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(1/ 5/ 2014)

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5

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6

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armifrdk;OD; 12-02-2014

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7

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zdk;oH (vlxk)

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ajreDcJ&J@ umwGef;vuf&m(2)

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-“2008 tajccHOya'”- wvufukdif cg;ykdufaqmifwyftjzpf csKyfukdifxm;onfh

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t&if;tESD;jzpfonfh “OD;ykdifvDrdwuf”(UMEH) -

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olwkd@onf rae@wae@u (e0w-etz) ppftpkd;&. xdyfoD;tzGJ@0ifrsm; jzpfcJh=u+yD;/ wzef (e0w-etz) ppftkyfpk. tm%mtarGqufcHolrsm;vnf; jzpfonf? ,ae@umvwGifvnf; }uHhzGH@ygwD.xdyfoD;rsm;yif jzpfaeygonf? umcsKyfAkdvfrif;atmifv_difonfvnf;ppfwyfrS em;onfhtcg ol@a&S@u q&morm;uJhokd@ }uhHzGH@ygwDxJokd@omwef;0ifrnfjzpfonf? oD;jcm;ygwDaxmifvdrfhrnfr[kwf? (wpn)ygwDxJ 0if&efvnf; ta=umif;r&Sdacs?

,ae@umvwGif Akdvfodef;pdef/ Akdvfa&$ref;/ Akdvfrif;atmifv_difwkd@ }uhHzGH@ ppftkyfpk t}uHxkwfae=uonfrSm 2015 tcif;tusif;wGif DASSK ukd b,fvkd ukdifwG,fxdef;csKyf+yD; b,fvkdae&m csxm;rvJqkdonfhudpPom jzpfonf?

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xdef;ausmif;y G Jxkwf (tuef@towfjzif h) tokH;csonfhenf;

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(aZmfvwf)

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okd@ygI ,cktcg ,if;okd@ vufawG@tvkyfjzpfvSonfh enf; vrf;ukd rnfonfhykHpH/rnfonfhyrm% wkd;csJ@=urvJ? “2008 tajccHOya'”/ “ppfwyf”ESifh “ppfAsL&kdu&uf t&if;tESD;”wkd@ukd xdef;odrf;/ umuG,f/ wkd;csJ@&mY DASSK tm; rnfokd@ukdifwG,f xdef;csKyfae&mcsxm;=urvJ? [yk'fr 59 (p) ukd ¹cif;csuftcsKd@jzifh jyifqifum DASSK tm; orRw/ 'kwd,orRw tjzpf ae&mcsxm;+yD;/ ppfwyf 25&mckdifE_ef;ukd orRwoufwrf; 4 ckpm qufxm;a&; tay;t,ljyKv#if ykdI wGufom;ukdufrnfavm] qkdonfukdom olwkd@pOf;pm;ayvdrfhrnf?

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DASSK u “jynfol@tiftm;okH;r,f§ tjcm;enf;okH;r,f” ponf ajymvmojzifh 'DcsKyfem,u}uD;wOD;jzpfaom OD;0if;wifurl,ae@ EkdifiHa&;tiftm;pkwkdif; av#mufvSrf;&rnfh acwf0efESifh acwfvrf;ukd &Sif;&Sif;jywfjywf enf;ay;vrf;!efvsuf &Sdygonf?

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tpm;rxkd;Ekdifor# umvywfvkH; “r_dif;” wck r[kwf wck rd+yD; 'Drkdua&pDta&;onf a&pkefarsmaevdrfhOD;rnfom jzpfonf?

2014 Zefe0g&D Economist pmapmif rsufESmzHk;aqmif;yg;t&tem*wf tvkyftudkif&&Sda&;ESifh ywfoufwJh ta&;}uD;wJhpm&if;Z,m; 2 ck azmfjyxm;wm awG@&w,f?

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2 ? vmr,fhtESpf 20 rSm urBmay:&Sdtvkyftudkifaygif;&J@ 47µ[m tvdktavsmufpuf(puf±kyfqdkygpdk@) eJ@ tpm;xdk; cH&edkifw,f?

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(2014 ckESpf/ {+yDv 2 &uf)

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&nfnef; ? The Rich and There Robots are About to make Half the world’s Jobs Disappear. By Brian Merchant.

armifoef;jra&$ (11-4-2014)

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1953 ck v,f,majr EdkifiHydkif Oya't& qdk+yD; ajr,mrsm;udk odrf;onf? aemufydkif; 2012 rwfv 30 v,f,majrOya'opfjyÏmef;+yD;vnf; odrf;jyefonf? 'Dae&mrSm jy\em&Sdaewmu EkdifiHawmfqkdwm wyfrawmfvm;? wyfrawmfESifh EkdifiHawmf xyfwljyKxm;wmb,folawGvJ? jrefrmhajrukd jynfolvlxk ykdifqkdifcGifh r&Sdawmhbl;vm;? tck jzpfaewmu EkdifiHawmftrnfcH+yD; wyfrawmfomru tm%m&SifxdyfoD;awG/ ‚wkd@taygif;yg c±kdeDawGESifh ppfwyfykdif OD;ykdifukr%Dwkd@u }uKdufovkd ajrodrf;cGifh &Sdaeonf? 'Dvkd vkyfcsifovkd vkyf& aeonfhOya'ESifh tm%m&Sifrsm;. vkyf&yfawGa=umifh jynfolrsm;/ awmifolv,form;rsm; ajr,mvufvGwf qkH;±_H;ae&onf? 'ga=umifh tvkyfvufrJhawGxlajymI tkd;tdrfrJhawG rsm;jym;vmaeonf? Akdvfodef;pdef ppftm%mykdiftkyfpku EkdifiHwumrSmvnf; 'Djy\emrsKd;awG &Sdaea=umif;qifajcay;wwf=uonf? pD;yGm;a&; zG H @ +zK d;wk d;wufaeonfh Ek difiHawGrSm +rK d@{&d,mwkd;cs J@a&;/ puf±H ktvkyf±H k wkd;csJ @wnfaqmufa&;ponfhEkdifiHawmfpDrHudef;rsm;twGuf ajr,modrf;qnf;r_rsm; trSefyif &Sdonf? okd@ayrJh olwkd@EkdifiHawmfqkdwm wu,fhEkdifiHawmftwGuf/jynfoltwGuf tusKd;&Sdonfhvkyfief;awG vufawG@taumiftxnf azmfEkdifonf? todrf;cHajrrsm; avsmfa=u;ay;jcif;/ ajrtpm; jyefay;jcif;&nf&G,fcsufESifh ajz&Sif;ay;ykH/ tvkyftukdif zefwD;ay;ykH tvGef uGmjcm;onf? ArmppftkyfpkESifh taygif;yg c±kdeDawG. vkyf&yf[m

2 4

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ArmjynfvlOD;a&wGif aus;vufvlOD;a&u ykdrsm;onf? v,f,mvkyfief; zGH@+zKd;wkd;wufr_ r&Sd&if wkdif;jynf zGH@+zKd;wkd;wufvdrfhrnfr[kwf?wkdif;jynfrzGH@+zKd;v#if jynfolvlxk qif;&JwGif;epfrSm trSefyif? tck ArmjynfrSm tajccHvlwef;pm;rsm; qif;&J'kuQaygif;pkH &ifqkdifae&+yD?Akdvfodef;pdefwkd@ ppftm%mykdifwpku a&epf&m 0g;ulxkd;aeonf? awmifolv,form;jynfolrsm;. ajr,modrf;ykdufr_ukd t=urf;zufonfhenf;ukdokH;I ajz&Sif;aeonf? ajr,m rw&m;odrf;ykdufolESifh todrf;ykdufcH jynfolrsm; jy\emwGif ajr,modrf;ykdufonfh ppfwyfESifhvkyfief;&Sif c±kdeDrsm;bufu ajAmif&yfwnfI tajccHvlwef;pm;jzpfonfh qif;&Jom;jynfolrsm;ukd ESdyfuGyfaeonf? Trw&m;r_ukd jynfolrsm;tcsdef=um=um onf;cHEdkifrnfr[kwf/ tckudkyJ qENjyyGJrsm;? xGefwkH;wdkufyGJrsm; tawmrowf jzpfaeonf? trSefwu,ftm;jzifh jynfol@'Drkdua&pDawmfvSefa&;qkdonfrSm v,form;ESifh v,f,majrjy\em ajz&Sif;jcif; jzpfonf? aus;vufawmifolv,form;trsm;pk&Sdonfh ArmjynfvkdtajctaersKd;rSm v,fvkyfol v,fykdifa&; r&Sdrjzpf vkdtyfonf?

xkwfvkyfa&;tao;pm;rsm; vGwfvGwfvyfvyf vkyfukdifcGifh &SdrS v,f,mvkyfief; zGH@+zKd;wkd;wufaprnf? Akdvfodef;pdefwkd@ vkyfaeykHuppfAsL±kdu&ufESifh ‚wkd@ taygif;yg c±kdeDrsm;ukd acwfopfajr&Sif}uD;rsm; tjzpf arG;xkwf+yD; v,form;vufu vufikwfv,fyg vufvGwfatmifvkyfaeonf? 1929-30 umvu cspfwD;rsm; vkyf&yfESifh wlaeonf? cspfwD;rsm; vkyf&yfukd u&ifwkdif;&if;om;wOD;u oufaocH&mwGifcspfwD;b%frsm;onf rD;v#HxGufaeaom e*g;rsm; jzpfum v,f,majrwkdif;ukd aoG@ajcmufaponf? ,kwfrm aumufuspfpGm wjznf;jznf;csif; odrf;,lr_a=umifh v,form;rsm; 'kuQ yifv,fa0cJh&onf? cspfwD;wkd@onf ESvkH;om;r&Sdaom vlrsm; jzpf+yD; ukd,fusLd;twGufpmempdwfuif;rJhpGmjzifh 'kuQa&mufaeolwkd@. aemufqkH;aoG;wpuf usefonfhwkdifatmif n‡pfxkwf,lolrsm; jzpfonf[k qkdonf? ( tawG;tjrifpmapmifyg OD;xGef;atmifausmf M.A(TEFL) , RL . aqmif;yg;rS )

,ck Akdvfodef;pdef vkyf&yfu cspfwD;vkyf&yfESifh wlae±Hkru cspfwD;xuf qkd;onfhtcsufrSm vufeufrJh jynfolrsm;ukd tm%mokH;Ivufeufukdift=urf;zuf ajr,mvk,laer_yif jzpfonf? ArmjynfrSm v,f,mvkyfief;cGifrzGH@+zKd;I +rKd@jyrSmvnf; pD;yGm;a&; qkwf,kwfonf?0ifaiG &Ekdifonfh tvkyftukdif &Sm;yg;r_ jzpfaeonf? ppfAsL&kdu&ufESifh c±kdeDawG csrf;om=ujcif;rSm xkwfvkyfa&;vkyfief;rsm;ESifh ±kd;±kd;omreful;oef;a&mif;0,fa&;a=umifh csrf;omjcif; r[kwf? tm%mokH;I rw&m; vkyfykdifcGifhrsm; &,lum jynfolykdif obm0 o,HZmwrsm;jzKef;wD;a&mif;csaeaoma=umifh csrf;om=ujcif; jzpfonf? xkd@a=umifh pD;yGm;ysuf awmifolv,form;rsm;twGuf tvkyftukdif rsm;rsm;pm;pm;zefwD;ay;EkdifpGrf; r&Sdonfh tajctae jzpfonf? qif;&Jom;jynfolrsm;twGuf yGifhaeaomvrf;rSm jynfyxGufonfh a&$@ajymif;tvkyform;b0yifjzpfonf? ArmjynfrS jynfyxGuf a&$@ajymif;tvkyform; 6 oef;ausmftxd &Sdaeonf[k od&onf? tm;aumif;armif;oef tzkd;wefvkyftm;rsm;pD;xGufaejcif; jzpfojzifh wkdif;jynftwGuf tvGef epfemonf?

EkdifiHjcm;aiG 10 bDvsHavmuf 0ifaew,fqkd+yD; pmempdwfuif;rJhonfh Akdvfodef;pdeftkyfpku auseyfaumif; auseyfaeEkdifonf?ukd,fhjynfolawG jynfyrSm wlwlwefwef tqufqH rcH&wm xnfhwGufrSm r[kwfbl;? trsKd;orD;tdrfazmfvkyfief; raumif;owif; xGufaeonfh=um;u a[mifaumifukd w&m;0if ykd@ay;aeonf? xkdtpkd;&rsKd;. oabmxm;ESifh vkyf&yf[m wkdif;jynf*k%foduQm/ vl@*k%foduQmxufaiGa=u;ukd t"du xm;a=umif; xif&Sm;aeonf?

csKyf=unfhygu Armjynfv,f,mvkyfief;zGH@+zKd;a&;ESifh aus;vufvlr_b0 wkd;wufa&;wkd@twGuf t"du twm;tqD;rSm ppfAsL±kdu&ufvlwef;pm;ESifh taygif;yg c±kdeDwpk. aoG;pkyfzdESdyfr_/ wenf;tm;jzifh azmfjyyg vlwef;pm;ukd ukd,fpm;jyKonfh ppftm%m&Sifpepf =um&SnfpGmpkd;rkd;r_jzpfa=umif; tvGefxif&Sm;onf? xkd@a=umifh aus;vufzGH@+zKd;wkd;wufa&;ESifh qif;&JEGrf;yg;r_av#mhcsvkdv#if t&ifqkH; ppftm%m&Sifpepft+yD;wkdif zsufodrf;&rnf jzpfaya=umif; wifjy&ayonf?

armifpdefaomf 4-4-2014

2 5

“tpdk;&ajr æ rusL;ausmf&”? “wyfajr æ vkH;0 (vkH;0) rusL;ausmf&” qdkwJh qdkif;bkwfeDawGu ocFsKdif;ajrrSmawmif usufoa&r&Sd awG@ae&w,f? 'D qdkif;bkwfawGudk vlr_uGef&uf (Face book) pmrsufESmrsm;wGif r=umr=um jrifawG@=u&w,f? jrifawG@rdol trsm;tjym;uawmhjypfjypfESpfESpf usdefqJjcif;jzifh ±_wfcstjypfwif=uygw,f? tJ'Dvdk usdefqJoHrsdK;awGu vlr_uGef&ufrSmom jzpfay:aewmawmhr[kwf/ Armjynfvl@tzGJ@tpnf;xJwGif ae&m˜ a'o wdkif;rSm/ tcsdfefwdkif;rSm =um;ae&wJh toHrsdK;vdkjzpfae+yD?

wu,fawmh 'DusdefqJoHrsm;&J@ aemufrSm emusif em=unf;p&mawG/ a=uuGJ a'goxGufp&maumif;wJJh tjzpftysufawGu tcdkiftrm&SdaecJh/ &SdaeqJyJr[kwfygvm;? vlxkusdefqJoHtrsm;qkH;=um;&r,fh ae&ma'oawGuawmh Armjynf&J@ aus;vufa'oawGrSm jzpfay:aewmawG@=u&ygvdrfhr,f?

