anadolu uygarliginin gorkemli simgesi - frigler.pdf

8/17/2019 Anadolu uygarliginin gorkemli simgesi - Frigler.pdf

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Archaeologist / Editor

NezihBaflgelenArkeolog / Editör

Hititlerden sonra Demir Ça¤›’ndaAnadolu’daki egemen güçlerden biriolan Friglerin 11. yüzy›l›n ortalar›ndaBo¤azlar üzerinden Anadolu’yageldikleri san›lmaktad›r. M.Ö. 8.yüzy›l›n ortalar›nda merkezi Ankarayak›nlar›ndaki Gordion (Yass›höyük-Polatl›) olan bir krall›k kurmufllard›r.Burada yap›lan kaz›larda Friguygarl›¤›na ait pekçok bilgi ve bulguelde edilmifltir. Seramikte kendilerineözgü bir üslup gelifltirmifllerdir.

Geometrik desen ve stilize hayvanmotifleri ile süslü bu eserler dahasonraki bir çok kültüre de örnekolmufltur. Özellikle tahta ve madeniflçili¤inde ustalaflm›fllard›r. Tap›nakyap›lar›n›n da d›fl cephelerinin, renklikabartmalarla süslü seramiklevhalarla kapland›¤› anlafl›lm›flt›r.Frig tap›nak mimarisini yans›tan KayaAn›tlar› onlardan günümüze ulaflanen önemli eserlerdir. Bu eserleri topluhalde Afyon ve Eskiflehir aras›ndakiplatoda görmek mümkündür. Friglerflüt, simbal gibi müzik aletlerinin debulucusudurlar. Günümüzde bat›

müzi¤inin pek çok eseri “Frig Gam›”ile yap›lmaktad›r. Ayr›ca çocuklar›nilgiyle izledikleri hayvan hikayelerininbir k›sm› da onlardan kalm›flt›r. Kökenive nas›l geliflti¤i bilinmeyen ve halentam olarak anlafl›lamam›fl kendilerineözgü bir yaz› sistemleri vard›r. M.Ö.7. yüzy›l›n bafllar›nda Kafkaslar’dangelen Kimmerler’in sald›r›lar›s›ras›nda Gordion’un y›k›ld›¤› veya¤maland›¤› bu ac›ya dayanamayanKral Midas’›n öküz kan› içerekyaflam›na son verdi¤i antik Yunankaynaklar›nda bahsedilmektedir.Frigler Bat› kaynaklar›nda daha çokefsanevi krallar› Midas ile ilgili

öykülerle tan›n›r.

It is believed that Phrygians, who wereone of the sovereign powers inAnatolia in the Post-Hittite Iron Age,came to Anatolia through the Straitsin mid-11th Century B.C. Theyfounded a kingdom in the middle of8th Century B.C. with its capital inGordion near Ankara (Yass›hoyuk-Polatl›). Many artifacts and informationwere gathered in the excavationsmade here from the Phrygiancivilization. They developed an original

style in ceramic. These worksembellished with geometrical designand stylized animal motifs set a modelfor many cultures that followed. Theywere especially masters of wood andmetal working. It is discovered thatthe outer façades of temples werecovered with ceramic platesdecorated with colored reliefs. TheRock Monuments similar to thePhrygians temple architecture aretheir most important works that wehave inherited. It is possible to seethese works collectively around Afyonand Eskiflehir. Phrygians are also theinventors of musical instruments likethe flute and the cymbal. Today, manyworks in Western music arecomposed in “Phrygian Scale”. Also,part of the animal fables followed bychildren with interest are inheritedfrom them. They have a writingsystem of their own, the origin ofwhich and how it developed is notknown, which has not yet been fullyunderstood. It is mentioned in Greeksources that Gordion was destroyedand pillaged during the attacks of theKimmers coming from the Caucusesin early 7th Century B.C. and Midas,who could not stand this pain, ended

his life drinking ox blood. ThePhrygians are mostly known inWestern sources with tales on theirlegendary king Midas.

M i d a s

F r i g l e r v e e f s a n e v i k r a l l a r ›

P h r y g i a n s

a n d t h e i r l e g e n d a r y k i n g M i d

a s

M a r t - N i s a n / M a r c h - A p r i l 2 0

0 5 • S e r a m i k T ü r k i y e

Anadolu Uygarl›klar› / Anatolian Civilizations

120

Friglerin Ana Tanr›ças›

KybeleKybele, Mother Goddessof Phyrigians


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Mitoloji’deMidas ÖyküleriTarihin babas› Halikarnassos’lu(Bodrum) Herodot, Kral Midas’tan

