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MEDICAL BIOLOGY
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Lecture 1
Biology as a science of life.
Cell as an elementary unit of living matter.
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Plan:
1. Biology as a science, the subject-matter, main goalsand methods of studing.
2. The properties of a living matter and the levels ofbiological organization.
3. Cellular structure of a living matter.
4. Organization of hereditary material in pro- andeukaryotes.
5. Eukaryotic chromosomes, their chemical composion
and structural organization.
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Biology - is a scientific study of
natural laws of life
Bios life, logos study
The term of biology was used in 1802 by
G. R. Treviranus J. B. de Lamarck
(17761837) (1744 1829)
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Subject-matter
all forms of life in our planet and itsproperties
Main goals:1. To study the features and properties of a
living matter.
2. To know the essence of life.
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Main methods of biology
1. Descriptive method.
2. Comparative method.
3. Historical method.
4. Experimental method.5. Modeling method.
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Properties of a living matter
1. Specific organization, form, size and structure of living
matter.
2. Chemical composition.
3. Cellular structure (except viruses).4. Metabolism.
5. Selfregulation.
6. Growth and development.
7. Heredity and variability.
8. Irritability.
9. Reproduction.
10. Homeostasis.
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Levels of biological organization
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Classification of living organisms
Living organisms
Non-cellular Cellular
Viruses Prokaryotes Eukaryotes
Blue-greenalgae
Bacteria
Mushrooms
Plants
Animals
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CELL BIOLOGY
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Cell
elementary structural, functionaland genetic unit of living matter
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First image of cells byRobert Hook - 1665
(18.07.1635 - 3.03.1703)
Robert Hook
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CELL THEORY
1838 Matthias Schleiden
1839 Theodor Schwann
1858 - Rudolph Virchow
Matthias SchleidenTheodor Schwann Rudolph Virchow
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The modern states of cell theory
1. The basic unit of structure and function of
living organisms is cell.
2. All cells are basically alike in chemicalcomposition and metabolic activities.
3. All cells arise from the pre-existing by cell
division.
4. Multicellular organism consists of many
cells which are connect together and form
unique system.
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PROKARYOTES
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The main characters of prokaryotesA)They have no real nucleus, Nucleoid Region is the
cytoplasm region where DNA is located.
B) Bacterial Cell Wall = a rigid outer layer from murein
protein, that surrounds the cell membrane, protects
the cell, maintains shape.
C) Capsule is a sticky outer layer over cell wall.
D) Ribosomes 70S.
E)They have no membranous organelles.
F) Mesosomes are present.
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Scheme of prokaryotic cell
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Bacteria (electronic microscopy)
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Eukaryotes
-have a nucleus;
-have a complex internal organization;
- have compartmentalized membrane bound
organelles
Animal cell
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Eukaryotic cells
Main components:
*Nucleus
*Plasma
membrane
*Cytoplasm
Animal cell
Plant cell
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Fluid mosaic modelof plasma membrane
1) Lipids (30%) phosphoglycerides, cholesterol2) Proteins (30%) peripheral, integral
3) Carbocchadrates (10%)
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FUCTIONS OF PLASMA MEMBRANE
1. Absorption of materials (endocytose);
2. Excretion of materials (exocytose);3.Transport of materials (diffusion, active
transport, facilitated transport);
4. Locomotion function;
5. Cell form;
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CELL
NUCLEUS
Structure:
1) Nuclear envelope
2) Nucleoplasm
3) Nucleolus4) Chromatin
Functions:
1. To keep the hereditary
material;
2. To control the metabolic
processes;
3. To synthesize the
ribosomes.
