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ÖABTÖĞRETMENLİK ALAN BİLGİSİ TESTİ
sınav tekniğineuygundur.2014
kpss
İNGİLİZCEALAN BİLGİSİ - ALAN EĞİTİMİ
Konu AnlatımıÖzgün Sorular
Ayrıntılı ÇözümlerTest Stratej!ler!Çıkmış Sorular
ÖSYM
Sevg!Şah!nFunda DörtkulakH!lal Bozoğlan
Sevgi ŞAHİNFunda DÖRTKULAK
Hilal BOZOĞLAN
ÖABT İngilizce Öğretmenliği Konu Anlatımlı
ISBN 978-605-364-681-5
Kitapta yer alan bölümlerin tüm sorumluluğu yazarlarına aittir.
© Pegem AkademiBu kitabın basım, yayın ve satış hakları
Pegem Akademi Yay. Eğt. Dan. Hizm. Tic. Ltd. Şti.ne aittir.Anılan kuruluşun izni alınmadan kitabın tümü ya da bölümleri,kapak tasarımı; mekanik, elektronik, fotokopi, manyetik, kayıtya da başka yöntemlerle çoğaltılamaz, basılamaz, dağıtılamaz.
Bu kitap T.C. Kültür Bakanlığı bandrolü ile satılmaktadır.Okuyucularımızın bandrolü olmayan kitaplar hakkında
yayınevimize bilgi vermesini ve bandrolsüz yayınlarısatın almamasını diliyoruz.
1.Baskı: Şubat 2014, Ankara
Proje-Yayın Yönetmeni: Bahar SARIMEHMETOĞLUTürkçe Redaksiyon: Cansel Işık KAHRAMAN
Dizgi-Grafik Tasarım: Ahmet Resul KAYMAKÇI Kapak Tasarımı: Gürsel AVCI
Baskı: Tarcan Matbaacılık Yayın Sanayi Zübeyde Hanım Mahallesi
Samyeli Sokak No: 15 İSKİTLER/ANKARA (0312-384 34 35)
Yayıncı Sertifika No: 14749 Matbaa Sertifika No: 25744
İletişim
Karanfil 2 Sokak No: 45 Kızılay / ANKARAYayınevi: 0312 430 67 50 - 430 67 51
Yayınevi Belgeç: 0312 435 44 60Dağıtım: 0312 434 54 24 - 434 54 08
Dağıtım Belgeç: 0312 431 37 38Hazırlık Kursları: 0312 419 05 60
E-ileti: pegem@pegem.net
ÖN SÖZ
Sevgili Öğretmen Adayları,
Bu kitap, Kamu Personeli Seçme Sınavı (KPSS) İngilizce Öğretmenliği Alan Bilgisi Testi (ÖABT-İngilizce)
kapsamındaki soruları çözmek için gerekli bilgi, beceri ve teknikleri edinmeniz ve geliştirmeniz sürecinde siz
değerli öğretmen adaylarımıza kılavuzluk etmek için hazırlanmıştır.
Kitabın hazırlanış sürecinde, sınav kapsamındaki temel alanlarda kapsamlı alanyazın taraması yapılmış,
bu kitabın gerek İÖABT’de gerekse gelecekteki meslek hayatınızda ihtiyacınızı maksimum derecede
karşılayacak bir başucu kitabı niteliğinde olması hedefl enmiştir.
Detaylı, güncel ve anlaşılır bir dilde yazılan konu anlatımları, çıkmış sorular ve detaylı açıklamalarıyla
desteklenmiş, her ünite içeriği ÖSYM formatına uygun, özgün 20 soru ve detaylı çözümlü cevap anahtarıyla
pekiştirilmiştir. Ayrıca konu anlatımlarında verilen çözüm tekniklerine ek olarak uyarı kutucuklarında
önemli konuların altı çizilmiş ve alandaki önemli terminolojik bilgiler bölüm sonlarında verilmiştir.
Yoğun bir araştırma ve çalışma süreci ile hazırlanmış olan bu kitapla ilgili görüşlerinizi ve önerilerinizi
bizimle pegem@pegem.net aracılığı ile paylaşabilirsiniz.
Geleceğimizi güvenle emanet ettiğimiz siz değerli öğretmenlerimizin hizmet öncesi ve hizmet içi eğitimlerinde
katkıda bulunabilmek ümidiyle...
Başarılar.
Sevgi ŞAHİN Funda DÖRTKULAK
Hilal BOZOĞLAN
KPSS İÖABT İLE İLGİLİ ÖNEMLİ BİLGİLER
KPSS-İÖABT, 50 sorudan oluşmakta ve İngilizce Öğretmen Adaylarının Alan Eğitimi Bilgisi, Dilbilim, Edebiyat ve Dil
Yeterliği alanlarındaki bilgi ve becerilerini ölçmeyi hedeflemektedir.
Öğretmenlik Alan Bilgisi Testinde çıkan sorular, İngilizce Öğretmenlik Lisans Programlarında verilen akademik disiplinlere
paralel olarak hazırlanmaktadır. Sınavdaki Alan-Soru dağılımı aşağıdaki tabloda belirtilmiştir.
Yüzde Soru Sayısı
Dil Yeterliği %50 25
Alan Eğitimi Bilgisi
(Metodoloji)
%20 10
Dilbilim %16 8
Edebiyat %14 7
Genel Kültür, Genel Yetenek ve Eğitim Bilimleri Sınavlarınıza ek olarak gireceğiniz Öğretmenlik Alan Bilgisi Testi ile
ilgili verilen bu bilgiler 2013 KPSS-İÖABT sınavı çerçevesinde hazırlanmıştır. Sınav içeriğinde yapılabilecek olası
değişiklikleri ÖSYM'nin web sitesinden takip edebilirsiniz.