ilkça¤ dünyas›n›n efsanevi bir simas›olarak bahsetmektedir. Herodot’agöre Midas, Phrygia’n›n ilk kral› vebaflkentleri Gordion’un kurucususay›lan Gordias’›n o¤ludur. Gordias’›n,Friglerin Ana Tanr›ças› Kybele ilebirleflmesinden do¤du¤u söylenenMidas, büyüyünce de Kybele’ninbaflrahibi olmufltur. Tanr›ça ad›naSivrihisar yak›nlar›nda bugünküBalahisar köyünde kal›nt›lar› yer alanPessinus’taki büyük tap›na¤›kurmufltur. Gücü ve ak›l almazzenginli¤i ile Yunan dünyas›n›büyülemifltir. Görkemli fildifli taht›n›,

ilkça¤›n en ünlü kehanet merkeziDelphoi Apollon Tap›na¤›’na hediyeetti¤i zaman Eski Yunanl›lar›n flaflk›nadöndüklerini belirten Herodot bufildifli taht› Delphoi Korint hazinebinas›nda bizzat gördü¤ünü deanlat›r. Bu tahttan günümüze birfleykalmam›flt›r. Bugün Ankara AnadoluMedeniyetleri Müzesi’nde Midas’›nmezar odas›nda ele geçenola¤anüstü ahflap iflçili¤ine sahipdi¤er eserleri görenler bu taht›ngörkemini de rahatl›kla hayaledebilirler.Dionysos efsanelerinin bir bölümüolan Midas öyküleri, ilk kez AtinaSatyrlerinin nefleli bürlesklerindecanland›r›lm›fl, günümüze ise dahaçok, Romal› flair Ovidius’unMetamorphoses (De¤iflimler) adl›eserindeki anlat›mlar çerçevesindeulaflm›flt›r.Efsanelerden birine göre Midas,Dionysos’un arkadafl› Satyr Silenos’ututsak al›r ve ona iyi davrand›¤› içinDionysos taraf›ndan ödüllendirilir.Buna karfl›l›k tanr›dan bir dilekdileyecektir. Dokundu¤u her fleyinalt›na dönüflmesini dileyen Midas,dokundu¤u yiyeceklerin de alt›nadönüflmesi sonucu açl›ktan ölme

tehlikesiyle karfl› karfl›ya kal›ncayapt›¤› hatan›n fark›na var›r. Bununüzerine Dionysos, onu bugünküSalihli ilçesi yak›nlar›ndaki Lidyal›lar›nbaflkenti Sart harabelerinin içindenakan Paktolos Çay›’nda y›kayarakkurtar›r. Lidya Krall›¤›’n›n dilleredestan zenginli¤inin ›rma¤›nsular›ndaki, Midas’›n y›kanmas›ndansonra kalan alt›ndan geldi¤ineinan›lm›flt›r.

Midas Talesin MythologyFather of History, Herodotus ofHalikarnassos (Bodrum), talks of King Midas

as a legendary figure of the world of antiqueage. According to Heredotus, Midas is theson of Gordias, the first king of Phrygia andfounder of capital, Gordion. Midas, who ispurported to be born from union of Gordiaswith mother goddess of the Phrygians,Kybele, became the chief priest of Kybele’s.He founded the big temple in Pessinus,remnants of which are near the village ofBalahisar near Sivrihisar today, in the nameof the goddess. He charmed the Greekworld with his power and incredible wealth.Herodotus, who tells that when he donatedhis magnificent ivory throne to the mostfamous soothsaying center Delphoi ApollonTemple, ancient Greeks became astonished,says that he saw this ivory throne in thetreasury building of the Korint treasurybuilding of Delphoi. Those who see the otherworks with extraordinary wood

workmanship found in Midas’s tomb inAnkara Anatolian Civilizations Museumtoday, can easily imagine the magnificenceof this throne.The Midas tales that are part of the legendsof Dionysus were performed for the firsttime in the jovial burlesques of Athens

satires and have been carried to the presentmostly by the tales of Roman poet Ovidiusin his work called Metamorphoses.According to one of the legends, Midas tookDionysus’s friend Satyr Silenos prisonerand is rewarded by Dionysus since hetreated him well. He is to have a wish fromgod in consideration. Midas, who asked thateverything he touches turn to gold, facesthe risk of death from hunger as the foodhe touches also turn to gold, realizes themistake he made. So Dionysus saves himby washing him in the Paktolos Riverrunning through the remnants of Sardes,the capital of Lydia near the Salihli district

of today. It is believed that the wealth, whichwas then the talk of everyone, of the LydianKingdom came from the gold whichremained after Midas’s washing in thewaters of the river.

