notes for apush [full]

U.S. Expansionary Policy [1850-1914][1853] Commodore Matthew Perry sails into Japan and opens them up to trade[1859] U.S. acquires Midway Island[1867] Secretary of State William Seward buys Alaska for $7.2 million from Russia -“Seward’s Folly” “Seward’s Icebox”[1889] U.S., Great Britain, Germany form a joint protectorate on Samoa[1890] Alfred Thayer Mahan’s “The Influence of Sea Power upon History”[1895] Venezuelan boundary dispute -Britain claim the right to more land in Venezuela -U.S. enforces the Monroe Doctrine -almost wars with Britain [1898] Spanish-American WarCauses:

1. De Lome letter – insults McKinley2. Yellow press – Pulitzer and Hearst – sensationalist papers3. Sinking of the Maine

Acquisitions:

1. Puerto Rico2. Guam3. Philippines4. Annex Hawaii5. Gained control over Cuba (Teller Amendment)

Emilio Aguinaldo leads Filipino Insurrection [1900] Boxer Rebellion (Righteous Fists of Harmony)[1903] Panamanian Revolution begun by Teddy Roosevelt[1904] Roosevelt Corollary adds teeth to Monroe Doctrine[1914] World War I begins Teddy Roosevelt

Energetic and athletic Vice President under McKinley Police commissioner in NYC Governor of NY Harvard graduate Outdoorsman Rough Rider Assistant secretary of the Navy Youngest person to become President – 42 years old

Big Stick Policy – Roosevelt’s Foreign Policy

1. Increase the size of the navy – 5 to 25 battleships2. Keep the balance of power in the Far East

-Ends the Russo-Japanese War with the Portsmouth Treaty -wins the Nobel Peace Prize for this

1. Built a canal to connect Atlantic and Pacific Oceans

-TR incites a revolution in Panama against Columbia -becomes first president to leave country during the presidency Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty -gives permission to the U.S. to build a canal [1904] work begins [1906] work re-starts (after an outbreak of yellow fever)

1. Roosevelt Corollary

-strengthens the Monroe Doctrine – gives U.S. police powers in the Americas

1. Gentlemen’s Agreement

-U.S. and Japan agree to keep unskilled workers out of California

1. Show off power

Great White Fleet -16 battleships sent around the world -especially to scare the Japanese Root-Takahira Agreement -an agreement to respect each other’s territorial possessions Successor to Roosevelt? Roosevelt picks his successor – Taft William Howard Taft [1908]

Secretary of War Civil Governor of Philippines (calls them “my little brown

brothers”) Lawyer Judge (goes on to become Chief Justice)

Dollar Diplomacy – Taft’s Foreign Policy

Encouraged U.S. businesses to invest in foreign nations that were of strategic concern for the U.S.

The U.S. would then back those investments by using the military

“Where the money’s going, the U.S. Marines are to follow”

China – U.S. attempted to open a railway in Manchuria but doesn’t back it up with the military – failedExamples of “Dollar Diplomacy” nations:

Honduras Nicaragua Dominican Republic Cuba Haiti

Election of 1912

Republicans – Taft ~3.4 million votesProgressives (Bull Moose Party) – Teddy Roosevelt ~4.1 million votesDemocrats – Woodrow Wilson ~6.2 million votesSocialists – Eugene V. Debs ~900 000 votes Woodrow Wilson wins!Woodrow Wilson (28th president)

Sickly child, learned alphabet at 9 years, learned to read at 11 years

From Virginia – extremely racist Graduates from Princeton, becomes a professor, then

President Governor of NJ

His secretary of state is William Jennings BryanWilson rejects Big Stick and Dollar Diplomacy – anti-ImperialistPart I: Wilson: The Anti-Imperialist

1. Repeals the Panama Canal Tolls Act

-U.S. would have had free shippage through the canal

1. Jones Act [1916]

-grants partial independence to the Philippines

1. After one week in office, Wilson claims that the U.S. military will no longer be used to back investments in foreign nations – investors pull out of six nations loans to China

Part II: Wilson: The Imperialist/Semi-Imperialist

1. Haiti [1915]

-Wilson sends U.S. Marines to protect investments and lives when a civil war breaks out Sounds like Dollar Diplomacy…

1. Haiti [1916]

-U.S. creates a treaty, giving U.S. supervision over finances and police Sounds like the Roosevelt Corollary…

1. Dominican Republic [1916]

-U.S. sends Marines to put down riots and protect U.S. investments -the Marines stay there for eight years Sounds like both Dollar Diplomacy and Big Stick

1. Buys Virgin Islands from Denmark [1917]

Sounds like Big StickPart III: Wilson: Moral Diplomacy in Mexico[1913] Civil War in Mexico – General Huerta takes over -leads to the migration of thousands of Mexicans to the U.S.[1914] Huerta collapses under pressure from the U.S. Tampico Incident -Mexico refuses the 21-gun apology to jailing U.S. citizens -almost had war[1914] Carranza takes over – supported by the U.S.[1915] Pancho Villa begins attacking Carranza supporters and U.S. workers -kills U.S. workers in Mexico -kills U.S. workers on American soil in New Mexico[1916] Wilson sends John J. Pershing “Blackjack” -led U.S. troops on a chase of Villa throughout Mexico[1917] Pershing is recalled (needed for WWI)

[1923] Villa is assassinated by his own people in Mexico European Entrance in WWI

1. Imperialism – European nations competing for the same land around the world

2. Rabid Nationalism –extreme pride in one’s own country3. Militarism [1890-1914]

-every European country increases per capita expenditure on the military -mandatory conscription in every country (except Great Britain)

1. Alliances

Triple Alliance [1882]

Germany Austria-Hungary Italy

Triple Entènte [1907]

Great Britain France Russia

The Spark[June 28, 1914] Archduke Francis Ferdinand and his wife are assassinated (From Austria-Hungary) in Bosnia by Gaurilo Princip[July 28, 1914] Austria-Hungary declares war on Serbia

Russia comes to Serbia’s aid – war on Austria-Hungary Germany enters the war – declares war on Russia and France

(Germany gets into a problem – a two-front war)

After Germany invades neutral Belgium, Great Britain jumps into the war

The Great War has begun AlliesCentral PowersGreat BritainRussiaFrance[1915] ItalyGermanyAustria-HungaryTurkey (Ottoman Empire)Bulgaria Germany has a plan to win the war in 39 days: Schlieffen Plan [1905] -calls for Germany to invade neutral Belgium -Germany pushes through Belgium easily and into France -get to within eight miles of Paris before they are haltedProblems: -ammunition is not readily available -uniforms are decaying -shoes start wearing out[1914] Battle of the Marne Successful in pushing the Germans back about 50 miles[By the end of 1914] the war is at a stalemate[Beginning of 1915] War turned into trench warfare *World War I terminology*SIW – Self-Inflicted Wound (to get out of fighting, soldiers shot themselves in the foot)“Over-the-top” – a charge at an opposing trench

New Technology

Poison gas Machine guns Submarines (U-Boats) Airplanes (invented in 1903 by the Wright brothers) Tanks

[February 1916] Battle of Verdun -German offensive-fails miserably[July 1916] Battle of Somme “Great F***-Up” -Britain offensive – within the first hour, there are 60 000 British casualties -Total one million casualties in the battle[1915] Italy enters the war[by 1916] 600 000 Italian soldiers throw down their weapons and return home[1916] Russia is being badly defeated on the Eastern Front-at least they are occupying Germany-but within one year, they are out of the war (Bolshevik Revolution)U.S. Entrance into WWI[1914] Wilson declares the U.S. to be neutral “in both thought and deed”Reasons Why the U.S. enters the War for the Allies:

1. Economic reasons

-as the war continues, the U.S. increases trade with the Allies-meanwhile, the U.S. decreases trade with the Central Powers -Great Britain blockade German ports-U.S. bankers lend money to the Allies -$2.3 billion to the Allies -$10 billion altogether

1. Culture

-historical ties with Great Britain (also a shared language-English)

1. Political ties – much of U.S. laws tie to English common laws2. Propaganda

-Great Britain controls almost all the transatlantic cables -they keep bad information away from the U.S.

1. Freedom of the Seas

-both Great Britain and Germany violate U.S. shipping rights Britain is forcing U.S. ships into their ports Germany is sinking U.S. ships and killing civilians with U-boats-the lesser of the two evils is Great BritainSteps toward War[February 1915] Germany announces a sub-war zone around the British Isles[May 1915] German U-boat sinks the Lusitania (a British passenger ship) -kills 1198 people, including 128 AmericansWilson issues the Lusitania Notes-William Jennings Bryan, Secretary of State, resigns (threat to neutrality)[August 1915] the Arabic is sunk (another British passenger ship) -kills two Americans -Germany apologizes – agrees to stop sinking unarmed ships without warning[March 1916] the Sussex (a French ship) is sunk -this time, Wilson is infuriated – The Sussex Pledge -Germany pledges to stop sinking ships…if Britain stops their blockade -Wilson only heeds the first part Election of 1916Democrats – Woodrow Wilson – “He kept us out of war” ~277 electoral votesRepublicans – Charles Evans Hughes – flip-flops on issues ~254 electoral votes Woodrow Wilson is re-elected

-Secretary of Treasury William McAdoo warns Wilson that the Allies were running out of money -advises Wilson that the U.S. should start loaning money to the Allies [Jan. 22, 1917] Wilson attempts to end the war with his “Peace without Victory” speech -both sides reject the speech; subsequently, it fails.[Jan. 31, 1917] Germany announces that they will resume unrestricted submarine warfare[Feb. 3, 1917] Wilson cuts off diplomatic ties with Germany[Feb. 24, 1917] Great Britain intercepts a telegramThe Zimmermann Note

The German foreign minister, Arthur Zimmermann, proposes an alliance between Mexico and Germany

Arizona, New Mexico, Texas territories will be returned to Mexico after the Central Powers win

Would keep U.S. occupied with Mexico

The U.S. is outraged[March 1917] Czar Nicholas II of Russia is forced to abdicate the throne -Russia is out of the war[March 1917] Five U.S. merchant ships are sunk[April 2, 1917] Wilson asks Congress for a declaration of war “the World must be made safe for democracy”[April 6, 1917] Congress declares war on Germany When the U.S. declares war in April of 1917, the U.S. is woefully unprepared for war

1. only 120 000 U.S. soldiers in the Army2. the officer corps was old and antiquated3. Bureaucracy of Government – Money going to the wrong

places4. Industry is competing against each other instead of working

together

Mobilization

1. 1. Raising an army

Selective Service Act [November 1917]

Ages 18-45 No substitutes (cannot pay for one) Few exemptions (i.e. working in a key industry) 24 million register 3 million are drafted women are included – 11 000 in the Navy, 269 in the

Marines African-Americans

-served in segregated units-served in construction jobs and unloading ammunition (dangerous)4.3 million people serve in the U.S. Army in WWITraining was supposed to last for six months -but many are rushed through training -I.Q. Test is used (culturally and racially biased)

1. 2. Economy

War Industries Board (WIB) [1917][1918] taken over by Bernard Baruch

Allocates raw materials Introduces efficiencies Establishes production priorities Coordinate and consolidate businesses

Lever Food and Fuel Control Act [1917] Food Administration (headed by Herbert Hoover)

Organizes food Gets people to conserve (uses propaganda) Play on nationalism – “Meatless Mondays” “Wheatless

Wednesdays” “Victory Gardens”

Fuel Administration (headed by Henry Garfield)

Regulate fuel prices Control coal output Promote conservation Daylight Savings Time (idea by Benjamin Franklin, but

actually instituted in WWI)

[1918] Overman Act -gives government control over railroadsWar cost of U.S. - $35.5 billion

$21 billion in Liberty Bonds $14.5 billion comes from taxes (federal income taxes)

1. 3. Workers

[1918] “Work of Fight” RuleNational War Labor Board (NWLB)

Headed by Taft 8-hour workday in industry encourages union membership

-AF of L (American Federation of Labor) remains loyal to the war cause-However, IWW (Industrial Workers of the World) is notWomen – one million work in industrial jobs during the warAfrican-Americans -due to the job opportunities in the North, “The Great Migration” -500 000 move to the North – leads to race problems (esp. St. Louis, Missouri)

1. 4. Spirit of the Nation

George Creel is the head of propaganda – Committee of Public Information-Movies (“To Hell with the Kaiser,” “Beast of Berlin”)-Songs (“Over There” by George C. Cohan)-Posters (“Hang the Hun” portrayed Germans as brutal barbarians)

-German words are changed (ex. Sauerkraut – Liberty Cabbage, Dachshund – Liberty Pup)Creel, however, oversells the war – this will hurt Wilson after WWI The American Expeditionary Force (AEF) in Europe-led by John J. Pershing2 million Americans will serve in Europe during the war -the soldiers are very excited, thought traveling was a “grand adventure”Biggest Problem for U.S. soldiers when they arrive at Europe? -Sexually transmitted diseases (French custom to offer allies prostitutes) Fighting-the first U.S. soldiers were used as replacements for French and British armies[Spring 1918] German offensive -the American army helps to halt the German offensive at Chatteau-Thierrey[July 1918] Second Battle of the Marne -push Germans back to Germany[August 1918] Pershing finally gets his own army[September 1918] Meuse-Argonne Offensive -last offense of the War[November 1918] Germany gives up -on the 11th hour of the 11th day of the 11th month WWI Death TollRussia -1.7 millionFrance -1.35 millionBritain -908 000U.S. -50 000 in battle (an additional 120 000 from the flu) World War I and the Progressive EraProgressives – want reform and to kill the ills of society

Clayton Antitrust Act – adds to Sherman Antitrust Act - NWLB Federal Reserve Act – reforms banking Federal Farm Loan Act Adamson Act – 8 hour work day for federal workers Hepburn Act – railroads Federal Trade Commission – oversees trade Meat Inspection Act Pure Food and Drug Act 16th (income tax), 17th (direct election of senators), 18th

(prohibition – also $4 million is spent on prostitution prevention), 19th (women’s suffrage) Amendments

Negatives to Progressivism

War Industries Board

-not a positive for progressivism-encourages monopolies-regulate prices (instead of allowing markets to do so)-regulates businesses

16th Amendment (federal income tax)

-the government increases taxes during the war (as much as 70%)

18th Amendment (prohibition)

-mob activity grows, leads to more illegal activity

19th Amendment

-after the war, women are forced back into the homes

Hepburn Act – replaced with the Overman Act

-direct control of railroads Civil Liberties are severely restricted during the war (especially freedom of speech)[1917] Espionage Act

$10 000 fine or 20 years in jail for various anti-war activities[1918] Sedition Actcreates strict penalties for criticizing the American war effort (or U.S. in general)1500 pacifists, socialists and others are convicted Eugene V. Debs also arrestedSupreme Court upholds these convictions in Shenck vs. U.S. due to the presence of “clear and present danger”Woodrow Wilson’s Fourteen Points[Jan. 8, 1918] in a speech to CongressThree Purposes:

Aimed at Russia (keeping Russia in the war) Outline the moral purposes for U.S. involvement Aimed at demoralizing the enemy

Underlying causes of the war Abolish secret treaties and alliances

1. Freedom of the seas2. Removal of economic barriers3. Reduce arms4. Adjustment of colonial claims5. Evacuation of Russian territory6. Restore Belgium7. Evacuate France and give Alsace-Lorraine back8. Adjustment of Italian borders

10. Self-determination of the people of Austria-Hungary11. Restore the Balkan states and give Serbia access to the sea12. Self-determination for the people of former Ottoman Empire13. Independent Poland14. League of Nations – deals with collective security – avoid future wars

Points 10 - 13: Self-determination Points 1 - 5: Underlying Causes of War The Treaty of Versailles[Jan. 18, 1919] in Palace of Versailles in France The Big Four U.S.Woodrow WilsonWants a peaceful worldGreat BritainDavid Lloyd GeorgeWant the revenge, punishment, humiliation, and the destroying of GermanyFranceGeorges ClemenceauItalyVittorio Orlando Wilson’s Mistakes before the Treaty

1. He does not bring a Republican in his Peace Delegation2. He does not include a Senator in his Peace Delegation3. Republicans take control over Congress in the 1918 elections

The Treaty

Czechoslovakia is created Yugoslavia is created Poland is created France gets Alsace-Lorraine back Disarm the Rhineland Allies take over the Saar region (has coal) Germany is split into one large piece and East Prussia

The Middle East is divided to France and Great Britain Independence for Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania Germany is forced to pay $66 billion in reparations

Germany loses 12% of its pre-war land -loses 75% of its iron ore deposits -loses 15% of farmland

League of Nations is created

Mistakes of the Treaty

1. Germany is surrounded by new, unstable countries2. Making Germany pay reparations (economic turmoil ensues)3. Taking land away from Russia

-Allies are more interested in embarrassing GermanyWilson takes the blame for all the failures. Henry Cabot Lodge, Hiram Johnson, William Borah-lead the Republican Senate against ratification of the treaty-worried that the U.S. might be pulled into a war with the League of Nations [October 1919] Woodrow Wilson has a stroke -stuck in bed for the next 7 ½ months -Edith Gault (Wilson’s second wife) has complete control over Wilson Henry Cabot Lodge adds 14 reservations to the treaty – the treaty fails to pass in the Senate and also fails the second vote -the U.S. never ratifies the Treaty of Versailles and never joins the League of Nations Post-WWI in the U.S.