Armjynf&J@ aus;vufvl@tzGJ@tpnf;twGif;rSm vGefcJhwJh 2ESpfausmfu pwif+yD;/ rauseyfr_awGa&m¹yrf;aewJh vlxkwdkufyGJac:oHawG=um;vmae&w,f? ykHo¿mefrsdK;pkHjzifh ae&mwdkif;uae ay:xGufvmcJh+yD? 'Dvdkjzpf&wJh ta=umif;awGuawmh aus;vuf&Sd ajr,mtrsm;tjym;udk tm%modrf;ppftpdk;&u (,cif rqv ppftpdk;&vufxufuwnf;u tcsdK@ae&mrsm;wGif ajr,modrf;ydkufr_&SdcJh) acgif;pOftrsdK;rsdK; wyfumvufeufudkifwyfzGJ@rsm;udk tokH;jyK+yD; twif;t"rR vk,ufodrf;ydkufcJhjcif;a=umifh jzpfcJh&w,f? +yD;awmh aus;vufae vlxkawG &J@ “touf&SifoefaexdkifEdkifa&;” tcGifhtvrf;awGudk tcsdfefwdkif; tzsuftqD;cHae&aoma=umifh jzpfcJh&w,f?

ppftpdk;&vufxufu vk,uf+yD;ajr,m trsm;tjym;udk “tpdk;&ajræ” / “wyffajr æ” qdkwJh qdkif;bkwfxl+yD; vlxkudk +cdrf;ajcmufxm;=uw,f? acgif;pOftrsdK;rsdK;eJ@odrf;ydkuf ykHo¿mefrsdK;pkHjzifh tokH;jyKaewJh ajruGufwdkif;rSm”tpdk;&ajræ” / “wyfajræ” qdkwJJh qdkif;bkwfudk xifxif&Sm;&Sm;awG@=u&ygvdrfhr,f? wu,fawmh “tpdk;&ajræ” / “wyfajr æ” qdkwmawGu vlxkxHrS vk&myg ukefypPnf;awG&J@ trSwf wHqdyfawGqdkwmvlawGu rodbJ b,faeyghrvJ?

awmif;yG J/ wdkufyG Jo¿mef odk@r[kwf vlxkwdkufyG Jo¿mef jyefvnfay:xGufvmjcif;

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“ajr,mwdk fufyG Judk b,folu ˜ b,fvdk &v'frsdK;eJ@ tqkH;owfrvJ”

“tpdk;&ajræ”/ “wyffajr” qdkonfrSm æ

( &Jabmf xifOD;)

2 6

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u|efr 1970- u &efukefaq;wuUodkvf(1)rS trfbDbDtufpf bGJ@&cJhygw,f? 1971- wESpfvkH; tvkyfoifq&m0eftjzpfeJ@&efukef+rKd@ay:&Sd aq;&kHawG aq;ay;cef;awGrSm vSnfhvnf+yD; tvkyfwm0efawG xrf;aqmifcJh&ygw,f? tJ'Dwkef;u }uKHcJh&wmyg?

u|efr[Jvfyifvrf;u “uav;aq;±kH}uD;”rSm }uKHawG@cJh&wmawGukd t&ifajymjyygr,f?

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tJ'Dwkef;u “uav;aq;±Hk”rSm tawG@&rsm;aewJha&m*gonfuav;rsm;uawmh Kwashiorkor uGm&Smaum vdk@ac:wJh tm[m&(txl; ojzifh tom;"mwf Protein ) rvHkavmufvdk@jzpfwJh a&m*gonfav;awGyg? Edk@n‡muav;awGrSm tjzpfrsm;vdk@ ‘Edk@n‡muav;a&m*g’ vdk@vnf; jrefrm r_jyKxm;ygw,f? uav;ti,f xyf&Sdvm&ifEdk@n‡muav;udk Edk@jzwfvdkufwJhtwGuf tom;"mwfavsmhenf;+yD;jzpf&wmyg? Adkufuav;u ylyl/ ajcaxmufuav;awG/ vufuav;awG azma&mif+yD; udk,fcE<m ta&jym;ay:rSmvnf; tpuftajymufrsdK;pHkeJ@ aq;±Hkudka&mufvmwwfygw,f? tJ'D uav;awGudk twGif;vlemtjzpf taqmifwaqmifrSm pkxm;+yD; aq;&kHu txl; au|;arG;E_ef;(Special Diet) pDpOf+yD; au|;arG;ygw,f? tJ'Dwkef;u aq;±Hk tkyf}uD;u a'gufwm OD;wifOD;yg? olu 'Dvkd a&m*g uk&wmukd odyfpdwftm;wufºuygw,f? pdwftm;wufºuvnf; wufºup&mygyJ? tajccHbma&m*grS r&SdbJ tm[m&rvkHavmufr_a=umifh jzpf&wmqkdawmhaq;&kHrSm ukvor*~wkd@/ ,leDqufzfwkd@u vSL'gef;xm;wJh Ekd@r_ef@awGazsmfwkdufvkduf±kHeJ@ uav;awG[m wywfq,f&uftwGif; tazmta&mifawG usoGm;+yD; ajymifajymifa&mifa&mif jzpfvmygw,f? 'gayrJhtdrfjyefoGm;+yD; 1 v 2 vae&if 'Da&m*g vuQ%mawGeJ@yJ jyefjyefa&mufvmygw,f?

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3 0

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'gayrJh 'DvdkrsdK; a&m*gonf uav;awG ododomom avsmhenf; usqif;oGm;wm rawG@&ygbl;?

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aemuftawG@t}uHKwckuawmh - 'Dvdkyg?awmifOuUvmy ‘wDbD a&m*gwdkufzsufa&; aq;ay;cef;’

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tJ'Dwkef;u e,fvSnfh"mwfrSef±kduf um;}uD;awGeJ@ &yfuGufawGxJ vSnfh+yD; tcrJh "mwfrSef±kdufay;ygw,f? tJ'Duae awG@&SdwJhvlemawGudk &yfuGuftvdkuf rSwfyHkwif+yD; wDbDaq;awGukd wywf(2) }udrf vm,l aomufap&ygw,f? (tdrfay;vkduf&if raomufrSmpkd;&vkd@ aq;cef;rSmyJ aomufckdif;&wmyg?) aq;ukd 3-v wefonf/6-vwefonf aomufckdif;&ygw,f/ u|efrwkd@ukd umuG,fa&;aq;ynmXme q&mrsm;u 'DvkdrsKd;enf;eJ@ tdENd,rSm wDbDa&m*gyaysmufvkrwwf jzpfae+yDvkd@ ajymzl;ygw,f? q&mawG r=uc%ajymwwfwJh pum;awmif rSwfrdaeygao;w,f? just round the

corner- wJh? r=umcifayghav?)tJ'Daq;cef;rSm u|efrwkd@wm0efu aq;wkdufwJh ae@awGrSm

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wcgawmh aq;ay;cef;pma&;av;u vlemwa,muf aq;vm r,lwm 2 ywf &Sd+yDvkd@ owif;ykd@vmygw,f? uJ-'gjzifh vkduf=unfh&atmif qkd+yD; u|efrwkd@ tJ'Dvlemtdrfukd vkdufoGm;ygw,f? u|efrwkd@a&mufoGm;awmh vlemu tdrfa&S@cef; ujyifav;rSm xkdifaeygw,f?tem;rSmvnf; uav; 2 a,muf upm;aewm awG@&ygw,f? tdrftwGif;cef;u trsKd;orD;i,fwa,muf vom;t&G,f uav;av;csD xGufvmygw,f? tdrf&SiftrsKd;om;u ae@pm;tvkyform;wJh?rkd;rvif;cifuwnf;u tdrfu xGufoGm;+yD; rkd;pkyfpkyfcsKyfrS tdrfjyefa&mufowhJ? wae@vkH; &or# tvkyf vkyf&wmwJh? vlemu touf(50) ausmf a,muQr}uD;? rkd;&Gmvkd@ &ifusyf+yD; vrf;rav#mufEkdifvkd@rvmwmvkd@ tJ'DtrsKd;orD;uyJ &Sif;jyygw,f? u|efrwkd@vnf; ygvmwJhaq; (vlem vmr,ljzpfwJh aq;awG) ay;+yD; aemuftywf

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aemufwcgvmawmh u|efru "mwfrSef oGm;±kduf+yD;yvm;vkd@ar;awmh r±kduf&ao;bl;vkd@ ajzygw,f? tvGef ul;pufvG,fwJh wDbDa&m*gonfeJ@ xdawG@ae&wJh tvGefEke,fwJh uav;awGukd jrifxm;&wJhu|efru “'Dr,f/ cifAsm;wkd@ukd "mwfrSefu tvum;&kdufay;rSm?a&m*g&Sd&ifvnf; u|efrwkd@u tvum; ukay;rSm? 'Davmuf vkyfukdifay;aewmawmif cifAsm;wkd @u em;raxmifygvm;? uav;awGtwGuf odyftE©&m,f}uD;w,f? od&J@vm”;æu&k%m a'gaomeJ@ajymrdygw,f? vlem&Sifu acgif;ikH@ em;axmifaeygw,f? bmrSvnf;jyefrajymbJ xjyefoGm;ygw,f?

tawmfav;=umrS aq;ay;cef; pma&;av;u u|efrem; r&Jw&J uyfvm+yD;æ“a'gufwmukd u|efawmf wck owday;csifvkd@yg?a'gufwmuawmh apwemeJ@ ajymwm rSefygw,f? 'gayrJh wck pOf;pm;=unfhyg? "mwfrSef tvum; &kdufay;wm rSefayr,fh tJ'Dvltkyf}uD;toGm;p&dwf tjyefp&dwf vkdygw,f? +yD;awmh olwkd@u wae@vkyfrSwae@pm;&wm? vrf;p&dwf wwfEkdifawmif tJ'Dae@ bmeJ@ oGm;pm;=urvJ? 'ga=umifh roGm;=uwm jzpfrSm”ævkd@ ajymvmygw,f?

uJ- u|efra&m bmrsm; wwfEkdifawmhrSmvJ?aemuf r=umcifrSmyJ tJ'Dtdrfu uav;wa,muf wDbD

OD;aESmuf tajr‡;yg;a&mifa&m*geJ@ uav;aq;±kH}uD;rSm qkH;oGm;a=umif;=um;&ygw,f? 'gawmif tJ'Dtcsdef (rqvacwf) u tcrJhynma&;wkd@/ tcrJhaq;ukoa&;wkd@ aºu;a=umfaumif;aewJh tcsdefyg?

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'DvkdrsKd; tjzpftysufawG tckaum r&Sdawmhbl;vm;? ArmjynfrSm usKyfwkd@wyfrawmfu bmrqkd vkyfay;ae&wmvkd@qkdwJh (e,fvSnfh yg;±kduf0ef}uD;) AkdvfcsKyf tkef;jrifhukd ar;yg&apæ cifAsm;wkd@ ESpfaygif; 60 eD;yg; Armjynf}uD;ukd tkyfcsKyfvm=uwm bmvkd@ 'Davmuftuk&vG,fwJh ul;pufa&m*g (wcsKd@EkdifiHawGrSm &SmrawG@awmhbl;?)awGukd aysmufatmif ukray;Ekdif=u&wmwkH;? bmvkd@ tcktcsdeftxdtm[m& jynfhzkd@ bmpm;&r,f/ nmpm;&r,f !ef=um;ae&wmwkH;?w&m;cHu b,folwkH;æar;yg&ap?

'ga=umifhyJ-xifyg&J@?usL;bm;awmfvSefa&;acgif;aqmif- acsa*GAm;&m;ukd q&m

0eftjzpfuae bma=umifh awmfvSefa&;orm; vkyf&wmvJævkdd@ar;awmh æ“vlwOD;csif;rSm jzpfaewJh a&m*gxuf wrsKd;om;vkH;rSmjzpfaewJh a&m*g aysmufapcsifvkd@” vkd@ ajzwm jzpfrSm?

&Jabmf ±_,Of(2014-2-10)

3 1

vGefcJhwJhESpfaygif; tpdwfavmufu rE©av; emrnf}uD;[kdw,f}uD;wckrSm u|efawmfwkd@ wuUodkvfausmif;om;wpk oGm;a&muf pm;aomufcJhzl;&J@? rSmxm;wJh pm;aomufzG,f&mawG pkHpkHvifvif a&mufvm+yD; c%t=umrSm u|efawmfhcg;ukd wa,mufa,mufu aemufuae vufeJ@wkd@wm cHvkduf&? vSnfh=unfhvkdufawmhæ?tm;yg;yg;æ{&mr ppfacG;}uD;waumifygvm;? 00zD;zD;/ xGm;xGm;usKdif;usKdif;/ tarG;ta&mifuvnf; pkdpk djynfjynf/ ajymifajymifvufvufygyJ? tr,frif;ærsufvkH;&GJ}uD;uawmh &$ef;vufawmufajymifaevdkufao;? u|efawmfhcg;ukd vufeJ@wkd@wmrsm; vlwa,mufu wkd@vkdufovkdygyJ? 'Daumif}uD;rS [kwfygpvkd@ ±kwfw&uf oHo,awmif 0ifvkdufrdao;? okd@ayrJh oif;u rsufpda&S@rSmwGif u|efawmfhukdxyf+yD; vufwkd@awmif;ygav&J@Asm?

pm;yGJxkd;wa,mufukd u|efawmfvSrf;ac:+yD; acG;ukd armif;xkwfay;zkd@ ajymw,f? “armif;xkwfvkd@ r&bl;cifAs? olu rau|;&ifvkH;0 roGm;bl;?”vkd@ pm;yGJxkd;aumifav;u ajymw,f? uJærwwfEkdif? ol ajymovkd au|;&awmhwmaygh? au|;vkdufawmh pm;aomuf+yD; xGufoGm;ovm;qkdawmhvnf; r[kwfjyefbl;? au|;vkdufawmhvnf; oif;u &av/ vkdav/ tkd wap> vkyfaejyefa&m? [kdvl@vSnfhvufwkd@/ onfvl@vSnfh vufwkd@eJ@?

aemufxyf pm;0kdif;topf rvmrcsif; u|efawmfwkd@tem;urcGma&;cs rcGm?