Frig, d›fl cephe seramik boyal›kaplama levhas›

Phyrigian, painted ceramic exterior mural

Gardion Müzesi/ Gardion Museum


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Tarihi KaynaklardaKral MidasMidas hakk›ndaki tarihi bilgileri, Assury›ll›klar›ndan, Antik Yunanedebiyat›ndan arkeolojik buluntular-dan ve devrin yaz›tlar›ndan ö¤renmek-teyiz. Özellikle Eusebios taraf›ndanyaz›lm›fl olan Kronolojide, Midas’›nM.Ö. 738-686 tarihleri aras›ndahüküm sürdü¤ü belirtilmektedir.Julius Africanus ise Midas’›n ölümünüM.Ö. 676 olarak vermektedir. Bununyan›nda Midas’›n ad›, ünlü Assur kral›

2. Sargon’un (M.Ö. 721-705) y›ll›klar›ve mektuplar› aras›nda dageçmektedir. Mektuplarda, Midas’danMuflki Kral› Mita olarakbahsedilmektedir. Anadolu’da Assur’aba¤l›, yerel bir kral olan Midas’›n,kendi d›fl politikas›n› yönlendirebilecekkadar egemen bir kral oldu¤u da bumektuplardan anlafl›lmaktad›r.Bunun yan› s›ra, M.Ö. 709’a tarihlenenbir yaz›tta, kendinden; “benden öncekikrallara boyun e¤meyen Mita”fleklinde bahsedecek flekilde güçlübir devlet adam› ve Friglere alt›n ça¤›n›yaflatm›fl öncü bir liderdir. Herodot

ünlü tarihinde, Midas’›n Delphi’dekitap›na¤a adaklar yollayan ilk ‘Barbar’oldu¤unu belirtmifltir. Midas’›n, Bat›Anadolu’daki Aeolis bölgesindekiKyme (Bugünkü Alia¤a NamurtLiman›) flehri Kral› Agamemnon’unk›z› Hermodike ile evlendi¤i ve ilksikke bas›m›n›n bu olay ile ba¤lant›l›oldu¤u konusunda bilgilerbulunmaktad›r.

was powerful enough his own foreignpolicy. Besides, he is a powerfulstatesman and a pioneer leader whoallowed the Phrygians to live theirgolden age, who referred to himselfas “Mita who did not succumb thekings before me) in a inscription datedto 709 B.C. In his famous history,Herodotus states that Midas was thefirst “Barbarian” to send offerings tothe Temple in Delphi. There isinformation that Midas marriedHermodike, daughter of KingAgamemnon of the city of Kyme(today’s Alia¤a Namurt Port) in theAeolis region in Western Anatolia and

the issuance of the first coin wasrelated to this event.

An inscription was found in Tyana(Kemerhisar-Ni¤de), Capadocciawhere his name is mentioned. Thisinscription is relating to Assyrian KingSargon II’s activities in the region. Itis believed that the Mushkismentioned in Assyrian texts and thePhrygians in Greek sources aredifferent societies living in South-Eastern and Central Anatolia withMidas controlling both of them.Besides, Midas’s name is cited on the

grand rock monument in Eskiflehir,Yaz›l›kaya. It is believed that thisinscription cites Midas’s titles writtenin the Phrygian language in late 8thCentury.

Kapadokya’da Tyana’da (Kemerhisar-Ni¤de) onun ad›n›n geçti¤i bir yaz›tbulunmufltur. Bu yaz›t Assur Kral› 2.Sargon’un bölgedeki faaliyetleri ileilgilidir. Assurlular›n metinlerinde ad›geçen Muflki’lerle, Grekkaynaklar›ndaki Friglerin, Güneydo¤uve Orta Anadolu’da yaflayan farkl›topluluklar olduklar› ve Midas’›n buiki toplulu¤u da kontrol alt›nda tuttu¤usan›lmaktad›r. Bunun yan›s›raMidas’›n ad› Eskiflehir Yaz›l›kaya’s›ndabüyük kaya an›t› üzerinde degeçmektedir. Bu yaz›t›n 8. yüzy›l›nsonlar›nda, Frig dili kullan›larakyaz›lm›fl Midas’›n unvanlar› oldu¤u

san›lmaktad›r.

King Midas inHistorical SourcesWe learn the historical informationon Midas from Assyrian almanacs,the Ancient Greek literature,archaeological artifacts and theinscriptions of the age. Specifically inthe Chronology written by Eusebios,

it is stated that Midas reigned 738-686 B.C. Julius Africanus cites Midas’sdeath year as 676 B.C. Midas’s nameis also cited in the almanacs andletters of the famed Assyrian KingSargon II (721-705 B.C.). In the lettersMidas is referred to as Mushki KingMita. It is deduced from these lettersthat Midas, who was a local kingreporting to Assyrians in Anatolia,

M a r t - N i s a n / M a r c h - A p r i l 2 0 0 5 • S e r a m i k T ü r k i y e


