tissuestissues. a.basics 1.tissues group of cells with similar structure and function 2. the study...

TISSUES

A.Basics

1.1.TissuesTissues Group of cells with similar structure and function

2. The study of tissues =

HistologyHistology

I. IntroductionI. Introduction

I. IntroductionI. Introduction

A.Basics 3.Tissues3.Tissues consist

of two componentsa) cellsb) extracellular matrix

of• water• small solutes • fibrous proteins

I. IntroductionI. Introduction

B.B.There are 4 tissue types There are 4 tissue types

1.      Epithelial tissueprotection

2.      Connective tissuesupport

3.      Muscle tissuemovement

4.      Neural tissuecontrol

II. Epithelial TissueII. Epithelial TissueA. Location

1. includes outer layer of skin

2. lines the tubes and open cavities of the digestive and respiratory systems

3. lines blood vessels & heart

II. Epithelial TissueII. Epithelial Tissue

A. Location 4. covers walls & organs

of ventral body cavity

5. forms glands & sense organs

II. Epithelial TissueII. Epithelial Tissue

B. Functions 1.  Protects from mechanical & chemical injury

2.  Protects against bacterial invasion3. Filters, absorbs, secretes

II. Epithelial TissueII. Epithelial Tissue

C. DescriptionC. Description1. tightly packed cells2. little or not visible

matrix3. may have singular or

multiple layers

C. DescriptionC. Description4. has a free surfacefree surface 5. is firmly attatched to a

basement basement membranemembrane

6. can divide rapidly (regenerationregeneration)

C. DescriptionC. Description

7. is avascular avascular • receive nutrients by receive nutrients by

diffusiondiffusion

D. Classification 1.  Number of cell layers1.  Number of cell layers

a. Simplea. Simple

• single layer of cellseach cell extends from the basement membrane to the free surface.

•Functionabsorption, secretion, filtration

D. Classification 1.  Number of cell layers1.  Number of cell layers

b. Stratifiedb. Stratified• more than one layer of cells more than one layer of cells • only one layer is adjacent to only one layer is adjacent to the basement membrane.the basement membrane.• high stress areashigh stress areas

D. Classification1.  Number of cell layers1.  Number of cell layers

c. Pseudostratifiedc. Pseudostratified• 1 layer of

cells• Each cell

touches basement membrane

• Appears stratified

II. EpitheliumII. Epithelium

D. Classification 1. Number of cells

2. Cell Shape a.  Squamousa.  Squamous

• Squashed, scale

like• Flat nucleus

2. Cell Shape b.  Cuboidalb.  Cuboidal

• Squarish or hexagonal in profile

• Nucleus round & centrally located

D. Classification1. Layers2.Cell Shape

a. Squamous

b. Cuboidalb. Cuboidal c.  c.  ColumnarColumnar

• longer than wide• cylindrical• nucleus near basement membrane

D. Classification

2.  Cell Shape

d. d. TransitionalTransitional

•

combination of shapes

• tolerates stretching

II. Epithelial TissueII. Epithelial TissueE. EndotheliumE. Endothelium 1.  Covers and lines1.  Covers and lines

a) heart

b) blood vessels 2. Simple squamous2. Simple squamous

» slick & thin» capillaries are permeable

II. Epithelial TissueII. Epithelial TissueF. Epithelial MembranesF. Epithelial Membranes 1.  Epithelium + connective 1.  Epithelium + connective

tissue = tissue = small organs small organs

2. Mucosae membranes2. Mucosae membranes» Line organs, body cavities» Open to exterior» Respiratory, digestive

urogenital

F. Epithelial F. Epithelial MembranesMembranes

2. Mucosae 2. Mucosae membranesmembranes

– Lining of mouth = stratified squamous– Lg & Sm Intestine =

columnar

F. Epithelial F. Epithelial MembranesMembranes

3. Serosa3. Serosa

• Lines ventral, visceral, parietal cavities

walls of air sacs in lungs = simple squamous

F. Epithelial F. Epithelial MembranesMembranes

3. Synovial3. Synovial– Lines joints

– cushions, protects

G. Cutaneous G. Cutaneous EpitheliumEpithelium

1. Is the skin1. Is the skin– Keratinized, dry

epidermis

2. Epidermis is stratified squamous

II. EpitheliumII. EpitheliumH. Glandular EpitheliumH. Glandular Epithelium 1.  Characteristics1.  Characteristics

a) cells specialized to produce and secrete

substances b) cells typically columnar

or cuboidal c) Kinds:

Endocrine & Exocrine

H. Glandular EpitheliumH. Glandular Epithelium 2.  EndocrineEndocrine:

a) produce hormoneshormones which

regulate or coordinate other cells

H. Glandular EpitheliumH. Glandular Epithelium 2.  EndocrineEndocrine:

b) ductlessductless:release secretions

into the blood

H. Glandular EpitheliumH. Glandular Epithelium 2.  EndocrineEndocrine:

c) Examples: thyroid, pituitary,

adrenal

THYROID GLAND

LUMENLUMEN

H. Glandular EpitheliumH. Glandular Epithelium

3.  ExocrineExocrine: a) release secretions

into the ducts

b) Examples: salivary, mammary,

sweat,oil

E. Glandular Epithelium3.  ExocrineExocrine:

c) Structuresimple simple - unbranched

compoundcompound –

branched

E. Glandular Epithelium3.  ExocrineExocrine:

c) Structure

tubulartubular – uniform diameter

E. Glandular Epithelium3.  ExocrineExocrine:

c) Structure

acinaracinar – secretory cells in sac at end

E. Glandular Epithelium3.  ExocrineExocrine:

c) Structure

tubuloacinartubuloacinar – secretory

cells in both sac and tube

III.III. Connective TissueConnective TissueThe most abundant The most abundant tissuetissueA. FunctionsA. Functions

1. bind structures together (tendons)

2. provide support (bones)

3. protection(cartilage

4. insulation(fat)

5. transportation) (blood)

III. Connective TissueIII. Connective Tissue

B. Description1. cells scattered among

fibers and matrix • intercellular material

2. Vascular to avascular3. Cells capable of

division

III. Connective TissueIII. Connective Tissue

C. Kinds of Fibers (Protein)1. Collagen

• Strong & flexible2. Reticular

• Fine branching fibers form supporting framework

3. Elastic• stong & elastic

III. Connective TissueIII. Connective Tissue

D. Kinds of Cells1. Fibroblast

• Makes fibers & matrix2. Fibrocyte

• Mature fibroblast3. Macrophage

• Defense, phagocytosis

4.Plasma cell• Makes antibodies

III. Connective TissueIII. Connective Tissue

D. Kinds of Cells5. Mast Cells

• Release heparin (anti-coagulant)

• Release histamine (dilates small blood vessels)

6. Fat Cells• Mature fibroblast

III. Connective TissueIII. Connective TissueE. Areolar connective tissue 1. Structure1. Structure

• collagenous & elastic fibers• all 6 types of connective tissue cells• filmy matrix

III. Connective TissueIII. Connective TissueE. Areolar connective tissue

2. Function 2. Function• Covers organs• Holds vessels &

nerves in place• 2nd line of defense 3.3.LocationLocation

• Mucous membranes• Under skin• Between tissues of organs

III. Connective TissueIII. Connective TissueF. Dense connective tissue

1.1.StructureStructure• Collagen

fibers• Fibroblasts

and macrophages

• Dense matrix

III. Connective TissueIII. Connective TissueF. Dense connective tissue

2.2.FunctionFunction• Provide

strength3.3.LocationLocation• Tendons• Ligaments

III. Connective TissueIII. Connective TissueG. Elastic connective tissue 1.1.StructureStructure• elastic fibers• Few

fibroblasts

2.2.FunctionFunction• Allows

stretching

3.3.LocationLocation• Lungs• Trachea• Arteries

III. Connective TissueIII. Connective TissueH. Reticular connective tissue

2.2.FunctionFunction• Hold cells of

loose organs together

3.3.LocationLocation• Liver • Spleen• Bone marrow

1.1.StructureStructure• Reticular

fibers• Thin matrix

III. Connective TissueIII. Connective TissueI. Adipose connective tissue

1.1.StructureStructure• collagenous &

elastic fibers• all 6 types of

connective tissue cells

• Fibroblasts specialize in fat production

III. Connective TissueIII. Connective TissueI. Adipose connective tissue

2.2.FunctionFunction• Food reserve• Prevent loss

of body heat3.3.LocationLocation• Around most organs• Beneath skin• Marrow of long bones

III. Connective TissueIII. Connective TissueJ. Cartilage1.1.General CharacteristicsGeneral Characteristics• Chondrocytes• matrix is semisolid to solid gel• lacunalacuna - a depression in matrix

which houses chondrocytes• perichondrium - connective

tissue membrane around cartilage

• no blood supply

III. Connective TissueIII. Connective TissueJ. Cartilage

2.2.KindsKinds• HyalineHyaline

Tip of noseSternumGrowth plate

of bonesDeveloping

embryo

Stiff but flexible

III. Connective TissueIII. Connective TissueJ. Cartilage

2.2.KindsKinds• Fibrocartilage Fibrocartilage – very tough

Between vertebraePubic symphysis

• Elastic cartilage Elastic cartilage – very flexibleExternal earLarynxEustachian tubes

