relationship between economic development & civil liberty

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Research QuestionDoes the level of economic development in a country positively affect civil liberty?

Independent Variable: Level of Economic Development

Dependent Variable: Civil Liberty

Why is the level of civil liberty in a

country lower than that in another ?

ContentsTheory and HypothesisResearch DesignEvaluating Casual RelationshipsOperationalizationConceptual DefinitionValidityLevel of MeasurementThe Procedure and ResultsConclusion

Causal Theory Countries with higher level of economic development tend to have higher civil liberty

In comparing citizens of states, those having higher GDP per capita will be more likely to have greater civil libertyscore than will those having lower GDP per capita.

Hypothesis

Measurable variables

Evaluating Causal Relationships

Causal Mechanism Reverse Causation Correlation Spurious Relationship

C1: GDP per Capita increases (X) C2: As individual citizens gain economic power, they demand for civil rightsC3: Demand for civil rights gradually change the political system from dictatorship to democracy-----------------------------------------------E: Level of civil liberty increases (Y)

Operationalization

Wealth [Independent Variable]

GDP Per Capita[Independent Variable]

Level of Freedom[Dependent Variable]

Civil Liberty[Dependent Variable]

Concept Concept

MeasuredMeasured

Operationalization

Conceptual Definition

• Conceptual Clarity : Have a clear sense of what the concept is that we are trying to measure.

The concept of ______ is defined as the extent to which _____ exhibits the characteristic of ______.

Conceptual Definition

Valid MeasureWhat is level of civil liberty in real word terms of rights and freedoms enjoyed by individuals?

Invalid Measure

What is Level of Civil Liberty?

The concept of Freedom is defined as the extent to which level of civil liberty exhibits the characteristic of political rights and civil liberty.

Conceptual Definition

Valid MeasureWhat is GDP per capita (PPP in exchange rate of U.S dol-lars within nations in given base year?

Invalid Measure

What is nations’ GDP per capita?

The concept of level of economic development is defined as the extent to which GDP per capita (PPP) exhibits the characteristic of Final output production within nations in given base year.

Validity

• Content Validity : Element of ConceptsPolitical RightCivil LibertyFreedom of Speech, Press, and ReligionEqual access to social and economic opportunities ControversyInvalid content : GINI Coefficient (limited)

• Construct Validity :Use GDP per capita (PPP) to define final output production

within nation to measure civil liberty.

Reliability and Validity

Reliability?

Yes No

Validity?

Yes No

Measures that are both re-liable and valid can be used to test hypotheses.

Non Experiment Design

Level of Measurement

• GDP per capita : Interval VariableRatio between adjacent scale values are equal with

respect to the attribute being measured.

GDP per capita (per $1000)

Ex) Mexico : 5.82 – South Africa : 3.25 = 2.57 Republic of Korea: 6.66 – Czech Republic : 4.09 = 2.57

Level of Measurement

• Civil Liberty Score : Ordinal VariableCategories that can be ordered by rank on a contin-

uum. The intervals between adjacent scale values are indeterminate.

Source : Freedom House

+4+5

+7+8

+7

Test Procedure and Re-sults

Results

Conclusion

The Hypothesis was Correct! Countries with higher level of economic development

will have higher civil liberty score!

Thank you!

Q & A

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