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“usyfaiG 3 odef;xuf ausmfonfh vufaqmifukd ,lv#ifvmbfay;vmbf,lr_[k owfrSwf&rnfjzpfa=umif;” orRw OD;odef;pdefu ol@tpkd;&tzGJ@ 0ef}uD;XmeawGukd !ef=um;csuf xkwfjyefvkdufw,f? 'D!¸ef=um;csufa=umifh u|efawmfhpdwfxJrSm Za0Z0g? bmvJ[? 'D!ef=um;csufu vmbfay;vmbf,lr_ukd uef@owfwm;jrpfvkduf wmvm;? 'grSr[kwf vmbfay;vmbf,lr_ukd tm;ay;tm;ajr‡muf vkyfvkdufwmrsm;vm;?

ra0cGJEkdifavmufatmif jzpfoGm;cJh&?“usyfaiG 3 odef;xuf ausmfwJh vufaqmifukd vufcH&if

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3 5

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3 6

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'DESpf 2014 ck rwfvykdif;xJrSm w±kwfjynfbufu qefawGzrf;onfqkdonfh owif;wckvnf; =um;vkdufao;onf? 'Dawmhe,fpyfuykd@aeonfh qefaps;uGuf tvm;tvmuvnf; ra&r&mjzpfaeonf? w±kwfjynfESifh w&m;0if qefwifykd@cGifh oabmwlnDr_&&Sdonfhwkdifatmif jrefrmjynf qefaps;uGufrSm xl;jcm;r_r&SdEkdifa=umif;/“tckw&m;0ifr[kwfawmh w±kwfbufukd tcGefaqmifp&mrvkdbl;av? w&m;0ifjzpfoGm;&if w±kwfbufukd 30 &mckdifEkef; tcGefaqmif&rSmqkdawmh rykd@Ekdifbl;/ rukdufbl;? tJ'Dawmh pmcsKyfcsKyf+yD;oGm;vnf; bmrSrxl;bl;/ ckd;ykd@=urSmyJ” [k a'gufwm pkd;xGef;uokH;oyfajymqkdonf? w±kwfjynfokd@ +yD;cJhonfh b¾mESpfu qefwefcsdef 8 odef; wifykd@Ekdifaomfvnf; jynfyEkdifiHrsm; qefwifykd@r_pm&if;Y jrefrmEkdifiHrS e,fpyfqefwifykd@r_tay: w&m;r0if wifykd@r_tjzpf Oya't& w±kwfjynfu ta&;,lrnfqkdv#if ta&;,l &Ekdifa=umif; Zlvkdif 3 &ufae@ pme,fZif;rsm;ESifh awG@qkHyGJwGif a'gufwm pkd;xGef;uajyma=umif;/ jrefrmoHawmfqifh *sme,frSm azmfjyxm;onf? 'gawGu jrefrmqef jynfywifykd@a&; tvm;tvm raumif;onfh tajctaejzpfonf? tpkd;&u yk*~vdu vkyfief;&Sifrsm;ukdEkdifiHjcm; qefwifykd@cGifhjyKxm;onf? “ArmjynfrSm qefxGufaewmwefcsdef 13 oef;avmuf&Sdw,f wefcsdef 4 odef;˜5 odef;avmufykd@wmjynfwGif; rxdckdufEkdifbl;? wefcsdef 5 odef;xufykdwJh atmf'gawG &zkd@vkdw,f”vkd@ jrefrmEkdifiH qefpyg;vkyfief;toif; ajyma&;qkdcGifh&SdolwOD;u ajymonf? *syefu jrefrmqef 0,f,lEkdifonf qkdaomfvnf;rsm;rsm;pm;pm; 0,f,lEkdifonfr[kwf? wefcsdef ig;axmif waomif;avmufom jzpfonf? 'gvnf;qef t&nftaoG; jrifhrS 0,fjcif;

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Awkd;&Sdef (rkH&Gm) 14 ³4 ³ 2014

4 1

(2000) ckESpf/ azaz:0g&Dvv,f?&efol@ppfa=umif;rsm; wufvmrnf[k owif;&onf? onfwcgawmh u|efawmfwdk@pcef;ESifh e,fajrrsm;udk vufv¸wf&awmhrnf[k

xifonf?wu,fawmh u|efawmfwdk@onf 1997 ckESpfuwnf;u e,fpyfESifh odyfra0;vSaom pcef;rSaeI qkwfcGmcJh&onf? &efol@xdk;ppfudk

u|efawmfwdk@tiftm;r#ESifh [ef@wm;Edkifrnf r[kwfaoma=umifh jzpfonf? u|efawmfwdk@c±dkifrSm òr@e,fwyf (3)wyfaygif; wyfcJG(2)cJGpmr#&Sdonf?xdkpOfu u|efawmfwdk@onf e,fpyfESifh odyfra0;rSef;odaomfvnf; b,favmufa0;rSef;awmh rodcJhacs? 1948 ckESpf ygwDu onfe,fajrrSmvufeufudkif awmfvSefa&; pwifuwnf;uyif u|efawmfwdk@&Jabmfrsm;onf e,fpyfawmifa=umudkjzwf+yD; wzufEdkifiHodk@ 0ifa&mufcJhzl;jcif;r&Sdacs? wu,fhwu,f qkwfcGm&awmhrSyif e,fpyfonf u|efawmfwdk@pcef;ESifh w&ufc&D;aysmhaysmhr#oma0;a=umif; odcJh&onf? xdkESpfue,fpyfwzufodk@ u|efawmfwdk@. tdrfaxmifonfrsm;ESifh u|efawmfwdk@pcef;teD;rS t&yfom;rsm; qkwfcGmvmcJh+yD; r=umrDrSmyif tdrf&SifEdkifiH.ppfwyfu u|efawmfwdk@udk um;vrf;c&D; wntdyfcef@ armif;&aom u|efawmfwdk@e,fajrwck (e,fpyfteD;) odk@ ydk@ay;cJhonf? e,fajropfodk@u|efawmfwkd@a&muf+yD; r=umrDrSmyif pcef;rSm usefae&pfcJhaom u|efawmfwdk@wyfESifh &efol@ppfa=umif;wdk@ wdkufyJGjzpfyGm;cJhonf? 1997 ckESpfrdk;ukefcgeD;rSmyif u|efawmfwdk@wyf (2) wyfudk e,fpyfrSm jyefaygif;EdkifcJhonf?

jyefaygif;+yD;aemufwGif u|efawmfwdk@onf &duQmtcuftcJa=umifhaomfvnf;aumif;/ vHk+cHKa&;jy\ema=umihfaomfvnf;aumif;e,fpyfwzufrS wzufodk@ t}udrf}udrf ajymif;a&@cJh&+yD; 1998ckESpf {+yDvqef;usrSyif e,fpyfESifhuyfvsuf udk,hfe,fajrxJrSm pcef;wnf+yD;tajccsEdkifcJhonf? tpOftvmt&vkyfcJhaom awmif,mvkyfief;udkrl xdkESpfrSm rvkyfEdkifcJhacs? awmif,mckwfjcif;tvkyfonf u|efawmfwdk@e,fajrrSmqdkv#if Zefe0g&DvavmufrSm vkyf&aom tvkyfjzpfonf? azazmf0g&DvaESmif;ydkif;txd awmckwf/ opfyif}uD;vJS+yD; rwfvukefonftxdtajcmufcHxm;&onf? {+yDvqef; (o}uFefrwdkifrD)rSm rD;±d_@&onf? awmif,mrvkyfjzpfojzifh u|efawmfwdk@wawGonf wzufEdkifiHrSqefudkr&SdrJh&S drJ h b¾maiGav;jzifh 0,fpm;&awmhonf? qef0,fpm;a&;udpPonfyif tcuftcJESifh}uHKcJh&onf? u|efawmfwdk@wyf (2) wyfudkjyefaygif;rdonfhtcsdefu wzufEdkifiH. ppfwyfESifh pum;ajymcJh&onf? olwdk@EdkifiHxJuqefudk 0,fpm;cGifhr&Sd/ olwdk@xHrSm vufeufcsrSom 0,fpm;cGifhðyrnf[k qdkonf? u|efawmfwdk@u vufeufrcsEdkifyg[k wif;cHcJhonf? u|efawmfwdk@udk ulnDaom =oZm&Sdol a'ocHyk*~dKvfwOD;. =um;0ifajz&Sif;ay;r_a=umifhom em;vnfr_jzifh qef0,fpm;cGifh &cJhjcif;jzpfonf? nHhayhqdkaom aps;toufomqHk; qefudkom u|efawmfwdk@ 0,fpm;cJh&onf?

1999 ckESpfqef;usrSyif u|efawmfwdk@ awmif,mckwfEdkifcJhonf? pyg;twGufomru }uHESifh [if;oD;[if;&Guf pdkufysdK;a&;twGufygjzpfonf? }uHonf }uHoumcsufzdk@jzpfonf? [if;oD;[if;&GufwGif a*:zDxkyf/ yef;a*:zD/ rkefnif;/ csOfaygif/ c&rf;paom [if;oD;[if;&Gufrsm;udkpcef;wckvHk; tv#Hy,f pm;Edkifatmifpdkufonf? i±kwfoD;udkrl pyg;rpdkufcif rwfvuwnf;u ysdK;xm;+yD; awmif,mjrufckwf+yD;csdefrSm oD;!‡yftjzpfpdkufonf? awmif,m pyg;xdk;csdefrSmvnf; ausmufz±Hk/ a&¸z±Hk/ ajymif;zl;/ ocGm;/ csOfaygif ponfwdk@udkvnf; taphcspdkufao;onf?i±kwfoD;udk 0rf;pmtwGufomru 0ifaiGoD;ESHtjzpfyg pdkufysdK;cJhjcif;jzpfonf? 1999 ckESpf ukefcgeD;avmufwGif pyg;ESifh i±kwfoD;wdk@udk &dwfodrf;+yD;I usDrsm;xJrSm avSmifxm;+yD; jzpfaecJhonf? vmrnfh (2000) ckESpftzdk@ 0rf;pmpyg; w0ufcef@ (pyg;wif; 1˜000 ESifh aumuf!‡if;pyg; wif;250 cef@) &Sdaeygonf? xdk@jyif awmif,mzkef;qdk;xJrSmvnf; t&ef&duQmtjzpf yDavmyDeHyifrsm;udk pdkufxm;ao;onf? tdrfaxmifpktvdkufarG;xm;aom =uufrsm;uvnf; tkyfvdkuftkyfvdkuf &Sdae=uonf? &duQmxkwfvkyfa&;vkyfief; atmifjrifr_a=umifh u|efawmfwdk@&Jabmfrsm;wufºuae=uonf? vmrnfh (2000) ckESpfwGif &duQmudk ESpfqxkwfvkyfrnf[k tm;cJxm;=uonf?

ckawmh onfpcef;udk qHk;±_H;&awmhrnf? pcef;udkomru u|efawmfwdk@c±dkif. tajccHa'otm;vHk; qHk;±_H;&awmhrnf[k ESajrmwordonf?u|efawmfonf onfpcef;udk wnf+yD;uwnf;uyif pcef;ESifh (2) em&Dcef@a0;aom awmifukef;wukef;ay:odk@ &JabmftcsdK@ESifhtwl ajymif;a&@aexdkifcJhaomfvnf; onfpcef;ae&monf u|efawmfa&G;cJhaomae&mjzpf (pcef;ae&ma&G;pOfu usefc±dkifaumfrwD0ifrsm; c&D;oGm;ae=uonf)

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4 2

ojzifh pcef;odk@a&mufwdkif; onfae&mav;udk=unfh+yD; yDwdjzpfcJhrdonfcsnf; jzpfonf? awmifay:rSaeI pcef;odk@ qif;qif;csif; prf;acsmif;av;wacsmif;udk jzwf&onf? acsmif;u ta&S@rStaemufodk@ pD;qif;onf? tdrfwef;wwef;onf xdkacsmif;av;ab;&Sd urf;yg;twdkif; wef;vsufaqmufxm;onf? xdktdrfwef;a&S@ vrf;wzufwGif tdrfwef;wwef;&Sdonf? tdrfwef; (2) wef;. tqHk;wGif awmifukef;wukef;. urf;yg;,Hwck&Sdonf? tdrfrsm;.aemufausm awmifukef;ESifh t*FvdyftuQ&m (L) yHko¿mef qufaeaomae&mwGif a&xGufaygufwayguf&Sdonf? xdka&xGufaygufwGif tdkifav;wtdkif&Sd+yD; xdktdkifav;xJrSa&udk aomufa&/ oHk;a&tjzpf oHk;Edkifonf? pcef;t0if ukef;jrifhay:wGif &Jabmfrsm;twGufbm;wdkuf (2) vHk;/ odkavSmif±Hkw±Hk&Sd+yD; pcef;tv,fYrl qef}udwf/ qefaxmif;&m wJ}uD;wvHk;&Sdonf? (xdkwJ}uD;udk u|efawmfu“qefpuf” [k aemufaemufajymifajymif ac:avh&Sdonf) xdkwJ}uD;teD;wGif pka0;cef;r wJ}uD;wvHk;vnf; &Sdao;onf? xdkwJ}uD;udk pmoifaqmiftjzpfvnf; toHk;ðyonf? aemufxyf pmoifaqmifwaqmifvnf; &Sdao;onf?

