practical phonetics (実践音声学)

Practical Phonetics

Self-introduction

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(Paci�c white-sided dolphin; カマイルカ)

(defprofile lagénorhynque :name "Kent OHASHI" :account @lagenorhynque :company "Opt, Inc." :languages [Clojure Haskell Python Scala English français Deutsch русский] :interests [programming language-learning mathematics]) :contributing [https://github.com/japan-clojurians/clojure-site-ja]

Contents

1. What is 'phonetics'?2. Why phonetics matters?3. Basics of phonetics4. English pronunciation quiz

What is 'phonetics'?

音声学( ): /fəˈnɛtɪks/phonetics

φωνή (phone; /pʰɔː.nɛ᷄ː /) =「音声」(sound/voice)に関する学問言語学( )の一分野物理的実在である言語音声そのものが研究対象

調音音声学( )音響音声学( )聴覚音声学( )

linguistics

articulatory phoneticsacoustic phoneticsauditory phonetics

cf. 音韻論( ): /fəˈnɒlədʒi/, /fəˈnɑlədʒi/phonology

個別言語ごとの言語音の機能的構造(体系)や音韻規則などが研究対象

ちなみに

フォニックス( ): /ˈfɒnɪks/, /ˈfɑnɪks/phonics

英語の発音と綴りの規則を習得するための学習/教育法音声学や音韻論の知見を基礎としている

歴史的経緯により、英語は正書法( )がかなり不規則→ 英語圏で読み書きを学び始める際に取り組むことのひとつ

orthography

cf. Phonics made easy | Oxford Owl

Why phonetics matters?

自然言語を使う際に発音や文法を気にしすぎる必要はないが……音声学の知識があると

どのように言語音を作るのかが分かる

母語や外国語の発音を矯正できる

発音できるものは聴き取れる → listening/speakingが効率化語彙/文法を覚えやすくなる → reading/writingが効率化

⇒ 語学学習の効率が高まる

Let's learn the basics of phonetics!

Basics of phonetics

調音音声学における「音」

調音(articulation): 音声器官を使って言語音を作り出すこと単音(phone)子音( )母音( )

IPA (国際音声記号; )

consonantvowel

International Phonetic Alphabet

子音

子音の分類

1. 発声( )2. 調音位置/調音部位( )3. 調音方法( )

phonationplace of articulation

manner of articulation

1. 発声(phonation)

無声音(voiceless): [ p ], [ s ], etc.有声音(voiced): [ b ], [ z ], etc.

2. 調音位置(place of articulation)

両唇音( ): [ p ], [ m ], [ ɸ ], etc.唇歯音( ): [ f ], etc.歯音( ): [ θ ], etc.歯茎音( ): [ t ], [ n ], [ r ], [ ɾ ], [ s ], [ ɹ ], [ l ], etc.後部歯茎音( ): [ ʃ ], etc.そり舌音( ): [ ɻ ], etc.硬口蓋音( ): [ ɲ ], [ ç ], [ j ], [ ʎ ], etc.軟口蓋音( ): [ k ], [ ŋ ], [ x ], etc.口蓋垂音( ): [ ʀ ], [ χ ], etc.咽頭音( ): [ ħ ], etc.声門音( ): [ h ], etc.

bilabiallabiodental

dentalalveolar

postalveolarretro�expalatalvelaruvular

pharyngealglottal

3. 調音方法(manner of articulation)

破裂音/閉鎖音( ): [ p ], [ t ], [ k ], etc.鼻音( ): [ m ], [ n ], [ ɲ ], [ ŋ ], etc.ふるえ音( ): [ r ], [ ʀ ], etc.はじき音( ): [ ɾ ], etc.摩擦音( ): [ ɸ ], [ f ], [ θ ], [ s ], [ ʃ ], [ ç ], [ x ], [ χ ], [ h ], etc.側面摩擦音(lateral fricative): [ ɬ ], etc.接近音( ): [ ɹ ], [ ɻ ], [ j ], etc.側面接近音(lateral approximant): [ l ], [ ʎ ], etc.

plosive/stopnasal

trilltap/�ap

fricative

approximant

母音

母音の分類

1. 円唇性( )2. 前後(backness)3. 広さ(height)

roundedness

1. 円唇性(roundedness)

非円唇母音(unrounded vowel): [ i ], [ ɑ ], etc.円唇母音(rounded vowel): [ y ], [ ɒ ] etc.

2. 前後(backness)

前舌母音( ): [ i ], [ y ], [ e ], [ ø ], [ ɛ ], [ œ ], [ æ ], [ a ], etc.中舌母音( ): [ ɨ ], [ ə ], etc.後舌母音( ): [ u ], [ o ], [ ʌ ], [ ɔ ], [ ɑ ], [ ɒ ], etc.

front vowelcentral vowelback vowel

3. 広さ(height)

狭母音( ): [ i ], [ y ], [ ɨ ], [ u ], etc.半狭母音( ): [ e ], [ ø ], [ o ], etc.半広母音( ): [ ɛ ], [ œ ], [ ʌ ], [ ɔ ], etc.広母音( ): [ a ], [ ɑ ], [ ɒ ], etc.

close vowelclose-mid vowelopen-mid vowel

open vowel

English pronunciation quiz

Debug your English pronunciation!

Q1

top

A1

[ tɒp ] / [ tɑp ]

Check[ p ]の後に余分な母音がないか?