CONTENT PAGE
SECTION IMETHODOLOGY
CHAPTER 1
Approaches, Methods and Techniques in Language Teaching .................................................................................3
1. Linguistic Views ......................................................................................................................................................3
2. Theories Of Learning ..............................................................................................................................................4
3. Definitions Of Terminologies ...................................................................................................................................6
A. Before The Methods Era ............................................................................................................................................6
1. The Grammar Translation Method ........................................................................................................................6
2. Reform Movement ..................................................................................................................................................8
3. Direct Method .........................................................................................................................................................9
4. The Oral Approach and Situational Language Teaching ......................................................................................10
B. The Methods Era ......................................................................................................................................................12
5. Audio-Lingual Method...........................................................................................................................................12
6. Silent Way ............................................................................................................................................................14
7. Suggestopedia......................................................................................................................................................16
8. Community Language Learning ..........................................................................................................................19
9. Total Physical Response .....................................................................................................................................22
10. Whole Language Approach ................................................................................................................................24
11. Multiple Intelligences ..........................................................................................................................................25
12. Neuro-Linguistic Programming (NLP).................................................................................................................28
13. Lexical Approach ................................................................................................................................................29
14. Competency-Based Language Teaching ...........................................................................................................30
C. Current Communicative Approaches ....................................................................................................................31
15. Communicative Language Teaching ..................................................................................................................31
16. Natural Approach ...............................................................................................................................................34
17. Cooperative Language Learning ........................................................................................................................36
18. Task-Based Language Teaching ........................................................................................................................37
19. Content-Based Instruction ..................................................................................................................................38
20. Participatory Approach .......................................................................................................................................39
PART 2
Post-Method Era ...........................................................................................................................................................41
A. Eclectic Approach/Eclecticism .............................................................................................................................41
B. Post-Method Pedagogy........................................................................................................................................42
PART 3
Common European Framework ..................................................................................................................................43
A. Understanding and Using The Global Scale ........................................................................................................43
B. The European Language Portfolio ......................................................................................................................45
vi
PART 4
Technology in ELT ........................................................................................................................................................46
1. Computer-Assisted Learning (CALL)....................................................................................................................46
2. What’s Web 2.0? ..................................................................................................................................................48
2.1. What Does Web 2.0 Offer Teachers? 48
Subject Test 1 ...............................................................................................................................................................50
Çözümlü Cevap Anahtarı .............................................................................................................................................54
CHAPTER 2
PART 1Teaching Language Skills ............................................................................................................................................57
1. Teaching Listening ................................................................................................................................................57
2. Teaching Speaking ...............................................................................................................................................60
3. Teaching Pronunciation ........................................................................................................................................63
4. Teaching Reading .................................................................................................................................................64
5. Teaching Writing ..................................................................................................................................................66
6. Teaching Vocabulary ............................................................................................................................................68
7. Teaching Grammar ...............................................................................................................................................70
PART 2Factors Effecting Language Learning ........................................................................................................................72
A. Linguistic Factors ....................................................................................................................................................72
1. Cross-Linguistic Influence and Learners Language .............................................................................................72
1.1. Contrastive Analysis Hypothesis .................................................................................................................72
1.2. Learner Language (Interlanguage) ..............................................................................................................72
1.3. Learner Errors .............................................................................................................................................73
B. Individual Factors ....................................................................................................................................................78
1. Age .......................................................................................................................................................................78
2. Motivation ............................................................................................................................................................78
3. Intelligence and Aptitude ......................................................................................................................................79
4. Characteristics Of Learners/Learning Styles ........................................................................................................80
5. Learning Strategies ..............................................................................................................................................81
C. Socio-cultural Factors .............................................................................................................................................81
1. Culture ..................................................................................................................................................................81
2. Acculturation .........................................................................................................................................................82
3. Intercultural Competence .....................................................................................................................................82
4. English as a Lingua Franca ..................................................................................................................................82
5. World Englishes ....................................................................................................................................................82
Subject Test 2 ...............................................................................................................................................................84
Çözümlü Cevap Anahtarı .............................................................................................................................................88
CHAPTER 3
PART 1Teaching English To Young Learners .........................................................................................................................91
1. Who Are Young Learners? ...................................................................................................................................91
2. Child as a Language Learner ...............................................................................................................................92
3. Major Theories Of Language and Cognitive Development...................................................................................92
4. Teaching Language Skills to Young Learners ......................................................................................................93
5. Teaching Speaking to Young Learners .................................................................................................................94
6. Teaching Literacy Skills (Reading & Writing) to Young Learners..........................................................................94
vii
7. Teaching Vocabulary to Young Learners ..............................................................................................................95
8. Teaching Grammar to Young Learners .................................................................................................................96
9. Types of Syllabuses..............................................................................................................................................96
10. General Principles of Foreign Language Pedagogy for Young Learners ...........................................................96
PART 2Classroom Management ..............................................................................................................................................98
1. What Is Classrom Management ...........................................................................................................................98
2. Classroom Management Areas ............................................................................................................................98
3. Key Factors in Language Classroom Management .............................................................................................99
4. Preventing Disruptions in the Class....................................................................................................................101
5. Classroom Management Strategies ...................................................................................................................101
Subject Test 3 .............................................................................................................................................................102
Çözümlü Cevap Anahtarı ...........................................................................................................................................106
CHAPTER 4
PART 1Materials Development ..............................................................................................................................................109
1. Definitions of Key Terminologies: Curriculum And Syllabus ...............................................................................109
2. Approaches to Syllabus Design..........................................................................................................................109
3. Shapes of Syllabus Design..................................................................................................................................111
4. Materials and Material Types.............................................................................................................................. 112
5. Principles for Materials Development ................................................................................................................. 112
6. Steps in Materials Development ......................................................................................................................... 113
PART 2Materials Adaptation .................................................................................................................................................. 114
1. Why Do We Need to Adapt Materials? ............................................................................................................... 114
2. Objectives of Adaptation..................................................................................................................................... 114
3. Adaptation Techniques ....................................................................................................................................... 115
PART 3Materials Evaluation ................................................................................................................................................... 117
1. What is Evaluation? ............................................................................................................................................ 117
2. Why Do We Evaluate Materials? ........................................................................................................................ 117
3. Approaches to Materials Evaluation ................................................................................................................... 117
PART 4Testing In English Language Teaching .................................................................................................................... 118
1. What is a Test? ................................................................................................................................................... 118
2. Definitions: The Differences Between Testing, Assessment and Evaluation ...................................................... 118
3. Why Do We Test? ............................................................................................................................................... 118
4. Ways of Assessment .......................................................................................................................................... 118
5. Test Types .......................................................................................................................................................... 119
6. Criteria For a Good Test .....................................................................................................................................120
7. Types of Test Items.............................................................................................................................................121
8. Testing Language Skills and Language Areas ...................................................................................................121
9. Historical Trends in Language Testing ...............................................................................................................122
Subject Test 4 .............................................................................................................................................................124
Çözümlü Cevap Anahtarı ...........................................................................................................................................128
AppendixELT Glossory ..............................................................................................................................................................131
Bibliography ................................................................................................................................................................147
viii
SECTION 2LINGUISTICS
CHAPTER 1
Introduction To Linguistics .......................................................................................................................................155
PART 1What is Language? .....................................................................................................................................................155
1. The Definition of Language ................................................................................................................................155
PART 2What is Linguistics? ...................................................................................................................................................161
1. Definition of Linguistics .......................................................................................................................................161
2. Definition of Grammar ........................................................................................................................................161
3. Branches of Linguistics.......................................................................................................................................161
PART 3Language in Human Brain .........................................................................................................................................162
1. Physiology of Human Brain ................................................................................................................................162
2. Modularity of Human Brain .................................................................................................................................162