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tckawmh tcsdefaESmif;cJh+yD? u|efawmfwdk@onf Tpcef; Te,fajrudk ,m,DpGef@vwfxm;cJh+yD; vlpkcGJ&awmhrnf? ,m,Dqdkaomfvnf;rnfr#=umrnf qdkonfudk rSef;qIr&Edkif? vlpkcJG+yD;aemuf vljyefpkI &Edkifygrnfavm? tm;vHk; jyefvnfvdkufygEd kifrnfavm? &Jabmfwa,mufwavudkr# jyefac:I &Edkifygrnfavm? ygwDA[kdu wyfazsmuf&ef t}uHðycJhonfrSm ESpftcsdK@=umuwnf;uyif jzpfonf? ygwDA[dkutajrmftjrif&SdpGm t}uHðycJhjcif;jzpfa=umif; u|efawmfwdk@ em;vnfygonf? odk@&mwGif u|efawmfwdk@rSm vufawG@azmfaqmif&ef jy\emrsm;pGm&Sdonf? &Jabmfw+yHKwr}uD;udk jynfwGif;odk@ jyefvwf&ef rjzpfEdkif? &efolzrf;rdjcif; jzpfEdkifonf? odk@r[kwf aea&;xdkifa&; tusyftwnf;a=umifh rv¸Jra&SmifombJ &efol@xH vufeufcs&onfhtjzpfodk@vnf; a&mufEdkifonf? enf;enf;pDvDI wzufEdkifiHtwGif;odk@ vwfjyefv#ifvnf; rvwf&ao;bJ usefaeaom vlenf;pkav;rSm touftE©&m,f &SdEdkifonf? Zmwfwlom; pm;wwfaom tzGJ@tpnf;wck. tE©&m,fudkxnfhrwGufbJaeIr&? +yD;awmh e,fajrjy\em? onfe,fajrrSm u|efawmfwdk@r&Sdawmhv#if e,fajrudk olwdk@tydkifodrf;+yD; wcsdefrSm u|efawmfwdk@jyefvnftajccsI r&awmhonfhtjzpfodk@ a&mufEdkifonf? Tta=umif;rsm;a=umifhyif wyfazsmuf&ef u|efawmfwdk@ aESmifhaES;cJh &jcif;jzpfonf?

&efol@ppfa=umif;rsm; xdk;vmv#if u|efawmfwdk@rSm [ef@wm;wGef;vSefypfEdkifpGrf; r&Sdonfuawmh aocsmygonf? tiftm;csif; vufeufcJ,rf;csif; tqrwef uGmjcm;onf? Todk@qdkv#if &efoludk vHk;0wdkufcdkufjcif; rðybJ wzufEdkifiHxJodk@ tomw=unf qkwfcGmay;rnfavm?rjzpfEdkifyg? vltiftm; vufeuftiftm; wpHkw&m&Sdygvsuf aoewfwcsuf razmufbJ ol&Jabma=umifpGm cdkv_Hvmaom u|efawmfwdk@onfwzufEdkifiH. ppfwyfa&S@wGif OD;usdK;&csdrfhrnf? Todk@ OD;usdK;rcHEdkifyg? rdrdbufrSm txdcdkuf tusqHk; tenf;qHk;ESifh &efoludk txdemqHk;jzpfapatmifóu;yrf;wdkufcdkuf&rnfjzpfonf? rD;r+idrf;cifawmh rD;awmufav; wawmufavmuf xawmufvdkuf&ao;wmy?

&efol@ppfa=umifwa=umif; (cv& 27) u|efawmfwdk@&Sd&me,fpyfqD OD;wnfcsDwufvm+yD[k azazmf0g&D 'kwd,ywfwGif owif;&onf?u|efawmfwkd@. a&S@wef;qDu&aom owif;r[kwf? u|efawmfwdk@teD;tem;&Sd rdwfaqGtzJG@tpnf; ABSDF qDu&aom owif;jzpfonf?u|efawmfwdk@. wyfzJG@onf pcef;ESifh awmvrf;c&D; (3) &ufc&D;tuGmrSm&Sdaom u|efawmfwdk@ESifh teD;qHk;aus;&GmrSm a&mufaecJhonf? u|efawmfwdk@onf awmif,mvkyfief;+yD;csdef 1999 ckESpf ukefcgeD;avmufrSom wyfudk teD;qHk;a&S@wef;e,fajrodk@ vwfcJhjcif;jzpfonf? &efolu xdk&GmteD;rSmta,mifjy+yD; ±kwfw&ufwufvmcJhjcif; jzpf[efwlygonf? &efol@ppfa=umif;onf u|efawmfwdk@qDodk@a&muf&ef tenf;qHk; (5) &ufcef@ vm&rnf[ku|efawmfwdk@wGufonf? u|efawmfwdk@. a&S@wef;wyfudk jyefac:vdkuf&m vlolra&mufwwfaom awmeuf}uD;udkjzwf+yD; (2) &ufESifh ta&mufjyefvmcJhonf? &efol@ppfa=umif;onf acsmif;twdkif;vdkuf+yD; a&mufvmvdrfhrnf[k u|efawmfwdk@ wGufcJhonf? pcef;aemufausm&Sd awmifukef;(2) ukef;ay:rSm wyfpk (2) pkudk wifxm;vdkufonf odk@&mwGif &efolonf u|efawmfwdk@qDodk@ wdkuf±dkufcsDvmjcif;rðybJ u|efawmfwdk@pcef;.awmifbuf e,fpyfqDodk@ yef;Iwuf+yD;rS e,fpyfawmifa=umtwdkif; ajrmufbufqDodk@ wufvmEdkifonf[kvnf; wGufEdkifygonf?

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4 3

tr_dufwprusefatmif vSJusif;&Sif;vif;cJhonf? &efolwufvmonf[k owif;&+yD; (6) &ufajrmufae@wGif &efolonf e,fpyfawmifa=umtwdkif;wufvmjcif;jzpfrnf[k u|efawmfwdk@wGufonf? pcef;ESifh ajcvsifc&D; wem&Dausmfausmfcef@ (wu,fawmh rsOf;ajzmifhc&D;qdkv#if em&D0ufcef@om=umrnfxifonf) tuGm&Sd e,fpyfawmifa=um ausmufawmif. ajrmufbufwGif wyfpkwpkkudk wyfpdyfESpfpdyfcJGI ae&mcsxm;vdkufonf?

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aemufae@wGif &efolonf e,fpyfawmifa=umay:rS zJhqif;um pcef;xJodk@0ifonf? u|efawmfwdk@u vrf;rSqD;óuwdkufcdkufjcif;/rdkif;axmifjcif; rðycJhacs? &efolowd}uD;pGm xm;awmhrnf[k u|efawmfwdk@ wGufrdaoma=umifhjzpfonf/ &efolpcef;xJrSxGuf+yD; e,fpyfawmifa=umtwdkif; ajrmufbufodk@wufvmrS wdkufrnf[k&nf&G,fum rae@uwdkufyJGjzpfcJhaomwyfpkudk e,fpyfawmifa=umwae&mrSm csxm;vdkufonf? pcef;aemufausm awmifukef;ay:rSm ae&m,lxm;aomwyfpku pcef;ESifuyfvsuf awmifukef;av;ay:odk@ ajymif;a&¸@ae&m,lxm;vdkufonf? Tawmifukef;av;onf eH&HwckozG,f rwfapmufaeojzifh vlwufIr&Edkifacs? odk@&mwGif tdrfrsm;.aemufausm&Sdawmifukef;av;xuf tenf;i,fyif edrfhao;onf? teD;qHk;tdrfESifhqdkv#if ay (50) cef@oma0;onf? xdk@jyif pcef;vrf;r}uD;. tv,ftla=umwGifckwfvSJxm;aom opfyif}uD;rsm;. opfwHk;rsm;&Sdae+yD; xdkopfwHk;rsm;.tpyfwGif rdkif;rsm;udk nwGif;csif; axmifxm;vdkufonf? &efolonfae@vnf (12) em&DavmufusrS pcef;xJodk@a&mufonf? c&D;u eD;eD;av;jzpfaomfvnf; rdkif;udkowd}uD;pGm &Sif;+yD; 0if&aoma=umifh Tr#=umjcif;jzpf[efwlonf?

&efolonf pcef;xJodk@ a&mufa&mufcsif;yif [dkypfvdkufonfypfvdkuf qJqdk}udrf;armif;vdkufESifh pcef;udk&Sif;+yD;rS tdrfrsm;wGif 0ifae=uonf[k apmifhaeaom 'kcJGrSL;u owif;ydk@onf? (aemufydkif;rS =um;&aomowif;t& &efol@ppfa=umif;u pcef;udkodrf;+yD;jzpfa=umif; pcef;0ef;usifrSm uwkwfusif;rsm;aomfvnf;aumif;/ +cHpnf;±dk;rsm;aomfvnf;aumif; r&Sda=umif; ‚wdk@. ppfXmecsKyfodk@owif;ydk@&m ppfXmecsKyfppfOD;pD;t&m&Sdu “'DvlawG vGwfajrmufa'ovdk aeae=uwmyJ” [k rSwfcsufcsonf[k od&onf?) rdef;rrsm;. pum;ajymoHrsm;udkyif =um;&onf[kqdkonf? &efol@ppfa=umif;onf txufrSmqdkcJhaom &GmteD;rSm bk&m;wnfonf[k ta,mifjy+yD; ±kwfw&uf wufvmcJhjcif;jzpfonf?bk&m;yJGrSm a,mufsm;rsm;udk tvG,fwul ay:wmqGJEdkifygvsuf rdef;rrsm;udk ay:wmqJGvmonfrSm pufqkyfp&maumif;vSonf? &efolwdk@onfu|efawmfwdk@ vSJusif;&Sif;vif;ay;xm;aom pcef;xJrSm Zdrfusustcef@om; em;aeEdkifcJh=uonf? olwdk@twGuf tyef;ajzp&m pcef;wcktjzpfpdwfat;vufat; ae=uonf?

nae (4) em&DwGif u|efawmfwdk@. wyfpkxJu vufa&G;pif &Jabmf (8) a,mufu pwifwdkufcdkufonf? &efolu vufeuf}uD;vufeufi,frsm;jzifh wkH@jyefonf? odk@&mwGif &rf;oef;ypfcwf=ujcif;jzpfonf? (olwdk@udk b,fae&muaeI ypfcwfonfudk rodyg[k ppfXmecsKyfodk@tpD&ifcHa=umif; aemufydkif;rSm u|efawmfwdk@ =um;odcJh&onf? onfaemufwGif &efol@ppfXecsKyfu u|efawmfwdk@udk “udk,faysmuf&efol” [k&nf!¸ef;cJhonf?) u|efawmfwdk@bufu atau 47 ±dkifz,f (6) vuf/ trf 79 AHk;oD;ypfavmifcsm (2) vufjzifh ypfcwfcJhjcif;jzpfonf?u|efawmfwdk@bufu ypfcwfr_onf (5) rdepfcef@om =umrnfxifonf? &efol@bufurl vufeuf}uD; vufeufi,frsm; (ypPwdktygt0if) jzifh&rf;oef;ypfcwf=uojzifh ‚wdk@. aoewfoHESifh u|efawmfwdk@. aoewfoHudk rcJGjcm;EdkifbJ rdepf (20) =umr# ajAmif;qefatmif ypfcwfcJhonf?

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4 4

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5 1

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5 2

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‘EdkifiHwdkif;u tvkyform;rsm; nDnGwf=uavmh’?

rSwfcsuf? 1899 ESpfukefrSma&;w,f? jynfya&mufaepOf Rabochayr Gazeta pmapmiftwGufa&;wmjzpfw,f? yxraqmif;yg;udkyJ &SmawG@w,f? usefESpfydkif;udk a&;jzpfra&;jzpf rod&bl;? 'Dpmrludk1924 Proletarskaya Revolyutsiya (ypPnf;rJhawmfvSefa&;) r*~Zif; trSwf 8-9 wGiftrnfrodvufa&;jzifh yxrqHk;azmfjywm awG@&w,f?&nfn$ef;? ON STRIKES , Lenin Collected Works , Progress Publisher , 1964 , Moscow , Volume 4 , pages

310-319 .

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5 3

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tJ'D bD±kd}uD;wckta=umif; ajymjy&OD;r,f? u|efrwkd@uav;rsm;wokduf wae@ bD&kd}uD;wck zGifhaqmhrdygw,f? (wlwlykef;wrf;upm;=uwmyg?) b,fvkdu b,fvkdjzpf+yD; b,fcvkwfESdyfrdw,f rodygbl;? wcgwnf; a0g-a0g qkdwJh toH}uD;eJ@ bD±kd}uD;&J@ ausmeH&H}uD;yGifhxGufoGm;ygawmhw,f? u|efrwkd@ uav;tkyfvnf; vef@zsyfatmf[pf ajy;=uygw,f? aemufrS vl}uD;awGu uif;wyfu &JabmfawGac:+yD; ppfaq;=unfhawmh twGif;rSm avSum;eJ@ ajratmufvkd%facgif; wl;xm;+yD; tJ'Dvkd%facgif;ukd qufvkdufwJhtcg r*Fvm'Hk av,mOfuGif;rSm oGm;aygufygw,f? t*Fvdyft&m&Sd}uD;rsm;taeeJ@ (q&mpH ta&;awmfykHvnf; }uKHxm;&vkd@) ukdvkdeDEkdifiHrsm;rSm aewJhtcgvkH+cKHa&;twGuf vkdtyfwJh tpDtpOfawG vkyfxm;[ef &Sdygw,f?ta&; ta=umif; jzpfvm&if tJ'Dvkd%facgif;rsm;uwqifh av,mOfuGif;xJ a&muf+yD; av,mOfeJ@ajy;&ef jyifqifxm;[ef &Sdygw,f?

u|efrwkd@ tJ'Dtdrf}uD; a&mufpu tcef;awGxJu vlr&SdbJtoHAvHawG =um;&wwfw,f? wap>ajcmufovm; rodbl;-qkd+yD;ajymoHqkdoHawG =um;zl;ygw,f? =unfh&wmawmh tJ'Dvkd%facgif;awGuwqifh awma=umifawG 0ifvmwwf[efwlw,fvkd@ ararwkd@u ajym=uygw,f? tJ'Dwkef;u r*Fvm'Hku tckvkd rpnfum;ao;ygbl;? awmomomygyJ?