130 174 total deaths 2 million serve in the war

[1921] Congress officially declares an end to the warU.S. returns to the isolationist policy – begins to demobilize[1920]

War Industries Board ended Railroads return to private management 3 600+ strikes occur 18th Amendment (Prohibition) 19th Amendment (Women’s Suffrage)

[1921] Veteran’s Bureau – pensions, veterans’ benefits[1919] American Legion in Paris – group of veterans, drinking Race riots in the north (esp. St. Louis, the east side) – due to the Great Migration Women are forced out of jobs and return home Fueling of Xenophobia Xenophobia – fear of strangers/foreigners Five Major Xenophobic Reactions in the Post-WWI period

1. The Red Scare

-many people become hysterically upset that communists are trying to bring down the country-leads to an influx of strikes[1919-1920] 3630 strikes occur over the U.S. -including the Seattle General Strikes and the Boston Police StrikeThe Palmer Raids -led by U.S. attorney general A. Mitchell Palmer -arrests 6000+ communistsU.S.S. Buford [Dec. 1919] -249 suspected communists are deported -including Emma Goldman, pioneer in birth control

1. Sacco & Venzetti

-two Italians arrested and convicted of killing a paymaster and a guard during a bank robbery in MA [1920]Liberals (supported) vs. Conservatives (wanted to put them to death)[1927] Sacco & Venzetti are sent to the electric chair.

1. 3. Immigration Restriction

Emergency Quota Act of 1921 -limits immigration to 3% per year of a country’s already-existing population in the U.S. as of 1910 Immigration Act of 1924 Changes the percentage to 2% and uses 1890 as the base year Aimed at Southern and Eastern Europeans (non-Allies during the war)Japan is completely shut out of the United States[1931] more people are leaving the U.S. than entering it (first year this happens)

1. Revitalization of the KKK

[mid-1920s] 5 million KKK membersanti-foreigners, anti-adultery, anti-bootleggers, anti-birth control, anti-black…essentially anti-everything, except “native” Americans and Protestants[end of 1920s] KKK begins to decline

1. Scopes Trial “Scopes Monkey Trial”

Creationism vs. Darwin’s Theory of Evolution(Religious fundamentalists vs. Progressives)Sparked by John T. Scopes, a biology teacher in Tennessee who read Darwin’s Theory to his classCreationismDarwinWilliam Jennings Bryan

-gets humiliatedClarence DarrowIn the end, Scopes was found guilty But! The evolutionists win – Darwin becomes more accepted in the religious community Dies five days after the trial due to a strokeElection of 1920RepublicansDemocratsWarren G. Harding

Senator of Ohio VP candidate Calvin Coolidge “return to normalcy”

James M. Cox

Governor of Ohio VP candidate Franklin D. Roosevelt

President! 404 electoral votes versus the combined 127 other electoral votesEconomicsThree Economic Systems – (What? How? For Whom?)

1. Capitalism

-means of production are owned by private businesses and individuals-fair, competitive market-unequal distribution of wealthFather of Modern Capitalism – Adam Smith– writes The Wealth of Nations [1776]

1. Socialism

-means of production are controlled either directly or indirectly by the government-equal distribution of wealth (no social class distinctions)Father of Socialism – Robert Owen

-tried to create utopias

1. Communism

-means of production are controlled by the people-no government-equal distribution of wealth (no social class distinctions)Fathers of Modern-Day Communism – Karl Marx and Frederick Engels -write Communist ManifestoFour Factors of Production

1. Natural Resources2. Labor3. Capital4. Entrepreneurship

Height of expansion Peak The Business Cycle *Duration of each stage varies When market grows again “recession”if extreme,“depression” Trough

Products Created Households Firms The Circular Flow Model $ Product Selling one of the four factors of production (esp. labor) Bought materials from factor market Where the four factors of production are sold

Supply and DemandLaw of Supply: at higher prices, a company is willing to sell more of a product (more profit) at lower prices, a company will sell less (less profit)Law of Demand: at higher prices, consumers will buy less at lower prices, consumers will buy more Supply The fair market value Point of equilibrium Demand

Quantity of Product Determinants of Demand – alter the demand curvePrice inelastic product – no matter how much the price goes up, people will still pay for it (ex. Gasoline, water, milk, bread, etc.)Price elastic product – if the price goes up, people will find an alternative or do without itMass Consumption The 1920s sees unprecedented growth and prosperity in American society -expansion stage of the business cycle

1. 1. Automobile

Gasoline engine invented in the 1890s in Europe[1910] 181 000 automobiles in the U.S. – a plaything for the rich -was not reliable for transportation Frederick W. Taylor – revolutionizes industry -Father of scientific management – standardize work use of the assembly line combined to the automobile industry = BoomHenry Ford perfects the use of the assembly line for the automobile industry[by 1930] Ford sold over 20 million cars, most being the Model T[by 1929] 26 million automobiles are registered in the U.S.[by 1925] cost of an automobile is $260

-everyone can afford a car (or, if poor, at least a used car)One in every 4.9 Americans has an automobile in 1929-The automobile leads to booms in other industries -rubber, glass, fabrics, gas stations, oil barracks in TX, CA, OK, garages-But, significant decrease in railroads-the automobile changes American lives -can go on vacation -drive to work, commute (can live further from the workplace) – rise to suburbs -freedom for teenagers -more traffic accidents

1. 2. New Products and Ideas

Change the lives of women

Vacuum cleaners

Washing machines Refrigerators Mixers Fans

Ideas: -The Supermarket – changes the diets of Americans -Electricity – by the mid-1920s, 60% of new homes are wired for electricity

1. 3. Radio

Marconi invented wireless telegraphy in the 1890s-was first widely used during the WWI[by 1920s] Radio becomes the center of family life[by 1927] Sales of radios reach $7 millionFirst major radio station – NBCSecond major radio station – CBS

1. 4. Mass-Produced Entertainment

Movies – [by 1920s] Center of the movie industry is Hollywood, CA -cheap storage space in Hollywood -first movie with a plot? Great Train Robbery [1903] [Early 1920s] Silent films -Charlie Chaplin -Rudolph Valentino -Mary Pickford [1927] the first “talkie” – The Jazz Singer [by 1930] 80 million people attend the movies weekly -was cheap - 5¢, hence the phrase “nickelodeon”Magazines – Reader’s DigestBooks – esp. in department stores – more accessible than before

1. 5. Mass-Produced Work

During the 1920s, work in industries becomes standardized-work is tedious -wages increase (ex. Ford pays $5 a day to his workers) -standard 8-hour workdayAgriculture -agricultural prices decline in the 1920s Encouraging Mass Consumption

1. Advertisements

[1929] companies spent $1.8 billion on advertisements -use celebrities, sex, social embarrassment, social success, slogans…

1. Installment Buying

“buy now, pay later”

1. Chain Stores

Strawbridge’s, Ford dealership, A&P grocery

1. New Management Techniques

Prohibition – 18th Amendment -repealed with the 21st Amendment go to “speakeasy” for alcohol (a bar) Bathtub gin –homemade alcohol Bootlegging –increase in mob activity (the mob brought alcohol to speakeasies) “Hooch” – alcohol Elliot NessCelebrities Charles Lindbergh -First solo nonstop flight across the Atlantic [1927], lands in Paris -a 33 ½ hour flight Babe Ruth -player for the Yankees after the Red Sox sol him [1927] 60 homeruns in one seasonSexual Revolution Birth control – led by Margaret Sanger, Emma Goldman (deported) “Flapper” – new woman of the 1920s Teenagers take a more relaxed stance on sex -casual dating Sigmund Freud -relates all people’s problems to sexual repressionLiterature

Sinclair Lewis F. Scott Fitzgerald – The Great Gatsby Ernest Hemingway – Farewell to Arms T. S. Eliot – poet William Faulkner Robert Frost

Racial Pride Harlem Renaissance – Harlem is the center of African-American culture -Langston Hughes (poet and author)

-Marcus Garvey – UNIA (United Negro Improvement Association) advocated a return to AfricaArchitecture Frank Lloyd Wright “Form follows function” Build a building that fits its surroundings Empire State building [1931] officially opens Chrysler BuildingThe Jazz Age Jazz originates in New Orleans Chicago! – Jazz moves with the Great Migration Musicians– Jelly Roll Morton– Joseph King Oriel– Louis ArmstrongPolitics of the 1920sWarren G. Harding -senator from Ohio -his friends were called the “Ohio Gang” -Biggest Problem? Can’t say “no” Secretary of Treasury – Andrew Mellon Secretary of State – Charles Evan Hughes Secretary of Commerce – Herbert Hoover Going to appoint 4 of the 9 Supreme Court Justices Chief Justice – William H. Taft Kill progressive legislationEsch-Commons Transportation Act of 1920

Encourages consolidation of railroads To help save the railroads

Washington Naval Conference [1921-1922] (no Russia)Five-Power Naval Treaty

Creates quotas (in tonnage) to limit the number of ships a country can have

U.S. (525 000), Great Britain (525 000), Japan (315 000), France (175 000), Italy (175 000)

U.S. and Great Britain agree not to fortify East Asian possessions

Four-Power Treaty

U.S., Great Britain, Japan, France Agree to keep the status quo in the Pacific

Nine-Power Treaty

Nine nations agree to observe the Open-Door Policy in China

*One of the biggest failures of the Washing Naval Conference is that the treaties do not include small ships (ex: submarines, destroyers, cruisers)* Fortney-McCumber Tariff Raises tariffs to 38.5% -hurts Europe because they cannot sell as many goods to the U.S. -also hurts U.S. because Europe creates higher tariffs in responseScandals

Charles Forbes – steals millions of dollars from Veteran’s Bureau

Teapot Dome Scandal – Albert Fall, Secretary of Interior, leases U.S. oil reserves to private businesses

Attorney General Dougherty sells illegal liquor permits and pardons Prohibition offenders

[1923] Harding dies of pneumonia VP Calvin Coolidge “Silent Cal” takes overBoth Harding and Coolidge

Pro-Business Favor a Bull Market (rising stock market) Isolationists

McNary-Haugen Bill [1924 & 1928] -intended to help farmers -but Coolidge vetoes it twiceKellog-Briand Pact -outlaws war, except for defensive purposesDawes Act [1924] -scaled back U.S. war debts and reparations demands (not very effective) Pay for war debts -however, U.S. is essentially paying itself – makes situation worse later onElection of 1928Republican – Herbert Hoover (well-liked)Democrats – Al Smith “Happy Warrior” (Catholic)Herbert Hoover wins easily; however, a year later, the world crashes down on HooverHerbert Hoover -Head of Food Administration -Secretary of Commerce -Saves Belgium from starvation -Quaker (first one to become president) Secretary of State – Henry Stinton

Secretary of Treasury – Andrew Mellon[Oct. 1929] Stock Market Crash – the spark that leads to the Great Depression[Oct. 24, 1929] “Black Thursday”

Responding to the rise in interest rates by Great Britain, many speculators begin to panic and sell their stocks

Stock prices begin falling very rapidly Investors begin rapidly selling their stocks J.P. Morgan Jr. and other Wall Street investors spend $20

million to try to help save the market Losses accumulate to about $3 billion

[Oct. 29, 1929] “Black Tuesday”

Tension and panic grips Wall Street People begin to rapidly sell their stocks By end of the day, 16 410 030 shares of stock are traded in

one day (sold at depressed prices) Total losses equal about $32 billion

By the end of 1929, stock markets lose about $40 billion.Underlying Causes of the Great Depression

1. Buying on Margin2. Buying on Credit

1. Speculators buy stock in the 1920s on margin – they put

down as little as 10% for the stock and the bank pays the rest

But when the market goes down, people become unable to pay back the banks

Consumers buy using installment methods

[by 1929] credit purchases reach $7 billion

1. Income Gap

-during the 1920s, the rich got richer, everyone else got poorer[1923-1929]-the upper 1% had an increase in disposable income of 63% -but 93% of Americans saw their disposable income decrease by 4%

1. U.S. Tariff Policy

[1922] Fortney-McCumber Tariff raises the tariff to 38.5%[1930] Hawley-Smoot Tariff raises tariff rates 60% on some products -closes the U.S. off to the world market -European nations put in place their own tariffsResult – Global Depression -nations turn inward -25% world unemployment

1. Bank Failures

Loans cannot be paid back from businesses, people, etc. Banks begin to fail and close “Bank runs” – people rush to get their money out before the

bank closes if a bank closes, your money is gone

[1930-1932] Five thousand banks close in the U.S., taking people’s money with them

1. Agricultural Failure

Farm prices decrease throughout the 1920s Farmers respond by overproducing – makes the situation

worse Farmers fail to pay mortgages – banks take the property

1. Business Failure

[1920] 26 000 businesses go bankrupt[1931] 28 000 businesses go bankrupt add to unemployment

1. Business Cycle

Hoover and the Great Depression Hoover believes in “Rugged Individualism”-the belief that people can solve their own problems and crises without the need for government intervention[1929-1931]

1. Encourages private charities and local governments to help people in need

-However, they are ill-equipped to deal with a crisis of this magnitude – fails

1. Hoover encourages business leaders to keep pre-crash levels of production and employment – fails

2. Emergency Committee for Employment

-merely coordinates the efforts of local governments and charities – fails

1. National Credit Cooperation

-Hoover encourages the large banks to create a private agency that small banks can borrow from -fails to help[1930-1931]-Democrats take control of the House of Representatives-Democrats take 8 additional Senate seats-formation of bread lines-“Hoovervilles” – makeshift towns of homeless people-unemployment is rising [1931] 15% of U.S. is unemployed – [1933-1934] becomes 25%Hoover continues to say that the end of the depression is near -by this time, Hoover is extremely unpopular[by 1931] Hoover realizes his hands-off approach to the situation is not working[1932] Hoover begins to use the federal government -many people call this “creeping socialism”

1. Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC)

-Congress gives $2 billion for loans to banks, insurance companies, and the railroads

1. Public Works Programs

-Hoover allocates $2 billion for public works projects (ex: Hoover Dam) too little, too late.Public Reaction

1. Farmers withhold grain and livestock from market in an attempt to raise prices and get the federal government to help – does not work

