ANALISA KEBIJAKAN RUSIA DALAM MEMPERLUAS JARINGAN

KERJASAMA SHANGHAI COOPERATION ORGANIZATION (SCO)

DENGAN INDIA

Disusun dan Diajukan untuk Memenuhi Salah Satu Syarat Memperoleh Gelar

Sarjana Ilmu Sosial (S.Sos) Strata-I

Oleh:

ISTI FADHATUL KHOIROH

NIM. 201510360311192

PROGRAM STUDI HUBUNGAN INTERNASIONAL

FAKULTAS ILMU SOSIAL DAN ILMU POLITIK

UNIVERSITAS MUHAMMADIYAH MALANG

2021

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KATA PENGANTAR

حِيم حْمَنِ الره ِ الره بسِْمِ اللَّه

Puji syukur selalu dipanjatkan kehadirat Allah SWT atas rahmat dan

kehendak-Nya serta salawat beserta salam kepada Nabi Muhammad SAW,

sehingga penelitian skripsi dengan judul “Analisa Kebijakan Rusia dalam

Memperluas Jaringan Kerjasama Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO)

dengan India” ini dapat terselesaikan dengan baik.

Selama mengerjakan penelitian ini, keberhasilan yang penulis raih dalam

prosesnya tidak lepas dari berbagai bantuan serta dukungan yang datang dari

berbagai pihak. Untuk itu penulis ingin menyampaikan banyak terimakasih

kepada:

1. Terkhusus untuk diri saya sendiri, Isti Fadhatul Khoiroh yang begitu

luar biasa. Terimakasih sudah bertahan dalam melewati segala fase

perjalanan hidup yang baik maupun buruk hingga saat ini.

2. Teristimewa untuk kedua orang tua terkasih bapak Hj. Ahmad Sujadi

(Alm), Ibu Hj. Suparmi (Almh), serta Mimi tercinta Hj. Hartini atas

segala dukungan dan doa yang selalu mengiringi langkah penulis

dimanapun penulis berada.

3. Kedua kakak perempuan penulis yang begitu penulis cintai, Mbak Siti

Mujiah S.Pd.I dan Mbak Susiah. Terimaksih untuk tidak bosan

memotivasi penulis agar terus melangkah dan yakin pada setiap

keputusan yang penulis ambil.

vii

4. Bapak Dr. H. Fauzan, M.Pd selaku Rektor Universitas Muhammadiyah

Malang

5. Bapak Dr. Rinikso Kartono, M.Si selaku dekan Fakultas Ilmu Sosial

dan Ilmu Politik Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang

6. Bapak M. Syaprin Zahidi, MA selaku kepala jurusan program studi

Hubungan Internasional Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang.

7. Kepada Ibu Dr. Dyah Estu Kurniawati, M.Si, selaku dosen

pembimbing satu dan Bapak Hafid Adim Pradana, MA, selaku dosen

pembimbing dua. Berkat arahan, saran, motivasi dan bimbingan Ibu

dan Bapak penulis dapat menyelesaikan tugas akhir penulis dengan

penuh syukur dan rasa suka cita.

8. Kepada Ibu Demeiati Nur Kusumaningrum, M.A selaku dosen penguji

satu dan Bapak Haryo Prasodjo, M.A selaku dosen penguji dua atas

masukan dan saran yang sangat bermanfaat dalam penelitian ini.

9. Kepada seluruh dosen HI UMM serta dosen non HI UMM yang telah

memberikan ilmu, nasihat serta pembelajaran selama penulis

menempuh bangku perkuliahan.

10. Sahabat-sahabat tersayang penulis, Nunung, Wahyuni, Nadya Fatma,

Mandalia Pramesti, Cindy Korina, Mbak Rahmi Adnina, Mbak Aulia

Yusliana, Mbak Desta, Mbak Azzura Apriliani, Bebeb Miska Nur

Afiati, Mbak Dhian Jamal, Rheza Articha. Bagi penulis kalian sudah

seperti keluarga. Kehadiran dan bantuan kalian yang menjadikan masa

perkuliahan ini terasa sangat berharga.

viii

11. Teman-teman HI 2015 terkhusus HI-D, rekan-rekan di BEM FISIP

UMM, Malangfood.id, KKN Taiwan 2017, teman-teman kontrakan

Graha Sejahtera Residence, D’Omah Kost, dan Kost Villa sengkaling

A1 yang telah memberi warna selama penulis tinggal di Malang.

Penulis menyadari bahwa skripsi ini masih jauh dari kesempurnaan

dan memiliki banyak kekurangan. Banyak hal yang masih perlu diperbaiki,

baik dari sistematika penulisan sampai pembahasan. Oleh sebab itu penulis

mengharapkan kritik beserta saran dari pembaca. Akhir kata, semoga

tulisan ini dapat bermanfaat.

Malang, 17 Juni 2021

Penulis

Isti Fadhatul Khoiroh

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MOTTO

“The answers you get depend upon the questions you ask.”