u|efrwkd@ 1953 ar+rKd@ajymif;&awmh OD;av;wkd@rdom;pku|efrwkd@eJ@ rvkdufawmhbJ yJcl;jyefoGm;ygw,f? 1957- atmifrmCppfqifa&;t+yD; awmxJu rdvmwJh zkdifwGJrsm;t&qkd+yD; OD;av;vnf;

tzrf; cH&/ azazvnf; wyfu xGufvkduf&ygw,f?OD;av; axmifuvGwfvm+yD;aemuf u|efrwkd@ prf;acsmif; tdrf

av;ukd r=umc% vma&mufvnfywfwwfygw,f? olwkd@&J@ ti,fqkH;om;av;(u|efrwkd@eJ@ cGJoGm;+yD;rS arG;wm) vnf; ac:ac: vmwwfygw,f? azazeJ@u|efrwkd@wawG 1976 awmckd+yD;aemuf arar wa,mufwnf; usefaecsdefrSm OD;av;[m tefu,f OD;tkef;jrifh (ociftkef;jrifh)eJ@twl r=umc% ararhqDvm+yD; tm;ay;pum; ajymwwfw,f? usef;rma&;tajctae/ aea&;xkdifa&;tajctaeawG t+rJar;jref;wwfw,fvkd@ araru jyefajymjyzl;ygw,f?

aemufykdif;rSmawmh OD;av;[m 0g&ifhEkdifiHa&;orm; a[mif;}uD;rsm; tpkta0;xJ yg0if+yD; ociftkef;jrifh/ Akdvftkef;armif(avxD;)wkd@eJ@twl tcg}uD;ae@}uD;rsm;eJ@ txdrf;trSwfyGJawG jyKvkyfwm/ orkdif;aemufa=umif;awG ajymqkdaqG;aEG;wmawG vkyf=uw,fvkd@ =um;&ygw,f? aemifrsKd;qufawGtwGuf orkdif;tcsuftvufrsm;ukd rSwfwrf;tjzpf usef&pfapzkd@ }uKd;yrf;aqmif&Guf[ef &Sdygw,f?

tJ'DrSwfwrf;rsm;xJu wckjzpfwJh 1986-=o*kwfv 16 &ufae@ AkdvfrSL;bopftdrfrSm jyKvkyfwJh AkdvfrSL;bopf/ ocif}uD;jrifh/ ociftkef;jrifhwkd@&J@ aqG;aEG;yGJrSwfwrf; u|efrwkd@qD a&mufvmzl;ygw,f? tJ'DxJrSm zwyv ed'gef;tp yJcl;aqG;aEG;yGJrSm- AkdvfcsKyf atmifqef;/ocifpkd;eJ@ ocifoef;xGef;wkd@ -3 OD; yg0ifaqG;aEG;w,f-vdk@ azmfjyxm;ygw,f? tJ'Dpmwrf; u|efrwkd@qD a&mufvmawmh 2000 ckESpfvGefESpfrsm;usrSyg?

wu,fawmh tJ'Dta=umif;t&meJ@ ywfoufvkd@ azazutapm}uD;uwnf;u rSwfwrf; a&;xm;+yD;om;yg? yxrqkH; tjynfhtpkH aqmif;yg;tjzpf 1995 zufqpf qef@usifa&; tESpf(50) jynfhtxdrf;trSwftjzpf xkwfa0wJh “jynfol@tm%m*sme,f” rSm azmfjy+yD;om;yg? acgif;pOfu “zufqpfawmfvSef&ef(zwyv) trsKd;om;wyfaygif;pktzGJ@csKyf}uD; zGJ@pnf;jcif;”wJh? wcg 2007 rSm xkwfa0wJhazaz&J@ ukd,fwkdifa&;twKywWd pmtkyfrSmvnf; wcg xyfa&;xm;wmawG &Sdygw,f/ “Armjynf uGefjrLepfygwD0if jzpfvmjcif;”eJ@ “zufqpfqef@usifa&;eJ@ zwyv ed'gef;”qkdwJh tcef; 2 cef;yg?

azazh a&;om;csufrsm;rSm ocifpkd;ukd oGm;a&mufac:aqmifwJh c&D;pOfrSma&m/ jyefykd@wJh c&D;pOfrSma&m tm;vkH;ukd ocifoef;xGef;u tao;pdwf pDpOfay;a=umif;awG a&;xm;wm awG@&ygw,f? azazwkd@tkyfpk ocifpkd;ukd ac:zkd@oGm;pOfu oabFmqdyftxd ocifoef;xGef;u qif;vmawG@wJhta=umif;awGyg awG@&ygw,f? 'gayrJh yJcl; azazhtdrfrSm jyKvkyfwJh aqG;aEG;yGJrSmawmh ocifpkd;eJ@ Akdvfatmifqef; 2-OD;wnf;omjzpfa=umif; ygygw,f?

'ga=umifh ocif}uD;jrifhwkd@&J@ aqG;aEG;yGJrSwfwrf;(vufa&;rl)qkdwm u|efr˜ &awmh u|efr azazukd zwfjy+yD; ocifoef;xGef; ygrygxyf&Sif;zkd@ azazhukd ar;ygw,f? azazu 'Dvkd ajymygw,f?

“ocifoef;xGef; tJ'D aqG;aEG;yGJrSm rygygbl;? tJ'Dumvuocifoef;xGef;eJ@ AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;wkd@ 2 OD;pvkH;u *syefacwf tpkd;&0ef}uD;awGav? *syef&J@ rsufckH;arG;ay: p=uøav#muf+yD; *syefawmfvSefa&; usdwfvkyfae&wm? w+yKdifeufwnf; 0ef}uD; 2 OD;vkH; aysmufoGm;vkd@ b,fjzpfrvJ? tvGefv#Kd@0Sufvkyfae&wm? 'gayrJh 'Dc&D;pOftm;vkH;ukd tao;pdwf pDpOfay;wmuawmh ocifoef;xGef;ygyJ” wJh?

'Dta=umif;ukd u|efrtaeeJ@ eD;pyfolrsm;ukdom ajymjyxm;

5 4

cJhygw,f? azaz tckdiftrm a&;cJhwmawGvnf; &Sd+yD;jzpfvkd@ bmrSa&;}uD;cGihfus,f vkyf+yD; &Sif;vif;ajym=um;wmawG rvkyfcJhygbl;? 'gayrJh wcsdK@vlawGu tJ'Docif}uD;jrifhwdk@&J@ rSwfwrf;qdkwmudk udkifpGJ+yD;ajymqdkwmawG vkyfvmygw,f?

wcg wjcm;vlawG a&;om;wJh pmtkyfrsm;(Oyrm- udkudkarmif}uD;&J@ ‘w&Ha&mtcgrsm;’) rSmvnf; AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;/ ocifpdk;eJ@ ocifoef;xGef; oHk;OD; aqG;aEG;yGJqdkwmrsdK; ta&;tom;awG awG@vm&ygw,f? wu,fawmh 1960 - 70 ckESpfrsm;rSm xkwfa0wJhocifwifjr&J@‘bHkb0rSmjzifh’ eJ@ ‘ppfwdkif;}uD; 10 wdkif;’ pmtkyfrsm;rSmuwnf;u AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;/ ocifpdk;/ ocifoef;xGef;/ ocifA[def;av;OD; aqG;aEG;yGJvdk@awmif a&;xm;wmawG &Sdygw,f? aemufydkif;a&;om;olrsm;u tJ'gudk udk;um;+yD; a&;om;xm;=uwmawGvnf;&Sdygw,f?

1944 ckESpf =o*kwfv 4 &ufrS 7 &ufae@txd yJcl;pHjy wyf&if;twGif;u azazhtdrfrSm usif;ycJhwJh v#dK@0SufaqG;aEG;yGJrSm yg0ifolawG[m ESpfOD;yJjzpf+yD; AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;eJ@ ocifpdk;omjzpfygw,f?

azazh&J@ 1995ckESpfu a&;cJhwJh aqmif;yg;rSm—‘ocifpdk;udk ppf,leDazgif;0wfeJ@ yJcl;pHjy wyf&if; uíef awmfhae

tdrfudk um;jzifhac:oGm;onf? aemuf AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;vnf; yJcl;udk ZeD;a':cif=unfyg um;eJ@ ac:vm+yD; +rdK@wGif; &yfuGufwck&Sd tdrfwtdrfrS rlvpDpOfxm;onfhtwdkif; vnfywftem;,l wnf;cdkaeonfh taejzifh a&mufvmonf?

aemufwae@ eHeuf 8em&Davmuf AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;[mol@um;eJ@ uíefawmfhtdrfodk@ a&mufvm+yD; ocifpdk;eJ@ uíefawmfh tdrfcef;wGif ordkif;0if aqG;aEG;yGJ}uD; pwifygawmhonf? nae 4 em&DavmufusrS AdkvfcsKyf[m ol@um;jzifh wnf;cdktdrfodk@ jyefonf? ae@pOf3 &ufavmuf 'Dtwdkif; aqG;aEG;=uonf?

“xdkaqG;aEG;yGJ vHk+cHKa&;twGuf tjyifuif;twGuf rodromv#dK@0SufpGm ,Hk=unf&ol wcsdK@ESifh uif;apmifh&ef Adkvfatmifrif;ESifhwyfrSL;wcsdK@udk pDpOfonf? u|efawmfhtdrfwGif u|efawmfwOD;wnf;apmifhonf? aemufqkH;ae@ Akdvf&efatmif a&mufvmojzifh u|efawmfwkd@(2) a,muf twlapmifh=uonf? pm;aomufa&;ukd u|efawmfhtm; bD'Dat wacwfvkH; csufjyKwfapmifha&Smuf au|;arG;jyKpkonfhu|efawmfh &Jabmf vli,f ukdyg(uG,fvGef) ukd wOD;wnf; csufjyKwfapmifh au|;arG;apcJhonf”

“aqG;aEG;yGJ tpyxrae@ t+yD;wGif AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;a&mocifpkd;yg &$ifvef;auseyfae=uykH xif&Sm;pGm jrifawG@ae&onf? ocifpkd;u AkdvfcsKyftay: tm;&auseyfaeykH&onf? AkdvfcsKyf jyefoGm;+yD;aomtcg ocifpkd;u tajctae enf;enf;yg;yg; jyefajymwwfonf?‚ajymcsuft& zufqpfwkdufzsufa&; wyfaygif;pk}uD; zGJ@awmhrnfod&I u|efawmf 0rf;omoGm;onf”

“aqG;aEG;yGJtwGif; yJcl;wGif a':cif=unfuvnf; Ekd@pm;EGm;r0,f&ef [efjypDpOfao;onf? aqG;aEG;yGJ +yD;aemuf AkdvfcsKyfwkd@ &efukefjyef=u+yD jzpfonf?”

“u|efawmfwkd@ wm0efay;xm;aom vkH+cKHa&;wm0efcHrsm;vmajymonfrSm AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef; yJcl;vmwm[m tdENd,rS ukdodef;az avxD;jzifh yJcl;tem; qif;+yD;/ ukdodef;azESifh vmaqG;aEG;onf[k oHo,&Sd=uI ,ckr=umcif yJcl;rSm 0kdif;+yD; +rKd@wGif; &SmazG

awmhrnf? ,ck +rKd@0if+rKd@xGuf *dwfawG *syefuif; p+yD;cs+yD[k qkdonf?xkd@a=umifh ocifpkd;ukd xkdae@ ae@vnf csufcsif;yif &efukef jyefykd@&eftjref pDpOf&onf? ocifpkd; rdoGm;&if zufqpfawmfvSefa&; }uD;pGmxdoGm;Ekdifonf”

“&efukefa&muf+yD; atmifjrifpGm wm0ef+yD;qkH;um awmfvSefa&;twGufvnf; tm;vkH; tqifajy=urnfjzpfI pdwfvufayghyg;pGmyJcl;jyef&ef u|efawmf AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;xH owif;oGm;ykd@onf? AkdvfcsKyfu rsufESmraumif;pGmjzifh yJcl;wGif u|efawmfhtdrfrS ukdygukd *syefzrf;oGm;+yD[k pk d;&drfpGmjzifh ajymonf? u|efawmfu rpkd;&drf/ ‚ukdygta=umif; ajymjyonf”

“u|efawmfeJ@ukdyg om;tz nDtpfukduJhokd@ cspfcif+yD; wav#mufvkH; jyKpkvmwm/ aemuf EkdifiHa&; tod0ifvm+yD; awmfvSefa&;orm;uav;pdwf &Sdvmoljzpfonf? zufqpfawmfvSefa&; vkyf&r,fqkdwm olvnf; &dyfrdod&Sdaeoljzpfa=umif;? ol[m AkdvfcsKyfwkd@ukdvnf; rsm;pGm av;pm;ol jzpfonf? b,fvkdrS azmfajymrSm r[kwfa=umif; ajymcJhonf”

“aemuf ukdyg vGwfvm+yD od&awmhonf? ‚ukd tawmftwef ajcmufvSef@n‡Of;yef;+yD; AkdvfcsKyftdrfrSm b,foleJ@awG@ovJ[kt}udrf}udrf ar;&m ‚u- AkdvfcsKyf u|efawmfwkd@tdrf vmem;wJhtcg(AkdvfrSL;ausmfaZm)ESifhom ESpfOD;wnf; aqG;aEG;ajymqkd=uwm awG@&a=umif; worwfwnf; tckdiftrm ajymI v$wfvkdufonf? u|efawmfwkd@tm;vkH; pdwfat;csrf;omoGm;=uonf”

'gawGuawmh azaz 1995 ckESpfu a&;cJhwJh aqmif;yg;xJutcsuftvufawG jzpfygw,f? 'ghtjyif azaz&J@ukd,fwkdifa&;twKywWdpmtkyfrSm a&;xm;wmawGvnf; &Sdygao;w,f?

