psyc 111 study unit 3.1

Study Unit 3.1CONSCIOUS

What is conscious?

Awareness of internal & external stimulus.

Includes:

1. external events

2. Awareness: internal sensations;

3. Awareness: self as being unique in experience;

4. Awareness of mind of these experiences.

Levels of Conscious Awareness Stream

Attention wanders

Daydreaming

Levels of consciousness:

Freud: Different depths

Consciousness: Sleep,

Anesthesia

 Parents - = Babies consciousness during sleep

Bewustheidstroom

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Conscious and Brain Activity

• Brain Activity = Consciousness

• Nerve networks

• EEG: Brain Waves:

• Height and frequency

• In 1952 Kleitman & Aserinsky discover REM

Does the conscious change through biological rhythms?

Biological rhythms:

Periodic changes

Physiological

functioning =

Biological Clock

eg Cicada

Circadian rhythms:

24 - hour biological cycles in living

Creatures : Blood Pressure,

Hormones,

Digestion, Memory, cognitions,

Body temp.

Experiments without external

stimuli

  Biological rhythms: Melatonin

Physical path of the biological clock

Light Retina Suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the Hypothalamus gland pineal gland melatonin melatonin

Circadian Rhythms ignored

Jet lag

Shift work

Annoyed, tired, sluggish

Dangerous and tumors, ulcers, cancer and heart attacks can be caused.

Stabilize: Melatonin

Solution: Clear light for shift workers, but not realistic option

Sports

Perform better than east west

Oos/East- one day per time zone adjustment

West / West - 2/3 days per time zone

Levels of conscious

• Sleep

• Dream

• Hypnoses

• Meditation

Sleep cycle

• Several physical and spiritual

• Activity - 5 phases (X4)

• Sleep Laboratory :

• (EMG): Muscles and tension

• (EOG): Eye movement

• Hart, sleep, temperature, etc. monitored

Fase / Phase Beskrywing / Description Fisiologies / Physiology

Fase 1/ Phase 1

• Begin van slaap / Start of sleep

• Tussen wakker en slaap / Between awake and asleep

• Vat sowat 10 – 25 minute om aan slaap te raak /

Takes 10 – 25 minutes to fall asleep

• Duur / Duration: 10 - 12 min: Theta golwe

• Hartklop, asemhaling, temp neem af / Heartbeat, breathing and temeparture• Hipnic jerk : - spier sametrekkings

Fase 2/ Phase 2 Kort periodes van hoër breinfrekwensies (slaap

“spindle”) / Short period of higher

Brain frequencies (Sleep spindels)

10-25 min

Fase 3& 4 Phase 3 & 4 “Slow wave sleep”

Hoër amplitudes, laer frekwensie /

High Amplitudes, Low frequencies

Delta golwe / wavesNa / After 30 min Duur / Duraion: 30 min

Fase 5: REM/ Phase 5: REM

REM Sleep

5th Sleep Phases.

Rapid eye movement.

Deep sleep stage, difficult person to wake from it.

Muscles very relaxed.

Breathing and heartbeat unusual

High frequency beta waves, as if waking

REM: Most dreams often are remembered.

Brain:

Important for sleep = reticular formation in brainstem.

The ARAS (ascending reticular Activating System) involves the incoming nerve tissues by the reticular formation run and influence psychological arousal.

If the part (reticular Activating System) in a cat is cut = sleep. Experiment.

Electronic stimulus produce awareness and arousal.

Reason for sleep: 1. Energy savings and mountain

2. Protection against predators and capture information

3. Rebuild body cells

Sleep restriction:

More negatively than people realize

Influence: Attention

Reaction Time

Accuracy

Coordination

Decision Making

Memory Consolidation: Sleep helps with memory

Sleep Restriction – Increases hunger

Sleeploss – Low immune system

Age/Culture and sleep

50% of babies sleep = REM

20% of adult = REM sleep

"Slow wave" sleep less -

Aging, sleep light

Sleep pretty similar in cultures

Sleeping Arrangements and naps - Differ

Research: sleep deprivation

Baby's sleep 6-8 times a day

Older people may sleep less get along.

Sleep patterns Insomnia: Can not sleep

do not get enough sleep.

Narcolepsy: Go to sleep suddenly while awake.

Nightmares: Bad dreams, anxiety, REM

Sleep Anxiety: Wake up in NREM sleep, intense anxiety

Sleep apnea: gasped, interrupts sleep

Somnabulisme: Walk in sleep

4% male. 2% femaleIncrease risk of stroke

Insomnia

3 patterns: Unable to sleep

Unable to sleep would not

Waking up early in the morning

Causes: Depression, fatigue, anxiety, reduced productivity, drugs.

Cause: Stress, Biological Clock, depression, health

30-35% Adults - Insomnia

Treatment: Medication: Sedative benzodiazepine for anxiety.

