ‘jafiA ~AjøfiAÀ “Œƒ»ùA ~AjøfiA
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: א אא א א
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2 —fYêA :Ω¿®ªBI “ÒJMjùA ‘jafiA ~AjøfiAÀ “Œƒ»ùA ~AjøfiA
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2 —fYêA :Ω¿®ªBI “ÒJMjùA ‘jafiA ~AjøfiAÀ “Œƒ»ùA ~AjøfiA
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2 —fYêA :Ω¿®ªBI “ÒJMjùA ‘jafiA ~AjøfiAÀ “Œƒ»ùA ~AjøfiA
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2 —fYêA :Ω¿®ªBI “ÒJMjùA ‘jafiA ~AjøfiAÀ “Œƒ»ùA ~AjøfiA
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א א א א א א א אא א א ، א א א א . א א א א א، א א א material handling א א א א אא א א א א א א א א ، א א אא א א א א א א א . א א ، א
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א א א א
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3 —fYêA :“Œƒ»ùA ~Ajøflª j∏JùA ±r∏ªA
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٣- الكشف المبكر لألمراض المهنية الناجمة عن العوامل الفيزيائية ( א א (א א −٣−١
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א −٣−٢( ٣٠٠٠−٦٠٠٠) א א א א א א א . א א א
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א א −٣−٣، א א א . א א א א א א א א א
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א א א −٣−٥. א א א ، א ، א א א א א
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3 —fYêA :“Œƒ»ùA ~Ajøflª j∏JùA ±r∏ªA
70
٥- الكشف المبكر لألمراض المهنية الناجمة عن المواد الكيميائية א −٥−١
fBeZA: א −
—eBáA PA QDNªA – –Ãzß›ªA xBujªA
( )א אא א
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א coproporphyrin
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3 —fYêA :“Œƒ»ùA ~Ajøflª j∏JùA ±r∏ªA
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V¶ Z`Aא −
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“ŒªÀfiA “ŒZvªA “ÕBßjªA ü îºøB®ºª “Œƒ»ùA “ZvªA ü ÕifNªA ©UjùA
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א א א א א א א −٥−٢ ™¶ReA £KAZ¶MDK• ®•glA J¶YA hZlKA ~¶¶wK xZi
البنزن (البنزول) XBRA hZlKA
ــل، التخدير: دوخة، صداع، غثيان، إقياء، نعاس، تعب، كالم متداخاختالل التوازن، ت و هان، اكتئاب، فقد الوعي.
تهي ج الطرق التنفسية: التهاب األنف والحلق، سعال.
ــها، إال التعداد الدوري للكريات الحمر والبيض قيمته مشكوك بأنه قد يكشف التأثيرات الباكرة على تكوين الدم.
البنزن في الدم (حساس ونوعي، أفضل مقاربة متوفرة حاليا ). ــول (نوعـي بشـكل حمض trans, trans-muconic في الب
معقول وحساس). ــي وحسـاس، حمض phenylmercapturic في البول (نوع
الطريقة معق دة).
·`A hZlKAتثبيط النقي مع فعل آجل، سنوات عديدة في بعض الحاالت.
ـزوف األعراض والعالمات الباكرة مبهمة، والحقا قد يحدث تعب ونعفوية مع زيادة وخامة فقر الدم وقلة الكريات الشــاملة و/أو قلـة
الصفيحات.
hB__g¶IºA• ßO__a KºA ~X___A Z_ws ß_° ™_ `A LAZ¶MD_KA Z_iUC .®ZAZRºA ~XA hBg¶IA• XBRA ®•w A
البنزن في البول (نوعي وحساس، الخبرة محدودة). الفينول في البول (غير نوعي وغير حساس).
البنزن في هواء الزفير (نوعي وحساس، قابلية تطبيقه محدودة).