2. Bonus Army

[1932] WWI veterans march to Washing D.C. to show support for a bill that would give them their pensions early and in cash -Congress votes against the bill

1. many Bonus marchers go home a few thousand set up a Hooverville

Violence breaks out when the Army (including MacArthur, Eisenhower, and Patton) attempts to remove the remaining Bonus marchers

1. Election of 1932

Election of 1932Republicans – Herbert Hoover (easily re-nominated) Platform: anti-depression measuresDemocrats – Franklin D. Roosevelt Platform: NOT HooverRoosevelt wins! – electoral votes 472 to 59Franklin Delano Roosevelt

Born in Hyde Park, NY in 1882

Born into a wealthy family – dates back to 1648 Teddy Roosevelt’s 5th cousin An only child Harvard graduate State senator in NY [1911-1913] Resigns the senate position – Assistant Secretary of the Navy

[1913-1920] [1920] runs for vice president with James Cox – defeated [1921] contracts polio and loses the use of his legs –

humbles FDR his wife, Eleanor Roosevelt (TR’s niece), convinces him to

stay in politics goes on to become Governor of NY [1929-1932] [1932] Democratic Convention – “I pledge you, I pledge

myself, a New Deal for the American people”

The Brains TrustHarold Ickes – Secretary of Interior [1933-1946]w Doubles the acreage of national parks w Works hard to save farmland from overuse w Public works projects w Fair and honest Harry Hopkins – one of the most trusted advisorsw Involved in FERA (Federal Emergency Relief Association) w Head of CWA w Puts 2 million people to work w Dishes out ~$10 billion in aid Henry Wallace – Secretary of Agriculture [1933-1940]w Helps cut farm production w Conserve soil w Sets up warehouses and silos for surplus crops w Invented the food stamp Rexford TugwellRaymond MoleyAdolf BerleFrancis Perkins – Secretary of Laborw First female Cabinet member w Sets the minimum wage

w Helps end child labor and corruption in the labor department w Helps to establish social security Eleanor Rooseveltw Serves as the “eyes, ears, and legs” for FDR – proves to be very influential The Hundred Days [March 9, 1933 – June 16, 1933]All New Deal programs deal with the three R’s:

Relief Recovery Reform

1. 1. Banking

[March 6, 1933] FDR announces a bank holiday -closes every bank in the U.S.-reopens the structurally sound ones[March 9, 1931] Emergency Banking Relief Act -gives FDR power over all banks in the U.S.Glass Steagull Act – Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) -money is insured – government is guaranteeing your money

1. 2. Unemployment

Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) – national parks – offers jobs for the joblessTennessee Valley Authority (TVA) – bring cheap electricity to a poor region

1. 3. Direct relief

Federal Emergency Relief Association (FERA) – direct relief for people

1. 4. Agriculture

Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA) – millions of money given to farmers to help pay mortgages

1. 5. Industry

National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA) -National Recovery Administration (NRA)– the blue eagle– help unemployment, increase union membership-Public Works Administration (PWA) – public works projects

1. 6. Inflation

§ FDR orders that all gold be given to the federal government in exchange for paper money

Try to take U.S. off the gold standard

* “flat money” – government says this money is worth this much

1. 7. Mortgages

Home Owners Loan Corporation (HOLC) -give money to help pay off mortgagesThe New Deal and FDR in 1934

Unemployment drops to 22% (from 25% in 1933) The New Deal is extremely popular with the people Some opposition to the New Deal, some anger towards FDR’s

foreign policy

-the slaughter of 6 million pigs does not go over very well (to cut production)

The NRA is experiencing problems – eventually termed unconstitutional

Still, FDR’s popularity is soaring

-“fireside chats” on radio – a paternal figure to the people-warmly received by the press-ends ProhibitionMidterm elections of 1934 – Democrats gain more seats in the House and the Senate

-Inspires FDR and the Brain Trust to create the Second New DealThe Second New Deal

1. 1. Expanded relief for the unemployed

Emergency Relief Appropriations Bill [1935] Gives FDR $5 billion to give away as he pleases -Works Progress Administration (WPA)a) Employs 8 million peopleb) $11 million back to economyc) 650 miles of road are builtd) 124 000 bridges are builte) 125 000 buildings, public buildingsWPA also employs writers, actors, and artists -Federal Theater Project – tours the country

1. 2. Help the rural poor

Resettlement Administration -gives money to farmers to buy land -or allows them to resettleRural Electrification Administration -gives loans to electrical companies to help bring electricity to rural areas

1. 3. Help organize labor

National Labor Relations Act (Wagner Act) of 1935

Guarantees collective bargaining

-between unions and companies

Permits closed shops

-have to be in the union to work -no spying or blacklisting labor unions

1. 4. Social Welfare benefits

Social Security Act of 1935

Creates pensions for older workers Survivor’s benefits Unemployment insurance Aid for dependent mothers of children with a handicap or

some kind of disability Paid for by taxing workers’ incomes

-this restricts future Congresses and Presidents from getting rid of the program

1. 5. Stricter business regulations

Banking Act of 1935 -gives the Federal Reserve more control over the banking industryPublic Utilities Holding Company Act -regulates electricity -limits electric and gas companies to certain regions of the country

1. 6. Tax the wealthy

Revenue Act of 1935 -increases taxes on upper incomes -increases corporate taxesElection of 1936Republicans – Alf Landon (Governor of Kansas) – 16 million popular votesDemocrats – FDR – 27 million popular votesFDR wins easily, with 523 to 8 (Maine and Vermont) electoral votesSecond New Deal is paid for by creating a federal budget deficit Keyne’s economic theory Federal government borrow money – sell bondsOpponents of the New Deal

1. 1. American Liberty League2. 2. Father Charles Caughlin

1. Made up of disgruntled Democrats Led by Al Smith Argued that the New Deal restricted individual freedoms and

was leading the U.S. to socialism

Catholic priest from Canada Audience of 40 million (on radio) His ideas were called “social justice” Extremely anti-New Deal, but he is also anti-Semetic (this

brings him down)

1. 3. Dr. Francis Townsend

He wanted to give all retired Americans $200 a month with the stimulation they spend it in 30 days

This would have bankrupted the U.S. in less than half a year Still, has support, especially from the older Americans

1. 4. Huey “the Kingfish” Long

Governor of Louisiana [1928-1932] Senator from Louisiana in 1932 Very charismatic and a great orator “Share our Wealth” program

-would give every American family $5000-paid for by taxing the wealthy

has about 7.4 million supporters

[September 1935] Long is assassinated on the steps of the Louisiana statehouse -dies at the age of 42 -clears the path for FDR’s re-election

1. 5. Supreme Court

Declared NRA (National Recovery Administration) and AAA (Agricultural Adjustment Administration) unconstitutional

FDR is angry at the Supreme Court for a few reasons

-Ultra-conservative-Not reform-minded-Very old – 6 of the 9 justices are over 70 years old

Court Packing Plan

-FDR asks Congress to allow a new Supreme Court be placed on the bench for every justice over the age of 70, up to 15 justices

To his surprise, Congress votes against the plan, and people are outraged at the Court Packing Plan (violates checks and balances) – this is FDR’s biggest political blunder

Despite this, FDR gets his way (eventually) for a more liberal court – he appoints 4 new justices (after 4 retire/die) – the Supreme Court begins to change on is own and becomes more liberal

Charles Evans Hughes is Chief Justice

Culture in the Great DepressionIndustrial Workers Unionize[1936] Steel Workers Organizing Committee – strike for recognition[March 1937] U.S. Steel recognizes the union – grants a wage increase and a 40-hour workweek[Dec. 1936] thousands of GM workers stops work – stops production in Flint (peaceful) GM fought unionization – threatened with police -Roosevelt refused to mobilize federal troops[Feb. 11, 1937] GM recognizes United Automobile Workers (UAW)But, domestics and agricultural laborers are untouched/unaffected by unionsLabor success – federal government no longer helps companies in labor disputesHenry Ford fought unions

Entertainment [1930s] -serves as a form of escapism for the people -the people do not want to hear about harsh realitiesRadio – soap operas, comedy showsMovies – very popularGangster films – “Public Enemy” Screwball comedies, slapstick comedies – Marx Brothers (satirized authority) Mae West (top female star) “Wizard of Oz” – political commentary on the 1930sMusic -Jazz is the dominant music form -Big Bands – Glen Miller, Benny Goodman -SwingsLiterature -American fiction – disillusionment, cynicism, despair -portrayed real life pretty accurately Grapes of Wrath by John SteinbeckCultural Nationalism-Photography-Theaters-Jazz-Regional Patriotism-Streamlining – sleek, smooth edges, neat, fast-looking-“utmost simplification in terms of function and form”New York World’s Fair of 1939 “The World of Tomorrow”-Trylon and Perisphere (700 ft needle “lofty purpose”, smooth globe 200 ft in diameter) -a benign, smoothly functioning technological utopiaDust Bowl – Great Plains, the worst in KA, OK, and northern TX-depression-dust storms-erosion-droughtPeople leave for the West – California “Okies”, “Arkies”FSA (Farm Security Administration) sets up camp for “Oakies” – leads to jobs in CA

Family Life -divorce increases, marriages decrease, birth rate decreases (can’t afford children) -high school enrollment increases – better chance for jobs later on Quality time – radio with FDR, strengthened mutual help – sharingPsychological effects – after the Depression, people become pack rats – save $ constantlyArtFolk artists paint landscapes – Georgia O’ Keefe, Grandma MosesPatriotic themes – Red, white, blue -WPA gave the artists these jobs -murals – public areas – post offices, train stationsDorothea Lange – Great Depression photographer – took pictures to document harsh lifeWomen-low pay, low status jobs-as jobs decrease, they are the first pushed out, along with minority groups-still, the crisis may have accelerated the women-into-the-workplace movement-made less money than men (up to 18% - 20% less)African-AmericansDeep-seated racism, discriminatory union policies – due to fierce job competitionUrbanization drops in the 1930s -the North offers fewer jobs than beforeScottsboro Boys – five black men were convicted for rape by an all-white jury in AL -jailed with no fair trial – due to discriminationDepression was a distraction from the racial normsHispanic-Americans-Two million – many were citizens, others were immigrants-Manual laborers-Many return to home countries – wanted to or had to-Strikes for higher wages [1933-1936]-Difficult labor conditions

“Zoot suits” – pinstripe suits, broad-brimmed hats, big, flowy pants, boxy shouldersNative Americans-world of poverty, scant education, poor health careDawes Act of 1887 had dissolved tribes[1923] John Collier founded American Indian Defense Association[1933] funds to construct schools, hospitals, irrigation systems -renewed tribal life? -sparked angry opposition in western statesIndian Reorganization Act of 1934 -halted the sale of tribal lands -enabled tribes to regain title to their unallocated landsThe End of the New Deal[1937] FDR becomes concerned with deficit spending (spending more than what the government actually had) and begins to cut New Deal programsResult: The Roosevelt Recession -unemployment rises [1937] 15% [1938] 20% -industrial production decreases[1938] Harry Hopkins and other New Dealers convince FDR to restore New Deal spending -FDR resumes deficit spending -revives WPA and PWA -Farm Security Administration – low interest loans, sets up camps National Housing Act of1937-public housing projects created Fair Labor Standards Act -creates minimum wage -bans child labor Agricultural Adjustment Act [1938] -takes money from the treasury instead of taxes (this time, is constitutional)After 1935, more opposition to FDR Midterm elections of 1938 – the Republicans gain seats in the House and Senate

[Sept. 1, 1939] Germany invades Poland World War II beginsThe Rise of European DictatorsBenito Mussolini – leader of Italy

Served in WWI An ardent nationalist Rises to the rank of Corporal Feels betrayed by the Versailles Treaty and Wilson

[1919] forms the fascist Party Blackshirts – WWI veterans -opposes the communists and socialists[Oct. 1922] March on Rome -40 000 Fascists march on Rome to King Victor Emmanuel III -does nothing Mussolini is named Premier of Italy and given dictatorial powers -called “Il Duce”[1930s] Italy goes to depression -Mussolini starts public works programs and begins imperialistic ventures[1935] Italy invades Ethiopia[1936] Mussolini signs Tripartite Agreement with Germany and Japan[1936] Mussolini aids Francisco Franco and the Fascists in the Spanish Civil WarAdolf Hitler – leader of Germany

Born 1889 in Austria – no real friends, no real love Parents died when he was 14 and 15 Drops out of school to be an artists – moves to Vienna,

where he applies for art school but is rejected (but stays in Vienna from age 18-25) – this is where he develops anti-Semetic ideas

[1913] moves to Munich, Germany[1914] When war breaks out, he joins the military -rises to Corporal

-earns the Iron Cross from the war[1918] injured in a gas attack and nearly loses his sight[1919] after recovering, he joins the National Socialist Germany Worker’s Party – i.e. the Nazi Party[1923] the German economy is failing - high unemployment, high inflation - the Weimar Republic is losing control[Nov. 8-11, 1923] Beer Hall Putsch-Hitler and followers attempt to overthrow the Bouvarian Government in Munich -this is put down, and Hitler is arrested -Hitler writes Mein Kampf “My Struggle” in jail, which highlights his plans for Germany[1924] Dawes Plan in U.S. saves Germany from collapse[1929] Great Depression – [1930] Global Depression[1930] Nazis gain 107 seats in Reichstag (German Congress)[1932] Nazis gain 232 seats in Reichstag (not the majority, but is the largest minority)[Jan. 1933] Hitler is named Chancellor of Germany -renames the Weimar Republic the Third Reich[1934] President von Hindenburg dies -Hitler merges the Chancellor and the Presidency – dictator-the “Führer” of Germany – Hitler crushes all opposition[1935] in violation of the Versailles Treaty, Hitler re-arms the country Nuremburg Laws -deprives Jews of citizenship[1936] re-arms the Rhineland[March 1938] Austria is annexed[Sept. 1938] British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain gives the Sudetenland to Germany -Munich Conference – to appease Hitler[Nov. 9, 1938] Kristallnacht (Night of broken Glass)[March 1939] Germany takes Czechoslovakia[August 1939] Hitler and Stalin sign the Non-Aggression Pact -Stalin was one of the greatest opponents to Hitler

Throughout this, the League of Nations does NOTHING! Francisco Franco – leader of Spain[1931] New constitution[1936] Spanish Civil War – Fascists (led by Franco) vs. the Loyalists (supported by Popular Front) – Hemingway writes For Whom the Bell TollsFranco is cruel in his treatment of Spanish civiliansPablo Picasso pains “Guernica”[by 1939] Franco is firmly in control of SpainThe Military – Japan[1920s] the military leaders in Japan gain power – Tojo[1926] New emperor Hirohito at the age of 25 – susceptible to military will[1931] Japan invades Manchuria – Hoover sends the Hoover-Stimpson Doctrine[1935-1936] begins a massive naval buildup – violates the Washington Naval Conference[1937] Japan invades northern China – the Rape of NankingJosef Stalin – leader of the Soviet Union[1922] Soviet Union is established with Lenin in control[1924] Lenin dies and there is a power struggle between Stalin and Leon Trotsky -Trotsky gets sick and does not attend Lenin’s funeralStalin uses the fact that Trotsky did not attend Lenin’s funeral to push Trotsky out of power[1929] Stalin creates the Five-Year Plan - creates large state-run farms[1930s] Stalin begins “the Purges”- he kills an estimated 20-30 million peopleFDR and IsolationismAuthors in the 1920s begin speaking out and writing about the role of businesses and bankers in the U.S. entrance to WWI Ex) Merchants of Death, One Hell of a BusinessGerald Nye (senator from North Dakota)-calls for a committee to examine the role that businesses play in the U.S. entrance to WWI