EX1

up [ ʌp ], ship [ ʃɪp ], cap [ kæp ]cat [ kæt ], hat [ hæt ], coat [ kəʊt ]/[ koʊt ]steak [ steɪk ], cook [ kʊk ], back [ bæk ]dice [ daɪs ], house [ haʊs ], mouse [ maʊs ]bush [ bʊʃ ], dash [ dæʃ ], push [ pʊʃ ]catch [ kætʃ͡ ], much [ mʌtʃ͡ ], touch [ tʌtʃ͡ ]time [ taɪm ], come [ kʌm ], steam [ stiːm ]web [ wɛb ], snob [ snɒb ]/[ snɑb ], cab [ kæb ]sad [ sæd ], mad [ mæd ], mud [ mʌd ]bag [ bæɡ ], bug [ bʌɡ ], hug [ hʌɡ ]

Q2

missing

A2

[ ˈmɪsɪŋ ]

Checkss を[ s ]と発音できているか? (NOT [ ɕ ], [ ʃ ])

EX2

C/sea/see [ siː ]/[ si ], sip [ sɪp ], seat [ siːt ]she [ ʃiː ]/[ ʃi ], ship [ ʃɪp ], sheet [ ʃiːt ]sick [ sɪk ], sin [ sɪn ], sit [ sɪt ]chic [ ʃiːk ], shin [ ʃɪn ], shit [ ʃɪt ]Z [ zɛd ]/[ ziː ], zip [ zɪp ]gee [ dʒ͡iː ], gyp [ dʒ͡ɪp ]

Q3

award

A3

[ əˈwɔːd ] / [ əˈwɔɹd ]

Checkar を[ ɔː ]/[ ɔɹ ]と発音できているか? (NOT [ ɑː ]/[ ɑɹ ])

EX3

award [ əˈwɔːd ]/[ əˈwɔɹd ], quark [ kwɔːk ]/[ kwɔɹk ]quarter [ ˈkwɔːtə ]/[ ˈkwɔɹ.tɚ ], war [ wɔː ]/[ wɔɹ ]ward [ wɔːd ]/[ wɔɹd ], wardrobe [ ˈwɔːdɹəʊb ]/[ ˈwɔɹdɹoʊb ]warm [ wɔːm ]/[ wɔɹm ], warn [ wɔːn ]/[ wɔɹn ]

Q4

Chicago

A4

[ ʃɪˈkɑːɡoʊ ]

Checki の[ ɪ ]が発音できているか? (日本語では脱落しがち)

EX4

participate [ pɑːˈtɪsɪpeɪt ]/[ pɑɹˈtɪsɪpeɪt ], institute [ ˈɪnstɪt(j)uːt ]chicane [ ʃɪˈkeɪn ], hospital [ ˈhɒspɪtəl ]/[ ˈhɑspɪtl ̩ ]beautiful [ ˈbjuːtɪfəɫ ], architect [ ˈɑːkɪtɛkt ]/[ ˈɑɹkɪtɛkt ]occupation [ ɒkjuːpeɪʃən ]/[ ɑkjuːpeɪʃən ], reputation [ ˌɹɛpjʊˈteɪʃən ]

Q5

king

A5

[ kɪŋ ]

Checkng を[ ŋ ]と発音できているか? (NOT [ ŋg ])

Q6

one

A6

[ wʌn ]

Checkn を[ n ]と発音できているか? (NOT [ ɴ ])

EX5, 6

Tom [ tɒm ]/[ tɑm ], dumb [ dʌm ], some [ sʌm ]ton [ tʌn ], done [ dʌn ], son/sun [ sʌn ]tong [ tɒŋ ]/[ tɑŋ ], dung [ dʌŋ ], sung [ sʌŋ ]

Q7

he

A7

[ hiː ] / [ hi ]

Checkh を[ h ]と発音できているか? (NOT [ ç ])

EX7

he [ hiː ]/[ hi ], hit [ hɪt ]

Q8

knee

A8

[ niː ] / [ ni ]

Checkn を[ n ]と発音できているか? (NOT [ ɲ ], [ nʲ ])

EX8

neat [ niːt ], knee [ niː ]/[ ni ], knit [ nɪt ], new [ njuː ]/[ n(j)u ]

Q9

who

A9

[ huː ]

Checkwh を[ h ]と発音できているか? (NOT [ ɸ ])

EX9

who'll [ huːl ], heal/heel/he'll [ hiːl ], who'd [ huːd ], heed/he'd [ hiːd ]fool [ fuːl ], feel [ �ːl ], food [ fuːd ], feed [ �ːd ]

Q10

baby

A10

[ ˈbeɪbi ]

Check2番目の b を[ b ]と発音できているか? (NOT [ β ])

That's all! (*> ᴗ •*)ゞ

Further Reading

音声学の基礎と実践的な日本語/英語(+α)の発音練習

IPAについて

英語の音声について

フォニックス(phonics)について

発音(pronunciation)や語源(etymology)を調べるなら

『脱・日本語なまり―英語(+α)実践音声学』『脱・日本語なまり』 音声データ

International Phonetic Association | ɪntə'næʃənəl fə'nɛtɪkəsoʊsi'eɪʃn

IPA_Kiel_2015.pdf

BBC Learning English - The Sounds of English

Phonics made easy | Oxford Owl

Wiktionary, the free dictionary