تولوين (ميتيل البنزن) ــرض نادرا ما يكون التعرض للتولوين نقيا ، بل كثيرا ما يشمل التع
البنزن مع الكسيلين (الزايلين) أو بدونه
XBRA hZlKAمخد ر
تهيج الملتحمة وتقر حها النظميات قلبية (سب بت وفيات عند المتنش قين)
·`A hZlKAالكبد والكلية والنقي (ربما نتيجة البنزن كملو ث)
ــة العمـل حمض الهيبوريك في البول المجموع في نهاية دوريــل (الحظ أن حمض الهيبوريك ليس مستقل با نوعيا للتولوين، بــض يمكن أن ينجم عن مصادر قوتية كاألغذية المحفوظة بحم
البنزويك).
3 —fYêA :“Œƒ»ùA ~Ajøflª j∏JùA ±r∏ªA
74
كسيلين (زايلين) XBRA hZlKA
تهي ج األغشية المخاطية مخد ر
·`A hZlKAمن الم سل م حدوث فقر الدم الالتنسجي، إال أنه قد يكون ناجما عــن
تلو ث البنزن (بالتولوين)
ميتيل حمض الهيبوريك في البول.
أمينو بنزن (أنيلين)
XBRA hZlKAمهيج جلدي طفيف
قد ال يسبب التعرض المعتدل إال ز راقا طفيفا ــأجل يؤدي التسمم الوخيم إلى نقص األكسجين والموت، وهذا قد يت
إلى عدة ساعات بعد التعرض.
ميتهيموغلوبين الدم. بارا أمينو فينول في البول.
رابع كلور الكربون
XBRA hZlKAغثيان، إقياء، نعاس، دوخة
·`A hZlKAالتهاب جلد مع جفاف وتحس ف (توس ف)
نخر مركز الف ص يص مع تنك س الكبد الدهني أو بدونه قصور كلوي حاد قليل البول
رابع كلور الكربون (CCl4) في هواء الزفير التركيز في الدم قيمته محدودة.
مركبات البيفينيل متعددة الكلور
XBRA hZlKAطفح جلدي (ع د كلوري المنشأ)
تهيج العين غثيان، إقياء
·`A hZlKAضعف، فقد الوزن، فقد الشهية
طفح جلدي (ع د كلوري المنشأ) ن م ل ونخز في األطراف ارتفاع تريغليسريد الدم
ارتفاع إنزيمات (خمائر) الكبد
مركبات البيفينيل متعددة الكلور في الدم
كلور الميتيلين (ثاني كلور الميتان)
XBRA hZlKAمهيج للجلد واألغشية المخاطية
تسمم حاد مع ذهول ون م ل ونخز في األطراف بعد االستنشاق
·`A hZlKAالتهاب جلد مع جفاف وتحس ف (توس ف)
قد يعج ل قصور القلب نتيجة زيادة كربوكسي هيموغلوبين
مستوى كربوكسي هيموغلوبين في الدم وأول أكسيد الكربون في هواء الزفير.
يؤثر التدخين على نتائج الرصد الحيوي.
كلوروفورم
XBRA hZlKAمهي ج جلدي، م بن ج ف عول
·`A hZlKAتضخ م الكبد وتضر ره يشتد بمعاقرة الكحول (يسبب أورامــا كبديـة
عند القوارض) قصور كلوي مع قلة البول
التهاب جلد مزمن مع جفاف وتحس ف (توس ف)
كلوروفورم في هواء الزفير والدم
ثالث كلور األيتان
“ŒªÀfiA “ŒZvªA “ÕBßjªA ü îºøB®ºª “Œƒ»ùA “ZvªA ü ÕifNªA ©UjùA
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XBRA hZlKAمهي ج للجلد واألغشية المخاطية
مخد ر يستطيع أن يزيد حساسية عضل القلب لألدرينالين مسببا النظميات
·`A hZlKAالتهاب جلد مع جفاف وتحس ف (توس ف)
ـل ثالث كلور أيتان وثالث كلور أيتانول وحمض ثالثي كلور الخفي هواء الزفير والدم والبول.
ثالث كلور األيتيلين XBRA hZlKA
مخدر قوي يشتد فعل ه باأليتانول. مهي ج طفيف للجلد وجهاز التنفس.