Nye Committee – conclude that it was for business benefits -Leads to a greater isolationist feeling in the U.S.Ludlow Amendment

called for a national referendum before the U.S. could declare war

this marked the high point of isolationism

FDR’s Policies[1933] recognized the Soviet Union[1930s] Filipino independence is agreed upon (1946)Good Neighbor Policy – FDR’s policy towards Latin America

contrary to TR’s Big Stick Policy pulls Marines out of Dominican Republic and Haiti gives Panama greater control over the canal U.S. supports Batista’s overthrow of the Cuban government

but does not sent troops

The U.S. and Neutrality

1. Neutrality Act of 1935

-once the president acknowledges that countries are at war, the U.S. is prohibited from: -selling war supplies to belligerent nations -selling on belligerent nations’ ships

1. Neutrality Act of 1937

-prohibits extension of loans to belligerents-prohibits the transportation of any commodity to belligerents-Belligerents cannot use American portsThe U.S. is aiding aggressor nations with the Neutrality Acts.After 1937, these policies start to change.[1938] FDR asks Congress for $300 million military appropriation -he also increases army air corps production

[1939] FDR asks for a $1.3 billion defense budget[Nov. 1939] Neutrality Act of 1939 “Cash and Carry”-European democracies could trade with the U.S. if they pay cash and take the goods themselves – supposed to aid Great Britain and France[1940] Peacetime draft in the U.S. -calls for 1.2 million soldiers and 800 000 volunteers -in case war breaks out, FDR wanted the U.S. to be ready[1940] “Destroyers for Bases” -Deal between Great Britain and the U.S. -gave Great Britain 50 destroyers in exchange for rights to build military bases on Great Britain’s possessions[March 1941] Lend-Lease Act -allowed U.S. to lend/lease war supplies to any nation that helps in the defense of the U.S. [June 1941] extended to the Soviet Union Germany violated the Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact[Aug. 1941] Atlantic Charter -meeting between FDR and Churchill in a warship off the coast of Newfoundland -agree on eight goals for the warEuropean Entrance to WWII[1935] Italy invades Ethiopia[1935] Germany re-arms[1936] Germany re-arms the Rhineland (buffer zone between France and Germany)[1936-1939] Spanish Civil War -Franco is aided by Hitler and Mussolini -Hitler wants to test his new military[March 1938] Germany annexed Austria[Sept 1938] Munich Conference – British Prime Minister Chamberlain gives Sudetenland to Hitler[March 1939] Hitler invades Czechoslovakia[Aug 1939] Hitler and Stalin sign the Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact[Sept 1, 1939] Hitler invades Poland with Soviet Union

[Sept 3, 1939] Great Britain and France declare war on Germany -couldn’t do anything to help Poland – falls in three weeks[Oct 1939-March 1940] The Phony War -after invasion of Poland, nothing much else happens -Why? Hitler is positioning[April 1940] Germany takes Denmark and Norway[May 1940] Germany invades the Netherlands and Belgium[May 26-June 4, 1940] evacuation of Allied forces at Dunkirk -coastal French town -300 000 Allied soldiers are evacuated to Great Britain -Hitler’s first mistake -he should have crushed the Allies before they evacuate, but he does not -he wanted to show off his Air Force *Hitler uses blitzkrieg “lightning war” – very quick[June 5, 1940] Germany invades France -by the 15th, Paris falls -by the 22nd, France falls to GermanyHitler sets up a puppet government – the Vichy Government[July 1940] Battle of Britain begins – lasts for four months -Hitler attempts to bomb Great Britain into surrender -ultimately, is unsuccessful- convinces Hitler to NOT invade Great Britain[May 1941] Axis Powers (Germany, Italy, Japan) take Greece and Yugoslavia[June 22nd, 1941] Hitler violates the Non-Aggression Pact – invades Soviet Union -Push the Soviet Union back to Moscow at end of 1941 – but slows down Because of this, U.S. extends the Lend-Lease Act to Soviet Union[July 1941] FDR begins to convoy -take ships with supplies and send them to Great Britain[Oct 1941] Germany sinks two U.S. ships[by end of 1941]

Axis Powers have almost total control over Europe Great Britain is the lone Allied power in EuropeCountdown to Pearl Harbor[July 1941] Japan invades French Indochina -FDR freezes Japanese assets in the U.S. and cuts off all trade to Japan -Japan was receiving scrap metal and oil[Nov. 7, 1941] U.S. intercepts a message from Japan which discusses a secret attack on the U.S.[Nov 17-Dec. 7 1941] Japanese diplomats meet in Washington D.C. with U.S. officials in an attempt to end the trade embargoDecember 6, 1941 2:30 AMU.S. intercepts a message to the Japanese negotiators instructing them to break off negotiationsThe Japanese consulate in D.C. begin burning their papers – this is a ritual signaling war11:00 AMJapanese carriers are 490 miles North of Oahu2:00 PMU.S. FBI picks up a suspicious call from a dentist’s wife and a newspaper reporter -the call is about the number of sellers and ships at Pearl Harbor -the FBI does nothing10:30 PMTwo Japanese midget subs are sent to Pearl HarborDecember 7, 1941 1:50 AMU.S. minesweeper spots a periscope in the waters near Pearl Harbor but does not report it6:10 AMthe first Japanese planes take off6:25 AMThere are 183 planes in the air6:45 AMA U.S. destroyer sinks one of the Japanese midget subs7:00 AM

A radio operator locates 50 planes on his radar – reports this to his commanding officer, who assumes they were U.S. B-17s – he is wrong – they are Japanese planes7:15 AMA second wave of Japanese planes takes offThere are now 350 planes on their way to Pearl Harbor7:33 AMAdmiral Kimmel receives the report of the sinking of the midget submarine7:49 AMJapanese pilots call “Tora, tora, tora” (code – complete secrecy achieved) and the attack begins The battle lasts for 1 hour and 50 minutes

The Japanese wipe out the Pacific battleship fleet 200 U.S. planes destroyed 2400 Americans killed, including 1103 on the U.S.S. Arizona

Yamamoto – architect of Pearl Harbor – “What I have achieved is less than a grand slam”Japanese mistakes

the three aircraft carriers were not in port at the time missed the repair docks missed the fuel storage tanks missed the report docks

a Failure – they have “wakened the sleeping Giant”[Dec. 8, 1941] FDR asks for a declaration of war Passes 388:1[Dec. 11, 1941] Germany and Italy declare war on the U.S. -Hitler’s Third Mistake – U.S. might not have declared war on Germany (his second mistake was invading the Soviet Union)World War II MobilizationPearl Harbor galvanizes the country – not like WWI – outcry against JapanDecision? Hitler first.Early situation of war is bad for the Allies

1. Losing Battle of Atlantic2. Hitler advancing in USSR and North Africa3. Japan advancing in the Pacific

Is the U.S. ready? Not really, but is better than WWIMobilization – need to mobilize industry, finances, workers, and soldiersWar Powers Act – gives powers to president to create hundreds of regulatory agenciesOWM (Office of War Mobilization) – headed by James Byrnes -oversees War Board and committeesOPA (Office of Price Administration) – freeze wages and pricesWPB (War Production Board) – regulates industry and allocates resources -halts consumer productions (ex. Instead of cars – build tanks, planes, etc.) -create cooperation, not competitionNWLB (National War Labor Board) – regulates management and worker relationsOSS (Office of Strategy Services) – forerunner of the CIAOWI (Office of War Information) – censorshipOSRD (Office of Scientific Research and Development) – technological progresses -synthetic rubber, penicillinArmy, Navy, Army Air Corps, Marines-10 million drafted, 5 million volunteer – total 15 million serve in WWIIMobilization ends the Great Depression

Over 40 billion bullets produced 76 000 ships, 86 000 tanks, 300 000 planes, 2.6 million

machine guns heightened food production, almost zero unemployment –

1.4% unemployment food rationing

Smith-Connally Act -gives government control over striking industry – can order them back to work

Per Capita income increases from $573 to $1074 -buying war bonds = contributing to the war effortThe War in EuropeSituation in 1942Russia – German forces are attacking Leningrad, Moscow, and Stalingrad -starting to collapseStalin is pressuring the Allies to open a second frontAfrica[1940] Italy invades Northern Africa – soon taken over by the Germans -by General Romwell “Desert Fox” and German Africa Corps -going toward the Suez Canal -if the Middle East is accessed, means OIL to the AxisEuropeHitler controls almost all of mainland EuropeHitler also controls the Atlantic Ocean and is decimating Allied shippingTurning Points in the War in Europe[Oct. 1942] North AfricaBritish general Bernard Montgomery defeats German general Romwell and forces at El Alamein

halts the German advance saves the Suez Canal turns the Germans back

[Nov. 1942] Operation Torch-First Allied invasion-Invasion of North AfricaU.S. forces are led by General “Ike” Eisenhower -gains experience for U.S. troops-helps push Germans back into Tunisia[May 1943] 2066 Germans surrender[Jan 1943] Casablanca Conference

FDR and Churchill decide Sicily and Italy will be the next invasion points

Decide on unconditional surrender of the Axis Powers

[July 1943] Allied invasion of Sicily

Mussolini is disposed of by the Italians German forces are sent into Italy General Patton becomes famous

[Sept 1943] Operation Avalanche

Allied invasion of Italy Allies slowly take Italy

[by June 4, 1944] Allies take Rome; two days later, NormandyRussian Turning PointBattle of Stalingrad[winter 1942-Feb 1943]

Germans surrender 100 000 (alive) to the Russians Begins a counteroffensive that will never be stopped

The Atlantic Turning Point-technology and tactics

1. Sonar – underwater detection2. Convoy system – safety in numbers of ships3. Air bombardment of U-boat yards/storage areas4. Strategy and tactics – turn off the lights on the East Coast to

evade enemy attacks

-also begin building more ships than they lose[1943] the Allies retake control of the Atlantic[Dec 1943] Tehran Conference

First meeting of the Big Three – Stalin, Roosevelt, Churchill They arrange the invasion of Europe Plans for the postwar Germany occupation Agree the soviet Union will enter the war against Japan 6

months after the Germans are defeated

[June 1944] Operation Overlord

Calls for Allied invasion of Normandy and France Invasion led by Eisenhower and soldiers from the U.S., Great

Britain, and the Canadians 3.5 million soldiers are waiting in Great Britain for an attack

upon Europe

[June 6, 1944] D-Day

soldiers must face German fortifications (the Atlantic Wall) on the beaches of Normandy

150 000 soldiers take part in the attack – it is a slow attack, but ultimately, it is successful

One week after, there are 326 000 Allied troops in Europe

[by July 24, 1944] One million Allied troops are in Europe[by Sept 24, 1944] Two million Allied troops are in Europe[Aug. 25, 1944] Allies liberate Paris[Oct 1944] Allies liberate Belgium and the NetherlandsSoviets pushed Germans back into Poland and Germany[Dec. 16, 1944] last German offensive – Battle of the Bulge

200 000 German soldiers take part – surround U.S. forces at Bastogne

U.S. forces are eventually able to defeat German forces by the end of January 1945

About 120 000 Germans are killed Beginning of the end for Germany

[Feb. 1945] Yalta Conference – last meeting of the Big Three

1. Stalin agrees to declare war on Japan after Germany is

officially defeated2. Outline the plans for a meeting of the United Nations to take

place in 1945 in San Francisco

3. The Soviet Union is given land in Manchuria – appeases Stalin, and Stalin drops calls for reparations from Germany

4. Agree upon free elections in Eastern Europe (does not happen)

5. Agree to occupy and divide Germany after the war6. Agree to move Poland’s borders inwards

The War in the Pacific[Dec 7 1941] Pearl Harbor The Japanese miss aircraft carriers, submarine bases, oil reserves – not successfulJapan also captures Guam, Wake Island, Hong Kong, Malaya, Burma, Dutch East Indies, and the Philippines.[Spring 1942] Doolittle raids -U.S. attack upon mainland Japan – a moral victory -it is a tactical failureTurning Points in the Pacific

1. Battle of Coral Sea [May 1942]

Ends in a draw (U.S. lost an aircraft carrier)Halts the Japanese advance on Australia

1. Battle of Midway [June 1942]

Exclusive naval battle – Japan is attacking Midway Island -if they take the base, they can attack the U.S. -Midway Island is 1000 miles from HawaiiU.S. Navy, led by Admiral Nimitz -sink 4 Japanese aircraft carriers (essentially floating bases)-Halts the Japanese offensive and puts them on the defense

1. Battle of Guadalcanal [August 1942]

-first Allied offensive in the Pacific – lasts six months [Feb 1943] Japan evacuated forces from the island

1700 U.S. soldiers killed 20 000 Japanese killed believed in the Bashido Code rather suicide than be captured by the enemy

[May 1943] Philippines fall to Japan MacArthur flees, promising “I shall return” -the remaining captured U.S. soldiers are placed on a death march to BatanU.S. develops a policy – “Island-Hopping” in the Pacific

only attack the most strategic islands bypass other islands idea was that the islands that were not attacked would be

cut off from supplies and be forced to surrender

1. Douglas MacArthur

Starts with New Guinea [1943-1944]Returns to Philippines [Oct 1944] – by March 1945, recaptures Manila

1. Admiral Nimitz

[Aug 1943] Attu and Kiska[Nov 1943] Tarawa[Feb 1944] Marshall Islands[Aug 1944] Marianas – at Battle of Saipan -allows for around-the-clock bombing of mainland Japan[Feb-Mar 1945] Battle of Iwo Jima -flag-raising on Mount Sarabachi (six Marines) ~20 000 Japanese soldiers are killed – only 216 captured ~4000 U.S. soldiers killed[Apr-June 1945] Battle of Okinawa – bloodiest battle in Pacific ~110 000 Japanese are killed ~13 000 U.S. soldiers killed – 30 000 injured Of the Japanese civilian population – 80 000 killed

-U.S. is at the doorstep to mainland JapanMainland Japan is the next step for the Allies -but if casualties in island-hopping were so high, how about the mainland?-predicted U.S. casualties – one millionIs there an alternative? – the Atomic BombEnd of the War in EuropeGermany defeated at the Battle of the Bulge -a race to Berlin between the Allies and the Soviet Union Eisenhower halts U.S. troops at the Elbe River and lets the Soviets take it (even though Great Britain wants Eisenhower to take Berlin first)[April 1945] Soviet Union enters the outskirts of Berlin[April 30, 1945] Hitler commits suicide[May 2, 1945] the Soviets capture Berlin[May 8, 1945] Germany surrenders -Victory in Europe Day – V-E DayThe full extent of the Holocaust begins to be known

Eisenhower gets reporters to document the camps About 6 million European Jew are killed Millions more die in concentration camps

[April 12, 1945] Franklin D. Roosevelt diesHarry Truman – clueless about the war effort – FDR kept everything quiet -does not trust Stalin and the Soviet Union

Cuts aid until they fulfill the Yalta Conference Becomes the seeds of the Cold War

[July 16, 1945 – Aug. 2, 1945] Potsdam ConferenceNew Big Three -Stalin -Truman -Atlee (Churchill)

Complete postwar agreements

Demilitarize Germany Punish Nazi war criminals – Nuremberg Trials Truman tells Stalin about the atomic bomb

The Big Three issue an ultimatum to Japan “to surrender, or face prompt and utter destruction” -Japan does not surrenderEnd of WWII in the PacificThe Atomic Bomb[1939] Einstein writes to FDR discussing the possibility of an atomic bomb and Germany’s plans to construct one -Einstein later regrets this because of its destructivity[1942] First atomic chain reaction accomplished Robert Oppenheimer is the director of the Manhattan Project (code name given to the U.S. project to construct an atomic bomb) - spends $2 billion[July 16, 1945] Alamo Gordo, NM -first successful test of an atomic bomb -at the time, there was no idea about radiation poisoning[July 25, 1945] Truman okays the use of the atomic bomb[July 26, 1945] The ultimatum is issued[July 28, 1945] Japan replies – “no” – doesn’t believe that the U.S. has such a weapon[Aug 6, 1945] an American B-29 bomber “Enola Gay” drops a single A-bomb on Hiroshima, Japan (a military base)

70 000 instantly killed 60 000 more die shortly after despite this, Japan does not surrender (didn’t know that U.S.

had another)

[Aug 8, 1945] Soviet Union enters the war against Japan -attack Manchuria and Korea[Aug 9, 1945] U.S. drops a second A-bomb on Nagasaki, Japan (industrial area)

80 000 instantly killed

[Aug 14, 1945] Japan agrees to surrender under on condition – the emperor (Hirohito) stays in power[Sept 2, 1945] the formal Japanese surrender takes place on the U.S. S. Missouri and Japanese officials surrender to Douglas MacArthur

V-J Day – Marks the end of WWII

Back to Truman’s decision to use the atomic bomb: It would:

Save U.S. lives – an estimated one million U.S. lives would be lost in an invasion of mainland Japan occurred

Brings an end to the war quickly Saves Japanese lives (Bashido Code – surrender was

unacceptable) Show the Soviet Union U.S. power? If we have the bomb, we’ll use the bomb

Would Japan have surrendered without using it?

