ap exam review b - apush -...

Ramos APUSH Review B 1

AP Exam Review B

Ms. RamosAlta Loma High School


War of 1812• Events leading up to war • War Hawks pushed President Madison

into war with Britain • The War • Results of the War of 1812

– Britain no longer threat to the U.S– Status quo with regard to territory– Increased nationalism in U.S– Rush Bagot Treaty of 1817 – Beginning of industrial revolution– U.S. now focused on westward expansion


War of 1812

• W ar Hawks• H artford Convention, 1814• I mpressment• T reaty of Ghent, 1815• E mbargo Act, 1807• N ew Orleans


Era Of Good Feelings 1816-1824 President Monroe

• Nationalism• One-party rule• Westward expansion• Clay’s American System• Monroe Doctrine


The American System

• Proposed by Senator Henry Clay

• High tariffs on imports

• New transportation systems and internal improvements

• Never completely implemented

Henry Clay


Monroe Doctrine

• Part of President Monroe’s 1823 Message to Congress

• Warned European powers not to interfere with Western Hemisphere affairs or overthrow independent republics there

• Promised the U.S. wouldn’t interfere with European affairs or colonies

• Roosevelt Corollary


Was the Era of Good Feelings an appropriate term?

• Panic of 1819• Missouri Compromise• Divisions over the 1816 tariff• Divisions over internal improvements


Development of Mass Democracy in Antebellum

America

• Bill of Rights, 1791• Jeffersonian Democracy: government for

the people• "New Democracy" continues to emerge

after Panic of 1819


•1828 presidential election

•Mass campaigning techniques

•Jackson as a “man of the people”; Adams as an “aristocrat” and an “elitist”

• Jackson wins handily

•The idea of “Jacksonian democracy”

JacksonianJacksonianJacksonianJacksonian

DemocracyDemocracyDemocracyDemocracy


Jacksonian Democracy

• K illing of the BUS• N ullification controversy• I ndian removal• C reation of 2-Party System• K itchen Cabinet • S poils system• S ectionalism


• Jackson orders removal of Indians to the west

• 1830: Indian Removal Act

• Jackson uses military force to move certain tribes

• The Trail of Tears

Indian Removal


Whigs v Democrats• Northern industrialists

and merchants • Supported Clay‘s

"American System"• Reduce the spoils system• Southern states‘ rights

advocates angry at Jackson‘s stand on nullification

• Evangelicals from Anti-Masonic party join

• Later supported moral reforms

• Use national gov‘t to solve societies problems

• Common people and machine politicians in the East

• States‘ Rights – opposed to "American System"

• Favored spoils system• Anti-monopoly—favored

increased competition• Believed federal gov‘t

should not be involved in people‘s personal lives


President Polk

• Jacksonian Program (Young Hickory)• California• Oregon• I ndependent Treasury System (revives

Van Buren‘s banking system)• Lower tariff (Walker Tariff, 1846)


• Third parties: Anti-Masons, Liberty, Free Soil, Know Nothings (all will join Republican Party by the 1850s)

• Development of workingmen's parties• General incorporation laws in 1840s; limited

liability• Women's suffrage movement: Seneca Falls in

1848• Blacks are disenfranchised in North except in

New England• Frederick Jackson Turner thesis: existence of

cheap land in West results in a democratic frontier that eventually impacts the entire country


Major reform movements made possible by the rise of mass

politics

• Abolitionism• Temperance• Women‘s Rights• Education


Growth of American Nationalism

• Louisiana Purchase

• War hawks• War of 1812

• Era of Good Feelings • Manifest Destiny

• Daniel Webster: ―Union, one and inseparable‖(Webster-Hayne debate, 1930)

• Growing economy/Transportation revolution


Marshall Supreme Court decisions that strengthen national gov ‘t:

judicial nationalism

• Marbury v. Madison, 1803 – Judicial Review• Fletcher v. Peck, 1810 – The Court invalidated a

state law (Georgia‘s Yazoo Land sale)• Dartmouth v. Woodward, 1819 : Court ruled states

could not invalidate charters issued during the colonial period. Helped safeguard businesses from state control.

• McCulloch v. Maryland, 1819 : Ruled BUS was constitutional; states could not tax the bank.

• Cohens v. Virginia, 1821: Supreme Court had right to review decisions by state supreme courts.