“u|efawmf yJcl;+rKd@tdrfwGif AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifh ocifpkd;wkd@awG@qkHaqG;aEG;aer_ukdu|efawmfwkd@ukd xrif;csufjyKwfau|;arG;aeaomu|efawmfh ukd,f&H&Jabmf udkyg[laom ukvm;ujym;uav;om odayonf? xdk udkygrSm tvGefyg;eyf vdrfrm+yD; uíefawmfhtay: tvGefopPm&Sdaom &Jabmfuav;jzpfonf? udkygrSm ocifpdk;udkawmh b,folrSef;rodacs? (ESm- 69)

“ae@vnf xrif;pm;awmhrS AdkvfcsKyfwdk@/ ocifpdk;wdk@udk apmapmu Adkvf&efatmif vmwJhta=umif;ESifh uíefawmfu AdkvfcsKyfwdk@/ocifpdk;wdk@ aqG;aEG;aewJh ta=umif;ajymawmh olacwWae+yD; jyefoGm;a=umif; ajym&ygonf? ocifpdk;u Adkvf&efatmifudk awG@csifaeyHk&onf? odk@aomf ocifpdk;ta=umif; txl;v#dK@0Suf&ojzifh Adkvf&efatmifESifhawG@&ef pDpOfray;Edkifawmhyg? (ESm- 70)

“uíefawmfhtdrfwGif ocifpdk; a&mufuwnf;u ta&;ay:oHk;&ef vlpD;um;wpD; "mwfqD tjynfhESifh t&efoifhxm;ygonf? udk}uD;jrifhESifh udkxGef;pdefwdk@ ESpfa,mufudkvnf; olwdk@tdrfwGif t+rJtoifhapmifhae&ef rSm=um;xm;&ef udk}uD;jrifhESifh udkxGef;pdefwdk@udk tjrefvlv$wfac:+yD; uíefawmfyg oHk;a,mufESifh ocifpdk;udk vdkufydk@&ef xdkum;jzifh uíefawmfwdk@ &efukefbufudk csufcsif; xGuf=uygonf?(ESm-71)

“udkygrSm AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifh uíefawmfwdk@udkom u,fwif±Hkru zufqpfawmfvSefa&;}uD;udkyg vHk;0rxdcdkufatmif u,fwifvdkuf&musojzifh udkygudk uíefawmfwdk@ tvGefaus;Zl;wif&ygawmhonf? udkygudk uíefawmfwdk@omru wdkif;jynfuyg aus;Zl;wifoifhay

5 5

onf? (ESm-72)”'gawGrSm azaza&;xm;wmawGudk =unfh&if tvGefv#dK@0SufpGmeJ@ ab;tE©&m,f trsdK;rsdK;t=um; b,fvdk vkyfaqmifcJh=u&ovJ qdkwm

odEdkifygw,f? 'DyJcl;u awG@qHkr_[m omrefawG@qHkr_ r[kwfygbl;? azaza&;wm =unfh&wm b,folrS bmrS a&a&&m&m odyHkr&ygbl;? azazawmifrSocifpdk; &dyfzrf;oHzrf; ajymoavmufav;yJ odyHk&ygw,f? tvGefvsSdK@0Suf odkodyfpGmvkyfcJh&wm &Sif;ygw,f?

wcg ocifwifjr&J@ ‘bHkb0rSmjzifh’ rSm a&;xm;wmawGudk =unfh&if 'D*syefawmfvSefa&; twGuf b,favmuf v#dK@0Suf&w,f?pum;zGmwJh vlawG/ ajratmufpnf;urf;rvdkufemolawGudk ocifpdk;u b,fvdk tqufjzwfypfw,fqdkwmawG ygygw,f? ocifoef;xGef;u0ef}uD;±Hk;cef;rSm xdkif+yD; *syefawG a&S@rSmyJ *syefawmfvSefa&;twGuf b,fvdkpmapmifawG b,fvdka&;w,f? b,fvdk xkwfw,f? b,fvdk pDpOfw,fqdkwmawGygygw,f?

'gawG tm;vHk; +cHK=unfh&if azazajymwJh ‘*syefacwf0ef}uD; 2 OD;pvHk; w+ydKifeuf aysmufoGm;vdk@ b,fjzpfrSmvJ’qdkwm[m b,favmuf ta&;yga=umif; odEdkifygw,f?

'ga=umifh yJcl;pHjywyf&if;twGif; azazhtdrfcef;twGif; jyK vkyfcJhwJh ‘zwyv’ &J@ umvva&=unf oaE<wnf jynfwnfcef; qdkwJhaqG;aEG;yGJrSm AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;eJ@ ocifpdk; 2 a,mufom ygcJha=umif; xyfavmif; a&;om;tyfygw,f?

'gayrJh ordkif;a=umif;t& +cHKiHkajym=u qdk=u&mrSmawmh zwyv wyfaygif;pk tzGJ@csKyf}uD;udk pwifzGJ@pnf;&mrSm -1? EdkifiHa&; t& acgif;aqmifr_u ocifpdk;2? ppfa&;t& acgif;aqmifr_u AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; eJ@3? EdkifiHjcm; qufoG,fa&;u ocifoef;xGef;wdk@ acgif;aqmif 3 OD;u OD;aqmifum wm0efawG cGJa0+yD; vkyfaqmifw,f qdkwmuawmh ydkoifhawmfrSefuefygw,f?

vSausmfaZm 20-1- 2014

&Jabmfrsm;ukdvGrf;qGwfowd&jcif;(2)

u|efawmf[m &efukefygwDaumfrwD&J@apv$wfr_t& jynfwGif;u ae+yD; qufom;tjzpf 1976 ckESpfrSmw}udfrf/1978 ckESpfrSmw}udrf ygwDA[kdukd oGm;a&mufcJh&ygw,f? 1978 ckESpfrSm 'kwd,t}udrf oGm;a&mufzkd@jyifqifawmh &efukefaumfrwDu u|efawmfhukd 'Dwacguf oGm;&if cifAsm; [kdrSm aecsif&ifvnf; aeawmhAsmvkd@cGifhjyKay;cJhygw,f? vufeufukdifawmf vSefa&;xJoGm;cGifhjyKzkd@ u|efawmft}udrf}udrfawmif;qkdaewmukd em;nnf;rcHE k di fvk d @vm;awmh rodygbl;? u|efawmfu awmif;omawmif; qk daewmyg/ &efukefaumfrwDr Smqufom;wm0ef,lEkdifr,fhol &Sm;yg;aewmvnf; odygw,f? 'Dawmh u|efawmfjyefvmEkdif&if jyefvmrSmygvkd@wifjycJhygw,f?

&efuke fu rE©av;uk da&muf/ rE ©av;uaevm;±_ d ; at'D* dwfuk d a&mufawmh t&ifuvk d0efxrf;uwfjym;jyvk duf&if acsmacsmarmarm oGm; cGi f h jyK&mu/ 'DwacgufrSm tppftaq;rsm;+y D;u|efawmfh0efxrf;uwfukd odrf; ,lxm;um uGwfckdifutjyefrS 0if,lzkd@ at'D*dwfaxmufvSrf;a&;u &pfxm;cJhygw,f? 'Dht&ifw&ufESpf&ufu 0efxrf;ZeD;armifESHESpfa,muf tJ'Dvkdvm+yD;(olwkd htqkd wzufEkdifiHukdul;oGm;vkd h'Dvkd&pf&wm) vkd h=um;&ygw,f?

atmifaoG;

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5 6

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5 7

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6 2

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6 3

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wkdif;jynfu rarhtyfaom vli,f yk*~K dvfxl;rsm;

(trSm? ? 1945 ckESpfavmufu ArmjynfeJ@ =u,feDrsm; qkdwJhpmtkyfxJrSm “wkdif;jynfu rarhtyfaom vli,fyk*~Kdvfxl;rsm;”ta=umif; pma&;q&m jra'gif;nKdua&;om;rSwfwrf;wifcJhygw,f? t*Fvdyfe,fcsJ@ qef@usifa&;eJ@*syefawmfvSefa&;&J@ yGJOD;xGufeJ@ wyfOD;tcef;rSmtoufay;vSLoGm;cJh=uwJh Armjynf&J@ om;aumif;&wemrsm;ta=umif;*k%fjyKa&;zGJ@xm;wmyg? ocifAkdvf/ ukdnDav;/ e*g;eDukdxGef;a&$/Akdvfol&eJ@ AkdvfAxl;wkd@ ta=umif;awG yg0ifygw,f? olwkd@wawG[muGefjrLepf0g'ukd ukdifpGJcJh=uol acgif;aqmifrsm;/ &Jabmfrsm; jzpf=u+yD;e*g;eD ukdxGef;a&$uawmh ArmjynfrSm uGefjrLepf0g'eJ@ vuf0JtawG;tac:pmayrsm;ukd jzef@csdcJhwJh e*g;eDpmtkyfwkdufu wm0efcH t,f'Dwmjzpfygw,f? ygwDpdef&wk t}uKdtjzpf t*Fvdyfe,fcsJ@qef@usifa&;eJ@zufqpfawmfvSefa&;rSm wkdif;jynftwGuf toufay;vSLoGm;cJh=uwJh'D&Jabmfrsm;ta=umif; ta&;awmfykH*sme,fu jyefvnf xkwfazmf+yD;rSwfwrf;wif *k%fjyKvkdufygw,f?)

6 4

urBmay:rSm trGefjrwfqkH;tvkyfjzpfwJh urBmol urBmom;awG&J@ vGwfvyfa&;twGuf æig hwb0vkH; ig htoufwacsmif;e J@ig hc Ge fæig htm;awGukd tyfESi f;c J hw,fævkd@ b0csKy f+i dr f;cgeD;tcs de frSm ajymoGm;Ek di fatmif aexkdi fusif h}uHwwf&r,f?

(±k&Sm;acgif;aqmif}uD; vDeif)

ocifAkdvf[m ygwD pwifwnfaxmifwJhtcsdefuwnf;u rmhufpf0g'ukd ,kH=unfouf0ifoltjzpf ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDwnfaqmufa&;vkyfief;rsm;rSm yg0iftvkyftau|; jyKcJholyg?

Armjynfokd@ rmhufpf0g' pwifa&muf&SdvmprSmyJ “um;vfrmhufpf”pmtkyfukd a&;om;xkwfa0+yD; rmhufpf0g'ukd jzef@csday;cJholwOD;vnf; jzpfygw,f?

*syefacwfrSmusawmh ol[m ukefpnfESifh wifaqmifo,fykd@a&;Xme twGif;0ef ocifoef;xGef;&J@ tyg;awmf+rJvufaxmuftwGif;0eftjzpf wm0efxrf;aqmifcJhygw,f? xkdtcsdefu ocifAkdvf[m touf 30 cef@t&G,f &Sdr,fvkd@ cef@rSef;&ygw,f?*syefvufatmufrSm 'Dvkd tvkyf vkyfae&wmukd ocifAkdvf[m rESpf+rKd@yg? rcspfaomfvnf; atmifhumerf;ae&wJhtcsdefyg? ocifoef;xGef;ukda&m ol@ukdyg *syefppfbufu t+rJwap apmifh=unfhaewm jzpfygw,f?

ocifAkdvf[m acgif;rSm qHyif tenf;i,favmufom &Sd+yD; qHyifu|wfaewJh tajctaeukd jyoaeygw,f? xkdtcsdefuocifAkdvf[m ykd;&Syftusô/ umuDabmif;bDukd 0wfxm;vkd@ w±kwfvkdvkd *syefvkdvkd xif&ygw,f? pum;ajym&ifawmh &,fumarmumajymqkdwwfygw,f?

“'Dvkd zufqpf*syefatmufrSm ±Hk;tvkyf vkyf&wm odyfpdwfyifyef;wmyJ? æ'geJ@ u|efawmfhukd pmtkyfwtkyf &Smay;prf;yg?tdef*,fa&;wJh tifwD*sL;&if;pmtkyf? tck odyf zwfcsifwmyJ? pdwfysufvm&if rmhufpf0g' pmtkyfawG &Smzwfaewm? u|efawmfwkd@eJ@'D*syefawGeJ@ t+rJwkdufae&wmyJ? 24 em&DrSm 24 em&DpvkH;yJ? u|efawmfwkd@0ef}uD; ocifoef;xGef;qkd&if *syefawGu csOfvnf; csOfw,f?tokH;vnf; v$wfcswmyJ? 0ef}uD;uqkd&if EGm;eJ@vSnf;awG odrf;wJh udpP/ om;a&wefcsdef b,favmufay;&r,fqkdwJh udpPawGukdjyif;jyif;xefxef}uD; twkduftcH ajymaewmyJ? ArmawG rGJoxuf rGJr,f? trkef;cH+yD; ajymaevkd@r&&if 0ef}uD;tpnf;ta0;wifjy&OD;r,fqkd+yD; tcsdefqGJxm;w,f? 'DudpPrsKd;u ocifoef;xGef;rS wwfEkdifwmyJ? 'DEGm;vSnf;odrf;wJh udpP/ ac|;wyfudpP[m *syefawGaoyef;yGifhpysKd;wJh t&dyfedrdwfyJ? olwkd@wawGukd awmom;awGu odyf&GHrkef;ae+yD”

ocifAkdvfu tJovkd cyfwkd;wkd; ajymjyaewmyg? acgif;arG; z±kdz&J/ ezl;ajymifajymif/ awmufajymifwJh rsufvkH;/ jzLazG;wJh oGm;/&,farmwJh E_wfcrf;/ wkd;wkd;nif;nif;eJ@ av;eufwJhpum;? 'gu zufqpf*syef vufatmufrSm [efjy tvkyfvkyfae&wJh rmhufpf0g'orm;/awmfvSefa&;wyfOD;rS Akdvfwa,mufjzpfwJh ocifAkdvf&J@ ±kyfykHv$myg?

rmhufpf0g'orm; ocifAkdvf[m tcGifhom tcsdefusa&mufwmeJ@ *syef@vufatmuf vufaxmuftwGif;0efb0uae ±kwfw&ufajrv#Kd;ovkd aysmufuG,foGm;ygw,f? wkdif;jynftwGuf zufqpfawmfvSefa&;wyfOD;rSm pGef@pGef@pm;pm; ajcpkefypf yg0ifvkdufwmyg?