Could you display the power of the bomb on a remotely populated island?

Was it a racist decision? No – the bomb was originally intended for GermanyLeads to the Atomic AgeCosts of the War16 million killed in WWII (many were civilians)300 000 killed in the U.S.2 million killed in the Soviet UnionHolocaustEurope and Japan lay in ruins -many have no food, water, nor shelter in the postwar periodU.S. and the Soviet Union emerge as enemies – the Cold WarWWII Impact on SocietyJapanese-Americans – Yellow Peril! 112,000 Japanese-Americans interned in camps - 2/3 were native-born Americans

Anti-Japanese sentiment causes:

Racial prejudice Economic rivalry as well as fear From the West Coast

[Feb 1942] FDR authorizes evacuation of all Japanese-Americans from the West Coast – Executive Order 9066 -no evidence of espionage -Hawaii was an exceptionSupreme Court upheld the constitutionality of the evacuation in the Korematsu Case [1944]-still, the 442 regiment of Japanese-Americans become the most decorated unit in all military service in WWII[by 1988] Government pays reparations to survivors of the evacuationAfrican-AmericansWWII – opportunities, racism, and Double V – one million serve -but are given dangerous jobsW.E.B. DuBois – rallied the African AmericansNAACP – membership multiplied by 10 – ½ million join

Voting rights for blacks were consolidated in the Supreme Court trial Smith vs. Alwrights

CORE – advocated nonviolence Executive Order 8802 – Employment Practices Commission –

employment segregation

Economy

$250 million spent each day $330 billion spent on WWII – 10 times more than WWI wage increases 50% - keep inflation down industrial productivity and agriculture increases unions increase – 9 million to 14.5 million Smith-Connolly Act – prevent strikes (John Lewis – strikes) Increase in per capita income – people buy war bonds

Women

6 million women go to work during WWII – take over men’s work “Rose the Riveter”Government opens day care center – eventually leads to women’s rights movement75% of women that go to the workplace are marriedScienceOSRD – Office of science and Research Development

Penicillin Medicine Destroy the environment Blood transfusions Develops the Atomic bomb

Education and Entertainment

Teachers leave for better-paying jobs School enrollment decreases Women in college increases More $ spent on books and theaters – non-fictions become

popular for war information Radio usage increases – to get war information

Minorities~25 000 Native Americans serve in the war -primarily as code-talkers (esp. Navajo – no written language) -move off of reservations for high-paying jobs300 000 Mexican-Americans serve in the war – also work on farmsZoot-suit riots – American sailors go around committing violence toward MexicansContainment & TrumanEastern Europe in Post-WWIISoviet Europe

Soviet Union has 10 million troops from the Red (Soviet) Army in Eastern Europe

There are no free elections in eastern Europe – violates the Yalta Conference

Pro-communist governments in Bulgaria, Romania, Hungaria, Yugoslavia, Albania

-Stalin wants a buffer zone between the Soviet Union and GermanyUnited States

Truman believes in self-determination – also believes that allowing the Soviet Union to take Eastern Europe is very similar to appeasement

Truman argues that Soviet control of Eastern Europe threatens U.S. markets and access to raw materials

Also thinks it would threaten him politically Truman has the atomic bomb to back himself up U.S. policy of containment will dominate U.S. actions toward

the Soviet Union for the next 45 years

-Containment – created by George F. Kennan (a U.S. diplomat in Soviet Union)“Soviet Union must be contained anywhere and everywhere in the world, despite the time or cost”[March 1946] Churchill visits the U.S. – speech at Westminster College (MO) “an iron curtain has descended upon eastern Europe”Early examples of containment under Truman[early 1946] U.S. sends the Sixth Fleet to Iran to protect oil interests[June 1946] U.S. creates the atomic energy plan – proposes if Soviet Union ceases its atomic program, U.S. will destroy its own arsenal (rejected)Flaw made by the U.N. – fails to take a tough stance on the issue – could have forced the U.S. and the Soviet Union to sign a treaty

1. 1. The Truman Doctrine

[Feb. 1947] Great Britain tells U.S. that they can no longer provide assistance to Greece and TurkeyTruman announces the Truman Doctrine- the U.S. will assist democracies all around the world

- U.S. gives $400 million to Greece and Turkey

1. 2. The European Recovery Plan

[by 1947] Western Europe is on the verge of collapse -famine, homelessness, lack of economy, inflationCommunism is beginning to infiltrate western EuropeMarshall Plan -named after George C. Marshall -$17 billion dollars to western Europe to revive the continent -saves Europe from collapse – ensures democracy in the region

1. 3. The Berlin Airlift

Post WWII – Germany and Berlin are split into four occupational zones -France, Great Britain, Soviet Union, U.S.[June 1948] Soviet Union blockades all roads and airlines into West Berlin (controlled by France, Great Britain, and U.S.) -the S.U. doesn’t want democracy to spread into their territory -the U.S. airlifts supplies to Berlin – extremely successful[May 1949] Soviet Union ends the blockade -France, Great Britain, U.S. create West Germany -Later on, the Soviets create East Germany[July 1949] U.S. creates NATO-North Atlantic Treaty Organization -comprised of ten countries and the U.S. and Canada -“an attack on one is equal to an attack on all” NATO forces are led by EisenhowerSoviet Response[1955] Warsaw Pact -eastern Europeans and the Soviets -also forms East GermanyThe Cold War in AsiaJapan

In post WWII, U.S. has exclusive control over reconstruction MacArthur is in charge of U.S. forces in Japan War criminals are tried at Tokyo Democracy is introduced to Japan Demilitarized the country Economic recovery

[by 1952] U.S. forces leave JapanChina – post WWII – power struggleNationalistsVsCommunists(Chiang Kai-Shek)-supported by U.S.-inept, corrupt-democratic (Mao Zedong)-supported by the Soviet Union-help the starving[by 1949] the Nationalists are forced to flee to Formosa (present-day Taiwan) -the Communists take control over ChinaJohn Foster Dulles calls this “the worst defeat in U.S. history” -lost five million people to communism, closed markets to the U.S.Soviet Union[1949] successfully tests an atomic bomb[1952] U.S. tests the first H-bomb[1953] Soviet Union tests their first H-bomb-Nuclear arms race[1950] NSC-68

Changes U.S. Cold War policy Says the Soviet Union is determined to spread communism

around the globe and will do so by military force if necessary Recommends the U.S. to have a massive military buildup Recommends to increase buildup of nuclear weapons Recommends higher taxes to do so.

KoreaAfter WWII – Korea is split along the 38th parallel Soviet Union controls North Korea United States controls South Korea[1949] U.S. and the Soviets pull out troops but leave the nation divided[June 25, 1950] North Korea invades South Korea-the U.N. calls North Korea an aggressor nation and authorizes “police action” against North Korea U.S. makes up the bulk of U.N. troops U.S. general MacArthur leads forcesKorean War [1950-1953]Part 1[June 25, 1950] N. Korean pushes S. Korea back to Pusan (Southern tip of Korea)Part 2 – enter U.S.[Sept 15, 1950] MacArthur leads an amphibious assault at Inchan (slightly north of Seoul)Part 3[Nov 1950] U.S. forces push N. Korea back to Yalu River (close to border between Korea and China) Chinese forces (about 33 divisions) enter the war– begin pushing U.S. and S. Koreans back to the 38th parallelPart 4[April 11, 1951] Truman replaces MacArthur with another general -MacArthur wanted to use nuclear weapons – could have been WWIII[1951-1953] War enters a stalemate DMZ line – the demilitarize zone that is roughly around the 38th parallel[1953] Eisenhower ends the war once he is presidentCost of the Korean War

54,246 U.S. soldiers are killed 103,000 U.S. soldiers are wounded Koreans are still divided 3.5 million men in the military

Defense budget increases during the war - $50 billion a year is spent

Vietnam[in early 1950s] Truman provides money and aid to the French, who were fighting communist forces in VietnamDomestic Policies of TrumanBackground of Harry S. Truman

Born in 1884 in Independence, Missouri Farmer No college education Artillery officer in WWI A failed businessman – rises in politics as a U.S. senator “the average man’s average man” very loyal to the Missouri Gang New Dealer Quotes– “the buck stops here,” “if you can’t stand the heat,

get out of the kitchen”

[April 1945] President after FDR’s death

Had to attend the Potsdam Conference Had to handle the atomic bomb decision Had to handle the end of WWII and post-WWII

Biggest domestic issue – Demobilization

1. Bring troops home

-want to be home by Christmas15 million troops in military to 1.5 million in the military by end of 1945

1. Social readjustment

Possible psychological damage done to troops – blood lust for killing?

1. Economic readjustment

Wartime to peacetime

1. Recession [1946-1947]

Inflation – price controls were liftedIncrease in strikes

1. Housing shortage

Due to returning troops

1. Job shortage

Due to returning troopsSolutions

1. Serviceman’s Readjustment Act of 1944 “GI Bill of Rights”

Sends 8 million veterans to votech schools and colleges (2 million to college)

Spend $14.5 billion by the government on education Spend $16.5 billion on loans to veterans for farms, houses,

businesses

1. Industries convert to peacetime economies

-corporate tax cuts-the government sells war factories at low prices -converted to make consumer products

1. Bretton-Woods Agreement [1944]

Ties U.S. currency to foreign currency Helps regulate foreign currency Limits inflation Encourages global trade

1. Marshall Plan2. Employment Act of 1946

Creates a council of economic advisors Goal: full employment Leads to the Fair Deal

Elections of 1946 (congressional election year)Republicans gain control in Congress -want to reverse New Deal Programs -want to limit the labor movement[1947] Taft Hartley Act -outlaws closed shops -slows the labor movementElection of 1948 RepublicansDemocratsDixiecratsProgressivesThomas DeweyExpected to winGov. of NYHarry S. TrumanPlatform – civil rights, pro-labor - Farmers, labor unions, African-AmericansStrom ThurmanThe states’ rights partyBroke away from the DemocratsHenry WallaceFormer VP Truman pulls off the upset and wins with 303 electoral votes! -develops the Fair DealTruman wants to:

Improve housing – succeeds – Housing Act of 1949 Increase minimum wage – succeeds – up to $0.75 per hour Better price support for farmers – fails More TVAs/electrification programs – fails Increase social security benefits – succeeds – Social Security

Act of 1950

Repeal Taft-Hartley Act – fails Ease immigration restrictions – succeeds – War Brides Act

[1945]

- Displaced Persons ActTruman and Civil Rights[1946] forms President’s Committee on Civil Rights[1948] sends a civil rights message to Congress -urges them to pass laws-Desegregates the military and the federal governmentSecond Red Scare

1. Truman’s Loyalty Programs

Require 3 million people in the federal government to take loyalty oaths -3000 are dismissed or resignStates force their employees to take the oaths as wellNY prosecutes 11 people for violating the Smith Act [1943] -upheld by the Supreme Court in Dennis vs. U.S.McCarren Internal Security Act -subjects all workers in industry to investigations and loyalty oaths -Truman vetoes it (violation of first amendment) -but is overruled by Congress

1. House of Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC)

-created to investigate subversion in American societyRichard Nixon – makes a name for himself

brings down Alger Hiss (gov’t worker in the State Dept. – New Dealer)

-very educated, accused of being a communist

convicted of perjury

HUAC also goes after Hollywood – “blacklisted”

1. McCarthyism

Led by Joseph McCarthy (Republican senator from Wisconsin)

1. Accuses that here are hundreds of communists working for

the federal government Creates a communist “witch hunt” [1950-1953] people are terrified But, after embarrassing himself on the televised Army-

McCarthy hearings, he is censored2. Julius and Ethel Rosenberg

Become the scapegoats for the Soviet Union getting the atomic bomb

Put on trial, convicted, and then executed

Election of 1952Eisenhower easily defeats Adlai StevensonVP Richard Nixon – almost brought down with the discovery of a slush fund -but goes an TV with the Checkers Speech and manages to stay VPEisenhower is more a manager of the Presidency than a leader – loves to play golf-takes a less aggressive approach towards the Soviet UnionEisenhower and the Cold WarIke

Born in 1890 in Abilene, KA Attends West Point – more athletic than academic WWII – Operation Torch, Invasion of Normandy Supreme commander of the allied forces in Europe After WWII – President of Columbia [1948-1950] Head of NATO [1950-1952]

Ike and Korea[Dec. 1952] visits Korea to attempt to end the war -is unsuccessful – fighting continues for a few months[March 1953] Stalin dies Ike begins to threaten use of nuclear weapons on North Korea

[July 1953] cease-fire is announced – DMZ zoneIke and John Dulles (Secretary of State)Dulles – has a more aggressive approach towards the Soviet Union -calls for a policy of “brinkmanship” -getting as close to war as possible without actually getting to war -a very dangerous planIke prefers a more conciliatory policy Soviets crush the revolts [1953] East German workers revolt[1956] Poles and the Hungarians revoltMeanwhile, the U.S. does nothing-The conciliatory policy leads to a thaw in the Cold WarCold War ThawIke makes an “atoms for peace” speech at the U.N. -use for beneficial ideas instead of nuclear weapons[1955] Ike and Soviet Union leaders meet at Geneva -first time U.S. and the Soviet Union leaders meet at Geneva[1958] S.U. halts all atmospheric testing of nuclear weapons – U.S. follows suitDulles creates pacts with any nation wishing to side with the U.S. against communism -also cuts back spending on the army and the navy New Cold War strategy – rely on their nuclear stockpile and planesIke creates the CIA -by the National Security Act of 1947 -grows out of SSS – Strategic Services -Allen Dulles is the head of the CIACIA leads covert operations around the globe – concentrates on Third-World Nations[1953] Iran

The CIA overthrows the elected government and reinstalls the pro-U.S. Shah

Why? Oil reserves in this region However, they create seeds of discontent towards the U.S.

