practical research 2 (quantitative research)

SISTEMANG HARANA Suggested tune: Harana by Parokya ni Edgar

Sa siyensya, may sistema Sa paglutas ng problema

Dapat tukuyin kung ano itong Mga problemang nakagulo

Identification ang tawag sa phase na ito.

Formulate hypothesis Generate ka na ng list

Sunod-sunod subukin itesting, observing At sa bawat trial nito

Tignan mo ang epekto Kung iyan nga ang dahilan o cause nito

Conclusion, recommendation ang direksyon

SISTEMANG HARANA Suggested tune: Harana by Parokya ni Edgar

Sa siyensya, may sistema Sa paglutas ng problema

Dapat tukuyin kung ano itong Mga problemang nakagulo

Identification ang tawag sa phase na ito.

Formulate hypothesis Generate ka na ng list

Sunod-sunod subukin itesting, observing At sa bawat trial nito

Tignan mo ang epekto Kung iyan nga ang dahilan o cause nito

Conclusion, recommendation ang direksyon

PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2 QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH

NHERU BONOAN VERAFLOR CHRIST THE KING COLLEGE SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPT.

The purpose of any scientific inquiry is to add to a body of knowledge that helps explain, predict,

or control events of interest in the domain.

QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH

Quantitative approach designs and examines social phenomena through quantifiable evidence, and often relies on statistical analysis of many causes to create valid and reliable general claims.

QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH

The overall goal of quantitative research is to convey numerically what is being seen in the research and to arrive at specific and observable conditions.

QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH

CHARACTERISTICS OF

QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH

CHARACTERISTICS OF QUANTI R.

1. The data are usually gathered using more structured instrument.

CHARACTERISTICS OF QUANTI R.

2. The results are based on larger samples sizes that are representative of the population

CHARACTERISTICS OF QUANTI R.

3. The research study can usually be replicated or repeated, give its high reliability

CHARACTERISTICS OF QUANTI R.

4. The researcher has a clearly defined research question to which objective answers are sought.

CHARACTERISTICS OF QUANTI R.

5. All aspects of the study are carefully designed before the data are collected.

CHARACTERISTICS OF QUANTI R.

6. Data are in the form of numbers and statistics.

CHARACTERISTICS OF QUANTI R.

7. Project can be used generalize concepts more widely, predict future results, or investigate causal relationship

TYPES OF

VARIABLES

TYPES OF VARIABLES

A variable is something that can take on different values for different

subjects in a given research.

TYPES OF VARIABLES

According to values

According to scale of measurement

According to relationship

TYPES OF VARIABLES

ACCORDING

TO VALUES 1

VARIABLES ACC. TO VALUES

Qualitative Variable or Categorical Variable

These are variables whose data are non-numeric and whose observation vary in kind but not in degree.

1.1.

VARIABLES ACC. TO VALUES

Qualitative Variable or Categorical Variable

Examples: sex- male or female religion- Roman Catholic, Isla, etc civil status- single, married

1.1.

VARIABLES ACC. TO VALUES

Quantitative Variable or Continuous Variable

These are variables whose data are counts or numerical measurements and whose observations vary in magnitude

1.2.

VARIABLES ACC. TO VALUES

Quantitative Variable or Continuous Variable

Examples: age, income, number of children, height, weight

1.2.

VARIABLES ACC. TO VALUES

Quantitative Variable or Continuous Variable

Two types of Quantitative Variable

1.2.1. Discrete Variables 1.2.2. Continuous Variables

1.2.

VARIABLES ACC. TO VALUES

Discrete Variables

Quantitative variables whose observations can assume only a countable numbers and values cannot take the decimal form

1.2.1.

VARIABLES ACC. TO VALUES

Discrete Variables

Examples: number of children in the family number of students in the class Number of houses in the city

1.2.1.

VARIABLES ACC. TO VALUES

Continuous Variables

quantitative variables whose observations can assume any one of the countless number of values in a line interval

1.2.2.

VARIABLES ACC. TO VALUES

Continuous Variables

Examples: height- 5 feet, 4.6 inches weight- 115 lbs 68 kgs time- 1 hour, 46 minutes

1.2.2.

TYPES OF VARIABLES

ACCORDING TO SCALE OF MEASUREMENT

2

VARIABLES ACC. SCALE MSRMT.

Nominal Variable

variable whose data are non-numeric labels that do not reflect quantitative information

2.1.

Nominal Variable

Examples:

sex- male or female civil status- single, married

2.1.

VARIABLES ACC. SCALE MSRMT.

VARIABLES ACC. SCALE MSRMT.

Ordinal Variable

Variables where there is a meaningful order or categories but there is no measurable distance between categories

2.2.

VARIABLES ACC. SCALE MSRMT.

Ordinal Variable

• An ordinal variable is a nominal variable, but its different states are ordered in a meaningful sequence.

• Ordinal data has order but the intervals between scale points may be uneven.

2.2.

VARIABLES ACC. SCALE MSRMT.

Ordinal Variable

• Because of lack of equal distances, arithmetic operations are impossible, but logical operations can be performed on the ordinal data.

• A typical example of an ordinal variable is the socio-economic status of families.

2.2.

VARIABLES ACC. SCALE MSRMT.

Interval Variable

Variable whose data values are ranged in a real interval and can be as large as from negative infinity to positive infinity.

2.3.

VARIABLES ACC. SCALE MSRMT.

Interval Variable

Examples: temperature, IQ level

2.3.

VARIABLES ACC. SCALE MSRMT.

Ratio Variable

• The highest level of measurement that has all the characteristics of the interval plus a true zero point.

• Both the differences and the ration of two values are meaningful and there is always an absolute zero that is meaningful.

2.4.

TYPES OF VARIABLES

ACCORDING RELATIONSHIP 3

VARIABLES ACC.RELATIONSHIP

Independent Variable

Manipulated variable that cause change in another variable

3.1.

VARIABLES ACC.RELATIONSHIP

Dependent Variable

Those that are affected by independent variables.

3.2.

VARIABLES ACC.RELATIONSHIP

Independent Variable

Dependent Variable

cause

VARIABLES ACC.RELATIONSHIP

Intervening Variable

These are called test or control variables that either increase or decrease the effect of IV to DV.

3.3.

END