Nonbenzodiazepine Sedative for insomnia

Meditation

RDB

RDB( REM sleep behaviour disorder)

Speak, scream, jump etc. in sleep

Dreams

• Global change:

• Gandhi, Lyndon Johnson, Frankenstein,

• Dali, Bergman, "The American Dream

• Lucid Dreaming = know that you are dreaming in your

dream

• Dream is a story-like mental

• experience during REM sleep

• intense visual and sometimes

• bizarre material are seen

• as truth by the dreamer

•  and the dreaming experience.

• NREM - Not as visually & Intense

Inhoud van Drome• Everyday content: Familiar environment . Every day people- we

remember bizarre things

• Themes: Mostly Internal conflicts and self-centered:

• External stimuli: Water on hand

•   Differences men and women

•   "Day residuals" eg Finance

• Culture and dreams:

• Western vs others: Nb info themselves, and spiritual future

Consistent with life Remains of the Day (Freud) Eg: Alarm clock ringing in dreams.

Western is not as important as in other cultures

Dream TheoryFreud

• Wensvervulling & Onderdrukte begeerts / Wish fulfillment & Unconscious urges

• Hoofweg na die onbewuste / Highway to the unconscious

• Manifeste(Storielyn van droom) en Latente inhoud (versteekte betekenis)/ Manifest and latent content

Cartwright

Kognitief, probleem-

oplossend / Cognitive and

Problemsolving

Kreatiewe drome: Los probleme op / Creative dreams: Solve problems

Bevorder leer / Enhances learning

Hobson

Aktivering-sintese model /

Activation – synthesis

model

Drome newe effekte van

neurale aktivering van

Beta-golwe tydens REM

slaap /

Dreams side effects of

neural activation that

produces Beta-waves

during REM.

Hypnoses

• History: Mesmer

• Braid (Scotland) – Anesthesia in operations. Hypnosis as anesthesia 1843

• Clinical tool vs entertainment

• Hypnosis: A systematic procedure that a person is more receptive to suggestions.

• Passive recreation,

• Restricted attention

• Advanced FantasiesToday: Clinical tool also psychologists. Must receive training

Leads to relaxation and imagination

10-20% of population can not be hypnotized.

Mesmer cured patient in 18de century= mesmerize

How?

Hypnotic induction: Pendulum,

Relaxation of whole body

Braid & Eye

Different levels of openness:

Spiegel: "Eyeball Test"

Effect

• Analgesia

• Sensory distortions and hallucinations

• Post-hypnotic suggestion & amnesia

• Medical: Smoking

• Weightloss

• Treatment for pain

• ? Memories of past

• Entertainment

Under hypnosis can resist treatment and can cause pain.

Suggestions made under hypnosis influence behaviour.

Disinhibition: Convince to do things that are usually unacceptable to do.

Theory of hypnoses

Role play vs. Change in consciousness

Hilgard: "Dissociation. Splitting off of mental processes

into two separate and simultaneous streams of

awareness. "

Eg. highway hypnosis

Socio-cognitive viewpoint in social context Hypnosis as an Altered states of consciousness Higard - hypnosis causes a dissociation divided mental processes, communicate, observe = difficult

Meditation

Focus - increased awareness

Awareness - better voluntary control over mental processes is

obtained.

"Pure Consciousness - quite Depths Of The Mind"

Yoga, Zen, Transcendental Meditation? Possible psychological

benefits

Similar to deep relaxation procedures

Mindful Meditation in Zen Buddism anchored and Transcendental Meditation in Hinduism

Alpha and Theta waves more prominent meditation.

Long-term benefits: Reduce stress

Increase self-esteem

Control of blood pressure

Benefit sleep patterns

Drugs

Control consciousness 

Psychoactive drugs: Chemical substances that are mental, emotional, behavioural function changes. 

Non-medical purposes - entertainment and recreation: Severe damage

MDMA - hallucinogens & Amphetamines

Feel warm, friendly, Insightful and empathy, but conscious and full of energy.

Problems: high blood pressure, muscle cramps, sweating, blurry vision, insomnia and anxiety.

Tolerance - how the drug affects you. Must therefore take more feeling.

Pshyco active affects neurotransmitters. And brain.

Physically dependent, should not take withdrawal symptoms experienced. Eg. Chills, throwing up, cramps, fever,

Psychologically dependent must take psychological and mental tendencies to satisfy.

Overdose: All but sedatives, and alcohol narcotics greatest risk.

Direct effect: Tissue damage eg. Cocaine, crack.

Indirect effects: behaviour. Sleeping and eating patterns.

Psychoactive Drugs

Narcotics (opiate) - pain

Sedatives - sleep inducing

Stimulants - increase CNS activity

Hallucinogens - distorted sensory and perceptual experience

Cannabis - produces light, relaxed euphoria

Alcohol - produces relaxed euphoria, reduced inhibitions

MDMA - produces a warm, friendly euphoria