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Friglerin ünlü baflkenti Gordion Polatl› yak›nlar›nda, SakaryaNehri’nin k›y›s›ndaki Yass›höyük’te yer almaktad›r. Höyü¤ünhemen do¤usunda tümülüs olarak adland›r›lan y›¤ma topraktepelerden oluflan Friglerin Kralî Mezarl›¤› bulunmaktad›r.Gordion Tümülüsleri, antik dünyan›n en önemli nekropollerindenbirisidir. Mezar tepelerinin say›s› 80’in üstündedir. Bunlardan

25’i Amerikal›, 5’i 1901 y›l›nda Alman heyetleri taraf›ndankaz›lm›flt›r. Bu mezarlar Frig ça¤›ndan Galat hakimiyetine kadar,yani M.Ö. 10. yüzy›l›n ilk yar›s›ndan I. yüzy›la kadarki bir dönemeaittir. Mezarlar soylulara, beylere, krallara aittir ve tümülüsolarak tan›mlanan y›¤ma toprak tepeler halindedir. Bilinen eneski örnek ahflaplar› üzerindeki dendrokronoloji çal›flmalar›ylaM.Ö. 930’a tarihlenen Gordion Z tümülüsüdür. Gordiontümülüslerinde genellikle topra¤a kaz›lan çukurun içine a¤açodalar infla edilmifl, ölü ve zengin mezar hediyeleriyerlefltirildikten sonra, odan›n etraf› ve üstü taflla örtülmüfl,onun da üstüne toprak y›¤›lmak suretiyle suni bir tepe meydanagetirilmifltir. Her tepe bir kifliye aittir ve tepenin büyüklü¤ü, içinegömülen kiflinin sosyal durumuna ba¤l›d›r. Gordion’dakitümülüslerin yüksekli¤i 5-6 m’den 53 m’ye kadar de¤iflmektedir.Gordion’daki Amerikan ekibinin 1957 y›l› çal›flmalar› s›ras›ndabu tümülüslerin en büyü¤ü kaz›lmaya bafllanm›flt›r. 70 metrelik

bir tünelle tümülüsün mezar odas›na ulaflan Prof. Rodney S.Young ve ekibi, odan›n daha sonralar› M.Ö. 720 y›l›nda kesildi¤ianlafl›lan ard›ç tomruklar›ndan oluflan duvarlar›n› açt›klar›nda,gördükleri manzara karfl›s›nda flaflk›na dönmüfllerdir. Mezarodas›nda gözleri kamaflt›ran mezar hediyelerinin aras›nda, 500yafl›ndaki bir çam a¤ac› kütü¤ünden tek parça oyularak yap›lm›flbir ölü yata¤›n›n üzerinde, 1.59 boyunda bir iskelet bulunmufltur.Odada çok say›da ölü hediyeleri ele geçirilmifltir. Bunlar aras›ndadokuz masa, iki kakma paravan, üç büyük bronz kazan ve 166adet küçük bronz kap ile 154 fibula (çengelli i¤ne) bulunmaktad›r.Mezar odas›nda bulunan eserlerin ço¤unlu¤u Ankara AnadoluMedeniyetleri Müzesi’ndedir. Daha sonraki incelemelerde 60yafllar›nda öldü¤ü san›lan bu kiflinin, ad› efsaneyle özdeflleflen

kral Midas oldu¤u anlafl›lm›flt›r. Ancak efsaneye göre her tuttu¤ualt›n olan kral Midas’›n mezar›nda yüzlerce madeni eflya olmas›nakarfl›n bir tane dahi alt›n esere rastlan›lmam›flt›r. “Eflek Kulakl›”olarak tan›nmas›n›n nedeni kafatas›n›n incelenmesi sonucu,Kuzey Suriye’de baz› hanedan çocuklar›nda uyguland›¤› gibido¤umdan sonra bafl›n›n ba¤lanarak kafatas›n›n geriye do¤ru

biçiminin de¤ifltirilmesinden dolay› ya da kula¤›n›n afl›r› tüylüolmas›ndan olabilece¤i öne sürülmüfltür.Anadolu’da genifl bir co¤rafi alan› kontrol eden dillere destanzenginli¤i ile güçlü bir kral iken 7. yüzy›l›n ilk yar›s›nda Kimmeristilas›nda yenilerek Gordion’u kaybetmesine üzüldü¤ü için bo¤akan› içerek hayat›na dramatik bir flekilde son vermesi onu antikça¤›n efsane kahramanlar›ndan biri haline getirmifltir.