1944 ckESpf pufwifbmv 10 &ufae@ reuf 6 em&DtcsdefrSm ocifAkdvf acgif;aqmif+yD; ref;0if;armif/ ukdausmf&if/ociftkef;armif/ ukdoef;/ ukdjr=unfeJ@ ukdcspfaumif;wkd@ (7) a,muf[m csufyvuf um;a[mif;uav;wpD;eJ@ &efukefrS rE©av;okd@OD;wnfxGufvmcJh=uw,f? olwkd@c&D;pOftprSmyJ tE©&m,feJ@ &ifqkdifwkd;awmhwmygyJ? olwkd@pD;vmwJh csufyvufum; yJEG,fukef;vGeftvmrSm r[mrdwfwkd@&J@ tm&fattufzfau 32-AkH;}uJwkdufav,mOfysH 2 pif;u wpif;+yD;wpif; um;aemufvkdufumpufaoewfrsm;eJ@ w&pyf ypfcwfygawmhw,f? um; rD;[kef;[kef; awmufavmifoGm;w,f? vlrsm;uawmh tcsdefrD um;ay:rS ckefcsumykef;ckdEkdifcJhvkd@ tm;vkH; toufab;rS oDoDav; vGwfcJh&ygw,f?

'gayrJh olwkd@c&D;pOfukd ocifAkdvf&J@ acgif;aqmifr_tpDtpOfeJ@ rE©av;txd qufvufcsDwufvmEkdifcJh=uw,f?rE©av;a&mufawmh AkdvfAxl;&J@ tajrmufwyfrSm tm;vkH; ckdatmif;=uw,f? pm;a&;aomufa&; AkdvfAxl;u pDpOfay;xm;±HkruqufvufoGm;&r,fh vrf;c&D;twGufvnf; tpp t&m&m jyifqifay;ygw,f?

zufqpf*syef awmfvSefa&;twGuf tdENd,jynfa&mufatmif c&D;quf=ur,fh olwkd@tzGJ@ukd AkdvfrSL;Axl;u ta&;}uD;wJh ygwD&J@pm&Gufpmwrf;awG o,f,loGm;zkd@ v$Jtyfay;vkdufygao;w,f? tJ'Dpm&Gufpmwrf;awGuawmh-1? zufqpfwkdufzsufa&; jynfol@vGwfvyfa&;tzGJ@csKyfrS a=unmpmwrf;trSwf(1)2? uGefjrLepfygwD a=unmpmwrf; trSwf(2) eJ@ trSwf (3)

6 5

3? u&if-Arm aoG;pnf;a&;pmwrf;eJ@4? ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDrS tdENd,jynf uGefjrLepfygwDokd@ ay;vkdufwJh pmwapmifæwkd@ jzpf=uygw,f?

uomokd@ ta&mufoGm;r,fh olwkd@c&D;pOf[m a&$bkd/ uef@bvleJ@ aumvif;txd rD;&xm;tqifhqifhpD;&ovkdajcvsifc&D;ESif&wmvnf; &SdcJhw,f? uomteD; *[J&Gmta&mufrSm jy\em jzpfvmwmu AkdvfrSL;Axl; xnfhay;vkdufwJh ukdvSaztjyif;txef zsm;emwmyg? 'Dae&mrSm tqkH;tjzwfay;&r,fhudpP[m acgif;aqmifjzpfol ocifAkdvf&J@ wm0ef jzpfvmygw,f?&Jabmf&Jbufcsif; pmemaxmufxm;wJh pdwf&Sdayr,fh ocifAkdvf[m vkyfief;wm0efukd OD;pm;ay;+yD; c&D;qufxGufzkd@ qkH;jzwfvkdufygw,f?olwkd@&JabmfawGukd tpk 2 pk cGJvkdufw,f? wpkukd yxracgif;aqmifjzpfwJh ocifAkdvfu wm0ef,l+yD; aemufwpkukdawmh 'kwd,acgif;aqmifref;0if;armifu wm0ef,lygw,f? ref;0if;armifwkd@tpku vlem&Jabmf ukdvSazukd 0g;azmifeJ@ rJZmacsmif;twkdif; ar#m+yD; waumif;&Sdol@tpfrxH oGm;ykd@zkd@ jzpfygw,f?

ref;0if;armifwkd@tpku vlemukdvSazukd 0g;azmifay:wif+yD; rJZmacsmif;twkdif; ar#moGm;ygw,f? ocifAkdvf[m rJZmacsmif;twkdif;ESif;jrLawG=um;rS ar#moGm;wJh 0g;azmifav;ukd acsmif;ab; opfyifwyifatmufu xkdif=unhfE_wfquf&if; rsuf&nfawGawGuscJhw,fvkd@qkdygw,f? acgif;aqmif+yDopGm vkyfief;wm0efukd OD;xdyfyefovkd &Jabmf&JbufawGtay: oHa,mZOf }uD;wwfwJh ocifAkdvfyg?

ocifAkdvf&J@ aemufxyf acgif;aqmif+yDor_wckuawmh &JabmfawG tpk 2 pk cGJvkdufwJh tcgrSm ygwDpm&Gufpmwrf;awGukdacgif;aqmif+yDopGm tmrcH+yD; o,f,loGm;jcif;ygyJ?

'ghtjyif ocifAkdvf[m jrpf}uD;em; r[mrdwfppfpcef;okd@ apmpGma&mufoGm;cJhayr,fh ref;0if;armif/ ociftkef;armif/ukdcspfaumif;wkd@ uvuwWm;okd@ av,mOfysHeJ@ xGufoGm;wJhtcg vkdufygjcif; rjyKbJ pDaumrSm usefcJhwJh ol@tpku vlrsm;a&mufvmwJhtxd apmifhaecJhygw,f? 'DZifbmv 12 &ufae@ ntcsdefusrS ocifAkdvfwkd@tpk uvuwWm;okd@ a&muf&SdvmcJhjcif; jzpfygw,f?

'DZifbmv 26 &ufae@rSm ocifAkdvfeJ@ &Jabmfrsm; pwif+yD; uvuwWm;rSm ppfynmoif=um;&w,f? 1945 ckESpf Zefe0g&Dv 14&ufae@rSmawmh ocifAkdvf/ ref;0if;armif/ ociftkef;armif/ ukdoef;eJ@ ukdcspfaumif;wkd@ ukdvHbkdukd xGufcGm+yD; ppfynmxyfrHoif=um;&jyefw,f?

ocifAkdvf[m rmhufpf0g'ukd pGJpGJ+rJ+rJ ,kH=unfouf0ifcJhovkd ol@b0ukd wkdif;jynfeJ@ awmfvSefa&;twGuf ay;vSLxm;cJholyg? 'gayrJhuHraumif; ta=umif;rvSpGm awmfvSefa&;c&D; vrf;ckvwfrSmyJ ysKd&G,fEke,fwJh t&G,faumif;tcsdefrSm ol@toufukdpGef@v$wfoGm;cJh&ygw,f?

1945 ckESpf {+yDv 1 &ufae@rSm awmifile,fxJ a&muf&Sdae=uwJh ocifoef;xGef;eJ@ ocifA[def;wkd@[m ocifAkdvfeJ@ &Jabmfrsm;olwkd@xH vma&mufawG@qkHrSmukd apmifhqkdif;ae=uygw,f? av,mOfysH wpif;u ypPnf;rsm; vmcsoGm;=uayr,fh ocifAkdvfeJ@&Jabmfrsm;uawmh ay:rvmcJhyg? tJ'Dae@u ocifAkdvfwkd@ukd wifaqmifvmwJh av,mOfysH[m av,mOfysHuGif;u xGufvm+yD; (7)rdepft=umrSm rD;avmif+yD; ysufusoGm;cJhygw,f? ocifAkdvfeJ@twl [oFmwrS tm&Svli,f pnf;&kH;a&;wm0efcH ukdbodef;/ om,m0wDrSukdapmOD;wkd@vnf; toufqkH;±_H;oGm;cJh&ygw,f?

raorcsif; tn‡Of;qJ cHoGm;&wJh ukdnDav;

vlxkvkyfief;/ vlxk}uKd;yrf;r_e J@awmfvSefr _awGom vkyf&r,f?nDnGwfa&; wyfOD; zG J @&r,f? wukd,faumif;pm;a&;/ wukd,fcsif; pGef@pm;cef;awG tvkdr&Sd?

bla*&D,H acgif;aqmif}uD; 'DrDxa&mhAf

1944 ckESpf? arSmfbD+rKd@Y pyg;okawoe t&m&Sd q&m}uD; OD;apma&$(aemufykdif; uifaywkdif*syefrsm; zrf;qD;jcif; cH&ol) }uD;rSL;wJhawmifolv,form;-tvkyform;-aus;&Gm acgif;aqmifrsm; nDvmcH usif;yrSmrkd@ ,if;nDvmcHokd@ wufa&muf&ef ocifoef;xGef;ukdvma&mufzdwf=um;wJhtcg pma&;q&m jra'gif;nKd[m ukdnDav;eJ@ awG@&SdcJh&jcif; jzpfygw,f?

6 6

zdwfpmzdwf&ef tcsdefr&vkd@ ocifoef;xGef;xH ntcsdef vlukd,fwkdif oGm;zdwf&wmyg? tJ'DtcsdefrSm *syefacwf 0ef}uD;vkyfaeolocifoef;xGef;&J@tdrfrSm ocifoef;xGef;&J@nDjzpfol ukdnDav;vnf; &Sdaeygw,f? olu atmifausmf AkdvfqHaxmufwkdeJ@yg? ol@ajymykHqkdykHukduuGefjrLepfvli,fwa,mufjzpfa=umif; od&SdEkdifw,fvkd@ qkdygw,f? pma&;q&m jra'gif;nKdukdvnf; ol@pdwfxJ &Sdovkd ukdnDav;ubGif;bGif;&Sif;&Sif; a0zefa&; vkyfygw,f? “tck cifAsm;u bmvJ? tvkyfawG okH;av;vkyf wcgwnf; vkyfaewmvm;?ol&Jaumif;csD;usL;a&;tzGJ@?wd&p>mef arG;jrLa&;toif;/ vlxknDvmcH? cifAsm;u pma&;q&mvm;/ EkdifiHa&;orm;vm;? wckckukdpGJrvkyfwmu bma=umifhvJ”

'Dvkd a0zef+yD; wkH@jyefcsufukd r=um;&ao;vkd@ ukdnDav;[m pmzwfvkduf/ jra'gif;nKdukd =unfhvkduf vkyfaeygw,f? 'ga=umifhjra'gif;nKdu jyef+yD; acsy ajymqkdygw,f? ocifoef;xGef;vnf; ab;rSm &Sdaeygw,f?

“wd&p>mefarG;wm&,f/ vlarG;wm&,f/ ol&Jaumif; arG;wm&,f æwqufwnf;yJ”tm;vkH; &,f=uygw,f?“u|JEGm;wd&p>mefawG r&Sd&if v,form; r&SdEkdifbl;? owWdaumif;wJh yk*~KdvfawGukd wkdif;jynfu arhxm;&if ig;yg; arSmufwwfw,f?

tck ArmawGu *syefawGukd a=umufae=uw,f? 'Dawmh u|efawmfwkd@vnf; wwfEkdifwJhbufuae OD;0dpm&/ q&mpH/ &JabmfokH;usdyfpmtkyf/ol&Jaumif;csD;usL;a&;tzGJ@awGeJ@ aoG;xkd;ay;aewmyJ”

“pma&;q&mvm;-EkdifiHa&;orm;vm;qkdwmuawmh Oyrm-uGefjrLepfu0d}uD; um;vfrmhufpf[m EkdifiHa&;vnf; vkyfw,f?pmvnf; a&;w,f? uGefjrLepfpmtkyfawG a&;w,f? t&if;usrf;ukd =unfh? ygwDvnf; axmifw,f? &if;epfaZwef qkdwJh owif;pmxkwfw,f? e,l;a,mufwkdif;vnf; vSrf;a&;ao;w,f? pma&;q&m/ owif;pmq&m/ EkdifiHa&;q&m? 'DvkdyJ vkyfcJhwmyJ”

ukdnDav;[m we*FaEGae@awmifrS tem;r,lbJ tvkyfqif;wwfolyg? i,f&G,fol wOD;jzpfayr,fh }uD;av;wJh }uKd;ukdiftvkyfukd(tar&duef&J@ aphpyfaocsmr_/ ±k&Sm;&J@ ZGJowWdrsKd;eJ@) rem;wrf; vkyfavh&Sdolvkd@ qkdygw,f? toif;tzGJ@aygif;rsm;pGm&J@ OD;pD;}uKd;ukdifwm0efukdxrf;aqmifae&olqkdawmh ol@vkyfief;wm0ef b,favmuf }uD;av;r,fqkdwm rSef;qodjrifEkdfifygw,f?

zufqpfawmfvSefa&;twGif; tm&Svli,faygif; ajrmufjrm;pGm awmfvSefa&;orm;rsm; jzpfoGm;&wm[m ukdnDav;&J@aumif;r_a=umifhvkd@ qkdygw,f? ukdnDav;[m &Jabmfrsm;a&S@rS pHerlemaumif;ukd vrf;cif;jyoay;Ekdifolyg?

ukdnDav;[m pum;rsm;rsm; rajymbJ tvkyfukdom &Gyf&Gyfc|Hc|H vkyfukdifwwfygw,f? ºum;0gvkdpdwf r&Sdyg? yv$m;wJht0wftpm;rsm;ukdvnf; r0wfqifyg? av,mOfysHbdeyfukd pD;ygw,f? csnfvkHcsnfeJ@ yifeD&Syftusôwkd@ukd 0wfqifwwfygw,f? qHyifucyfwkdwkdyg? ykodrfxD;wacsmif;eJ@ ajcvsifav#muf+yD; tvkyfqif;wwfygw,f? +rKd@jyxuf aus;vufOD;pm;ay;vkyfief;awG vkyfukdifzkd@ ykdrkdvkdvm;olyg?

oxkHe,fbufrSm zufqpfawmfvSefa&; vkyfief;rsm; vkyfaqmif&ef ukdnDav;ukd at-tufzf-tkd tzGJ@csKyfuwm0efay;apv$wfcJhwmyg? ukdnDav;u tm&Svli,ftvkyfrsm; vkyfaqmif&efqkdwJh ta=umif;jycsufeJ@ xGufcGmoGm;cJhygw,f?

