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Intelligent Distributed Autonomous Power Systems (IDAPS)
Saifur Rahman
Electrical Power Symposium 2006"From Tesla�’s AC Power System to Distributed Generation and Smart Grids"
November 10, 2006
Electrical Power Symposium 2006
Outline�• Complexity of Critical Infrastructures�• The IDAPS concept
�– Normal operating condition�– Outage condition
�• Enabling technologies�– Supply-driven-demand management�– Agent-based technology�– Web-based communication overlay architecture
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Electrical Power Symposium 2006
Complexity of Critical Infrastructures
Transportation
Government
Banks/Finance
Satellite
Electric Power
WALL ST.WALL ST.
Wall Street
Oil & Gas Production
and Storage
Water SupplyTelecom
Business
Emergency Services
Information
Electrical Power Symposium 2006
Critical Infrastructure Interdependency
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Electrical Power Symposium 2006
Problems
�• Nation�’s critical infrastructures have become very complex and interdependent.
�• Charles Perrow, in a Sept 2006 Spectrum article, suggests critical infrastructures can be made less of a target by design.
�• In other words, planners need to focus on distributed systems that are more resilient, thus easier to protect it against man-made and natural disasters.
Electrical Power Symposium 2006
DER technologies
�• Solar cells
�• Wind turbines
�• Fuel cells
�• Electric vehicles
�• Diesel gensets
�• Microturbines
�• Storage devices
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Electrical Power Symposium 2006
Enhancing resiliency of electric power supply with IDAPS
�“IDAPS�”IntelligentDistributedAutonomousPower Systems
Electrical Power Symposium 2006
Wholesale, Retail electricity markets vs the IDAPS Microgrid
G TWholesalemarkets D
Retailmarkets
G = GenerationT = TransmissionD = DistributionDER = Distributed Energy Resource
End-use customers
DERLoadLoadLoad
LoadLoad
DER
Agents
DERLoad
LoadLoad
DER
Agents
DERLoad
DER
LoadLoadLoad
DER
By design, the IDAPS is a specialized microgrid that is set up at the level of end-use customers to allow electricity trading among neighbors. �“Retail competition�”
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Electrical Power Symposium 2006
IDAPS cellular structure
Feeder line
Feeder line
agentsDistributionsubstation
High Voltage Power Line
IDAPS Cell
DER DER
DER
DER DER DER DER
DER DER DER DER
DER
agents
agentsDER
DERDER
DER
Electrical Power Symposium 2006
Two modes of IDAPS operation
�• Normal operating conditions
�• Outage conditions
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Electrical Power Symposium 2006
During normal operating conditions
�• The IDAPS structure is complementary to the main electricity grid.
�• Households or businesses can �– purchase electricity from the grid as usual �– purchase electricity from their neighbors
�• Customers can choose which of their deferrable demands will be serviced based on the real-time cost of electricity.
Electrical Power Symposium 2006
During outage conditions
�• An IDAPS cell will island itself from the grid and start to operate autonomously.
�• Critical loads will first be served by their internal sources, and any shortfall can be made up through open market purchases.
�• It is also possible to buy and sell electricity among different IDAPS microgrids.
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Electrical Power Symposium 2006
IDAPS operations characteristics
�• Supply-driven-demand management
�• Multi-agent technology
�• Web-based communication architecture
Electrical Power Symposium 2006
Managing demand-driven-supply Vs Supply-driven-demand
Demand-driven-supply in �“the Pool�”Offers from generators are based on the �“known�” demand.
Supply-driven-demand in �“IDAPS�”(deferrable) demand for electricity is met by available supplies.
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Electrical Power Symposium 2006
Supply-driven-demand management
�• An IDAPS cell will employ a bulletin board that represents an electricity marketplace for electricity buyers and sellers to transact business.
Bulletin BoardDG owners
Three-tier modelPrice
QuantityDuration
User console, which can be a computer or a panel on
the kitchen wall
DG ownersDG owners
Electrical Power Symposium 2006
IDAPS Agents
�• User agent
�• DER agent
�• Aggregation agent
�• Bulletin board agent
�• Database agent
�• Device agent
�• Control agent
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Electrical Power Symposium 2006
Multi-agent framework in IDAPS
DER
DER
DER
DER
DER
DER
Electrical Power Symposium 2006
Communication overlay architecture
�• The multi-agent framework calls for a messaging system capable of exchanging information and control data among various agents, DER devices and interfaces.
