part iv education in china. no proper education, human nature will deteriorate. the three-character...
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Part IV Education in
China
Part IV Education in
China
No proper education, human nature will deteriorate.
No proper education, human nature will deteriorate.
The Three-Character ScriptureThe Three-Character Scripture
苟不教,性乃迁苟不教,性乃迁
Which aspects should be the focuses of education?
Which aspects should be the focuses of education?
I cannot teach anybody anything, but I can only make them think.
Socrates ['sɔkrəti:z] The function of education is to teach one to
think intensively and to think critically... Intelligence plus character - that is
the goal of true education.
Martin Luther King, Jr.
• Education in Ancient China
Educational Institutions Examination System
• Education in Modern China
ContentsContents
• Time: Shang Dynasty
• Educational institutions:
• Xiang, Xu, Xue and Xiao
( 庠 序 学 校)• Xiang: how to raise children
• Xu: archery, military training
• Xue: moral education
• Xiao: horse taming & horse riding
• According to written records, schools were established for the sons of the nobility in the capital city of Zhou.
• Schools for the common people were provided in villages and hamlets and were attended by men and women after their work in the fields.
Education in Western Zhou DynastyEducation in Western Zhou Dynasty
Contention of a Hundred Schools of Thought
Time: The Eastern Zhou Dynasty (The Spring and Autumn& the Warring
States) An era of cultural
prosperity
Confucian school: benevolence/humanityTaoist school : to govern by doing
nothing that goes against nature Legalist school: To rule the country in
accordance with lawMohist school: universal love and no warYin-Yang school: the unity of man &nature
The six classical arts: rites, music, archery, riding,
writing & arithmetic
Confucius• The first teacher of private schools• The Foremost Teacher of China Teaching doctrines: By nature all men are pretty much alike, It is by custom and habit that they are set apart.
(The importance of education)
Great pleasure is derived from learning and constantly reviewing what has been learned (review & diligence)
• In education there is no class distinction.
(to treat students equally)
• Learning without thought is labor lost;
thought without learning is perilous.
(To inspire thinking independently)
• If three men are walking together, there is one who can be my teacher.
(the modest learning attitude)
The Five Classics
• The Classic of Poetry 《诗经》• The Classic of History 《尚书》• The Classic of Rites 《礼记》 • The Classic of Changes 《易经》• The Classic of Music 《乐经》• The Spring and Autumn Annals 《春
秋》
• Burning books and burying scholars alive
• Small Seal Script
The Imperial College
Confucianism
the orthodoxy
Confucian classics
Recommendation through Observation察举制
intelligent ones were recommended through observation
parentage & social status
nepotism and corruption
The Nine-Rank System
• The Jin,
Northern & Southern
Dynasties
• To select talented candidates and categorize them nine grades in local districts.
• ability, noble birth, parentage
The Imperial Examination System
• The Sui Dynasty to the Qing Dynasty
Three levels
The provincial exam The metropolitan exam
The palace exam
“eight-part essays or
eight-legged essays”
The provincial exam
The national / metropolitan exam
The palace exam
Zhu XI (Southern Song)
• The Four Books
• The Great Learning
• The Doctrine of the Mean
• The Analects
• The Mencius
The Confucianism became the mainstream thought of Song, Yuan, Ming dynasties
private school /Sishu
Academy / Shuyuan
(academy of classical learning)
The Imperial Academy (guozijian)
(Ming & Qing Dynasties)
Names of Ancient Schools
• It was formally set up in the
Northern Song Dynasty (976A.D.)
• A school of traditional
Confucian learning
In 1903 a higher learning
institution
In 1926 Hunan University
“The one-thousand-year-old Academy”
““The Kingdom of The Kingdom of Chu, the unique Chu, the unique home of talents; home of talents; the Academy of the Academy of Yuelu, the very Yuelu, the very cradle of all”cradle of all”
Zhu Xi, Zhang ShiWei Yuan
Zeng GuofanZuo Zongtang Mao Zedong
Zhu Xi, Zhang ShiWei Yuan
Zeng GuofanZuo Zongtang Mao Zedong
Age Education
3-5 Pre-school education
6-11 primary school
12-14 Junior middle school/ Junior secondary school
15-17 Senior middle/secondary school
high school/vocational school
18-22 college/ university
23-25 The graduate schoolHigher
Education
Higher Education
Vocational Education
Vocational Education
The Vocational Education• vocational schools & vocational training• Junior secondary: junior vocational schools (初级职业中学 )• Senior secondary:specialized secondary schools ( 中等专业学校 )skilled workers schools (技工学校 ) vocational high schools (职业高中)• Tertiary: higher vocational technology colleges
Project 211– Time: Launched in 1993;– Goal: to set up 100 top level HEIs for the 21 century;
Project 985 Time: Launched in May 1998; Goal: to develop a number of world-class prestigious universities
Higher EducationHigher Education
The Administration of Higher Education
directly controlled by the Ministry of Education
controlled by provincial governments
non-government-run university and college (1000)
西安交通大学西北农林科技大学
陕西师范大学西安电子科技大学
长安大学
西安交通大学西北农林科技大学
陕西师范大学西安电子科技大学
长安大学
Bachelor ’s degree Master’s degreeDoctor’s degree
Three-tiered degree systemThree-tiered degree system
A great fighter against pseudoscience and
academic fraud
A great fighter against pseudoscience and
academic fraud
Conclusion
• Competence rather than diploma/degree;
• To reform the University Entrance Exam;
• Develop an independent, critical and creative thinking;
• Motivate the kids’ interests and guide them to study;
• To promote moral standard
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