III. Connective TissueIII. Connective TissueK. Bone

1.1.General CharacteristicsGeneral Characteristics• organic matter

- 35% (cells & fibers) • inorganic material -

65%(matrix & calcium

salts)

III. Connective TissueIII. Connective TissueK. Bone

2. 2. Types of bone cellsTypes of bone cells • osteocytesosteocytes - maintenance of

matrix• osteoblastsosteoblasts - bone forming

cells• osteoclastsosteoclasts - destroy bone

matrix

III. Connective TissueIII. Connective TissueK. Bone

3. 3. arranged into concentric rings arranged into concentric rings called Haversian systemscalled Haversian systems • lamella lamella - concentric ring of

matrix                              

III. Connective TissueIII. Connective TissueK. Bone

3. 3. arranged into concentric rings arranged into concentric rings called Haversian systemscalled Haversian systems • lacunalacuna - openings between

lamellae for osteocytes

III. Connective TissueIII. Connective TissueK. Bone

3. 3. arranged into concentric rings arranged into concentric rings called Haversian systemscalled Haversian systems • osteocytesosteocytes - mature bone cell

III. Connective TissueIII. Connective TissueK. Bone

3. 3. arranged into concentric rings arranged into concentric rings called Haversian systemscalled Haversian systems • Haversian canalHaversian canal - in center of

lamella; houses vessels

III. Connective TissueIII. Connective TissueJ. Bone

3. 3. arranged into concentric rings arranged into concentric rings called Haversian systemscalled Haversian systems • CanaliculiCanaliculi - radiating channels

between lacuna and Haversian canal for nutrients and wastes                     

III. Connective TissueIII. Connective TissueK. Bone

3. 3. arranged into concentric rings arranged into concentric rings called Haversian systemscalled Haversian systems • Volkmann canalVolkmann canal - crosswise

canals from Haversian canal to exterior containing blood vessels and nerves

IV. Connective TissueIV. Connective TissueL. BloodL. Blood

1.1.CharacteristicsCharacteristics • Only fluid tissue• Fluid matrix called plasmaplasma• Dissolved fibers in plasma• Cells

2.2.CellsCells • erythrocytes (RBC)erythrocytes (RBC)

carries O2 & CO2• leukocytes (WBC)leukocytes (WBC)

immunity, defense• thrombocytes (platelets)thrombocytes (platelets)

blood clotting• lymph:lymph: takes interstitial

fluid back to blood, immunity

IV. Connective TissueIV. Connective TissueL. BloodL. Blood

3.3.Location Location within blood vessels

4.4. Function Function transport of gases, nutrients,

wastes

V. Muscle TissueV. Muscle TissueA. Contractile Tissue A. Contractile Tissue ProducesProduces1.1.Movement Movement 2.2.Heat Heat

B. 3 KindsB. 3 Kinds

V. Muscle TissueV. Muscle Tissue

1.1.SkeletalSkeletal

B. 3 KindsB. 3 Kinds

• StriatedStriated• VoluntaryVoluntary• multiple nuclei multiple nuclei

V. Muscle TissueV. Muscle Tissue

2. Smooth2. Smooth• non striatednon striated• InvoluntaryInvoluntary• spindle spindle

shapedshaped• walls of walls of

visceral visceral organsorgans

B. 3 KindsB. 3 Kinds

3. Cardiac3. Cardiac• StriatedStriated• InvoluntaryInvoluntary• Branching cellsBranching cells• intercalated intercalated

discs between discs between cellscells

• heart heart • can't divide or can't divide or

replace cells if replace cells if injuredinjured

B. 3 KindsB. 3 Kinds

VI. Neural TissueVI. Neural Tissue

A. FunctionA. Function

• conduction of information or instructions in the form of electrical impulses

VI. Neural TissueVI. Neural Tissue

B. 2 Kinds of CellsB. 2 Kinds of Cells1.1. neurons: neurons:

• Conducting cells• can't divide, • 100,000 brain cells lost

daily!2.2. neuroglia:neuroglia:

• support, nourish neurons• limited repair of axons

VI. Neural TissueVI. Neural Tissue

C. Typical NeuronC. Typical Neuron1.1. dendritesdendrites2.2. somasoma3.3. axonaxon4.4. synapse synapse

VII. VII. HOMEOSTASIS & HOMEOSTASIS & TISSUESTISSUESA. Inflammatory Response A. Inflammatory Response 1.Inflammation produces

swelling, redness, heat, tenderness, and a loss of function at the inflamed site.

2.An infection infection is an inflammation produced by an invading organism, such as a bacterium.

BB. Inflammatory Response . Inflammatory Response 2.2. Sequence of EventsSequence of Events

homeostasis disturbed mast cells release chemicals blood flow and permeability increases clot formation isolates area phagocytes remove debris and microorganisms homeostasis returns

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