Midas’›n Efsanevi BaflkentiGORD‹ON (Yass›höyük)ve Kaz›lar›1901’de Gustav ve Alfred Koerte kardefller taraf›ndan yap›lan

ilk Gordion kaz›lar›nda befl tümülüs ile birlikte höyüktearaflt›rmalar yap›lm›fl ve bugün ‹stanbul Arkeoloji Müzelerindekorunan çok de¤erli sanat eserleri gün ›fl›¤›na ç›kar›lm›flt›r.1950’de bafllayan Pennsylvania University Museum’un GordionKaz›lar› çok önemli bulufllara ve sonuçlara yol açm›fl, ayr›caFrig sanat› ve kültürü ile ilgili bilgilere yeni boyutlar kazand›rm›flt›r.Amerikan kaz›lar›nda ele geçirilen buluntular›n ço¤unlu¤uAnkara Anadolu Medeniyetleri Müzesi’nde ve bir bölümü deGordion’daki yerel müzede sergilenmektedir. Gordion, projesiçerçevesinde 1950-1973 y›llar› aras›nda Rodney S. Youngtaraf›ndan 16 sezon kaz›lm›flt›r. Onun 1974’teki trafik kazas›ndakitrajik ölümünden sonra 1988’de tekrar bafllayan kaz› çal›flmalar›Mary M. Voigt ve Kenneth Sams baflkanl›¤›nda sürdürülmektedir.

Gordion, the famed capital of the Phrygians, is situated nearPolatl› in Yass›hoyuk on the bank of Sakarya River. There is theroyal cemetery of the Phrygians, consisting of filled earth hillscalled tumulus just east of the Hoyuk. The Gordion Tumuli areone of the most important necropolises of the antique world.The number of tomb hills is over 80. 25 of these were excavatedby American and 5 by German gdouhz ir 1901. These gravesdate to the period from the Phrygians era until the reign ofGalatians, that is, from the first half of 10th Century B.C. until1st Century. The graves belong to the nobles, lords and kingsand are in the form of filled earth hills known as tumuli. Theoldest known specimen is the Gordion Z tumulus dated to 930B.C. by the dendrochronological tests on its wooden parts. Inthe Gordion tumuli, in general, wooden rooms were built in thehole dug in the ground after the body and rich grave gifts were

placed, the perimeter and top of the room was covered withstone and an artificial hill was formed by piling earth on top ofthe grave. Each hill belongs to one individual and the size of thehill is dependent on the social status of the buried person. Theheights of the tumuli in Gordion vary from 5-6 m up to 53 m.During the 1957 activities of the American team in Gordion, thelargest of these tumuli started to be done. Prof. Rodney S. Youngand his team ,who reached the grave room of the tumulusthrough a 70-meter tunnel, were awe struck by the scene theysaw when they opened the walls of the room made up of junipertree timber, later established to have been cut in 720 B.C. Therewas a skeleton 1.59 m tall on a dead bed made by carving in asingle piece out of the log of a pine tree 500 years old amongthe gifts that were eye smashing, in the grave room. There werenumerous dead gifts in the room. Among these were nine tables,

two engraved separators, three large bronze crucibles, 166small bronze pots and 154 fibulas. Most of the artifacts in thegrave room are in Ankara Anatolian Civilizations Museum. Uponfurther examinations, it was established that this person believedto have died when about 60 years of age, is King Midas whosename is identified with legends. However, there was no single

gold artifact, although there were hundreds of metal objects,in the grave of King Midas, who, according to the legend, turnedeverything he held into gold. It was argued tat the reason forhim to be known as “Donkey Eared” was due to his head havingbeen tied with his skull changed backwards like in certaindynasty children in Northern Syria or due to his ear having beenexcessively hairy, after examination of his skull. His ending hislife dramatically by drinking bull blood since he was in despairof losing Gordion being beaten in the Kimmer invasion in thefirst half of 7th Century when he was a powerful king controllinga wide geographical area in Anatolia with his well known wealth,has turned him into a hero of the legends of the antique world.

Midas’s Legendary Capital

GORDION (Yass›hoyuk) andExcavationsInvestigations were made in the Hoyuk and in five tumuli in theinitial Gordion excavations conducted by Gustav and AlfredKoerte brothers in 1901 and the highly valuable art works whichare preserved in Istanbul Archaeological Museums today wereunearthed. The Gordion excavations of Pennsylvania UniversityMuseum, which started in 1950, lead to very significant discoveriesand results, bringing new dimensions to information on thePhrygian art and culture. Most of the artificts found in Americanexcavations are on display in Ankara Anatolian CivilizationsMuseum with some of them on exhibition in the local museumin Gordion. There were excavations made for 16 seasons byRodney S. Young from 1950 to 1973 under the Gordion Project.Excavation work, which started again in 1988 after his tragicdeath in a traffic accident in 1974, is being pursued headed byMary M. Voigt and Kenneth Sams.