• Gibbons v. Ogden, 1824 – Only Congress has the right to regulate interstate commerce


Nationalist Culture• Noah Webster's American English Dictionary:

Americans no longer were bound by the rules of British English

• McGuffey Readers: taught millions of youngsters to read while instilling themes of morality, patriotism, and republicanism

• Knickerbocker Group: focused on genuinely American themes

• James Fenimore Cooper: Leatherstocking Tales; Last of the Mohicans

• Henry Wadsworth Longfellow: Paul Revere poem (glorified the famous ride prior to the Battle of Lexington and Concord)


Art• John Trumbull: portrayals of important historical events

in American history Declaration of Independence (1819); Washington Resigning His Commission (1822-24); Surrender of Lord Cornwallis at Yorktown (1820)

• Hudson River School: landscape painting movement that glorified America‘s naturalscenery– Thomas Cole, Asher Durand, Frederic Edwin Church, Albert

Bierstadt

• Stephen Foster: songs conveyed American themes and culture

• Transcendentalism: Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau, Walt Whitman


Transcendentalism

• What was Transcendentalism? • Emerson • Thoreau

Ralph Waldo EmersonHenry David Thoreau


Sectionalism: 1820 -1860


Sectionalism

• Missouri Compromise of 1820 • Tariff issue • Texas• Regional Specialization • Anti-abolitionism• Mexican Cession • Compromise 1850• Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854• Dred Scott case, 1857 • John Brown • Election of 1860


Compromise of 1850

• pFACT– Pop ular sovereignty in the Mexican Cession

– F ugitive Slave Law– A bolition of slave trade in Washington, D.C.

(note: it doesn‘t END slavery there!)– C alifornia enters as a free state

– T exas agrees to accept money in return for abandoning claims to New Mexico territory.


Conflict Between State and Federal Sovereignty, 1810 -1860

• Federal gains in power– Supremacy Clause

– Marshall Court’s decisions– Clay’s American System

– Nullification


John Marshall‘s Supreme Court Decisions• Marbury v. Madison, 1803 – Judicial Review (note: Not

in time period but significant as a precedent)• Fletcher v. Peck, 1810 – The Court invalidated a state

law (Georgia‘s Yazoo Land sale)• Martin v. Hunter’s Lessee , 1816: Supreme Court

rejected ―compact theory and state claims that they were equally sovereign with the federal gov‘t.

• Dartmouth v. Woodward, 1819 : Court ruled states could not invalidate charters issued during the colonial period. Helped safeguard businesses from state control.

• McCulloch v. Maryland, 1819 : Ruled BUS was constitutional; states could not tax the bank.

• Cohens v. Virginia, 1821 – Supreme Court had right to review decisions by state supreme courts.

• Gibbons v. Ogden, 1824 – Only Congress has the right to regulate interstate commerce


States ’ Rights• 10th Amendment• Jeffersonian and Jacksonian• Madison, Monroe and Jackson veto• 1830s: Southern states ban abolitionist

literature in Southern mail • Popular sovereignty in Mexican Cession

and Kansas and Nebraska • Dred Scott decision, 1857: slave owners

could take slaves into the territories


AGE OF REFORM: Antebellum America

• Jacksonian Democracy • Second Great Awakening• Abolitionism• Temperance• Women’s Rights• Education• Change in Religion• Utopian Communities


Second Great Awakening Reforms inspired by "perfectionism"

(Puritan ideal)

• Abolitionism A• Temperance Totally• Women's suffrage Wicked

• Education Elephant• Mental institutions Made

• Prison reform Pigs• Debtor's prisons Devour

• Wilderness Utopias Worms


Reforms• Abolitionism: most important & successful• Temperance • Women's Rights


� Grew out of the abolitionist movement

�Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton

�Sojourner Truth

Early Women’s

Rights

Movement

Lucretia Mott

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

Sojourner Truth


• Brainchild of Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott

• Closely modeled on the Declaration of Independence

• Called for equality for women• Resolution calling for women’s

right to vote passes narrowly during convention

Seneca Falls

Declaration of

Sentiments


Reforms• Education• Religion• Utopian Communities


Market Revolution 1790 -1860

• Demographics• Economic Nationalism• American System• Industrial Revolution

– (TRIC -- textiles, railroads, iron and coal)– Significance

• Transportation Revolution– Significance: national market economy, regional

specialization, Westward movement• Business• Farming • Regional Specialization


Immigration

• Old Immigration: Part I (17th-19th century)• Old Immigration: Part II-Irish and German

1840s and 1850s • Nativism• Know-Nothings


• “America for Americans only”

• American RepublicanParty

• “Know-Nothing” Party• Irish immigration,

1845–1854• Decline of the Know-

Nothings

Nativism

Membership certificate for a Philadelphia nativist organization


Westward Expansion

• Treaty of Paris, 1783• Treaty of Greenville, 1795• Louisiana Purchase, 1803• Battle of Tippecanoe, 1811• Rush-Bagot Treaty, 1817• Convention of 1818 • Florida Purchase Treaty, 1819 (Adams-Onis

Treaty) • Missouri Compromise, 1820• Indian Removal Act, 1830


Westward Expansion cont

• Manifest Destiny(1840s) [TOM = Texas, Oregon, Mexican Cession]

• Annex Texas by President Tyler• President Polk- CA & Oregon• Mexican War 1846-1848

– Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

• Gadsden Purchase, 1853• Alaska Purchase Treaty, 1867


• Belief that the United States was destined to expand and control the North American continent

• Often used to justifyterritorial expansion

• Impact on the westwardmovement

• Conflicts

Manifest Destiny


SLAVERY ISSUE

• Cotton gin leads to "King Cotton" in the South

• Southern society • Three Souths

– Border South: DE, KY, MD, MO; slaves = 17% pop– Middle South: VA, NC, TN, AK; slaves = 30% pop– Lower South: SC, FL, GA, AL, MI, LA, TX; slaves =