[1953] CIA halts elections in the Philippines[1954] Overthrow forces in GuatemalaIke and VietnamTruman sent money to help the French in Vietnam -Communists are fighting the French, led by Ho Chi Minh[1954] French defeat at Diem Bien Phu -a cease-fire is announced Geneva convention for the armistice – Vietnam is split at the 17th parallel[1956] U.S. refuses to allow the elections to take place-the CIA funds and supports the S. Vietnam gov’t of Ngo Dinh Diem -Catholic (a negative – most Vietnamese are Buddhist) -schooled in U.S. -Pro-WestOpposition grows against Diem[1960] National Liberation Front forms in S. VietnamViet Cong – oppose the Pro-West governmentIke sends only money and some advisors to Vietnam – no troopsIke & Egypt[1954] Gaural Abdel Nasser takes control over Egypt

U.S. offers a loan to build a dam in Egypt Nasser declares his neutrality in Cold War – then buys arms

from Czechoslovakia – behind the iron curtain Dulles cancels the loan Nasser nationalizes the Suez Canal – angers Britain

[1956] Great Britain, France, and Israel invade EgyptIke is extremely angry about this and condemns the invasion

Goes before the U.N. and names the three as aggressor nations

Why? Because the Soviets threaten to get involved, and also because Ike was not informed of it

[March 1957] All three countries pull out of EgyptSignificance-the U.S. is forced to act as the protector of Western interests in the Middle EastIke passes the Eisenhower Doctrine -U.S. will give money, military aid and troops to any Middle-Eastern country fighting communists -Hatred of the West and the U.S. increases at the time[1958] 14,000 U.S. soldiers sent to LebanonIke and South America[1958] Nixon is sent to Peru and Venezuela -is promptly spit upon and had stones thrown at him[1959] Fidel Castro overthrows Batista in Cuba and brings communism to the countryIke & the Soviet Union[1958] Nixon visits the Soviet Union – the Kitchen Debate with Khrushchev[1959] Khrushchev visits the U.S.

visits Camp David (a presidential retreat in Maryland) – “spirit of Camp David”

agrees to meet again in Paris in 1960 – never happens

The U-2 Incident

on the eve of the conference… the Soviets shoot down a U.S. U-2 spy plane in Soviet

airspace reveals that the U.S. has been spying on the Soviets since

1956

Ike claims it was a weather plane that flew off courseKhrushchev has the pilot (does not commit suicide as he’s supposed to) -puts him, Gary Powers, on TV, who admits to spying on the Soviet Union

Ike admits that the U.S. is spying, but he refuses to apologize-They cancel the 1960 Paris conferenceThe Cold War returns at full forceIke’s FarewellWarns against a number of things

warns the U.S. economy is too dependent on military spending

the military-industrial complex is too powerful warns that he cannot guarantee that peace will continue

with the Soviet Union

Ike’s Failures & Accomplishments in the Cold WarAccomplishments

ends the Korean War kept U.S. out of war claims there are no troops in Vietnam halts atmospheric testing of nuclear weapons promotes better relations with the Soviet Union

Failures

accelerates the arms race allows the CIA to run amok around the globe continues to keep the U.S. involved in Vietnam

Ike and Domestic PoliciesIke is elected in 1952 – first Republican in office since Hoover-more of a manager than a true leader-there are 8 corporate executives on his cabinet-wanted at first to remain “in the middle” regarding politics – reflective in his first term

reduces farm price subsidies cut government power wants to balance the budget – cut federal spending –

successful in three out of eight times

development of nuclear and hydroelectric companies – private ownership

does not like public energy gives oil reserves back to the coastal states

[1954] Democrats take control over both houses of CongressIke becomes more liberal – modern Republicanism

works to appease labor vetoes a bill to get rid of the Council of Economic Advisors increases unemployment benefits increases the minimum wage from $0.75 to $1.00 per hour increases social security benefits increases federally-funded public housing projects for low-

income families increases public works projects St. Lawrence Seaway connects Great Lakes to the Atlantic Interstate Highway Act of 1956 The largest and most expensive Creates 41,000 miles of highways in U.S.

Significance:

Increases growth of suburbia Increases the dependency on the automobile Increases dependency on oil Decrease in use of RR Decay of the inner cities Increase in pollution

Election of 1956 Eisenhower easily defeats Adlai Stevenson again.The Supreme Court[1953] Earl Warren becomes Chief Justice of the Supreme Court (supposedly conservative, but becomes very liberal) -changes the Supreme Court into a liberal court

[1954] Brown vs. Board of Education (of Topeka, KA) -the Supreme Court rules that “separate but equal” in public schools is illegal[1955] Supreme Court orders the desegregation of all public schoolsEisenhower enforces desegregation in D.C. but does not enforce it in the South -does not want to lose Southern support[1956] the deep South has not desegregated[1957] 9 African-American students attempt to enter Little Rock Central High School in Arkansas

Governor Orval Faubus refuses to allow the students to enter – calls the National Guard to prevent this from happening

Ike calls in the 101st Airborne and forces the desegregation of Little Rock Central High School

[1958-1959] Faubus closes all public schools in Little Rock

-brings the issue of civil rights to the forefront of American attention[1957] Civil Rights Act of 1957 -first civil rights act since Reconstruction -not very powerful, but it is a start[1955] Rosa Parks refuses to give up her seat in a bus in Montgomery, AL

she is arrested – begins the Montgomery Bus boycott lasts for a year, and it is extremely successful Montgomery agrees to desegregate their buses

Companies are losing a lot of money

Martin Luther King Jr. -direct action (everyone can get involved) -nonviolence (from Gandhi) -Christian ideals[1957] forms the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)

[1957] Soviet Union launches the first man-made satellite – “Sputnik” -U.S. fears that it has fallen behind in technology – this is trueConsequences:

1. the National Defense Education Act is passed

Emphasizes science, math, foreign languages

1. National Aeronautic Space Administration (NASA) [1958]

-both are created to catch up in the Cold War-begins a space raceEisenhower

Expands New Deal ideology Partial segregation Keeps U.S. in the middle of the road But could have done more about civil rights Linked the Cold War with education

The Affluent Society [1950s] (white middle-class men)U.S. Families

60% own a home 75% own a car 87% own at least one TV

GNP increase 50% (Gross National Product)

increased consumerism increased productivity government is spending

Average American worker enjoys the highest standard of living ever -increased wages 35% from 1945-1960 (real wages)New Industry

first nuclear power plant [1957] more chemicals are produced plastics are produced increased use of electronic products automation – machines doing the work (i.e. car industry)

1. Increases productivity2. Makes products cheaper

increased use of oil increase in airplane manufacturing computers – computers were huge and filled rooms people did not have computers (too expensive, too large) only used by the government or businesses first computer, the Mark I (designed by IBM and Harvard

professors) used to crack codes in WWII oligopolies – a few companies control the entire industry ex. Automobile companies ex. Television stations (CBS, NBC, ABC)

Labor

white-collar workers/vice presidents in charge, but do not have a direct hold conformity was encouraged at businesses organized labor decreases from 36% to 31% [from 1953-

1960] AF of L and CIO combine in 1955 to form one large union Less people were taking blue-collar jobs Less of a need for unions as conditions get better

Agriculture

More use of science, technology, chemicals and mechanization

Rachel Carson’s Silent Spring [1962] -highlights the dangers of chemical use

Numbers of farmers decrease – leaving the farms With new technology, don’t need as much farmers Farms consolidate acreage

Family LifeBaby Boom – 1945-1960 babies are the Baby Boom Generation

1. After WWII – soldiers come back after years at war2. Soldiers had put lives on hold – want to start families

Fertility Rates[1940] 80 children to every 1000 women[1950] 106 children to every 1000 women[1957] 123 children to every 1000 women

Less children are dying in infancy – vaccinations, penicillin Increased life expectancy Expansion of the educational system in the U.S. More studies are done on child-raising

Dr. Benjamin Spock [1940s] Baby and Child Care -advocates the comforting and holding of children when they cry -less punishments, more conversationFull-time motherhood is expectedSuburbiaLevitt-towns – developed by William Levitt, who brought the assembly line to housing

1. 1. Build houses quickly2. 2. Build more houses

“Cookie-cutter homes” - all look the same - conformity – “Keeping up with the Jones’s”First Levitt-town is built in Long Island, the second in PennsylvaniaEntertainmentThe Art World

-the capital of the art world moves from Paris to NYC -Jackson PollockMovies – decrease in viewership due to televisionTV Guide, TV dinners, TV trays – ABC, CBS, NBC -family shows were the dominant genre – advocated stereotypes and conformityMusic -Rock & Roll is the most popular music genre (Elvis Presley) -backlash of conformity – teenagers, Beatniks, Jet CarawayJohn Fitzgerald Kennedy

Born in 1917 in MA to a wealthy family Father – Joseph D. Kennedy – Pre-WWII Isolationist

-shipping magnate -liquor industry -real estate

Athletic Harvard graduate – wrote a thesis in his senior year Why

England Slept [1940] Real WWII hero – PT109 – saved many lives

-Profiles and Courage – wins a Pulitzer

[1947] elected to the House from MA [1952] elected as U.S. senator married to Jackie Bouvier Roman Catholic Handsome and charismatic 42 years old when nominated for the presidency

Election of 1960DemocratsRepublicansJohn F. KennedyRichard NixonVP LBJ from Texas

-inexperienced-young, good-looking, charismatic-appeals to youth, minorities, NE, South-HUAC, House of Representatives-senator from CAVP for 8 years under Ike-well-known, well-respected, experienced-appeals to middle-class conservatives, the west, and CANixon has the overwhelming edge…until he agrees to four televised debates

pales in comparison to JFK’s good looks leads to Nixon’s defeat shows the importance of television and the influence of TV

JFK wins by a narrow margin of 303 to 219 electoral votesJFK’s Domestic Policy “The New Frontier”Inaugural address – “ask not what your country can do for you, but what you can do for your country” – speaking to the U.S. youthThis new generation is reflected in:

1. his family – “Camelot”2. his Cabinet – “the Best and the Brainiest”

McGeorge Bundy Robert McManora – Secretary of Defense Walter Weller – Council of Economic Advisors Robert Kennedy – Attorney General

Domestic Policies

1. Cut taxes to businesses

-promotes spending and investments -despite this, businesses were skeptical with JFK, especially after he gets involved with U.S. Steel

1. Increase defense spending

20% increase in the defense budget

increase in the number of Inter-Continental Ballistic Missiles (ICBM)

increase in medium-range missiles increase in nuclear stockpile increase in submarines with nuclear attack capabilities increase in special forces (i.e. Green Beret)

1. Increase in spending on the Space Program

-challenges the U.S. to place a man on the moon and return him safely by the end of the decadeSuccesses

Doubles economic growth Unemployment decreases Inflation kept at 1.3% per year No interruption in economy

Failures

No redistribution of wealth Corporate profits increase more than personal income No increase in social welfare He neglects the environment

JFK and Civil Rights-first year and a half, JFK does little to promote civil rights[1961] Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)

Lead freedom rides to the South to highlight violations of desegregation in public transportation

CORE is met with violence

JFK sends federal troops to protect the freedom riders-also to forcibly desegregate the University of Mississippi -James Meredith is allowed to enroll[June 1963] Governor of AL, George Wallace -tries to keep the University of Alabama segregated[June 11, 1963] JFK goes on TV – calls for desegregation in the U.S.

[June 18, 1963] JFK proposes civil rights legislation to Congress[Aug. 28, 1963] March on Washington

275,000 show support for civil rights legislation Martin Luther King Jr. - “I Have a Dream” speech

Congress is still holding back – until JFK is assassinated in Nov. 1963JFK & Flexible ResponseFlexible Response – having multiple ideas and strategies to deal with foreign crises

1. Triples nuclear capabilities2. Increase conventional military forces3. Increase the use of special forces4. Economic assistance to Third World Countries

-keep communism out of these countries

1. Food for Peace program – gives surplus food Alliance for Progress - $ to Third World countries Peace Corps – young volunteers go and work in Third World

Countries

Flexible Response in Action

1. The Bay of Pigs Invasion

[Apr. 17, 1961] 1200 Cuban exiles who were trained by the CIA invade Cuba -absolute failure -drives Castro closer to the Soviet Unionthe CIA will attempt several times to assassinate Castro, but all attempts fail

1. Berlin

[June 1961] JFK and Khrushchev meet for the first time

Khrushchev demands that Americans troops leave West Berlin -or else, the Soviet Union will go to war JFK refuses and begins to prepare for war[Aug. 1961] Khrushchev backs down from his threat

Builds the Berlin Wall to separate East and West Berlin Becomes the symbol of the Cold War for the next 30 years

1. The Cuban Missile Crisis

[Oct 1962] U.S. U-2 spy plane takes photographs over Cuba of the Soviet Union building missile sites and nuclear missiles in CubaJFK goes on TV and demands that the Soviet Union remove the missiles and missile bases – also orders a quarantine around Cuba, a naval blockade

However, the Soviet Union ships are heading for Cuba U.S. is preparing for an invasion of Cuba B-52’s are in use 180 U.S. war ships are in the Caribbean

[Oct. 25, 1962] Soviet Union halts their ships

JFK receives an emotional, rambling letter from Khrushchev proposing the Soviet Union will remove missiles from Cuba if the U.S. pledges not to invade Cuba

A U.S. U-2 spy plane is shot down over Cuba JFK receives a second letter from Khrushchev that is more

demanding and orders the U.S. to remove missiles from Turkey

RFK (Robert F. Kennedy) convinces JFK to accept the first letter and ignore the second letter

[Oct. 27, 1962] Khrushchev accepts the offer and begins to remove missiles from Cuba -Relations between the Soviet Union and the U.S. improve

A hot line is established between Washington D.C. and Kremlin

Limited Test Ban Treaty – ban underwater and atmospheric nuclear tests

1. Vietnam

JFK continues to carry on the policies of Ike -increases military aid in S. Vietnam -increases military personnel (1700 to 16000) in S. VietnamNgo Din Diem fails to win the support of the S. Vietnamese peopleJFK and U.S. decide not to stop a S. Vietnamese coup from overthrowing Diem[Nov. 1, 1963] Diem is assassinatedJFK Assassination[Nov. 1963] JFK is looking ahead to the 1964 Election – wants to rebuild his image[Nov. 22, 1963] JFK, Jackie, LBJ, Lady Bird go to Dallas TX for a motorcade12:00 pm – JFK, Jackie, Gov. Conally ride in an open-air car through Dallas -LBJ follows in a car behind12:30 pm – Three shots ring out from book depository “magic bullet” – more than one shooter? 1st shot – misses, hits overpass2nd shot – hits JFK in the back – passes out through neck and into Gov. Conally’s back and out into the right wrist (after, turn from ribs? Out of chest)3rd shot – hits JFK in left skull – blows out right skull (explodes into millions of pieces)

JFK taken to hospital (through dead at the scene of the third shot)

Pronounced dead one hour later LBJ brought to Air Force One to be sworn in

Later that day –

Dallas police arrest Lee Harvey Oswald as suspect for killing JFK

JFK’s body is placed on Air Force One and LBJ takes oath of office with Jackie standing next to him (in a pink dress with bloodstains)

[Nov. 24, 1963] Sunday – Funeral Procession11:30 am – Lee Harvey Oswald is shot and killed by Jack Ruby while being transferred to another prison, one bullet in the chest, caught on national TV[Nov. 25, 1963] Monday – JFK’s Funeral

Laid to rest at Arlington National Cemetery and the eternal flame is lit

Famous: JFK Jr. saluting his father’s casket (later killed in a place crash)

Warren Commission

LBJ sets up the commission to investigate JFK’s assassination People believe that Lee Harvey Oswald did not act alone Concludes that Oswald acted alone and that Ruby also acted

alone There is still disbelief Many groups (ex. CIA, FBI) dislike JFK Does not put conspiracy theories to rest Head : Chief Justice Carl Warren Many months of investigation (not well) – Zeproder Film

Lyndon Baines Johnson

Born in 1908 in Texas, a troubled child [1927] goes to a teacher’s college – gets interested in

politics [1937-1939] enters the House of Representatives [1949-1961] U.S. Senator from Texas [1961-1963] Vice President has a great deal of political experience – well-connected in

D.C. Protestant

Considered a moderate Very convincing

When LBJ takes over, he faces a very difficult task of taking JFK’s position -decides to finish JFK’s unfulfilled visions

1. [Feb. 1964] Tax Cut

$10 billion income tax cut – promotes spending - decrease in unemployment

1. Civil Rights Legislation – [1964] Civil Rights Act

Outlaws segregation in public accommodations Gives government more power to help African-Americans to

register to vote Gives government power to end segregation in schools Creates Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC)