·`A hZlKAي ذك ر حدوث اعتالل األعصاب المحيطية
يسب ب اإلدمان
ثالث كلور األيتيلين وحمض ثالث كلور الخل في هواء الزفير. ثالث كلور أيتانول وحمض ثالثي كلور الخل في الدم والبول.
·¶¶K¶æA Z•y mIAZ
XBRA hZlKAمخدر قوي
ــررا يمكن أن يسبب تهيجا في الجلد واألغشية المخاطية وكذلك ضللكبد.
·`A hZlKAهمود الجملة العصبية المركزية وضرر للكبد.
مسرط ن للقوارض
ــور رابع كلور األيتيلين وثالث كلور األيتانول وحمض ثالث كلالخل في الدم وهواء الزفير والبول.
(CS2) ثاني كبريت الكربون
XBRA hZlKAمهي ج وخيم للجلد واألغشية المخاطية
دوخة، صداع، ذ هانات، نعاس
·`A hZlKAأربع متالزمات متميزة:
ــم المخط ـط والكـرة عل ة شبيهة بالباركنسونية نتيجة إصابة الجسالشاحبة
ــة والحسـي ة اعتالل األعصاب المحيطية يصيب األعصاب الحركيباإلضافة إلى أعصاب العين
ــية حاالت ذ هانية (نادرة في أيامنا، إال أنه ت ذك ر حاالت عصبية نفسأقل وخامة حتى اآلن)
ــاع كولسـترول الـدم وبيتـا إصابة قلبية وعائية، ربما نتيجة ارتفــا يـؤدي إلـى داء القلـب ليبوبروتين (البروتين الشحمي بيتا) مماإلقفاري وضرر لألوعية المحيطية (تفترض البحــوث الحديثـة أن جزءا من اإلصابة القلبية الوعائية هذه قد يكون ناجما عــن التـأثير
الحاد السام على عضل القلب مما يؤدي إلى النظميات مميتة).
ــدوام وبدايتـه يكشـف تفاعل آزيد اليود مع البول في نهاية الــون، إال أنـها مستقل بات السلفات العضوية لثاني كبريت الكرب
ليست نوعية له.
א א −٥−٣א . א א א א א
א. ، ، א א א א א א . ، אא א א א ، א א א א א
א א א א א א . א א.٪٧٥ א א א . א ٪٥٠−٦٠
. א א א א א א א
3 —fYêA :“Œƒ»ùA ~Ajøflª j∏JùA ±r∏ªA
76
א א א −٥−٤א א א ( א א ) א אא א א א א ، א א א . א א א
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א . א א א א א א. א א ، א א
א א א ( א א ، ) א א א א. א א . א
٦- مهام للمتدربين . א א א א א א א א א −١
א א א א א א א א א −٢. א א
. א . א א א א א א א א −٣. א א א א א א א א −٤
. א א א א א א א א −٥. א א א א א א −٦. א א א א א א א −٧
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الوحدة ٤
א ( (א א
١- األهداف . א א א א
. א א א א ( (א א אא א א א workers’ dimensions א א א
. א א. א א א א א א א
א א ، א א א. א
. א א א א א א א א א
٢- التمهيد والمفاهيم األساسية א א א ) א א א א א א א (# (א א
א ) א א א א א . א א א ( א אא א א א א א א א ( א א
א א א ، א ( (א א . א. א
، א א א א א ( (א אא א א א ، א ( (א א .א א א א א א א א
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4 —fYêA :“Œƒ»ùA (“ø’›ùA) PBŒøÃ√ôi‚A
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(repetitive א א (repetitive strain injuries, RSIs) א א CTDs)
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٣- اإلرغونوميات (المالءمة): علم متعدد المناهج : א ( (א א
א א אאא אא א
א א א −٣−١. א א א ، א א א ، א א א
™¶ZcIA |A•lA ™aX ° uAX°Cא א א א א א א א א א
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א - א -
א א - : א א א א א א א א
א - א - א - א -
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4 —fYêA :“Œƒ»ùA (“ø’›ùA) PBŒøÃ√ôi‚A
80
®ZcIA DiUA ·k ™OB A |lA NXA•R ™lÆBcA JBIaæA. א א א א א −
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m g•A ßglA JlKA• (ß •yaA) ßy¶KBKaºA |lA. ( (א א א
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4 —fYêA :“Œƒ»ùA (“ø’›ùA) PBŒøÃ√ôi‚A
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א א −٣−٣א ( (א א ( א (א ** א