3. The Autonomy of Language ...............................................................................................................................163
4. Plasticity of Human Brain ...................................................................................................................................164
5. The Critical Age Hypothesis ...............................................................................................................................164
Subject Test 1 .............................................................................................................................................................165
Çözümlü Cevap Anahtarı ...........................................................................................................................................168
CHAPTER 2
Morphology & Phonology ..........................................................................................................................................171
PART 1Morphology .................................................................................................................................................................171
1. What is Morphology? ..........................................................................................................................................171
2. Morphemes: The Smallest Meaningful Units ......................................................................................................171
3. Derivational Morphology .....................................................................................................................................172
4. Inflectional Morphology.......................................................................................................................................175
5. Morphological Analysis .......................................................................................................................................175
6. Word Formation Processes ................................................................................................................................176
PART 2Phonetics ....................................................................................................................................................................177
1. Branches of Phonetics .......................................................................................................................................177
2. Phonetic Alphabet ..............................................................................................................................................177
PART 3Phonology ...................................................................................................................................................................177
1. What is Phonology?............................................................................................................................................177
2. What are Phonemes? .........................................................................................................................................177
2.1. Phonemes vs. Allophones .........................................................................................................................178
2.2. Nondistinctive Features of Phonemes .......................................................................................................179
2.3. Distinctive Features of Phonemes .............................................................................................................179
2.4. Suprasegmental Features of Phonemes ...................................................................................................180
3. Aspirated vs. Unaspirated Sounds .....................................................................................................................181
4. Phonotactics .......................................................................................................................................................181
Subject Test 2 .............................................................................................................................................................182
Çözümlü Cevap Anahtarı ...........................................................................................................................................185
ix
CHAPTER 3
Syntax & Semantics ...................................................................................................................................................187
PART 1Syntax ..........................................................................................................................................................................187
1. What is Syntax?..................................................................................................................................................187
2. What is Grammaticality?.....................................................................................................................................187
2.1. Hierarchical Structure of Sentences ..........................................................................................................188
2.2. Constituents and Constituency Tests ........................................................................................................188
2.3. Categories of Words ..................................................................................................................................188
2.4. Phrase Structure Rules and Tree Diagrams ..............................................................................................189
2.5. Heads and Complements ..........................................................................................................................190
2.6. Selection ....................................................................................................................................................191
PART 2What is Semantics?....................................................................................................................................................192
1. Lexical Relations ................................................................................................................................................192
2. Branches of Semantics.......................................................................................................................................194
3. The Components of Semantics ..........................................................................................................................194
4. Semantic Features (Principle of Compositionality) .............................................................................................196
5. Argument Structure ............................................................................................................................................196
Subject Test 3 .............................................................................................................................................................197
Çözümlü Cevap Anahtarı ...........................................................................................................................................200
CHAPTER 4
Pragmatics, Discourse & Sociolinguistics...............................................................................................................205
PART 1Discourse Analysis ....................................................................................................................................................205
1. What is Discourse Analysis? ..............................................................................................................................205
2. Components of Discourse ..................................................................................................................................205
3. Conversation Analysis ........................................................................................................................................208
PART 2Pragmatics ..................................................................................................................................................................209
1. What is Pragmatics?...........................................................................................................................................209
2. Speech Act Theory .............................................................................................................................................209
3. The Cooperative Principle ..................................................................................................................................210
4. Politeness Theory ............................................................................................................................................... 211
PART 3Sociolinguistics ..........................................................................................................................................................212
1. What is Sociolinguistics? ....................................................................................................................................212
1.1. Speech Communities ................................................................................................................................212
1.2. Linguistic Change ......................................................................................................................................212
1.3. Linguistics Varieties ...................................................................................................................................212
Subject Test 4 .............................................................................................................................................................214
Çözümlü Cevap Anahtarı ...........................................................................................................................................217
CHAPTER 5
Language Acquisition ................................................................................................................................................221
PART 1First Language Acquisition .......................................................................................................................................221
1. How do Chıldren Learn Language?....................................................................................................................221
2. Universality of Stages in Language Acquisition..................................................................................................223
x
3. Language Development in First Language Acquisition ......................................................................................223
4. Universal Grammar (UG) ....................................................................................................................................224
5. Bilingualism ........................................................................................................................................................225
PART 2Second Language Acquisition ..................................................................................................................................226
1. Critical Period Hypothesis ..................................................................................................................................226
Subject Test 5 .............................................................................................................................................................228
Çözümlü Cevap Anahtarı ...........................................................................................................................................231
Appendix ASpelling In English .....................................................................................................................................................235
Appendix BLinguistics Glossary ..................................................................................................................................................238
Bibliography ................................................................................................................................................................255
SECTION 3ENGLISH LITERATURE
CHAPTER 1
Literary Periods in British Literature ........................................................................................................................259
1. Old English Period: 450-1066.............................................................................................................................264
2. Middle English Period: 1066-1500......................................................................................................................264
3. Renaissance Period: 1500-1660 ........................................................................................................................266
4. The Restoration Period: 1660-1700 ...................................................................................................................271
5. The Romantic Period: 1785-1837.......................................................................................................................273
6. The Victorian Period: 1837-1901 ........................................................................................................................275
7. The 20Th Century...............................................................................................................................................277
Subject Test 1 .............................................................................................................................................................281
Çözümlü Cevap Anahtarı ...........................................................................................................................................284
CHAPTER 2
Literary Periods in American Literature ...................................................................................................................287
1. The Colonial Period: 1607-1765 .........................................................................................................................291
2. The Revolutionary Age: 1765-1790 ....................................................................................................................292
3. The Romantic Period: 1820-1865.......................................................................................................................292
4. The Realistic and Naturalistic Period: 1865-1914 ..............................................................................................294
5. American Modernism: 1914-1945 ......................................................................................................................296
6. Contemporary Period: 1945-to present ..............................................................................................................298
Subject Test 2 .............................................................................................................................................................301
Çözümlü Cevap Anahtarı ...........................................................................................................................................305
CHAPTER 3
Literary Movements....................................................................................................................................................307
1. Absurdism (c. 1930–1970) .................................................................................................................................307
2. Aestheticism (c. 1835–1910) ..............................................................................................................................307
3 Angry Young Men (1950s–1980s) .......................................................................................................................307
4. Beat Writers (1950s–1960s) ...............................................................................................................................307
5. Bloomsbury Group (c. 1906–1930s)...................................................................................................................307
6. Commedia Dell’arte (1500s–1700s) ...................................................................................................................307
7. Dadaism (1916–1922) ........................................................................................................................................307
8. Enlightenment (c. 1660–1790) ...........................................................................................................................307
xi
9. Elizabethan era (c. 1558–1603) .........................................................................................................................307
10. Harlem Renaissance (c. 1918–1930) ...............................................................................................................307
11. Lost Generation (c. 1918–1930s) .....................................................................................................................307
12. Magic realism (c. 1935–present) ......................................................................................................................308
13. Metaphysical poets (c. 1633–1680)..................................................................................................................308
14. Middle English (c. 1066–1500) .........................................................................................................................308
15. Modernism (1890s–1940s) ...............................................................................................................................308
16. High modernism (1920s) ..................................................................................................................................308
17. Naturalism (c. 1865–1900) ...............................................................................................................................308
18. Neoclassicism (c. 1660–1798) .........................................................................................................................308
19. Nouveau Roman (“New Novel”) (c. 1955 – 1970) ............................................................................................308
20. Postcolonial literature (c. 1950s–present) ........................................................................................................308
21. Postmodernism (c. 1945–present) ...................................................................................................................308
22. Pre-Raphaelites (c. 1848–1870).......................................................................................................................309
23. Realism (c. 1830–1900) ...................................................................................................................................309
24. Romanticism (c. 1798–1832)............................................................................................................................309
25. Sturm and Drang (1770s) .................................................................................................................................309
26. Surrealism (1920s–1930s) ...............................................................................................................................309
27. Symbolism (1870s–1890s) ...............................................................................................................................309
28. Transcendentalism (c. 1835–1860) ..................................................................................................................309
29. Victorian era (c. 1832–1901) ............................................................................................................................309