– makes sure companies are not discriminating

1. War on Poverty

The Other America by Michael Harrington – influences JFK, LBJ -1/5 to 1/4 of U.S. is living in poverty

VISTA – domestic version of the Peace Corps Project Headstart – pre-kindergarten for disadvantaged

families Job Corps – everyday skills to young adults Community Action programs – designed to get people

involved in politics

Election of 1964LBJ promises even more reforms – if he is electedDemocratsRepublicansLyndon B. JohnsonBarry Goldwater486 electoral votes

61% of the popular vote52 electoral votesLBJ is easily re-electedDemocrats take the majority in the House (295:140)Democrats also take the majority in the Senate (68:32)LBJ announces his plans for “The Great Society”The Great Society [1965 – 1966]The Eighty-Ninth Congress “the Congress of Fulfillment”

1. [1965] Elementary and Secondary Education Act

-$1 Billion to schools

1. [1965] Voting Rights Act

-takes away literacy tests-federal examiners – ensure that African-Americans can vote in the South

1. [1965] Medical Care Act

Medicare – health insurance to the elderlyMedicaid – health care for welfare recipients

1. The Omnibus Housing Act

$8 billion to help improve housing

1. [1964] Immigration Act

-ends the quota system of 1924

1. Appalachia Redevelopment Act

$1 billion to the Appalachia region

1. Higher Education Act of 1965

$650 million in scholarships and loans

1. National Endowment for Arts and Humanities

Promotes cultural and artistic growth

1. Corporations for Public Broadcasting (PBS)

10. Water Quality Act of 1965196611. Demonstration Cities and Metropolitan Development Act-urban renewal in various cities12. Motor Vehicle Safety Act-standardizes safety procedures in auto industry13. Truth in Packaging Act-requires labels on food-health content, ingredientsFrom 1965 to 1966, 181 out of 200 LBJ-backed pieces of legislations are passed by CongressThe Vietnam War, by end of 1966, begins to overshadow the Great Society -the war destroys many of the Great Society programs-took money and attention away from itWas the Great Society successful? Somewhat.Civil Rights in the U.S. – the Civil Rights Movement[1948]Truman desegregates the militaryJackie Robinson is the first African-American to play pro-baseball in the Major Leagues[1954] Brown v. Board of Education in Topeka -segregated schools are unconstitutional -Warren Court[1955] Montgomery Bus Boycott -begun by Rosa Parks -led by Martin Luther King Jr.[1957] the Crisis in Little Rock Central High School -“Little Rock Nine” try to enter the school -Faubus, the Gov. of Arkansas, refuses to allow them to enter -Eisenhower calls out troops and forces the desegregation of the school -Civil Rights Act of 1957 – first since Reconstruction of the 1860s

[1960] Sit-ins

At segregated lunch counters in the South Led by a group called Student Non-Violent Coordinating

Committee (SNCC) Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) – college students Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) – led by

Martin Luther King, Jr.

[1961] Freedom Rides – met with violence[1963] March on Birmingham, AL

Also met with violence, led by police chief “Bull” Connor Water hoses Attack dogs Arrests

All aired on live TV JFK is forced to act

Governor Wallace of AL “Segregation now, segregation tomorrow, segregation forever” – from the U. of Alabama

[Aug] March on Washington – “I Have a Dream” speech by Martin Luther King, Jr.[1964] Civil Rights Act is passed -aided by JFK’s assassination -much more powerful than the Act in 1957 Freedom Summer -SNCC and CORE lead drives into South to register African-Americans to vote[1965] March from Selma to Montgomery

Led by Martin Luther King Jr. and SCLC Met with violence by the police – leads to Voting Rights Act

of 1965

*So far, these strategies follow King’s ideas – nonviolence, direct action, Christian ideals [Aug. 11] Watts, Los Angeles, CA

-riots break out – last for six days -40,000 people, $30 million in property damages 34 killed, over 4,000 arrested -sparks riots throughout the country (Chicago, IL; Springfield, MA)[1966] over 150 racial upheavals 40 full-out riots (two of which are the Newark Riots, Detroit)[April 4, 1968] Martin Luther King, Jr. is assassinated -sparks even more race riots – in Memphis, TNLBJ calls together the Kerner Commission to investigate the riots

Concludes the U.S. is heading toward two societies – one Black, one White

Recommend: 2 million new jobs 6 million new housing projects end to de facto segregation in Northern schools income supplementation

LBJ largely ignores all of these recommendations due to the Vietnam WarCivil Rights Movement-Begins to faction off in mid-1960s – 3 groups

1. Malcolm X2. Black Power

Born Malcolm Little Serves ten years in prison Teachings of Islam Promotes violence for civil rights movement Assassinated in 1965

Led by Stokely Carmichael Black separatism Racial pride Also calls for violence, to “get even”

1. Black Panthers [1966]

Huey Newton and Bobby Seale Promote the use of violence

Inspires other movementsNative American Movement – seize Alcatraz Island – AIM American Indian MovementMexican American Movement – led by Caesar Chavez (grape boycott) -follows the teachings of Martin Luther King Jr.Women’s Rights Movement – The Feminine Mystique by Betty Fredan [1966] National Organization of Women (NOW) is foundedThe Vietnam WarVietnam – SW Asia -dense forests, low-lying area -grow rice200 B.C. the Chinese take control over Vietnam949 A.D. Vietnam becomes independent[1400] the Chinese are unsuccessful in winning it back[1883] the French take over Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos – French Indochina[WWII] Japan takes over Vietnam[Aug. 1945] Japan surrenders -Vietnam declares independence – led by Ho Chih Minh[1946] French try to take it back – Ho Chih Minh and Viet Minh fight back[1950] due to Domino Theory, U.S. sends aid to the French[1954] French are defeated at Dim Bien Phu -Geneva Convention split Vietnam at 19th parallel to North and South -North – Ho Chih Minh; South – Ngo Dim Diem (U.S. support)[1956] U.S. refuses to allow the elections to take place since Ho Chih Minh is more popular and also communist

[1960] Viet Cong form in South Vietnam – begin attacking Diem’s government -about 900 U.S. military advisors in South Vietnam[1961] JFK sends the Green Berets to Vietnam (more military personnel) -16,000 U.S. personnel in South Vietnam[1963] U.S. government allows Diem to be assassinated[Nov. 22, 1963] JFK is assassinated – how was he going to handle Vietnam?LBJ – wants to escalate the war in Vietnam and keep communism at bay[Feb 1964] leads air strikes[Aug. 1964] Turning point Gulf of Tonkin Incident

2 U.S. patrol boats claim they were attacked by North Vietnamese naval forces

LBJ uses this to go before Congress and ask to expand military efforts in Vietnam

Gulf of Tonkin Resolution [Aug 7, 1964] Gives LBJ a blank check for the war Passes 416:0 in Congress, 88:2 in Senate Escalation of the war Increased troop levels Increase in the draft – 23,300 troops

[1965] U.S. – Operation Rolling Thunder

U.S. Air Force bombs strategic locations at North Vietnam and Ho Chih Minh Trail (supplied the Viet Cong)

Completely unsuccessful

LBJ sends more troops to Vietnam[end of 1965] 184,000 troops in Vietnam 65% U.S. supports the war at the time[1966] 385,000 troops in Vietnam[1967] Anti-war movement growing larger 485,000 troops in Vietnam[1968] Turning Point #2 – January 20 Siege at Qe Sanh Tet Offensive

Tet – Vietnamese New YearJan. 30 – Viet Cong lead a massive, coordinated attack on cities throughout South Vietnam, including Saigon (believed to be the safest place in Vietnam)Militarily, U.S. defeats Viet Cong – but is a huge political defeat -all support disappears at home -changes how people see the war536,000 troops in Vietnam – height will come at end of 1968 with 549,000 troopsProtests[1963] start small[1965] Students for Democratic Society (SDS) -organize protests on college campuses -a man sets himself on fire outside McMamera’s (Sec. of Defense) office at the Pentagon[1967] Anti-war movement grows[1968] Support for the war falls under 30%[1969] 500,000 people show up in D.C. for anti-war rallyTelevisionVietnam – first televised war -images of the war (the ones that make it past censors) are broadcast nightly -leads to more protestsSoldiersMost were draftedOne in four draftees receive a deferment (get out of service)The average soldier is poor, young (19 is the average age), and less educatedFighting – brutal and tough, and mentally drainingKhe Sanb (marine base)[Jan. 20, 1968] Largest set peace battle of Vietnam War -U.S. marines are surrounded and attacked for 78 days by N. Vietnamese forces[July 6, 1968] U.S. marines leave the area[Jan. 31, 1968] Tet OffenseEscalation?

William W. Morland (head of military force in Vietnam) asks LBJ for 206,000 more soldiers – 536,000 in Vietnam -but LBJ refuses in March 1968LBJ[by early 1968] LBJ is a broken man -years of war, anti-war protests -pro-war Hawks vs. anti-war Doves

Goes on TV and announces the halting of bombing of North Vietnam – marks beginning of de-escalation)

Also announces that he will not run for president in 1968 Eugene McCarthy (anti-war senator) Wins the NH primary vs. LBJ Hawks are angry, Doves are angry RFK enters the nomination race March 1968 Dem. Nominees: Hubert Humphrey, Eugene McCarthy, RFK

(NY senator)

Martin Luther King Jr.[April 4, 1968] while standing on balcony of his Memphis hotel, MLK Jr. was shot and killed by an escaped convict, James Earl Ray -leads to violence and riots in the U.S. in 125 cities -46 people killed -over 3,000 injured, over 27,000 arrestedRobert Fitzgerald Kennedy[March 1968] enters Democratic nomination

Supported by: Young Poor African-Americans Hispanics “rightful owner of the presidency” gaining support throughout early 1968 – wins the CA primary RFK is shot and killed while walking through a kitchen after

the primary win Killed by Sirhan Sirhan

Democratic National Convention

At Chicago in Aug. 28, 1968 Hubert Humphrey receives the Democratic nomination Outside the convention, 10,000 protestors gather in a park

across the street Richard J. Daly – is angered by their presence and orders for

the forced removal of the protestors – violence breaks out

Significance – displays the chaotic mess of the Democratic PartyElection of 1968RepublicansDemocratsIndependentsRichard NixonHubert HumphreyGeorge WallaceWins by 500 000 pop. votes301 electoral votes191 electoral votesThe segregation speech46 electoral votes-Nixon becomes presidentMajor Changes brought about by 1968

1. The Conservatives take over the government2. Civil Rights Movement

-from nonviolence/direct action/Christian ideals – to violence-by Black Panthers

1. Vietnam War

[before 1968] goal: to win[after 1968] goal: to get outRichard M. Nixon

Raised a Quaker, born in CA Works for OPA during WWII

Served in Navy [1942-1945] – gains respect Exceptional serviceman

[1946-1951] House of Representatives – served in HUAC (brought down A. Hiss)[1951-1953] Senator[1953-1961] VP under Eisenhower[1952] almost dropped from Ike–slush fund–saved himself with Checkers speech[1960] loses presidency to JFK[1962] loses governor position in CA to Pat Brown[1968] manages to win the president position

VP Spiro Agnew Secretary of State Henry Kissinger

Nixon wants to get the U.S. out of Vietnam – kept his plans very secret[Aug 1969] Nixon DoctrineU.S. will give money and moral aid to any country fighting communism, but the U.S. will NOT send troopsSituation in the Vietnam War in 1969[1968] LBJ announces a halt to escalation

Kills morale in Vietnam – goal for the soldiers in Vietnam is SURVIVAL

Increased desertion [1970] – 70,000 desertions Lack of discipline Racial problems Increased drug use (opium) Increased killing of officers by enlisted men Increased atrocities – MiLai Massacre – killings of innocent

people by U.S. soldiers

Nixon wants to achieve “peace with honor”

1. Vietnamization

-replace U.S. soldiers with South Vietnamese soldiers

[1969] 475,000 U.S. soldiers in Vietnam[1970] 334,000 U.S. soldiers in Vietnam[1972] 24,000 U.S. soldiers in Vietnam[1973] less than 275 U.S. personnel in Vietnam

1. Secret Negotiations between Kissinger and N. Vietnamese Le Duc Tho2. Escalate Bombing

Increases in Cambodia, Laos, and the trade trail “mad bomber” theory – Nixon would continue to bomb North

Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos until a deal was settled

End of the Vietnam War[1970] U.S. and S. Vietnamese troops invade Cambodia - destroy Viet Cong supply bases -leads to more protests at home Kent State and Jackson State protest deaths[1971] South Vietnamese troops invade Laos with U.S. air support[1972] North Vietnam leads the Easter Offensive[Oct 1972] Kissinger announces that “peace is at hand,” gives up peace terms -S. Vietnam will not accept the cease-fire -N. Vietnam begins demanding more concessions from the U.S. Christmas Bombing -ordered by Nixon to get N. Vietnamese back to bargaining table -of Hanoi, Haifang[Jan 23, 1973] Nixon announces that a peace agreement is reached[Jan 27, 1973] U.S., S. Vietnam, N. Vietnam sign Paris Peace Accords

1. U.S. troops leave2. U.S. prisoners of war return3. N. Vietnam retains land in S. Vietnam

-the end of the Vietnam War

Costs of War

$150 Billion, economically speaking 58,000 U.S. deaths – 300,000 return wounded countless psychological effects of the war

Vietnam – 2 million are killed (an estimate)Cambodia – Khmer Rouge government takes over after U.S. leaves -anti-democratic -kills 40% of Cambodian population [1973-1979]Domino Theory is proven wrong – the world does NOT fall to communism after VietnamDétente – cooling off of the Cold War

1. China

[1949] When China goes communist, U.S. refuses to recognize itNixon wants to improve relations with China[April 1971] U.S. sends in U.S. Ping Pong Team to China[June 1971] Kissinger visits China[Feb 1972] Nixon visits China–one of the most important things in his presidency

1. Soviet Union

[May 1972] Nixon visits Moscow -sign the SALT I Treaty Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty -supposedly reduces the arms buildup in U.S. and S.U. -more symbolic

1. Middle East

[1973-1974] Arab oil embargoNixon & Modern RepublicanismThe Positives

1. [July 21, 1969] Man walks on the Moon

Lunar Module Eagle from Apollo II lands on the MoonBuzz Aldrin and Neil Armstrong walk on the moon

1. Expansion of the Great Society programs (in his first two years)

2. Increased protection of the environment (more Congress than Nixon)

1. Increase in social security Increase in subsidization of housing for low-income families Increase in job corps Voting age extended to 18-year-olds

Limit pesticide use Protect endangered species Protect coastal regions Limit emissions of pollutants

[1969] National Environmental Policy Act[1970] Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) -enforce environmental laws Occupational Safety & Health Agency (OSHA) – protect workers’ health[April 1970] first Earth Day celebratedThe Negatives

1. Revenue sharing

-Government gives money to the states to use – but Great Society funding is stoppedResult – the states and cities get less money

1. Economy

$25 Billion deficit – due to the Vietnam war and the Great Society5% inflation rate (normal: 2%-3%)

[1969] Tax Cut - $2.5 billion in taxes – deficit increases [1970] Nixon raises interest rates lower money supply -higher inflation, higher unemployment, and lower economic growth “Stagflation” [1971] Nixon tries deficit spending – fails Nixon tries devaluing the dollar – fails Nixon tries wage freezes, price freezes, rent freezes for 90 days -all fail

1. Nixon declares war on “domestic radicals”

-Civil rights, protesters, student groups, etc.-who “threaten” society

1. Nixon turns his back on African-Americans

1. Trying to court the Southern vote – scared of Wallace He is against an extension of the Voting Rights Act He is also against the desegregation of Mississippi schools Condemns bussing – was made legal in 1971 by Congress

Also: Nixon works to make the Supreme Court conservative -replaces Earl Warren with Warren Burger Harry Blacken, Powell, Rehnquist placed in courtThe Odd

1. Nixon creates an “enemies list”

-to create a list of enemies so Nixon can destroy themWho’s on this list?