א א א א א . א א ، א. א א
mechanical stress ßy¶ By¶A JZyA، א א א א א א א א : א
א א א א . א א א א. א
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. א א א ، א א א. א
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4 —fYêA :“Œƒ»ùA (“ø’›ùA) PBŒøÃ√ôi‚A
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א א א א א. א א
א א א א א א א א. א
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، ؛ א א א א א. א א א א א א א א א
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א א (א א א א א א א אא א א א ، ؛ א ( א
.stands א א
٤- مهام للمتدربين . א א א א א −١
. א ٢ א א א א −٢
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، א א א א א א א א א א −٣. א א א
. א א א ، א א א ، א א −٤. א א א א א א א −٥
. א א א א א א −٦. א א א א א א −٧
.١−٧ א −٨
الوحدة ٥
א א א א א א
١- األهداف א א א
א א א אא א א
א א א א א. א א
٢- التمهيد والمفاهيم األساسية −٢−١
response א demand א ( א ) א :stress אא . ( א ) א א א א capability
. א א א א א ( א א (א א א א א. :stressor א
. א א :stressful
א א א א א :(stress reaction ) strain א. א
א א א :modifier א. א א
א א א א א א : א א א אא ، א א א א א א ، א א
. א א א א א א א ، א א א א
א א א א −٢−٢ ©ZAX¬A
אא א אא א
5 —fYêA :Ω¿®ªA ü —j÷BzªA “Œn∞ƒªA ΩøAîªAÀ Lj∏ªA
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א א א א
ß ¢A ß vZKAא
אא
Z•XAא אא א א
א א אא א
™¢Aא א אא א אא א
א א א
|lA ™Æ¶Iא א אא אא א
אא א
. א א
shiftwork (LB¶XZA•) LB¶Z•X ´k |lA
א −٢−٣ stressors JÆAZyA
אא - א
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א א - א א -
א - א א - -
אא א -
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אא - אא - אא - א
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|ÆBeRAא
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90
א א א - אא - א
burnout א - אא - א
אא
א א א : - אא א א : - א
א ، א א א : - אא
(learned helplessness " א " ) " א " -
modifiers Lº XlA
א - א א - א
א -
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٣- اتقاء الكرب ومكافحته XZtA PBkא
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א - א
א א - אbiofeedback א - א
א אא -
-
™aaªA PBkא
א א - -
א אא א א א
™aaªA ßs JZyA htUAא
א - -
א - . א א א
٤- مبادئ تصميم األعمال |lA |•XO
א א . א א א א א. א א א א א
~yRKA/™yZBcA. א א א א א א א א
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|lA |Rא א א א א א . א א א
. א
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|lA ßs ZA•XæA. א א א א
™¶kBKOºA ™Æ¶IA. א א א א א א א א
|lA |IwKa. א א א א א
٥- مهام للمتدربين . א א א א א א א א א −١. א א א א א א −٢
. א א א א −٣א א ، א א א א א −٤
.. א א א א א −٥
א א א א א א א א א −٦. א
. א א א א −٧
الوحدة ٦
א א א א א
١- األهداف א א א א א א א
א אא א א אא א א א א
. א א א א א א א א א א
٢- التمهيد والمفاهيم األساسية −٢−١
. :accident אא א א א :occupational accident א א
. א، א א . א א :injury א
. א ، א " "א א א ، א :hazards א
. א ، . ،.( ) א :risk א
. א ( ) א א :harm א.( ) א :damage א
. א :danger א. א :safety א
א א א א א א א א א :occupational safety א א. א א א
. א א א :safe behaviour א אא א א א א א א :safety professional א
. א א א א א א א א א
6 —fYêA :TeAÃáA ’B¥ MAÀ “Œƒ»ùA “ø›nªA
94