Subject Test 3 .............................................................................................................................................................310
Çözümlü Cevap Anahtarı ...........................................................................................................................................313
CHAPTER 4
Figures of Speech ......................................................................................................................................................315
1. Allegory.............................................................................................................................................................315
2. Alliteration .........................................................................................................................................................315
3. Allusion .............................................................................................................................................................315
4. Amplification .....................................................................................................................................................315
5. Anagram ...........................................................................................................................................................315
6. Analogy.............................................................................................................................................................315
7. Anastrophe .......................................................................................................................................................315
8. Antithesis ..........................................................................................................................................................315
9. Aphorism ..........................................................................................................................................................315
10. Archetype .........................................................................................................................................................316
11. Assonance ........................................................................................................................................................316
12. Asyndeton.........................................................................................................................................................316
13. Cacophony .......................................................................................................................................................316
14. Caesura ............................................................................................................................................................316
15. Chiasmus..........................................................................................................................................................316
16. Circumlocution ..................................................................................................................................................316
17. Conflict..............................................................................................................................................................316
18. Connotation and Denotation .............................................................................................................................316
19. Consonance .....................................................................................................................................................317
20. Deus ex Machina ..............................................................................................................................................317
21. Diction...............................................................................................................................................................317
22. Doppelganger ...................................................................................................................................................317
23. Ekphrastic / ekphrasis ......................................................................................................................................317
24. Epilogue............................................................................................................................................................317
25. Epithet ..............................................................................................................................................................317
26. Euphemism.......................................................................................................................................................317
27. Euphony ...........................................................................................................................................................317
xii
28. Flashback .........................................................................................................................................................317
29. Flashforward .....................................................................................................................................................318
30. Foil ....................................................................................................................................................................318
31. Foreshadowing .................................................................................................................................................318
32. Hubris ...............................................................................................................................................................318
33. Hyperbaton .......................................................................................................................................................318
34. Hyperbole .........................................................................................................................................................318
35. Imagery.............................................................................................................................................................318
36. Internal rhyme...................................................................................................................................................318
37. Inversion ...........................................................................................................................................................318
38. Irony..................................................................................................................................................................319
39. Juxtaposition.....................................................................................................................................................319
40. Kenning ............................................................................................................................................................319
41. Litote .................................................................................................................................................................319
42. Malapropism .....................................................................................................................................................319
43. Metaphor ..........................................................................................................................................................319
44. Metonymy .........................................................................................................................................................319
45. Mood.................................................................................................................................................................319
46. Motif ..................................................................................................................................................................319
47. Negative Capability...........................................................................................................................................320
48. Nemesis............................................................................................................................................................320
49. Onomatopoeia ..................................................................................................................................................320
50. Oxymoron .........................................................................................................................................................320
51. Paradox ............................................................................................................................................................320
52. Pathetic Fallacy ................................................................................................................................................320
53. Periphrasis........................................................................................................................................................320
54. Personification ..................................................................................................................................................320
55. Plot ...................................................................................................................................................................320
56. Point of View .....................................................................................................................................................320
57. Polysyndeton ....................................................................................................................................................321
58. Portmanteau .....................................................................................................................................................321
59. Prologue ...........................................................................................................................................................321
60. Puns .................................................................................................................................................................321
61. Rhyme Scheme ................................................................................................................................................321
62. Rhythm ............................................................................................................................................................321
63. Satire ................................................................................................................................................................322
64. Simile ................................................................................................................................................................322
65. Spoonerism ......................................................................................................................................................322
66. Parody ..............................................................................................................................................................322
67. Stream of consciousness .................................................................................................................................322
68. Suspense..........................................................................................................................................................322
69. Syllepsis ...........................................................................................................................................................322
70. Symbol..............................................................................................................................................................323
71. Synecdoche ......................................................................................................................................................323
72. Synesthesia ......................................................................................................................................................323
73. Theme ..............................................................................................................................................................323
74. Tone ..................................................................................................................................................................323
75. Understatement ................................................................................................................................................323
76. Verisimilitude ....................................................................................................................................................323
77. Verse ................................................................................................................................................................323
Subject Test 4 .............................................................................................................................................................324
Çözümlü Cevap Anahtarı ...........................................................................................................................................327
xiii
CHAPTER 5
Literary Genres and Forms........................................................................................................................................329
Literary Genre .......................................................................................................................................................329
1. Prose..................................................................................................................................................................329
1. Folktale .......................................................................................................................................................329
2. Fable...........................................................................................................................................................329
3. Myth ............................................................................................................................................................329
4. Fairy Tale ....................................................................................................................................................329
5. Short Story..................................................................................................................................................329
6. Legend........................................................................................................................................................329
7. Tall tale .......................................................................................................................................................329
8. Novel ..........................................................................................................................................................329
a. Elements of Novel ............................................................................................................................................329
1. Plot .............................................................................................................................................................329
2. Theme .......................................................................................................................................................330
3. Characters ..................................................................................................................................................330
4. Setting ........................................................................................................................................................330
5. Narrator ......................................................................................................................................................330
6. Tone ............................................................................................................................................................330
b. Types of Novels ................................................................................................................................................330
1. Adventure Novel ...........................................................................................................................................330
2. Autobiographical novel .................................................................................................................................330
3. Bildungsroman..............................................................................................................................................330
4. Children’s novel ............................................................................................................................................331
5. Christian novel .............................................................................................................................................331
6. Coming-of-age novel ....................................................................................................................................331
7. Detective novel .............................................................................................................................................331
8. Dystopian novel ............................................................................................................................................331
9. Epistolary novel ............................................................................................................................................331
10. Existentialist novel ......................................................................................................................................332
11. Fantasy novel .............................................................................................................................................332
12. Gothic novel................................................................................................................................................332
13. Historical novel ...........................................................................................................................................332
14. Hypertext novel...........................................................................................................................................332
15. Multicultural novel .......................................................................................................................................333
16. Naturalistic novel ........................................................................................................................................333
17. Novella........................................................................................................................................................333
18. Novel of manners .......................................................................................................................................333
19. Picaresque novel ........................................................................................................................................333
20. Psychological novel ....................................................................................................................................333