1. Edward Kennedy (other brother of RFK and JFK) Walter Mondell

Jane Fonda (an actress – goes to N. Vietnam and supports them)

The presidents of Yale, Harvard Law, and MIT Barbara Streisand (singer) Paul Newman (actor) Bill Cosby Joe Naimuth (football player – quarterback) Nixon’s heart doctor … etc.

1. Nixon & the White House

-create a group called “the plumbers” – to stop leaks in the governmentEllsberg is the first attacked – he released the Pentagon papers -showed how U.S. lied in the past

1. Nixon creates CREEP

-Committee to RE-Elect the President-all unnecessaryElection of 1972 Rep – NixonDem. – George McGovern3rd Party - Wallace520 electoral votes17 electoral votesShot and paralyzed - repentsNixon has over 60% of the popular vote, while McGovern only had 37% -wins by an overwhelming majority -but in the end, it is CREEP and his efforts to get re-elected that brings his downfallThe Watergate Scandal[1970] CREEP is created, headed by George Mitchell[1971] the “enemies list” is created[June 1971] the “Plumbers” are created – led by G. Gordon Liddy and E. Howard Hunt

[Jan. 1972] Liddy develops a plan to bring down Democratic candidates for the 1972 election -Mitchell tells Liddy to develop a lesser-involved plan[June 17, 1972]5 men, led by James McCord (former CIA agent), break into Democratic HQ at the Watergate Hotel in D.C. – plan on wiretapping the phones -during the break-in, a security guard sees them and calls the police -the five men are caught red-handed At the time, Nixon and the White House disavow any knowledge of the incident -Nixon knows it is CREEP -he could have been clean, but instead he makes his BIGGEST mistake – he orders a cover-up[Oct 1972] Bob Woodward & Carl Burnstein from the Washington Post write an article charging that top White house officials are involved in Watergate -being given information from “Deep Throat” -from the White House – Mark Felt (deputy director in the FBI) -continue to write articles about Watergate throughout the scandal[Nov 1972] Nixon easily wins re-election[Spring 1973] Judge Serica sentences the five burglars to extremely long sentences, hoping to break them (ex. 20 years in prison) -James McCord breaks -admits that White House officials were involved[Feb-Apr. 1973] Special Committee is formed to investigate Nixon’s campaign activities -people begin to resign John Dean – special council to Nixon Archibald Cox is named special prosecutor[May 1973] Hearings begin

[June 1973] John Dean admits that Nixon was involved in the Watergate cover-up (but no evidence of the deed)[July 1973] Alexander Butterfield (White House Chief of Staff) -tells the hearings that Nixon has a tape recording system in the Oval Office that records all conversations – due to Nixon’s paranoia -this is the “smoking gun”[Aug-Oct 1973] Cox demands the tapes form Nixon, but Nixon refuses, citing executive privilege and national security concerns[Oct 20, 1973] Saturday Night Massacre

Nixon orders the Attorney General Richardson to fire Cox – Richardson refuses and resigns

Nixon goes to Deputy Attorney General to fire Cox – the deputy also refuses and resigns

Nixon goes to Solicitor General Bork who finally fires Cox

[Oct. 1973] VP Spiro Agnew is convicted of income tax evasion -resigns form office – Gerald Ford replaces him -Gerald Ford was the house minority leader – well-liked[April 1974] Nixon releases an edited version of the tapes -despite the editing, Nixon still seems to be nuts[July 27, 1974] House Judiciary Committee adopted the first Articles of Impeachment against Nixon[Aug 5, 1974] Nixon releases an unedited version of the tapes (except for an 18-min gap – what was in that gap is still a mystery) -on tape, Nixon is ordering the Watergate cover-up[Aug 8, 1974] Nixon announces his resignation[Aug 9, 1974] Nixon leaves the White House -Gerald Ford is sworn in as President -Nelson Rockefeller is named VP First time the two highest-ranked government officials are not elected by the people

Significance of Watergate

1. Free press helps bring the scandal to national attention2. Another “black eye” for the U.S. nation and it turns people

off from their government3. Shows that the system works?

Yes? – Nixon was made to pay for his crimeNo? – if he didn’t have the taped conversations, wouldn’t have happenedGerald Ford – more conservative than Nixon

Born in 1913 Played football in University of Michigan – very athletic Graduates from Yale Law Serves in the Navy in WWII Serves 1949-1973 in the House of Representatives – House

Minority Leader [1973] takes over as VP when Agnew resigns takes over presidency when Nixon resigns – seen as the

caretaker of the presidency his wife founds the Betty Ford clinic

Major Events

1. Ford pardons Nixon one month after his presidency

-the public is outraged – wanted to see Nixon punished

1. Economy

[1974] high inflation, high unemployment, high energy costs (Arab oil embargo) -stagflationFord – WIN – Whip Inflation Now -cut federal spending -voluntary restraint as long on energy – conservation -increase in discount rate Result: Recession [1974-1975]

Auto industry begins to fail – Japan, West Germany -efficient -cost-affordable -smaller, sporty, faster

1. SALT II

Ford and Soviet premier Brezhnev -limit each country to 2400 nuclear missiles

1. Helsinki Accords

Ford & Brezhnev meet in Helsinki, Finland -sign for human rights in Europe -ease control over Europe – allows for democratic ideas

1. South Vietnam falls April 1975

S. Vietnam and Saigon fall to North Vietnamese

1. Myaguez Incident

Cambodian rebels seize U.S. ship and 39 hostages aboard -special forces save the 39 hostages -but 41 special forces are killed in the processJimmy Carter

Born in 1924 in Georgia Graduate of Naval Academy in Annapolis Becomes a peanut farmer [1971-1975] Governor of Georgia wins 1976 election for presidency defeats Ford 297:240 electoral votes a born-again Christian he is the ultimate outsider – not part of the political mix-up

Major Events

1. Carter is a D.C. outsider

-it is difficult for Carter to get any legislation passed

1. Economy

-has to deal with Ford’s recession– to try to promote spending: -public works projects -tax cuts -works for a while [1978] unemployment is down to 5%[1979-1980] Recession

1. Prices increase 30% Energy costs increase [1979] Oil crisis Still have stagflation Bank interest rates go up to 20%

Carter’s Response

Conservatism, voluntary restraint Tells U.S. people that they should not expect unlimited

growth Department of Energy [1977] Carter is unable to deal with the recession

1. Foreign Affairs

Carter draws attention to human rights Seeks better relations with Africa, Panama (Panama Canal

treaties) [1999] give control to Panamanians full diplomatic recognition to China

1. Soviet Union

Carter and Brezhnev meet in June 1979 – sign SALT II

[Jan 1980] Soviet Union invades Afghanistan -Carter pulls treaty from the Senate -U.S. boycott the Summer Olympics in Moscow

1. Camp David Accords

-Peace agreement signed at Camp David, MD -between Sadat of Egypt and Bagin of Israel

1. Iran

[1979] the Shah of Iran (pro-U.S.) is forced out of power by Ayatollah -the Shah is allowed into the U.S. for cancer treatment by Carter -biggest mistake of Carter -Iranian students storm the U.S. embassy in Tehran -take over 50 hostages for 444 days -until Reagan’s inauguration dayRonald Reagan

Born in 1911 in Illinois Tough childhood – moved about 10 times, father was an

alcoholic Becomes an actor, acts in 54 films – then becomes a GE

spokesman [1967-1975] governor of California Republican [1981-1989] President of the U.S. oldest president at inauguration at 70 years old

Election of 1980DemocratsRepublicansCarterReagan -wants to revive patriotism-appeals to middle class, blue-collar worker-the “New Right”wins 489 electoral votes[March 30, 1981] Reagan is shot by John Hinckley Jr. -almost dies

-the “Teflon” president – nothing bad ever stuck to Reagan

1. Reaganomics

Trickle-down economics (give $ to top, starts spreading down)

Massive tax cuts – income taxes are cut 25% over 3 years Massive reduction in government spending to social

programs Cuts back government regulations - “get rid of government” Increases the discount rate

Immediate results – Reagan Recession [1981-1983]But, things turn around in 1983Lasting Effects:

An improved economy Decreased unemployment Increase in consumer spending Increase in building houses, complexes…etc. Bull Market [1983-1987] A richer middle class

YUPPIES – young, rich, spouse, no kids…Bonfire of the Vanities by Tom Woolfe Bad things:

Trade gap widens (increase imports, decrease exports) Farmers are going bankrupt Plight of the inner cities – due to the reduction in

government spending to social programs Get poorer Drug use

1987 Stock Market Crash -1/5 of the market is lost in one day -larger than 1929 crash – but does not lead to a depression

Military spending increased – huge budget deficits – national debt triples

1. The Cold War

[1981] Reagan calls the Soviet Union “the Evil Empire” – wants to crush communism -starts a massive military buildup - more nuclear weapons [1981] $171 Billion [1985] $300 Billion per year SDI – the Star Wars program – missile defense systemLeads Reagan & the U.S. to El Salvador, Nicaragua and GranadaResult – end of the Cold War*Election 1984 – first female to run for VP – Geraldine – loses*Reagan and Gorbechau – begun to end the war -institute Parastraika, Glasnos – wants better relations with the U.S.[1985] first of meetings – Geneva[1986] meet in Reykjavik, Iceland[1987] INF peace treaty – Intermediate Nuclear Forces Treaty -both agree to remove nuclear missiles in Europe -both agree to inspections afterward[1988] Reagan visits Moscow -Soviet Union pulls forces from Afghanistan

1. The Middle East

[1982-1983] Reagan sends Marines to Lebanon to help keep peace[Oct 1983] Suicide bomber drives a truck into barracks and kills 200+ MarinesIran Contra Affair -U.S. had been secretly selling weapons to Iran in exchange for money -take that money to contras in Nicaragua

1980’s -> ME GENERATION (YUPPIES) (Bonfire of the Vanities – Tom

Wolfe)

Movies = Blockbuster 1. E.T. 2. Star Wars: Return of the Jedi 3. Star Wars:

Empire Strikes back

Immigration: 1. Asia/Latin America -> USA

Family – Divorce rates level off

Election – 1988

Dems

Michael Dukakis

112 Electoral

Reps

George HW Bush

426 Electoral

George HW Bush

Promises “NO NEW TAXES”

Born in 1924 in MA

Yale grad

Naval pilot in WWII

Shot down in the Pacific

Makes money in oil in Texas

Congressman

Ambassador to the US

Director of the CIA VP under Reagan

End of the Cold War (Problem to US: Can’t focus on one enemy)

- Dems protests in China – Tian Mien Square (Brutally repressed)

- Soliditary Movement in Poland – Overthrows the communist gov’t in 1989

- Hungary/Czechoslovakia/Romania/Eastern Germany – All topple pro-commi

gov’t

[Late 1989] Berlin wall falls: Germany is reunited

[Dec. 1991] Gorbachev resigns

- S.U. Collapses

- United by 15 loosely united countries -> Russian Federation led by

Boris Yelson

Persian Gulf War

[August 1990] Saddam Hussein issues Iraqi invasion of Kuwait (Kuwait was

rich with oil)

- US/UN forces launch a massive military OP: US = 539,000 soldiers/Others =

270,000 soldiers

- Operation Desert Shield -> Protects Saudi Arabia

[Jan. 1991] Air campaign beings

[Feb. 23 1991] Operation Desert Storm

- lasts 4 days

- Few casualties

[Feb 27. 1991] Iraq is forced out of Kuwait

- Saddam Hussein accepts cease-fire but he is not ousted from power.

Domestic Issues

ADA – American Disability Act: Protects disabled people from work.

Water Projects Bill Clarence Thomas is nominated and confirmed to the

Supreme Court

-> Accused of Sexual Harassment (He threw his pubes on his

secretary’s keyboard LOL) 27th Amendment prohibits congress for giving

themselves a raise.

Recession: Budget deficit is 250 Billion dollars a year.

- Bush raises taxes for 133 Billion dollars, breaks his NO NEW TAXES

promise.

Election of 1992

Dems

Bill Clinton

370 Electoral

Democrats have majority in both houses

Reps

Bush

108 Electoral

Bill Clinton

- Georgetown grad

- Rhode Scholar

- Married to Hillary Rodham (Changed to Clinton) from Arkansas

- Young, energetic, charismatic

- First Baby Boomer President

Domestic Policies

1. Don’t Ask, Don’t tell (Don’t have to tell the army that your gay, but if they

find out they can kick you out, later is vetoed by Obama)

2. Tries to reform health care -> EPIC FAIL :(

3. Decreases budget deficit

4. Gun control Law -> Brady Bill (Not Mr. Allen’s son)

5. NAFTA – North American Free Trade Agreement - Decrease in deficit but

increase in economy in the 1990’s

6. Terrorism

- Oklahoma City: Federal building is bombed by Timothy McBeigh

- The first bombing of the World Trade Center (Terrorist drove a bomb truck

in the Parking Lot)

7. Family, medical, and Leave Act (FMLA)

8. 1993 – Internet debuts to the public (Now we can live our lives with just the

internet)

9. 1996 – Digital Millennium Copyright Act <- Stupidest stuff ever

10. CLINTON IS IMPEACHED DUN DUN DUN

- White Water Scandal (Some real estate scandal, not important)

- Sexual affairs with Monica Lewinski (Monica would go back home every time

after having “fun” with Clinton and call her friend on the phone. She would

describe every tiny scene in specific details and for some weird reason her

friend recorded each conversation. Later her friend submitted them to the

authorities investigating Clinton <- LOL CREEPY FRIEND MUCH)

- House of Reps for yes for impeachment while Senate votes no, but Clinton is

still impeached.

11. Protects 3.2 million acres - Global Warming

12. Clinton lacked a defined foreign policy (Since the Cold War ended)

- Battle of Mogadishu – Took place in Somalia (Featured in the movie

“Blackhawk Down”)

Election of 2000

Dems

Al Gore

VP to Clinton

Born in Tennessee

Harvard Grad Reporter in Vietnam War

Congressman

Independent Party

Ralph Nader <- THE REASON WHY THE WORLD WAS RUINED FROM 2000-

2008

2.7% Popular Vote Reps (Just enough to make Al Gore lose and Bush win)

Reps

George W Bush

(Wins)

George W. Bush

Son of HW Bush

Yale Grad (Got C’s)

Cheerleader

Texas Air National Guard (So he didn’t have to go to Vietnam)

Involved in Oil

Part owner of Texas Rangers

Alcoholic, but sobers up after his twin daughters were born.

Governor of Texas Speaks through his "heart", that's why he messed up so

much in his speeches <- Yeah Right...

Major Events 2000-2008

1. 1.3 Trillion dollar tax cut

2. Missile Defense System (Similar to SDI) -> also fails also like SDI derp herp

3. Anti- Environmentalist

4. 9/11 -> 19 hijackers takes four planes

Two are crashed into the World Trade Center

One to the Pentagon

One headed for the White house but taken control by the flight members and

was crashed into somewhere in Pennsylvania.

- Makes Terrorism the vocal point of the US foreign policy

- Iran/Afghanistan is controlled by Taliban which harbors Al Qaeda

- Patriot Act: Allows searching of private info without warrant such as e-mails

in case you are suspected of terrorism.

- Department of Homeland Security

5. Hurricane Katrina - Bush makes a slow failed reaction *Face palm*

6. April 6th 2007 – BRADY IS BORN (Sept. 5th 1978 Mr. Allen was born) *Only

need to know #6 for Allen*

notes for apush [full]

Documents

murtln luther

ut lower prlces

clvll rlghts

consumers

votlng rlghts

nutlonul recovery

uggresslve

clvll rlghts