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CYTOPLASM
1. Cytosol.
2. Organelles.
3. Cell inclusions.
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ORGANELLESOF EUKARYOTIC CELL
MEMBRANOUS NON-MEMBRANOUS
SINGLEMEMBRANOUS
DOUBLEMEMBRANOUS
1. MITOCHONDRIA2. PLASTIDS
1. ER
2. GOLGY BODY3. LYSOSOMES4. MICROBODIES5. VACUOLES
1. RIBOSOMES
2. MICROTUBULES(CENTRIOLES,FLAGELLA, CILIA,BASAL BODIES)
3. MICROFILAMENTS
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SINGLE MEMBRANOUSORGANELLES
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Endoplasmic
reticulum
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ER - membrane system
Types:
Smooth ER (has ribosomes)
Rough ER (has no ribosomes)
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ER Functions
Smooth ER
1. Synthesis and transport of lipids andcarbohydrates.
Rough ER:
1. Synthesis and transport of proteins.
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Golgi body - a stack of flattened
membranous saca or cisternae
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Golgy body functions
1. Storage, packaging, sorting and modification
of proteins before exportation.
2. Lysosome formation.
3. Universal center of cell polymerization.
4. Transport of substances.
5. Synthesis of lipids, sugar, hormones andvitamins.
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Golgi body (electronic microscopy)
Dictyosome
Vacuole
Vesicles
Connection of ER and Golgi body
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Connection of ER and Golgi body
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Lysosome formation
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Lysosome functions
1. Intercellular digestion.
2. Autophagy.
3. Autolysis.
4. Exocytosis.
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DOUBLE MEMBRANOUSORGANELLES
Mi h d i
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Mitochondrion
1) Two membranes -
inner and outer;
2) Cristae;
3) Matrix;
4) Circular DNA;5) 70S ribosomes;
1) ATP synthesis
2) Autoreproduction
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Types of plastids
1. Chloroplasts (green colour)
- photosynthesis;
2. Leucoplasts (colourless)
- storage function;
3. Chromoplasts (red, orange, yellow colour)
- colour of flowers, fruits and vegetables.
Chloroplast structure
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1) Two membranes - inner and outer;
2) Thylakoid unit structure of chloroplast3) Granum group of thylakoids
4) Lamellae membranous extension connecting of grana5) Stroma chloroplast cytoplasm;
6) Circular DNA;
7) 70S ribosomes;
Chloroplast structure
Pl tid
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Plastids
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Non-membranous organelles
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Ribosome
Small subunitSmall subunit
Large subunitLarge subunit
RNARNA
ProteinsProteins
Function:
Proteinsynthesis
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Cytoskeleton
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Cytoskeleton (electronic microscopy)
Microfilaments - blue colour, microtubules green colour,intermediate microfilaments red colour.
Microfilaments = thinnest (actin)
Microtubules = thickest (tubulin)
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Functions of cytoskeleton
1. Cell form;
2. Movement of cell and its internalstructures.
3. Cell division.
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The characters of a plant cell
Chloroplasts
Plasmodesma
Celluloseenvelope
Vacuole
1. No lysosomes.
2. No centrioles.
3. Presence ofcellulose
envelope.
4. Presence of big
central vacuole.
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Organization of hereditary material
in pro- and eukaryotes
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HEREDITY
property of living matter to providing
the characters in generations
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HEREDITARY MATERIAL
IN LIVING MATTER
NUCLEIC ACIDS:
DNA DIOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID
RNA RIBONUCLEIC ACID
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DISCOVERY OF THE NUCLEIC ACIDS1869 - F. Miescher found thenucleic acids in human
white blood cells.
Phenomenon of Transformation
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Experiment of Griffiths (1928)
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Experiment of O.T. Avery, C.
Macleod and M. McCarty (1944)
They discovered transformingagent - DNA.
Experiment of Alfred Hershey and Marta Chase (1952)
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They were accepted thatDNA is the genetic
material
in all organisms.
Experiment of Alfred Hershey and Marta Chase (1952)
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CHEMICAL COMPOSITION
AND STRUCTURE
OF THE NUCLEIC ACIDS
Russian biochemist Phoebus Levene
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investigates the DNA Structure (1919)
Phoebus Levene
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Erwin Chargaff (1950) (Chargaffs rules)
He noted the nucleotide composition of DNA
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Primary structure of DNA
Phosphoricacid
Nucleotide
Phosphodiester bond
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Secondary structure of DNAHydrogen bond
Glycosidic bond
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Astbury, Wilkins and Franklin (1950-s)
They suggested helical configuration for DNA.