47% pop

• Missouri Compromise of 1820• Slave Revolts


SLAVERY ISSUE- Abolitionism

• Gradual emancipation? • American Colonization Society • Second Great Awakening• William Lloyd Garrison, The Liberator,

1831 • American Anti-Slavery Society


SLAVERY ISSUE- AA Abolitionists

• David Walker • Sojourner Truth • Frederick Douglass • Uncle Tom's Cabin by Harriet Beecher

Stowe • Underground Railroad: Harriet Tubman


Frederick Douglass

• Born as a slave in 1817

• Taught to read and write by the wife of his owner

• Escaped from slavery • A leading abolitionist

speaker• Founded his own anti-

slavery newspaper, The North Star


SLAVERY ISSUE• Wilmot Proviso, 1848• Free Soil Party 1840s• Compromise of 1850 • Kansas-Nebraska Act, 1854 • Dred Scott case, 1857• Lincoln-Douglas debates, 1858 • John Brown• Election of 1860 • South Carolina Ordinance of Secession,

1860


• Idea that residents of a new territory should have the right to choose whether slavery would be legal or illegal there

• Douglas and the Kansas-Nebraska Act

• “Bleeding Kansas”

Popular Sovereignty

Illinois Senator Stephen A. Douglas

Cartoon caption: “Liberty, the fair maid of Kansas in the hands of the “border ruffians”


• Abraham Lincoln challenges Stephen A. Douglas for Illinois Senate seat• “Freeport Doctrine”: comes up in the second debate• Douglas alienates Southern Democrats but wins the Senate seat• 1860 presidential election

The Lincoln -Douglas Debates and the

“Freeport Doctrine ”


• Radical abolitionist

• Led bloody anti-slave raids in Kansas

• Sought to arm slaves to start a rebellion against white masters

• Failed plot to seize arsenal at Harpers Ferry

• Put on trial for treason; eventually found guilty and hanged

• Became a potent symbol for both Northerners and Southerners

John Brown


Sectionalism and Causes of Civil War

• Miss Missouri Compromise, 1820• Nully Nullification Controversy, 1832• Gagged Gag Rule, 1836• When Wilmot Proviso, 1848• Clay‘s Compromise of 1850• Kangaroo Kansas-Nebraska Act, 1854• Bit Bleeding Kansas‖• Dumb Dred Scott case, 1857• John‘s John Brown, 1859• Ear Election of 1860


AA Slave Culture

• Elements of West African culture • Family• Oral Tradition• Religion• Music


The Civil War (1861 -1865)

• Anaconda Plan • 1st Bull Run (1861)• Shiloh • Antietam (1862) • Emancipation Proclamation• Gettysburg (1863• Vicksburg (1863)• Appomattox Court House


• First military draft in U.S. history (1863)

• Exceptions: substitutes, slave owners

• New York City draft riots

• Other drafts in American history

Conscription

and the

Draft

Controversy


Impact of Civil War on Society

• Social• Economic• Constitutional• Political


• Both enacted in 1862 during the Civil War

• Both encouraged western expansion and settlement

• Pacific Railway Acts• Homestead Act

Transcontinental Railroad •

Homestead Act


• Many freedmen couldn’t afford their own land

• Sharecropping: landholders divided their property into plots and provided farmers on each plot with seed and farm implements to work the land

• The sharecropper used a portion of his crop to pay the landholder

• Landholders often abused the system

Sharecropping


• Habeas corpus: a person cannot be held in jail indefinitely without formal charges being filed against them

• “Copperheads”/“Peace Democrats”• Ex parte Merriman• Long-term effects of suspending habeas corpus

Suspension of Habeas Corpus

during the Civil War

Chief Justice Roger Taney


Reconstruction 1865 -1877

• Reintegrate former-Confederate states• Freedmen’s Bureau • Military Reconstruction Act (1867) • 13th-15th Amendments• Civil Rights Act of 1875

– Ruled unconstitutional in Civil Rights Cases (1883)

• KKK terrorism• Compromise of 1877 ended Reconstruction


• 13th (1865): Ended slavery

• Black codes/Civil Rights Act of 1866

• 14th (1868): Defined citizenship; “equal protection of the laws”

Post-Civil War

Amendments

Poster celebrating the 13th Amendment


• 15th Amendment (1870): Gave blacks the right to vote

Post -Civil War

Amendments

(continued)


• Originally organized as a social club for Confederate veterans • Top goal became assuring white supremacy• Violent tactics• Enforcement Acts of 1870 and 1871 • decline of the KKK• Revivals in the 1920s, 1950s and 1960s

The Ku Klux Klan

Former Confederate general Nathan Bedford Forrest, the first Grand Wizard of the KKK


African Americans: 1877 to 1900

• Disenfranchisement • Jim Crow• Lynching• Booker T. Washington (accommodation)• Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)• W. E. B. Du Bois (political equality)

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