21. Regional novel ............................................................................................................................................333
22. Roman a clef ..............................................................................................................................................333
23. Science fiction novel ...................................................................................................................................333
24. Sentimental novel .......................................................................................................................................334
2. Poetry ................................................................................................................................................................334
a. Elements of Poetry ...........................................................................................................................................334
1. Stanza ..........................................................................................................................................................334
2. Rhyme ..........................................................................................................................................................334
3. Rhythm .........................................................................................................................................................334
4. Meter ............................................................................................................................................................335
b. Types of Poetry .................................................................................................................................................335
1. Ballad............................................................................................................................................................335
xiv
2. Couplet .........................................................................................................................................................335
3. Dramatic Monologue ....................................................................................................................................335
4. Elegy.............................................................................................................................................................335
5. Epic...............................................................................................................................................................335
6. Free Verse ....................................................................................................................................................335
7. Haiku ............................................................................................................................................................335
8. Light Verse....................................................................................................................................................335
9. Limerick ........................................................................................................................................................335
10. Nursery Rhymes .........................................................................................................................................336
11. Ode .............................................................................................................................................................336
12. Pastoral Lyric ..............................................................................................................................................336
13. Sonnet ........................................................................................................................................................336
14. Triplet ..........................................................................................................................................................336
15. Villanelle .....................................................................................................................................................336
3. Drama ................................................................................................................................................................336
a. Types of Drama .................................................................................................................................................336
1. Tragedy ........................................................................................................................................................336
2. Comedy ........................................................................................................................................................336
Subject Test 5 .............................................................................................................................................................338
Çözümlü Cevap Anahtarı ...........................................................................................................................................342
Bibliography ................................................................................................................................................................344
SECTION 4LANGUAGE PROFICIENCY
CHAPTER 1
Tenses & Active, Passsive and Causitives ..............................................................................................................347
1.Tenses ................................................................................................................................................................347
2. Passive ...............................................................................................................................................................355
3. Causative............................................................................................................................................................357
Subject Test 1 .............................................................................................................................................................358
Çözümlü Cevap Anahtarı ...........................................................................................................................................361
CHAPTER 2
PART 1PARTS OF SPEECH ....................................................................................................................................................365
1. Nouns ................................................................................................................................................................365
2. Pronouns ...........................................................................................................................................................367
3. Adjectives ..........................................................................................................................................................368
4. Quantifiers ..........................................................................................................................................................369
5. Adverbs .............................................................................................................................................................372
6. Articles ................................................................................................................................................................374
7. Connectors .........................................................................................................................................................377
8. Prepostions.........................................................................................................................................................380
PART 2Affixes - Prefixes And Suffixes .................................................................................................................................386
Subject Test 2 .............................................................................................................................................................388
Çözümlü Cevap Anahtarı ...........................................................................................................................................391
xv
CHAPTER 3
Modals .........................................................................................................................................................................395
1. Advice .................................................................................................................................................................396
2. Duty ....................................................................................................................................................................396
3. Habits .................................................................................................................................................................396
4. Possibility............................................................................................................................................................396
5. Ability ..................................................................................................................................................................397
6. Necessity ............................................................................................................................................................397
7. Deduction ...........................................................................................................................................................398
8. Prohibition...........................................................................................................................................................398
9. Absence Of Necessity ........................................................................................................................................398
10. Permission ........................................................................................................................................................398
11. Suggestion ........................................................................................................................................................399
12. Invitations .........................................................................................................................................................399
13. Preference ........................................................................................................................................................399
14. Dare ..................................................................................................................................................................399
15. Perfect Modals..................................................................................................................................................399
Subject Test 3 .............................................................................................................................................................400
Çözümlü Cevap Anahtarı ...........................................................................................................................................402
CHAPTER 4
Clauses ........................................................................................................................................................................405
1. Noun Clauses .....................................................................................................................................................405
2. Adverbial Clauses...............................................................................................................................................407
3. Relative Clauses................................................................................................................................................. 411
4. Conditional Clauses............................................................................................................................................414
Subject Test 4 .............................................................................................................................................................417
Çözümlü Cevap Anahtarı ...........................................................................................................................................420
CHAPTER 5
Gerunds & Infinitives .................................................................................................................................................423
1.Gerunds ...............................................................................................................................................................423
2. Infinitives.............................................................................................................................................................424
Subject Test 5 .............................................................................................................................................................429
Çözümlü Cevap Anahtarı ...........................................................................................................................................432
CHAPTER 6
Ambiguity ....................................................................................................................................................................435
1. Structural ambiguity ............................................................................................................................................435
2. Lexical ambiguity ................................................................................................................................................437
Subject Test 6 .............................................................................................................................................................438
Çözümlü Cevap Anahtarı ...........................................................................................................................................441
xvi
CHAPTER 7
Punctuation Marks .....................................................................................................................................................445
1. The Full Stop/The Period: (.) ..............................................................................................................................445
2. The Comma: (,) .................................................................................................................................................445
3. The Apostrophe: (‘) .............................................................................................................................................446
4. The Quotation Mark: (“ ”) ....................................................................................................................................447
5. The Semi-colon: (;) .............................................................................................................................................447
6. The Colon: (:)......................................................................................................................................................447
7. The Hyphen: (-) ..................................................................................................................................................448
8. The Dash: (–)......................................................................................................................................................448
9. The Parantheses: (( )) .......................................................................................................................................448
10. The Exclamation Mark: (!) ................................................................................................................................448
11. The Question Mark: (?) .....................................................................................................................................448
Subject Test 7 .............................................................................................................................................................449
Çözümlü Cevap Anahtarı ...........................................................................................................................................453
CHAPTER 8
Restatement ................................................................................................................................................................455
Subject Test 8 .............................................................................................................................................................459
Çözümlü Cevap Anahtarı ...........................................................................................................................................464
CHAPTER 9
Dialogue Completion ..................................................................................................................................................467
Subject Test 9 .............................................................................................................................................................470
Çözümlü Cevap Anahtarı ...........................................................................................................................................479
CHAPTER 10
Paragraph Completion ...............................................................................................................................................481
Subject Test 10 ...........................................................................................................................................................484
Çözümlü Cevap Anahtarı ...........................................................................................................................................492
CHAPTER 11
Finding Irrelevant Sentences ....................................................................................................................................495
Subject Test 11 ............................................................................................................................................................498
Çözümlü Cevap Anahtarı ...........................................................................................................................................503
CHAPTER 12
Reading Comprehension ...........................................................................................................................................507
Subject Test 12 ...........................................................................................................................................................513
Çözümlü Cevap Anahtarı ...........................................................................................................................................519
Appendix AAffixes..........................................................................................................................................................................523
Appendix BIdiom List .....................................................................................................................................................................530
Bibliography ................................................................................................................................................................535
KPSS-İÖABT includes 10 questions on the field of ELT Methodology, which
encompasses the topics of Approaches and Methods in Language Teaching,
Teaching Language Skills, and Teaching English to Young Learners & Classroom
Management, Materials Development, Adaptation & Evaluation, and Testing in ELT.