James Watson and Francis Crick (1953)
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James Watson and Francis Crick (1953)
They proposed the
double helical structure
for DNA molecule.
Tertiar str ct re of DNA
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Tertiary structure of DNA
(double helix)
Diameter
2 nm
Complete turn 3,4 nm
Distance between tonucleotides 0,34 nm
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Enzymes for DNA replication
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Enzymes for DNA replication
Topoisomerase helps to convert rings (supercoils) of
DNA from one topological form to another.
Helicase helps in unwinding the helix
Single-stranded DNA-binding (SSB) proteinstable the free single-stranded region.
RNA primase catalyzes the polymerization of RNA building
blocks (A, U, G, C) into the primer.
DNA polymerase synthesizes of DNA molecule.
DNA ligase catalyzes the linkage of Okazaki fragments
Semiconservative mechanism of DNA replication
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Semiconservative mechanism of DNA replication
Helicase
SSB-protein
RNA-
primer
Topoisomerase
RNA DNA
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RNA DNA
TYPES OF RNA MOLECULES:
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Messenger RNA (m-RNA)
Transfer RNA (t-RNA)
Ribosomal RNA (r-RNA)
magenta colour
HEREDITARY MATERIAL
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HEREDITARY MATERIAL
PROKARYOTES EUKARYOTES
Nucleoid Nucleus
Circle DNA Linear DNA
without with proteins
proteins (chromatin or chromosomes)
LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION OF
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LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION OF
HEREDITARY MATERIAL
* GENE LEVEL
* CHROMOSOMAL LEVEL
* GENOME LEVEL
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Gene level
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GENE
region of DNA molecule containing the
information about primary structure ofpolypeptide or about m-RNA and t-RNA
molecules.
G i
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Gene properties(Benzer, 1961) A gene is a segment of DNA. A gene has a unique sequence of nucleotide
base pairs.
A gene codes for a specific polypeptide, or r-RNA, or t-RNA, or polyprotein. A gene has a regulatory role. A gene can undergo crossing over and
mutation at times. A gene may have continuous or splitinformation.
Classification of genes
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Classification of genes
GENES
STRUCTURAL FUNCTIONAL
- promoter gene
- operator gene
- regulator geneeukaryotes exon and intron
OPERON
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OPERON(structural genetic unit of transcription of prokaryotes)
Gene
regulator
Gene
promoter
Gene
operatorG1 G2 G3 G4
Functional genes Structural genes
TRANSCRIPTON
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(structural genetic unit of transcription of eukaryotes)
Gene
regulator
Gene
promoter
Gene
operatorExon 1 Exon 2Intron 1 Intron 2
Structural genesFunctional genes
Space regions
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Chromosomal level
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF
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CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF
CHROMATIN
1. DNA 40%
2. PROTEINS:
) HISTONES 40%;
) NON-HISTONES 20%;
3. RNA, enzymes, lipids, metal ions.
DNA is Condensed into Visible Chromosomes Only For
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DNA is Condensed into Visible Chromosomes Only For
Brief Periods in the Life of a Cell
95% of the time,
chromosomes are uncoiled
(chromatin).
Easily visible chromosomes are
apparent perhaps 5% of the
time in an actively growing cell
and less in a non-growing cell.
Levels of chromatin packing
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Levels of chromatin packing
The first level
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The first level
Nucleosome structure
DNA Histone H1
Protein globule
(8 histone molecules 2, 2, 3, 4)
nucleosome
The second level - Solenoid (fiber)
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( )
Metaphase chromosome
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(electronic microscopy)
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Structure of metaphase chromosome
Telomeres
Lower arms
ChromatidCentromere
Upper arms
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Morphological types of chromosomes
ACROCENTRIC
METACENTRIC SUBMETACENTRIC
TELOCENTRIC
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Genome level
Denver classification of human chromosomes
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Group A Group
Group EGroup D
Group
Group F Group G
Metaphase plate of human chromosomes
( l t i i )
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(electronic microscopy)
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THANK YOU
FOR YOUR ATTENTION
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