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Alman ve Amerikan kaz›lar›nda ortayaç›kar›lanlar, Frig baflkentinin M.Ö. 8.yüzy›l ortalar›ndan daha gerileregitmedi¤ini göstermifltir. Gordion enparlak dönemini M.Ö. 725 ve 675 y›llar›aras›nda yaflam›flt›r. Bu dönem, AssurKral› Sargon’un M.Ö. 717-709 y›llar›n› kapsayan y›ll›klar›nda “MuflkilerinMita’s›” olarak ad› geçen Kral Midasve zaman› ile çak›flmaktad›r. GordionM.Ö. 7. yüzy›l bafllar›nda Kimmerlerinistilas›na u¤ram›fl olmakla beraber,höyükte ve baz› tümülüslerde elegeçirilen buluntular kentin M.Ö. 6.yüzy›l sonuna de¤in refah içindeyaflad›¤›n› göstermektedir. Gordion6. yüzy›l ortalar›ndan bafllayarak,Büyük ‹skender’in gelifline kadar Persyönetimi alt›nda kalm›flt›r. Persegemenli¤i s›ras›nda geliflim bat›yado¤ru kayarken belli bafll› Frigyerleflmeleri, Eskiflehir ile Afyonaras›ndaki bölgede önemlerinikorumufltur.Antik kaynaklara göre, Büyük‹skender M.Ö. 333’de Gordion’da k›fl›geçirdi¤i s›rada Gordios’un ba¤lad›¤›ünlü kördü¤ümü k›l›c› ile keserekçözmüfltür. Kral Gordios’un efsaneviarabas› ve kör dü¤ümününkorundu¤u bu tap›nak binas›na iliflkin

bugüne de¤in herhangi bir izbulunmam›flt›r.Yass› bir höyük durumundaki Frigyerleflimi, Sakarya Irma¤›’n›n hemendo¤usunda yer almaktad›r. Amerikal›kaz› heyeti an›tsal bir kap› ile birliktekral ailesine ait çok say›da yap› veevlerle, kent duvarlar›na iliflkinkal›nt›lar ortaya ç›karm›fllard›r.Bunlar›n tümü Frig Krall›¤›’n›n enparlak dönemine (M.Ö. 725-667)tarihlenmektedir.Yumuflak kireç tafl›ndan 9 m.yükseklikteki k›sm› günümüze de¤inkorunmufl, an›tsal bir girifl olan Frig

Kent kap›s›, M.Ö. 8. yüzy›l›n sonundayap›lm›flt›r.

The artificts unearthed in the Germanand American excavations haveshown that the Phrygian capital didnot date before mid 8th Century B.C.Gordion had its brightest periodbetween 725 and 675 B.C. This periodcoincides with King Midas and hisreign cited as “Mita of Mushkies” inAssyrian King Sargon’s almanacscovering 717-709 B.C. AlthoughGordion was invaded by the Kimmersin early 7th Century, the artifactsdiscovered in the hoyuk and certaintumuli indicate that the city lived inwealth until the end of 6th CenturyB.C. Gordion was under Persian rule

starting from mid 6th Century untilarrival of Alexander the Great. DuringPersian rule, the old Phrygian citieslost their significance and asdevelopment shifted towards thewest, main Phrygian settlementspreserved their importance in theregion between Eskiflehir and Afyon.

According to antique sources,Alexander the Great untied thefamous knot tied by Gordion when hespent the winter in Gordion in 333B.C., cutting it off by his sword. Notrace or remnant has been found on

this temple building in which KingGordion’s legendary cart and knotwere preserved, until now.The Phrygian settlement which is aflat hoyuk, is just east of the SakaryaRiver. American excavators haveundug a monumental door and manybuildings and homes belonging to theroyal family and remnants of city walls.All these are dated to the brightestperiod of the Phrygian Kingdom (M.Ö.725-667). The part 9 m high, made ofsoft limestone, is preserved until todaywith the Phrygian city gate which is amonumental entrance having been

built in late 8th Century B.C. The mainentrance to the city is provided by a 9m wide, 23m long open crossing. Thecity gate, which is connected to thisnarrow and long crossing, is similarto the one in Troy.

Frig Sanat›ve Uygarl›¤›Bugüne kadar ele geçen Frig seramikörneklerinde iki ana stil dikkatiçekmektedir. Genellikle do¤udaKonya ovas›ndan Toros da¤lar›nakadar olan kesimde, üzerindegeometrik hayvanlar ve bezemeler

bulunan, çok renkli ve Aliflar IV stiliolarak tan›mlanan seramik örnekleri,Eskiflehir, Afyon ve Ankara’y›kapsayan bat› bölgesinde ise dahaçok gri ya da k›rm›z›, tek renkliseramikler görülmektedir. Bununyan›nda Gordion’da çeflitli desenleresahip çok renkli kaplar dagörülmektedir.Friglerin Anadolu’ya Troya VIIIa’n›ntahribinden sonra, M.Ö. 11. yüzy›l›nortalar›nda geldikleri kabul edilmekleberaber, bugüne kadar onlar›nAnadolu’daki varl›¤›n› M.Ö. 750’denönce kan›tlayacak bulgulara henüz

rastlanmam›flt›r.