The first section of this book provides detailed information about the above mentioned
topics in the field of ELT Methodology with a comprehensive literature review within
the scope of KPSS-İÖABT. Moreover, sample questions have been taken from
KPSS-ÖABT and included under the relevant subjects in the chapters.
As in each section in the book, this one also contains a subject test and an answer
key with detailed explanations.
Sevgi ŞAHİN
SECTION 1
METHODOLOGY
When the history of language teaching and learning is
searched and examined, it can be seen that depending
on the needs and the educational conditions of the time,
different perspectives have emerged. This, together with
the pursuit of the best method, led to the appearance
of a wide range of approaches and methods regarding
how language teaching needs to be carried out. The
shortcomings of an approach and method paved the
way for another one in order to compensate for these
lacks and problems. The complexity of the contexts
and the dynamic nature of the classroom have led
us to the conclusion that there is no best method that
can be universally accepted. Instead, teachers now
acknowledge the need to adopt an informed and eclectic
approach, incorporating elements from the range of
methods and approaches at hand.
As mentioned above, throughout the history of the field
of foreign language teaching, different approaches and
methods have emerged and were affected by certain
linguistics and psychology theories in this process. In
order to discover and clearly understand the principles
and underlying assumptions of the approaches and
methods of language learning and teaching, linguistic and
psychological views in language teaching methodology
first need to be understood. Therefore, linguistic and
psychological views are briefly explained below.
1. LINGUISTIC VIEWS
1.1. THE TRADITIONAL VIEW
Considering that the everyday spoken language is
neither pure nor perfect and it includes errors, for
centuries scholars have focused on the written language
and its grammatical structures. With the emphasis on the
accurate production of the language and determining the
correct way of putting things into words, they followed
a prescriptivist approach to the language (Please See
Linguistics Chapter 1 for further information about
prescriptivism). They were not concerned with the usage
of the language for communication purposes, yet a tool
for understanding the literature of the target language.
To do that, they taught how to form grammatically correct
sentences along with the knowledge of vocabulary.
1.2. STRUCTURALISM
In structuralism, language is viewed as a system of structurally related elements to convey meaning. It is an approach to linguistics which originated from the studies of Ferdinand de Saussure. The core idea of this theory for teaching language is that language can be analyzed as a formal system of differential components.
CHAPTER 1 APPROACHES, METHODS AND TECHNIQUES IN LANGUAGE TEACHING
In addition, language is considered to be basically for speech and not reading or writing, consisting of habits which are systematically different from those in other languages. Teaching the language rather than teaching about the language is emphasized. In contrast to the traditional view in which written language is given priority and prescriptivism is adopted, the followers of this view focused on everyday language use and speech by examining the way people used the language not necessarily in the way scholars prescribed them to do, which is called descriptivism (Please refer to Linguistics Chapter 1 for further information about descriptivism). This descriptive approach to language aimed at depicting the language at the level of sound, word and sentence.
In short, structural linguistics emphasized the significance of language as a system and examines the role that linguistic units such as sounds, words, sentences play within this system. In association with behaviorism, it provided the principal theoretical basis of the audio lingual method, and in this way influenced language teaching materials, and techniques.
1.3. THE GENERATIVE TRANSFORMATIONAL THEORY
Noam Chomsky opposed to the assumptions of structuralism and criticized it heavily by emphasizing that there is an underlying level for all utterances of the native speakers. The theory opposed to the empiricist theory, which is pedagogically audiolingualism, psychologically behaviorism, and linguistically structuralism. It emphasized mental activity and proposed that human beings have the capability to learn a language. It is the inborn ability instead of practice that enabled human beings to obtain the rules of a language and comprehend or produce unlimited numbers of utterances.
Basically, Chomsky introduced two core ideas in his theory. The first one is related to the distinction between competence and performance. Competence is defined as the knowledge of the language; however, performance is the actual use of the language, which is observable. The explanation of knowledge underlying the human ability to speak and understand the language is at the centre. Consequently, in this approach, each speaker has a linguistic organ specialized in the analysis and production of complex structures forming the speech. In other words, most of this knowledge of language is innate, so babies are born wired to acquire language and needs only actually learn the idiosyncratic features of the languages they are exposed to. The second core idea put forward in the theory was creativity of language knowledge; namely, explaining how people can produce and comprehend utterances which they have never heard before. Referring back to what was mentioned about competence, it can be stated that people depend on their language competence in order to generate novel utterances.
4
People generate their sentences and
structure them on the basis of their
knowledge of what is acceptable
according to the grammatical systems of
the language.
ATTENTION
1.4. THE COMMUNICATIVE VIEW
The communicative or functional view of language
proposes that language is actually a vehicle in order
to express functional meaning conveyed through
structures. In the first place, semantic and communicative
aspects of language are emphasized rather than the
linguistic units, yet it should be noted that they are not
totally neglected. Dell Hymes suggested that linguistic
competence was not sufficient for a person to be able
to use a language communicatively since it ignored the
actual usage of language which is very much affected by
contextual factors, such as interlocutors’ relationship,
degree of closeness, physical context, age or gender
of the interlocutors. Hymes introduced the concept
of communicative competence (See Communicative
Language Teaching in this chapter for more detailed
information) which can be defined as the appropriate
and effective use of language in line with the contextual
factors influencing the choice of words and structures
2. THEORIES OF LEARNING
2.1. BEHAVIORISM
Behaviorism considers learning as habit formation
assuming a learner is essentially passive imitator who
responds to environmental stimuli. According to the
theory, people start learning as a tabula rasa; that’s
without any previous knowledge or competence and
behavior is shaped by means of positive or negative
reinforcement. Both positive reinforcement and negative
reinforcement are used to increase the chance of
the behavior to happen again. However, punishment
decreases the probability of behavior to occur again.