א א −٢−٢: א א
א א א א א א א אא
א א א א אא א א א א א
א א א
א א א −٢−٣ NXBRA i
א א אא א א
א א אא
א א אא א א
א א א. א א
iÆBa•Aא
א א א א אא
א א אא
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™IBe¬A ™l¶Ii
א
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אא אא א
. א
NXBRA B¶BRg ™ ¢
§≠B MC NXBRA mv• ®YA ®XBeKvºA iBc A
א א א א −٢−٤ ™¶ZcIA |A•lA
א : א א . א א א א אא א א א א . ، א א א א א א אא ، א ، ، א . א
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، א א א א א . א ، אא. א א
™¶Æ¶IA |A•lA،. ، א א א א : א א א א א א א
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، א . א . א אא . א א א א א א א . א א
. א א א אא א . א א א ، א א ، א א
. אא א א א א א א
JIaA JAZigºA •C ™IBe¬A ™IBeA ™ ¢A
رضوح صريحة العاملون مع الصفائح المعدنية، الجــزارون، العـاملون علـى تهتكات القدرة الميكانيكية
المكابس، النشارون، قطاعو األقمشة عمال المستودعات، عمال التعدين، عمال البناء كسور عمال المستودعات، أي عامل يتعرض لصدمــات منخفضـة رضوض
الطاقة العاملون على المكابس، الجزارون، مشغلو اآلالت بتور عمال المستودعات، العاملون على المكابس، عمال البناء، عمال هرس
صناعة المطاط.
6 —fYêA :TeAÃáA ’B¥ÈMAÀ “Œƒ»ùA “ø›nªA
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ــام إصابـات عينيـة (بأجسأجنبية)
ــن والجلـخ، عمـال المناشـر، عمال التعدين، عمليات الطحالموظفون في معارض اآلالت
ــال الـبريد، إجهادات وأوثاء (صريحة) عمال المستودعات، عمال التعدين، العتالون، عمعمال البناء
ــة حروق الطاقة الحرارية عمال السباكة أو صهر المعادن، عمال اللحام، عمال صناعالزجاج، عمال المصابغ
عمال اإلطفاء، عمال الفوالذ، عمال صهر المعادن إجهاد حراري عمال اللوازم، الحطابون، الجزارون إجهاد بردي
الطاقة الكيميائية (بما فيها التسممات الحادة)
الحجارون، عاملو العمليات الكيميائية، العاملون مع الفضــالت حروق الخطرة
ــاكن مغلقـة، العـاملون مـع اختناق، تسمم حاد عمال اإلطفاء، العاملون في أمالفضالت الخطرة
صعق كــهربائي، صدمـات، الطاقة الكهربائية حروق
ــال التمديـدات الكهربائيـة، عاملو اللوازم، عمال البناء، عممستخدمو األدوات أو اآلالت الكهربائية
ـاملون حروق شعاعية، داء اإلشعاع الطاقة النووية عمال المشافي، المصورون الشعاعيون في الصناعة، العفي المنشآت النووية
رضوح تراكمية
رفع أثقال، وضعة قسرية مديدة
عمال المستودعات، جلوس، ممرضــات، سـائقو الشـاحنات، ألم الظهر العامالت على ماكينات الخياطة
ــدة أو حركات اليد العديــع وضعـة المتكررة م
قسرية
ـــوح اضطرابــات الرضــرف العلـوي التراكمية للطـق (التهاب الوتر، متالزمة النفالرسغي، التهاب اللقيمــة، داء
المفاصل التنكسي
العاملون على خطوط التجميع، عامالت الخياطة، معالجة لحوم ــاملون الدواجن أو الحيوانات أو األسماك، عاملو المكاتب، الع
على المكابس، قطافو الفواكه، الموسيقيون
الحطابون، العاملون على آالت الصقل، العاملون على المطارق متالزمة رينو االهتزاز الهوائية
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7 Landrigan PJ et al. Child labor. Pediatric annals, 1995, 24:657-62.
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8US General Accounting Office. Sweatshops and child labor violations: a growing problem in the United States.
Washington, DC, Government Printing Office, 1989.
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Geneva, UNICEF, 1993.
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