�• A web-based communication architecture such as web services will be used to ensure interoperability among equipment.
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Electrical Power Symposium 2006
Web services
�• Web services is a web-based and platform-independent protocol for exchanging structured information in a decentralized and distributed environment.
�• Web services utilize extensible mark-up language (XML) over HTTP.
Electrical Power Symposium 2006
Example of web service communications in the IDAPS environment
SOAP Response
<SOAP-ENV:Envelope><SOAP-ENV:Body>
<ns1:GetLineVoltagexmlns:ns1=�“http://www.idaps.org/DGMonitoring-
service�”<ns1:DGID>UNIT0012PV3kw</ns1:DGID>
</ns1:GetLineVoltage></SOAP-ENV:Body>
</SOAP-ENV:Envelope>
SOAP Request
DER Agents
<SOAP-ENV:Envelope><SOAP-ENV:Body>
<ns1:GetLineVoltageResponsexmlns:ns1=�“http://www.idaps.org/DGMonitoring-
service�”<return>117.3</return>
</ns1:GetLineVoltage></SOAP-ENV:Body>
</SOAP-ENV:Envelope>
- Clients Registry- Services Registry- Services Description- Public Interfaces
IP-based network
IP-based networkDER
Interface
DERInterface
*SOAP = Simple Object Access Protocol
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Electrical Power Symposium 2006
Communication medium required�• In order to utilize web services, at least one of the
following types of communication media must be available.
�– A wired local area network (LAN)
�– A wireless network based on 802.11 or 802.16
Electrical Power Symposium 2006
DER�’s must be IP addressable �• All DER units and electronic devices must have
communication interfaces and are addressable by IP addresses.
DERInterface
DERInterface
DERInterface
DERInterfaceDER
Interface
DERInterface
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Electrical Power Symposium 2006
IDAPS summary2 Layers: physical and cyber
User agent
Aggregationagent
DER agent
Control agent Bulletin board
Database agent
Device agent
DERInterface
DERInterface
DER agent
DERInterface
DERInterface
Electrical Power Symposium 2006
Case studies: an IDAPS microgrid in Blacksburg, Virginia
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Electrical Power Symposium 2006
Building an IDAPS microgrid from Scratch
In the simplest term, an IDAPS cell may consist of local generation sources and loads fed by one circuit from a substation transformer.
Data from a Virginia Tech Electric Service low voltage substation
Electrical Power Symposium 2006
Normal operating conditions
agents
DER
DER DER DER DER
Distributionsubstation
High Voltage Power Line
The IDAPS structure is complementary to the main electricity grid.
4pm-9pm1,500 kWh5-6 c/kWh
8pm-9pm3,000 kWh4-5 c/kWh
1pm-2pm400 kWh6-7 c/kWh
�…�…�…
8am-1pm2,000 kWh3-4 c/kWh
2pm�–4pm500 kWh2-3 c/kWhDurationQuantityPrice
Bulletin board
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Electrical Power Symposium 2006
Outage conditions
Distributionsubstation
High Voltage Power Line
An IDAPS cell will island itself from the grid and start to operate autonomously.
DER DER DER DER
DER
agents
Electrical Power Symposium 2006
Outage conditions
Once the fault is cleared, IDAPS will reconnect itself to the grid.
Now 1,500 kWh9-10 c/kWh
Now 3,000 kWh8-9 c/kWh
Now 400 kWh10-11 c/kWh
�…�…�…
Now 2,000 kWh7-8 c/kWh
Now500 kWh6-7 c/kWhDurationQuantityPrice
Bulletin board
Bidding process will start.DER DER DER DER
DER
agents
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Electrical Power Symposium 2006
IDAPS Contributions
�• The framework for harnessing �“customer-owned�”distributed generation units.
�• The novel �“supply-driven-demand�” management.�• The web-based communication architecture using
�“web services�” to ensure interoperability.�• IDAPS represents an autonomous reconfigurable
power system enabled by Cyberinfrastructure.
Electrical Power Symposium 2006
Contact Information
Name: Prof. Saifur RahmanAffiliation: Virginia Tech, USAPhone: (703) 528-5500Email: srahman@vt.eduWeb site: www.ceage.vt.edu
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