Briefly, followers of this theory completely neglected the
importance of mind in the formation of verbal behavior.
According to this stimulus-response theory introduced
by Skinner, learning is a process of automatic habit
formation happening via reinforcement of a mechanical
relation between a stimulus and the desirable response.
Errors are bad habits interfering in the learning process,
so they need to be immediately corrected by the teachers.
1. Reinforcement is act of increasing the probability of a specific behavior in the future by delivering a stimulus immediately after a response/behavior is displayed correctly or desirably. It is divided into two:
a. Positive Reinforcement: It refers to presenting a motivating stimulus to the student after the desired behavior is demonstrated, to make the behavior more likely to occur in the future (e.g., praising the student for doing his/her homework)
b. Negative Reinforcement: It means removing a certain stimulus (often an aversive one) after a particular behavior is displayed to increase the likelihood of that behavior to happen again because of avoiding the negative consequence (e.g., taking away the deadline for the homework).
2 Punishment: It is a process by which an unwanted result immediately follows a behavior that decreases the future frequency of that behavior. There are two types of punishment:
a. Positive Punishment: It is presenting a negative consequence after an undesired behavior is exhibited to make that behavior less likely to occur in the future (e.g., the student talks to his/her friend all the time during the lesson, and the teacher reprimands him/her).
b. Negative Punishment: It refers to removing a certain desired stimulus after a particular unwanted behavior is exhibited in order to decrease the occurrence of that behavior in the future (e.g., cancelling game time when the students haven’t done their homework).
With punishment, always remember that the
end result is to try to decrease the undesired
behavior. However, in reinforcement, the
aim is to increase the likelihood of the
wanted behavior to happen again.
ATTENTION
Behaviorism has a tendency to rely on drill exercises to
provide the consistent repetition necessary for effective
reinforcement of response patterns. Thus, memorization
and imitation are at the heart of this theory. The use
of positive reinforcements such as verbal praise, good
grades, and prizes is also frequent.
2.2. COGNITIVE THEORY
The emphasis here is on the importance of experience, meaning, problem-solving and the development of insights. Different from Behaviorism, in which the language learning is believed to occur as a result of imitation and a lot of repetitions, this theory is based on internal and mental processes in language learning. Second language acquisition can be explained with a description of the interaction between language and cognition. In cognitive
5
theory, individuals are said to process information and thoughts involved in this cognitive activity are referred to as “internal processes”. Learning strategies are special ways of processing information that enhance comprehension and learning. The basic tenets of cognitive theory can be given as in the following:
• It focuses on transferring, simplification, generalization, and restructuring that involve second language acquisition.
• Language learning is the result of internal mental activity.
• It emphasizes that knowledge and new learning is organized in a mental structure.
• Learners act, construct, plan and analyze their own learning
• Positive and negative feedback is important for restructuring.
• Once new information is acquired, existing knowledge is reorganized.
• Learning language needs to be meaningful in order to be effective and permanent
2.3. HUMANISM
The humanistic approach tends to regard language learning as a process that engages the whole person and
not just the intellect. It also takes into consideration the emotional and spiritual needs of an individual. According to humanism, the receiver in education is first a human being; the secondary role of the individual is being a learner. It is emphasized that individuals’ basic needs are decided by their potential energy. When and if they cannot satisfy their basic needs physically and psychologically, they will surely fail to completely concentrate on their language learning. Emotions, feelings and attitudes of the learners towards language and language learning, their needs, interests, beliefs and motivations are the core concerns of humanism since they are the premise of the other physical and psychological activities. Therefore, before aiming at teaching the language, preparing the necessary conditions and classroom atmosphere is intended in order to make sure that learners feel relaxed and comfortable. By this way, their purpose is to avoid negative attitudes towards language learning. A humanistic approach in teaching both helps learners easily learn things but also develops their personality in various ways. Self-actualization is at the centre because the only reason for individuals to learn is to satisfy needs of the self-actualization. It follows that the study of the self, motivation, and goals are areas of particular interest. Moreover, the objective of education is to raise open-minded, dynamic and adjustable individuals in a cooperative, supportive environment.
Overview Of Learning Theories
Behaviorism Cognitive Theory Humanism Constructivism
View of knowledge
Knowledge is a
repertoire of behavioral
responses to
environmental stimuli.
Knowledge systems of
cognitive structures are
actively constructed by
learners based on pre-
existing cognitive
structures.
Knowledge is formed by the
development of the whole person
by integrating the cognitive and
affective aspects of the learning.
No concern for teaching static
knowledge as the aim is to teach
how to learn.
Knowledge is constructed
within social contexts
through interactions with
a knowledge community.
View of learning
Passive absorption
of a predefined body
of knowledge by the
learner.
Promoted by
repetition and positive
reinforcement.
Active assimilation and
accommodation of new
information to existing
cognitive structures.
Discovery by learners.
Function of the whole person and
believe that learning cannot take
place unless both the cognitive
and affective domains are
involved
Personal act to fulfill learners’
potential.
Integration of students
into a knowledge
community.
Collaborative assimilation
and accommodation of
new information.
View of motivation
Extrinsic, involving
positive and negative
reinforcement.
Intrinsic; learners set
their own goals and
motivate themselves
to learn.
Intrinsic; learners learn for self-
actualization.
Providing active support,
encouragement for the
individuals to learn from their
successes and failures keep
them motivated to learn.
Intrinsic and extrinsic.
Learning goals and
motives are determined
both by learners and
extrinsic rewards
provided by the
knowledge community.
Implications for
Teaching
Correct behavioral
responses are
transmitted by the
teacher and absorbed
by the students.
The teacher facilitates
learning by providing
an environment that
promotes discovery
and assimilation/
accommodation.
The teacher is a facilitator
that provides an anxiety-free
classroom and comfortable
learning to reduce the affective
filter
Collaborative learning is
facilitated and guided by
the teacher.
Group work.