-Thomas Khun-

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DAFTAR ISI

COVER .......................................................................................................... i

LEMBAR PERSETUJUAN ......................................................................... ii

LEMBAR PENGESAHAN ......................................................................... iii

BERITA ACARA BIMBINGAN ................................................................ iv

PERNYATAAN ORISINALITAS ............................................................... v

KATA PENGANTAR .................................................................................. vi

MOTTO ........................................................................................................ ix

DAFTAR ISI .................................................................................................. x

DAFTAR GAMBAR DAN BAGAN .......................................................... xiii

DAFTAR TABEL ....................................................................................... xiv

DAFTAR SINGKATAN .............................................................................. xv

ABSTRAK .................................................................................................. xviii

ABSTRACT .................................................................................................. xiv

BAB I PENDAHULUAN .............................................................................. 1

1.1 Latar Belakang .......................................................................................... 1

1.2 Rumusan Masalah ..................................................................................... 8

1.3 Tujuan Penelitian dan Manfaat Penelitian ................................................ 8

1.3.1 Tujuan Penelitian .................................................................... 8

1.3.2 Manfaat Penelitian .................................................................. 8

1.4 Penelitian Terdahulu ................................................................................. 9

xi

1.5 Kerangka Pemikiran ................................................................................. 18

1.5.1 Teori Realisme Neoklasik ...................................................... 18

1.6 Metodologi Penelitian .............................................................................. 25

1.6.1 Variabel Penelitian dan Level Analisa ................................... 25

1.6.2 Jenis Penelitian ....................................................................... 26

1.6.3 Teknik Analisa Data ............................................................... 26

1.6.4 Teknik Pengumpulan Data ..................................................... 27

1.6.5 Ruang Lingkup Penelitian ...................................................... 28

1.6.5.1 Batasan Materi ............................................................. 28

1.6.5.2 Batasan Waktu ............................................................. 28

1.7 Hipotesa.............................................................................................. 28

1.8 Sistematika Penulisan ........................................................................ 31

BAB II PERKEMBANGAN SHANGHAI COOPERATION ORGANIZATION

(SCO) DAN DUKUNGAN RUSIA AGAR INDIA MENJADI ANGGOTA

SCO ............................................................................................................... 33

2.1 Perkembangan Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) ................... 33

2.1.1 Profil Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) .................. 33

2.2 Dukungan Rusia Dalam Memperluas Jaringan Kerjasama SCO Dengan India

.................................................................................................................. 44

2.2.1 Kemitraan Strategis India dan Rusia Sejak Uni Soviet ........... 44

2.2.2 Proses Masuknya India Sebagai Anggota SCO ....................... 50

2.2.3 Dukungan Rusia Atas Keanggotaan India ke SCO ................. 53

xii

BAB III PERSAINGAN PROYEK KONEKTIVITAS DI ASIA TENGAH

(SCO) ANTARA RUSIA DAN CHINA ..................................................... 58

3.1 Proyek International North-South Transport Corridor (INSTC) Rusia vs

Belt Road Initiative (BRI) ........................................................................... 62

3.1.1 Proyek International North-South Transport Corridor (INSTC)

Rusia ....................................................................................... 62

3.1.2 Hegemoni Ekonomi China di Asia Tengah dengan Proyek Belt

Road Initiative (BRI).............................................................. 71

3.1.3 Pandangan Pemerintah Rusia Terhadap Proyek BRI Serta Upaya

Rusia Mendorong Kemajuan INSTC ..................................... 87

BAB IV KEBIJAKAN LUAR NEGERI VLADIMIR PUTIN

MEMASUKKAN INDIA KE SCO ............................................................. 92

4.1 Pandangan Pemerintah Rusia Terhadap SCO .......................................... 92

4.2 Arti Penting Keberadaan India di dalam SCO bagi Pemerintah Rusia .... 95

BAB V KESIMPULAN DAN SARAN ...................................................... 105

5.1 Kesimpulan ............................................................................................. 105

5.2 Saran ........................................................................................................ 108

DAFTAR PUSTAKA .................................................................................. 109

LAMPIRAN

Piagam Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) .................................... 125

Keterangan Cek Plagiasi ............................................................................... 137

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DAFTAR GAMBAR DAN BAGAN

Gambar 2.1 Profil Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) ................. 43

Gambar 2.2.1 Narendra Modi dan Vladimir Putin Pada Pertemuan di New Delhi

2018 ................................................................................................................ 49

Gambar 3.1.1 Perbandingan Jalur Koridor Terusan Suez dan INSTC ......... 63

Gambar 3.1.1 Rute Jalur Konektivitas di Asia Tengah ................................ 66

Gambar 3.1.2 Jalur Darat dan Jalur Laut Proyek Belt Road Initiative (BRI)79

Gambar 3.2.2 China Media Group Melakukan Interview Bersama Presiden

Rusia ............................................................................................................... 97

Gambar 3.2.2 Negara-Negara Yang Tergabung Dalam Perjanjian Ashghabat

....................................................................................................................... 104

Bagan 1.5 Kerangka Pemikiran ..................................................................... 24

Bagan 4.1 Analisa Kebijakan Rusia Memperluas Jaringan Kerjasama SCO

Dengan India ................................................................................................. 107