Phrygian Artand CivilizationTwo main styles draw attention in thePhrygian ceramic specimensdiscovered so far. In general, in thearea from the Konya planes in theeast up to the Toros Mountains,ceramic specimens with geometricalanimals and decorations that aremulti-colored, known as Aliflar IV styleand in the western region covering

Eskiflehir, Afyon and Ankara, mostlygray or red, single-colored ceramicswere found. There are also multi-colored vessels with various designsin Gordion.

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Ele geçen arkeolojik buluntular›nikonografik ve stil özelliklerine göreEkrem Akurgal Frig sanat›n› beflevreye ay›rm›flt›r.

1- Erken Evre (M.Ö. 750-730),2- Geçifl Evresi (M.Ö. 730-725),3- Olgun Evre (M.Ö. 725-650),4- Subgeometrik Evre (M.Ö. 650-575),5- Geç Frig Stil (M.Ö. 575-300).

Frig seramik sanat›n›n ilk evresinisiluet figürlü vazolar tan›mlarlar.Siluetli stile ait kaplarda görülenbafll›ca ö¤eler Hellen geometrikvazolar›n›n özellikleridir, yani altbölümün tasvirsiz bölümden kuflaklaayr›lmas› metop komposizyonu, siluetfigürler, ortalar› noktal› dairecikler,›fl›n s›ras› Hellen Geometrik sanat›ndagörülen motifler.

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Although it is accepted that the Phrygianscame to Anatolia in mid-11th Century B.C.after destruction of Troy VIIIa, no evidencehas yet been found proving that they werepresent in Anatolia before 750 B.C.It is suggested that the Phrygian Kingdomwas founded by Gordios in the middle of 8th

Century B.C. This date also supports thechronology derived from examination ofceramic ware.

Ekrem Akurgal has divided the Phrygian artinto five phases according to theiconographical and style characteristics ofthe archaeological artifacts.

1- Early Phase (750-730 B.C.),2- Transition Phase (730-725 B.C.),3- Maturity Phase (725-650 B.C.),4- Subgeometric Phase (650-575 B.C.),5- Late Phrygian Style (575-300 B.C.).


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Akurgal’a göre, Gordion’da Erkenstilin bulunmamas›, buna karfl›l›kOlgun stilin ilk kez Aliflar’da ortayaç›kmas›, ancak Gordion’da yeninitelikler kazanmas›, Frig Beyli¤imerkezinin Aliflar’dan Gordion’ageçmifl olabilece¤i düflüncesini aklagetirmektedir. Bir hipotez olarakGordios’un önce Aliflar’da bir beyli¤esahip oldu¤u, sonradan Assurtehlikesinden uzak kalmak içinGordion’u kurdu¤u ilerisürülmektedir.

Olgun stilde Hellen etkisi dahabelirgindir. Hatta baz› kap biçimleri

Attika Geometrik örneklerinin yak›nbenzeridirler. Bir çok kap flekilleri iseGeç Bronz Ça¤› ve Buckel-keramikvazo biçimlerini sürdürürler. Bununlaberaber Olgun stilin parlak evresindeFrig seramik sanat›, ilginç ve özgünkap flekilleri gelifltirmifltir.

Silhouette figured vases define thefirst phase of the Phrygian ceramicart. The main elements seen onsilhouette style vessels are thecharacteristics of the Hellenicgeometric vases; this meansseparation of the lower section fromthe section with no pictures by a strip,metop composition, silhouette figures,small circles with dots at the center,rays, motifs seen in the Hellenical

geometric art.

According to Akurgal, that no earlystyle is found in Gordion but that themature style first appears in Aliflar,gaining new characteristics in Gordionall bring to mind that the capital ofthe Phrygian state may have beenmoved from Aliflar to Gordion. As ahypothesis, it is argued that Gordiosfirst had a state in Aliflar but foundedGordion later against potentialAssyrian assault.

The Hellenic influence is more

prominent in the mature style. In fact,certain vessel forms are veryreminiscent of the Attika Geometricspecimens. Many vessel forms havethe shapes of late Bronze Age andBuckel-ceramic vase forms. Still, inthe bright period of the Mature style,the Phrygian ceramic art hasdeveloped interesting and originalvessel forms.