Taken from : http://gsi.berkeley.edu/teachingguide/theories/overview.html
6
3. DEFINITIONS OF TERMINOLOGIES
Before moving on with giving detailed information about
each approach and method in language teaching and
learning, we need to define and clarify three important,
often confusing, terminologies in this field:
Edward Anthony’s (1963) tripartite is the first attempt
to make distinction among these terms. In order to
define what ‘method’ is, we can consider the distinction
of Approach, Method and Technique. According to
his definitions, an approach can be considered as the
broadest circle which presents a set of assumptions as
to the nature and the components of the language and
language teaching and learning. It also gives information
regarding the necessary conditions for language learning
to occur. Approach is also axiomatic, something the truth
of which cannot be proven.
An approach can adopt one of the following 3
theories of language:
1. Structural view: According to structural view,
language is viewed as structurally related units
such as grammatical, phonological and lexical
ones.
2. Functional view: In functional view, language
is described as a vehicle to express functional
meaning.
3. Interactional view: An approach adopting
interactional view considers language as a
vehicle to establish and maintain interpersonal
relationship with other people.
However, method is the overall plan for the organized
presentation of language material. It is basically the
practical application of theoretical findings and positions.
In this sense, it becomes clear that a method needs to
be based on an approach. A method is procedural while
approach is axiomatic.
Methods are typically informed by both
a theory of language and a theory of
language learning. To give an example,
it can be stated that audiolingualism took
its assumptions from a structuralist model
of language and behaviourist learning
theory.
ATTENTION
Finally, the smallest circle is the technique which is
implementational. It is defined as the activities, practices,
and tasks utilized in the classroom. Techniques need to
be consistent with a method, and thus in harmony with
an approach.
Later on, the concept of method is further explained by
Richards & Rodgers (1982) in relation to Approach,
Design and Procedure. Different from the distinction
made by Anthony, design is described as the term
regarding the theories of language and learning to the
form and function of teaching materials and activities in
the classroom, types of syllabus, and roles of teacher,
student and instructional materials. Procedure, however,
is related to the techniques and practices utilized in the
classroom as a result of particular approaches and
designs.
Methodology is the umbrella term and
it refers to “pedagogical practices in
general and whatever considerations
are involved in ‘how to teach’. Approach
is defined as the theoretical beliefs and
assumptions about the view of language
and language learning and teaching while
method is the generalized procedures,
based on an approach, as to how foreign
languages are taught, what the roles of
the teacher, student and instructional
materials are and what type of syllabus is
adopted. Technique, on the other hand,
is the narrowest term that refers to the
application of the procedures, presented
by a method, through activities, practices,
tasks and exercises.
ATTENTION
A. BEFORE THE METHODS ERA
1. THE GRAMMAR TRANSLATION METHOD
The Grammar Translation Method is an old and traditional
method that was first utilized to teach classical languages
like Latin and Greek. The reason why oral language was
not the focus of this method can be attributed to the fact
that it was used to teach dead languages. It did not follow
any approach. The purpose of learning and teaching
a foreign language is to read and understand and
appreciate the literary texts (i.e., literature of the foreign
language) in the target language so that individual can
develop themselves intellectually and strengthen the
powers of the mind. The lessons are taught in students’
first language by making use of translation.
• The purpose of learning a foreign language is to read the literary texts in the target language and to develop the learners intellectually.
• Other names given to the method are classical method, traditional method; grammar school method and Prussian method.
ATTENTION
7
1.1. Learning Theory: Deductive teaching and learning is
of great importance in the method. In deductive learning,
the learners are given the rules of the target language
directly and explicitly and the correct productions of the
structures are reinforced through example sentences
and exercises. Translation is the main way of learning
the language.
1.2. Language Theory: The role of the language is
to help learners understand the literature of the target
language so that they become more cultured and
intellectual. Language consists of abstract grammatical
rules and the written language is considered superior over
spoken language. Apart from the linguistic structures in
the target language, the students also learn the structure
of their mother tongue.
1.3. Goals and Objectives: The Grammar Translation
Method aims at teaching translation, reading and
understanding the literature in the target language,
raising the students’ awareness for their native language
structure and vocabulary, and to improve students’
mental capacities with grammar practices.
1.4. The Role of Culture: Culture is limited to the
literature and the fine arts of the target language; and it
is learned through reading the literary texts which are full
of complex grammatical structures and translating them.
1.5. The Role of Mother Tongue: The mother tongue
of the students has a significant function in teaching
vocabulary and grammar. Because oral communication
and interaction in the target language are not focused to
teach and develop, classroom instructions occur in the
first language.
1.6. The Role of the Teacher: Teacher is considered as
the only and strict authority in the classroom; thus, the
classroom is teacher-centered by not putting the students
at the centre of the teaching and learning process.
1.7. The Role of the Student: Students are regarded as
the passive receivers of the new information transmitted
from the teacher. The activities are initiated and directed
by the teacher. Consequently, the students are expected
to be passive, teacher-dependent and memorize the
rules and the new vocabulary with mother tongue
equivalents.
1.8. Teaching Language Areas: Grammar and
vocabulary are primary language areas to be taught.
Because the written language is given utmost importance,
and the spoken language is neglected, so pronunciation
is not focused for development.
1.8.1. Teaching Grammar: Teaching grammar occurs
through the use of deductive teaching. Students are
supposed to memorize the abstract rules of the linguistic
structures. Afterwards, they apply these rules to new
examples in the exercises. In the meantime, the teacher
compares and contrasts the rules of the structures in the
students’ first language and the target language using
translation.
Deductive teaching of grammar is an
approach to teach the language where
the students are taught the rules of the
grammar directly and explicitly without
using meaningful context. Examples
follow the provision of the explicitly given
rules.
ATTENTION
1.8.2. Teaching Vocabulary: The frequently used
vocabulary teaching technique is to provide lists of
isolated words with their meanings in the students’ first
language. The unknown words can also be given with
their synonyms and antonyms. Then, the students are
asked to memorize them. The new words are never taught
in a meaningful context. Another common way to teach
words is the use of cognates.
Cognates are the words in two different languages, which have similar spelling and pronunciation.
It is divided into two:
1. True Cognates: These are the words in two languages that have similar spelling and pronunciation and the same meaning (e.g., cinema – sinema; theatre – tiyatro).
2. False Cognates: This time, the cognates have different meanings in the two languages (e.g., complex (meaning complicated in English) – kompleks (spor kompleksi or kompleks).
ATTENTION
1.9. Teaching Language Skills: As already pointed
out, the written language is superior over the spoken
language; therefore, writing and reading skills are aimed
to be developed. Yet, speaking and listening skills are
neglected. Emphasis is placed on accuracy and form,
fluency and meaning are not among the foci of the
teacher. Students practice and develop their reading
skills through extracts from the literature and reading
comprehension that they are expected to answer.
Reading comprehension questions are:
• the questions the answers of which can be
directly found in the passage.
• the questions that students can answer by
inferencing .
• the questions that students can answer by
relating the passage to their own experience.
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