organic macromolecules

ORGANIC MACROMOLECULES•Macromolecule means “Giant Molecule”•Organic macromolecules are based on the “skeleton” of carbon•Life is based on Carbon for two reasons

1. Carbon is abundant in nature2. Carbon has the ability to bond with

itself and many other elements due to having only four electrons in its highest occupied energy level.

Carbon bonding

Polymerization Macromolecules are built by linking

smaller molecules (monomers) into long chains (polymers)

Monomers combine by disconnecting from some of the hydrogen and oxygen atoms between them

After the monomers bond, the excess oxygen and hydrogen atoms combine forming a water molecule

Since the bonding process releases water, we call it a dehydration reaction.

Pause, Think, and Share

Think about the following…1) What is a macromolecule?2) How many bonds can

carbon form?3) What is the relationship

between monomers and polymers?

Discuss in Today’s Meet these questions.

What did you discuss?What is a macromolecule?A large molecule made of several smaller moleculesHow many bonds can carbon form?4, because it only has 4 electrons in its outer shell.What is the relationship between monomers and polymers?Monomers bond together to form polymers

Press Pause, Think, and Write Write down what was

important? OneNote. Be sure to include…1) What a

macromolecule is?2) How many bonds can

carbon form?3) What the relationship

between monomers and polymers is?

Types of Macromolecules

•Carbohydrates: Sugars and Starches•Lipids: Fats and Oils (Think Fat Lip)•Proteins: Muscle tissue•Enzymes•Nucleic Acids: Microscopic genetic material (information)

Carbohydrates:Monosaccharides Carbohydrates are used for energy The monomers of carbohydrates make up a

simple sugar C6H12O6. These simple sugars are called monosaccharides All monosaccharides have the same molecular

formula just different shapes Examples

1. Glucose2. Fructose3. Galactose

Examples of Monosaccharides

Please notice the shape!!

Carbohydrates:Disaccharides

Disaccharide = (two) double sugar They are made by joining two

monosaccharides Examples (all made by joining two sugar molecules)

1. Sucrose: table sugar2. Maltose: grain sugar3. Lactose: milk sugar

Example

Again, notice the shape of the sugars. Very common shape.

Carbohydrates: Polysaccharides

Polysaccharide= many sugars This is a long chain of monosaccharides Examples:

1. Starch: Grain foods2. Cellulose: Plant fibers

Pause, Think, and Share

Think about the following…1) What is the general

structure of a carbohydrate?2) What are the three types of

carbohydrates and describe their structure?

3) What are the functions of carbohydrates in living things?

Discuss in Today’s Meet

What did you discuss?What is the general structure of a carbohydrateC6H12O6

What are the three types of carbohydrates and describe their structure?Monosaccharide= 1 sugarDisaccharide= 2 sugarsPolysaccharide= 3 or more sugarsWhat are the functions of carbohydrates in living things?Provides quick immediate source of energy

Press Pause, Think, and Write Write down what was

important? Be sure to include…1) What is the general

structure of a carbohydrate?

2) What are the three types of carbohydrates and describe their structure?

3) What are the functions of carbohydrates in living things?

Lipids Lipids are made mostly of carbon and

hydrogen and oxygen Water-avoiding molecules= hydrophobic Lipids are used in three ways

Long term energy storage Cushion of organs Skeleton of plasma membrane around cells

Consist of two monomers bonded together1. Glycerol2. Fatty acids (contains hydrocarbon chains)

Lipids

Types of Lipids

If there is at least one carbon to carbon bond that is a double bond in a fatty acid chain.

When each carbon atom in the fatty acid chain is joined to another carbon by a single bond.

Unsaturated: liquid at room temperature

Saturated: solid at room temperature

Pause, Think, and Share

Think about the following…1) What are the two

monomers that make up lipids?

2) How are saturated and unsaturated lipids different?

3) What are the functions of lipids in living things?

Post your answers to these questions in Today’s Meet.

What did you discuss?What are the two monomers that make up lipids?Glycerol and fatty acidsHow are saturated and unsaturated lipids different?Saturated lipids are solid at room temperature and have the maximum number of hydrogen atoms bonded to the carbon atoms.Unsaturated lipids are liquid at room temperature and have a double or triple bond on the carbon atoms.What are the functions of lipids in living things?Long term energy storage and cushion for organsSkeleton for plasma membrane in cells

Name these macromolecules and their function

Proteins Proteins contain nitrogen, hydrogen,

oxygen and carbon Extremely long polymers of monomers

called amino acids Responsible for almost all of our day to

day functions Used for muscles, act as hormones and

enzymes, and do much of the work inside body cells

•Amino acids are linked together in a chain called a polypeptide•The polypeptides are precisely twisted, folded. And coiled into a unique shape

Building a Protein

Proteins up close and personal All amino acids have

three of the central carbon's partners the same and then of side group that is different

The amino acids combine to form polypeptides which then fold into precise shapes

Press Pause, Think, and ShareThink about the following…1) What are the monomers

for proteins2) What is the relationship

between an amino acid, polypeptide, and protein?

3) What are the functions of proteins in living things?

Share your answers in Today’s Meet.

What did you discuss?What are the monomers for proteinsAmino acidsWhat is the relationship between an amino acid, polypeptide, and protein?Amino acids are linked together in a chain called a polypeptide. The polypeptides are precisely twisted, folded, and coiled into a unique shape whichs forms the protein.What are the functions of proteins in living things?Used for muscles, act as hormones and enzymes, and do much of the work inside body cells.

Video on: Carbs(Sugars), Lipids(fats), and Proteins:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H8WJ2KENlK0

Nucleic Acids Monomer= Nucleotides

Nucleotides have three parts Sugar Phosphate group Nitrogen Base

Nucleic Acids Many nucleotides come together to form

the polymer nucleic acids Examples= RNA and DNAFunctions= Hold our geneticinformation

WHY DOES THIS HAPPEN?

Bananas turn brown when left outside after a while because certain chemicals in the fruit react with the oxygen in the air by destroying cells, creating that icky brown color.

An Enzyme speeds this reaction up!

Enzymes Unique type of protein Speeds up chemical reactions by

lowering the energy needed to start the chemical reaction (activation energy)

Specific shape for specific reactions Can be used over and over againWatch Video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r1ryDVgx0zw

Let’s RecapMacromolecule Structure

(Monomer)Function

Carbohydrate Monosaccharide C6H12O6

• Short-term energy

Lipids Glycerol and Fatty Acids

• Energy storage• Cushion for organs• Barriers

Proteins Amino acids • Muscles• Speeds up

chemical reactions (enzymes)

• Transports things• Makes hormones