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Demirça¤› ‹ç Anadolu seramiklerindekap yüzeylerine ayr›nt›l› bask›desenleri yapmak da Friglere özgübir özellik olarakde¤erlendirilmektedir. Büyük birolas›l›kla bu süsleme yöntemiFriglerin güneydo¤u Avrupa kökenliolmalar›ndan kaynaklanmaktad›r.Bask› desenli çanak-çömlekTrakya’da Geç Tunç Ça¤›’nda DemirÇa¤›’na dek yayg›n olup, Trakya’darastlanan baz› örnekleri Gordion’dabulunan türleri an›msatmaktad›r. Frigbask› motifleri çeflitlidir ve temelflekiller üçgen, kare-dikdörtgen, daire,baklava ve helezoniden oluflmaktad›r.Erken Frig dönemi boyal› kaplar ile‹ç Anadolu’dan Kuzey Suriye’ye kadaruzanan yayg›n boyal› vazo gelene¤iaras›nda yak›n ba¤lar bulunmaktad›r.Frig vazolar›n› boyayan sanatç›lar, tekkulplu mutfak kaplar› ile kulpsuz

küpler d›fl›nda, tüm standart flekillikaplar üzerinde de eserlervermifllerdir.Boyal› Frig kaplar›nda çok çeflitligeometrik motiflere rastlanmaktad›r.Ençok içleri kafesli taranm›fl üçgenler,baklava zincirleri ve meanderbezemeleri görülmektedir. Yayg›npanel motifleri aras›nda baklava ve Xpanelleri ço¤unluktad›r. Kafeslitarama ve dama tahtas› motifleri isehem s›ra hem de panel halindegörülmektedir.Frig mimarisininkarakteristik yap›türü “megaron”lard›r. Tap›nak olarak

kullan›ld›¤› düflünülen an›tsalmegaronlar›n d›fl cephelerinde renklikabartmalarla süslü seramiklevhalarla kapland›¤› anlafl›lm›flt›r.Gordion, Midas fiehri, Pazarl›,Bo¤azköy ve Düver’de ele geçen buseramik kaplama levhalardageometrik flekiller bitkisel motifler,insan, havan ve araba motiflerigörülmektedir

1966’da Bitinya’daki Germanos’ta(bugün So¤uk Çam) bulunan kayayaz›t›, günümüze ulaflm›fl en uzunEski Frigya metnidir.Bu ilginç uygarl›¤a ait eserler, bugün‹stanbul Arkeoloji Müzelerinde,Ankara’da Anadolu MedeniyetleriMüzelerinde, Polatl› yak›nlar›nda,Gordion Müzesinde, Eskiflehir, Afyonve Antalya Müzelerinde yeralmaktad›r.Eskiflehir-Afyon aras›ndaki Frigyaplatosunda yer alan birbirindenönemli Frig Kaya An›tlar› ve Kaleleribugün yo¤un bir tahribatla karfl›karfl›yad›r.

Applying detailed print designs onvessel surfaces in the Iron Age InnerAnatolia ceramics is recognized as aPhrygian attribute. In great probability,this decoration technique stems fromthe Phrygians being of south-eastEuropean origin. Print designedpottery is prevalent in Thrace duringthe Late Bronze Age until Iron Ageand certain specimens found isThrace are reminiscent of the types

found in Gordion. The Phrygian printmotifs are varied and basic forms aretriangles, square-rectangles, circles,chevrons and spirals.There are close ties between the earlyPhrygian period painted vessels andthe widespread vase traditionextending from Central Anatolia toNorth Syria. The artists who paintedthe Phrygian vases also created worksin all standard vessel shapes besidesingle-handled kitchen vessels andlarge earthen jars.Various geometric motifs are foundon painted Phrygian vessels. The ones

used most frequently are shadedtriangles, chevron chains andmeander decorations.Chevron and X panels are the majorityamong widespread panel motifs.Shaded and checker motifs are foundboth in rows and in panels.The characteristic building type of thePhrygian architecture is “megaron”.It is established that the outer façadesof the monumental megaronsbelieved to have been used as templeswere covered with ceramic platesdecorated with colored reliefs.Geometric figures, plant motifs,human, mortar and cart motifs areobserved on these ceramic coveringplates found in Gordion, City of Midas,Pazarl›, Bo¤azköy and Düver.

The rock inscription found inGermanos (today So¤uk Çam), Bitiniain 1966 is the longest ancient Phrygiantext that has reached the present.Artifacts from this interestingcivilization are today found in IstanbulArchaeological Museum, AnkaraAnatolian Civilizations Museum,Gordion Museum near Polatl› and inEskiflehir, Afyon and AntalyaMuseums.

The Phrygian Rock Monuments andCastles found on the Phrygian plateubetween Eskiflehir-Afyon, each moresignificant than the other faceextensive destruction today.

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