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DAFTAR TABEL

Tabel 1.4 Posisi Penelitian ............................................................................ 15

Tabel 2.2.3 Timeline Keanggotaan India di SCO ......................................... 56

Tabel 3 Potensi Cadangan Minyak di Laut Kaspia ....................................... 60

Tabel 3.1.1 Perbandingan Rute Lama dan INSTC ........................................ 68

xv

ABSTRAK

Isti Fadhatul Khoiroh, 2021, 201510360311192, Universitas Muhammadiyah

Malang, Fakultas Ilmu Sosial dan Ilmu Politik, Program Studi Hubungan

Internasional, Analisa Kebijakan Rusia dalam Memperluas Jaringan

Kerjasama Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) dengan India. Dosen

Pembimbing I : Dr. Dyah Estu Kurniawati, M.Si dan Pembimbing II : Hafid

Adim Pradana, MA.

Penelitian ini mengkaji mengenai kepentingan Rusia mendukung India ke

Organisasi Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO). Sejak tahun 2008 Rusia

aktif mendukung keanggotaan India di SCO hingga menjadi anggota resmi pada

2017. Tulisan ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui faktor-faktor dan alasan yang

mendorong Rusia mendukung India ke SCO. Metode yang digunakan ialah

eksplanatif kualitatif dengan teori realisme neoklasik. Realisme neoklasik melihat

kebijakan luar negeri suatu negara dipengaruhi oleh faktor eksternal (independent

variable) berupa struktur internasional, faktor internal (intervening variable) yaitu

struktur domestik dan hubungan antara keduanya (dependent variable) yang

menghasilkan output kebijakan suatu negara.

Selanjutnya dapat dijelaskan bahwa kebijakan Rusia mendukung India

disebabkan adanya (independent variable) berupa hegemoni China dan persaingan

proyek konektivitas transportasi antara Belt Road Initiative (BRI) China dengan

International North South Transport Corridor (INSTC) Rusia di Asia Tengah. Hal

tersebut mempengaruhi pandangan Vladimir Putin (intervening variable) untuk

mendorong kembali INSTC dengan mengoptimalkan SCO dan menghasilkan

output berupa kebijakan Rusia mendorong India ke SCO. India di SCO selain

mengimbangi China dengan ketidaksetujuannya pada proyek BRI juga aktif

mempromosikan pembangunan INSTC. Perjanjian Ashghabat yang

ditandatangani India akan membuat rute INSTC lebih mudah untuk terhubung ke

sub-rute lainnya. Selanjutnya penelitian ini diharapkan dapat mendeskripsikan

perilaku Rusia sebagai aktor negara dalam merespon persaingan pengaruh pada

kondisi anarki sistem internasional.

Kata Kunci: Rusia, India, China, SCO, INSTC, BRI

Malang, 17 Juni 2021

Penulis

Isti Fadhatul Khoiroh

Disetujui

Pembimbing I Pembimbing II

Dr. Dyah Estu Kurniawati, M.Si Hafid Adim Pradana, MA.

iv

ABSTRACT

Isti Fadhatul Khoiroh, 2021, 20151036031192, University of Muhammadiyah

Malang, Faculty of Social and Political Sciences, Department of International

Relations, Analisa Kebijakan Rusia dalam Memperluas Jaringan Kerjasama

Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) dengan India. Dosen Pembimbing

I : Dr. Dyah Estu Kurniawati, M.Si dan Pembimbing II : Hafid Adim Pradana,

MA.

This research examines Russia's interest in supporting India to the

Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO). This paper is based on the fact that

since 2008 Russia has been actively supporting India's membership in the SCO

until India became a member of the SCO in June 2017. The problem in this study

with a qualitative explanatory format is to find out the factors and reasons that

pushed Russia to support India to the SCO. The method used is qualitative

explanatory with neoclassical realism theory. Neoclassical realism sees foreign

policy as influenced by external factors (independent variables) in the form of

international structures, internal factors (intervening variables), namely domestic

structures and the relationship between the two (dependent variables) that

produce a country's policy output.

Then, it can be explained that Russia's policy of supporting India is caused

by (independent variables) in the form of Chinese hegemony and competition of

transportation connectivity projects between China's Belt Road Initiative (BRI)

and Russia's International North South Transport Corridor (INSTC) in Central

Asia. This affects Vladimir Putin's view (intervening variable) to push back

INSTC by optimizing SCO and producing an output in the form of Russia's policy

of supporting India to SCO. India in the SCO in addition to counterbalancing

China with its disapproval of the BRI project, is also actively promoting the

development of the INSTC. The Ashghabat Agreement signed by India makes the

INSTC route easier to connect to other sub-routes. Furthermore, this study is

expected to describe the behavior of Russia as a state actor in responding of

influence competition in the anarchic condition of the international system.

Key words: Rusia, India, China, SCO, INSTC, BRI

Malang, June 17th

2021

Researcher

Isti Fadhatul Khoiroh

Aprover,

Advisor I Advisor II

Dr. Dyah Estu Kurniawati, M.Si Hafid Adim Pradana, MA.

v

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