ukdnDav;wkd@ vlpk oxkH+rKd@pGef&Sd bkef;}uD;ausmif; wausmif;rSm pcef;cs aexkdif=uygw,f? wae@awmh tJ'Dbkef;}uD;ausmif;xJokd@*syef 3 OD; 0ifvmwJhtcg ukdnDav;wkd@u ypfcwfokwfoifypfvkdufygw,f? xkd&Gm&Sd vlxku *syefawGu *vJhpm;acsEkdifa=umif;/ wae&majymif;a&$@aexkdifoifha=umif; owday;=uygw,f? ukdnDav;wkd@vlpku olwkd@ cyfa0;a0; ajymif;a&$@oGm;vkduf&if oufqkdif&mawmfvSefa&;wyfzGJ@rsm;eJ@ tqufjywfoGm;rSm pkd;&drfygw,f? 'ga=umifh cyfa0;a0; ajymif;a&$@wm rvkyfygbl;? eD;&m tjcm;bkef;}uD;ausmif;wausmif;okd@om ajymif;a&$@ aexkdifvkdufygw,f?

ukdnDav;wkd@ukd *syefrsm;u vkdufvH&SmazGaea=umif; vlxku owif;vmay;ygw,f? 'ga=umifh ukdnDav;/ ukdoef;nGef@ eJ@tjcm;&Jabmfwa,mufwkd@[m oxkHteD;u awm&Gmw&Gmokd@ oGm;zkd@ +rKd@v,f vrf;r}uD;twkdif; vmcJhygw,f? tJ'Duae rD;&xm;blwm&kHqDoGm;wJhvrf;twkdif; xGufcJh=uwmyg?

olwkd@aemufu *syefrsm; vdkufvHae=uwmukd t&yfom;rsm;u awG@jrif=uw,f? “cifAsm;wkd@ukd zrf;&atmif *syefawGvkdufvmae+yD/ ajy;=uyg”vkd@ owday;ygw,f?

aumif;uifrSmvnf; wkdufav,mOfysHwpD; 0JaewJhtcsdefyg? “*syefawG u|efawmfwkd@ukd zrf;&atmif vmwm r[kwfygbl;?av,mOfysHvmvkd@ ajy;=uwmyg”vkd@ ukdnDav;wkd@u tajzay;+yD; ukd,fhav#muf&r,fhvrf;twkdif; qufav#mufae=uygw,f?

t&yfom;awG jrifwm rrSm;yg? c%t=umrSm ukdnDav;wkd@wawG vSHpGyfawG wazG;azG; wajymifajymift=um;a&muf&SdoGm;ygawmhw,f?

6 7

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7 4

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&nf!ïef;? ? Organizing for a Union Comeback By Lee Sustar eJ@ wikipedia rS tcsuftvufrsm;?

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7 7

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urBm}uD;[m wckwnf;om jzpf+yD; urBmol/urBmom; tm;vHk;&J@ uH=urRm[mvnf; wqufwpyfxnf; jzpfvdk@ aeyg+yD? ?

&JabmfxGef;jrwf 2014-3-22

udk;um; ? 12 / 2 / 2014? China Daily

'DZifbm 26 &ufae@[m armfpDwkef;&Jh tESpf120 ajrmufarG;ae@ tcgor,jzpfygw,f?

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70µtrSef 30µtrSm;vdk@ armftay: tuJjzwfr_tay: taemufrD'D,mawGu b0ifusyHkr&bl;?,Ofaus;r_awmfvSefa&; eJ@ ckefysHausmfv$m;v_yf&Sm;r_ wdk@ESifhtwl qdk&S,fvpfawmfvSefa&;[m usqHk;oGm;+yDvdk@ed*Hk;csKyfcsifyHk&w,f? olwdk@qENeJ@ qef@usifpGm w±kwfjynf[m qdk&S,fvpfvrf;a=umif;ay:rSm pGJ+rJpGm&yfaea=umif;a=unmxm;ygw,f?

t&if;&Sifpepf qkd;qdk;0g;0g; uyfqdkufaecsdefrSm t&if;&Sifpepfudk c,0yfwGm;aeolawGu vlxkudk pepfwusrpOf;pm; rawG;ac: apvdkbl;? olwdk@u w±kwfjynfudk qdk&S,fvpfwnfaqmufa&; vrf;a=umif;rSaoGz,foGm;apzdk@ tonf;toef vdkvm;ae=uw,f? 'gha=umifh ,ae@vdktcsdefrSm armfpDwkef;udk ta&;ygoltjzpfxkwfazmfr_udk tpmra=ujzpfaejcif;yJ jzpfygw,f? ordkif;udk azsmufzsufzdk@ óu;pm;jcif;[m‘uGefjrLepfwap>}uD;’udk a=umufvef@aewJh t&if;&Sifrsm;&J@ vufoHk;enf;w&yfyJ jzpfw,f? olwdk@tzdk@ uHraumif;ta=umif;rvSpGmyJ wap>u qufajcmufae+yD; atmifyGJcHoGm;ygvdrfhr,f?

&nfn$ef;? People’s Democracy. January 19 , 2014.

jrprf;at; (13-4-2014)

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8 3

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Ref:1 The Strangelove Effect by John Pilger2 Coup in Ukraine: A warning to the international working class by Peter Schwarz3 Ukraine: Torn apart by Imperialism Feature by Rob Ferguson4 Ukraine Protests Carefully Orchestrated: The Role of CANVAS˜ US-Financed“Color Revolution Training Group” by F William Engdahl

8 4

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8 5

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8 6

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8 7

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vkyfaewm 10 ESpf=umyg+yD? 10 eSpf =umayr,fh u|efrvkyfcu tvkyf0ifump &wJhvkyfc wpfem&D 8²25 a':vmuaewdk;rvmbJ wef@aew,f? aps;E_ef;awG wae@wjcm; wufwufvmaewJh uae@tcsdefrSmawmh 'DvkyfceJ@ u|efruav;awGtwGuf pm;yGJay: tpm;tpma&mufatmif vkyf&wm wpfae@xufwpfae@ cufcJvmw,f? uav;awGudk au|;zdk@&m ae@wdkif; ylyefae&w,f? tck zdeyfawmif 0,fray;Edkifbl;? u|efreJ@ uav;eSpfa,muf 'Dvdk ±kef;uefae&wm w&m;r#ww,fvdk@ &Sifxifovm;? rESpfu rufa':e,f aumfydka&;&Sif;u t&ifESpfawGxuf 0ifaiG 5²5 bDvD,Hwdk;cJhayr,fh u|efrwdk@tvkyform;awGudk vkyfcwdk;ray;wma&m w&m;w,fvdk@xifovm;? u|efrwdk@ tvkyform;awG 'Dvdk wyJajcmufjym; vkyfcuav;eJ@ &yfwnfae&wma&m r#ww,fvdk@ xifovm;? uíefruawmh r#ww,frxifbl;? &Sifwdk@ vkyfcwdk;ray;vdk@ u|efrwdk@ cufcJusyfwnf; vm&wmvdk@yJ jrifw,f?”

rufa':e,f OuUÏudk 'Dvdkar;cGef;awGar;+yD; 'DvdkajymqdkcJholuawmh csDum*dk&J@ 15 a':vmwdkufyGJ (fight

for 15) v_yf&Sm;r_ acgif;aqmif eefpDq,f*g'dk jzpfygw,f? 'DtwGufeJ@ eefpD tygt0if tvkyform; 7 OD;udk &Juzrf;oGm;ygw,f? aemufydkif;rSm tcrf;tem;xJudk 0ifcGifhr&SdbJ 0ifw,fqdk+yD; ydkifeufusL;vGefr_yk'freJ@ eefpDwdk@udkw&m;pGJcJhygw,f?

ara';ae@ arG;zGm;&m tar&duef csDum*dkjrdK@rSm fast-food (bm*g/ =uufa=umf/ tmvl;a=umf) a&mif;wJhqdkifawGu tvkyform;awGeJ@/ retail (ukefrsdK;pHkvufvDqdkif) awGu tvkyform;awGu tedrfhqHk;vkyfcudk wpfem&D15 a':vm owfrSwfay;zdk@ awmif;qdkwdkufyGJ 0ifae=uw,f? 15a':vmwdkufyGJ (fight for 15) vdk@vlodrsm;wJhcsDum*dkeJ@ e,l;a,muf +rKd@ESpf+rKd@u fight for 15 t"du v_yf&Sm;aewJh+rKd@awG jzpf+yD; 2013 eSpfpydkif;uae uae@tcsdefxdrqkwfrepf wdkufyGJ0ifaeqJ jzpfygw,f? wdkufyGJ&J@ t"duawmif;qdkcsuftjzpf tedrfhqHk;vkyfcudk wpfem&D 15 a':vmwdk;jr‡ifhowfrSwfay;zdkd@ eJ@ tvkyform;or*~udk ta&;,lr_/ jcdrf;ajcmufr_ wpfpHkwpf&m r&SdbJ vGwfvGwfvyfvyfzGJ@pnf;edkifcGifhay;zdk@ tcsufeSpfcsufudk awmif;qdkxm;ygw,f ? fight for 15 &J@ EkdifiHvHk;uíwf qENjyyGJae@awGrSm+rdK@aygif; 60 uae 130 xdjyef@ESH@jzpfyGm;jyD; tedrfhqHk;vkyfcpm; tvkyform; axmifaomif;ausmf yg0ifcJhygw,f?

vGefcJhwJh ESpfaygif;wpf&mausmfwkef;u 'D csDum*dkjrdK@rSmyJ puf&Hktvkyform;awG[m wpfae@tvkyfcsdef (8)em&D owfrSwfay;zdk@ awmif;qdk qENjycJh=uw,f? olwdk@udk acgif;yHkjzwftjrwfxkwfaewJh puf&Hkydkif&Sift&if;&SifawGudktHwk+yD; edkifiHwumtvkyform;rsm;ae@ “ara';ae@”&,fvdk@ ordkif;wGifr,fh oydwfudk azmfaqmifcJhw,f? tck 21&mpkrSmawmh t&if;&Sifpepf&Jh t}uD;rm;qHk;toD;tyGifhvdk@ ajym&r,fh aumfydka&;&Sif;}uD;awG&J@ vlrqefwJh acgif;yHkjzwfr_udk ara';rsdK;qufawGu &ifqdkiftefwkaew,f?

tar&duefu tedrfhqHk;vkyfc tvkyform;awG rSDcdkvkyfudkifae&wJh fast-food (bm*g / =uufa=umf /

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15 a':vmwdkufyGJ

9 2

tmvl;a=umf) a&mif;wJh qdkifvkyfief;awG eJ@ retail (ukefrsdK;pHkvufvDqdkif) vkyfief;ukr%DawGu omrefukr%DawG r[kwf=ubJ *vdkb,fvdkufaZ;&Sif; pD;yGm;a&;pHepfatmufrSm }uD;xGm;vmwJh wpfurBmvHk;udkjzef@=uufEkdif/ vkyfief;aygif;pHkudk csdwfqufEkdifwJh {&mraumfydka&;&Sif;}uD;awG jzpfygw,f? rufa':e,f/bm*guif;/ autufzpD/ qyfa0; vdk fast-food toifhpm;vdk@&wJh tpm;tpma&mif;wJhqdkifawG wm;*uf/qD;,m;pf/ a0gvfrwf vdk retail ukefrsdK;pHkvufvDqdkifawGu {&mraumfydka&;&Sif;}uD;awG jzpfygw,f?

olwdk@xJu rufa':e,fudk Oyrmjy&&if²²? fast-food toifhpm; bm*gvkyfief;ukr%D rufa':e,feJ@vufeufukr%D rufa':e,f a'guf*vyfp wdk@[m '*Fg;wpfck&J@acgif;eJ@yef; vdk@qdk=uygw,f? olwdk@r&Sd&if tar&duef t&if;&Sife,fcsJ@pepfr&SdEkdifbl; qdk&avmufatmif tar&duef t&if;&Sife,fcsJ@pepf&J@ vSHOD;uae v_yf&Sm;aewJh vkyfief;awGjzpfw,f? urBmwv$m; EdkifiHaygif; 119 EdkifiHrSm rufa':e,fqdkifaygif;34˜000 ausmf &Sdygw,f? tJh'D rufa':e,fqdkifawGrSm tvkyfvkyfaewJh urBmhtvkyform;OD;a&u ESpfoef;eD;yg; &Sdygw,f? 2010 !efudef;awGt& rufa':e,f&J@0ifaiG a':vm 24²07 bDvD,H[m vwfAD;,m;EkdifiH&J@pkpkaygif;wdkif;jynfxkwfukefeJ@ nDr#ygw,f? vwfAD;,m;EkdifiH&J@ 2010 ckESpf pkpkaygif;wdkif;jynfxkwfukefwefzdk;u a':vm 24²05 bDvD,H jzpfygw,f?

'D-rufa':e,f tygt0if fast-foodeJ@ retail vkyfief;awGu tvkyform;awGudk tedrfhqHk;vkyfcyJay;ygw,f? tar&duef&J@ uae@ tedrfhqHk;vkyfcu wpfem&D a':vm 7²25 jzpfygw,f? 1968 ckESpf ukefxkwfpGrf;tm; udef;*%ef;awGudk tajccH+yD; wGufcsuf&if uae@jzpfoifhwJh tedrfhqHk;vkyfcu a':vm21²72 vdk@ pD;yGm;a&; ynm&SifawGu wGufcsufajymqdk=uygw,f? fast-food eJ@ retail vkyfief;u tvkyform;awG &ifqdkifae&wmu tedrfhqHk;vkyfcjy\emwif ruygbl;? oifhwifhavsmufywfwJh tvkyfcsdefa&;qGJray;wm/ usef;rma&;cGifh/ om;zGm;cGifhray;wm/ tvkyftmrcHcsufr&Sdwm(tvkyform;awG[m'DtvkyfrSm wpfem&D ESpfem&D/ [dktvkyfrSm wpfem&DeSpfem&DeJ@ wpfae@ tvkyfXme oHk;av;ck ajymif;+yD;pm;0wfaea&;twGuf tajy;tv$m;vkyfae&wmudk qdkvdkygw,f?) vkyfief;cGiftwGif; vlrsdK;t&/ vdift&cGJjcm;cHae&wm pwJh jy\emawGyg &ifqdkifae&ygw,f? onfhtwGuf tvkyform;awG&J@tusdK;pD;yGm;udkaqmif&Gufr,fh tvkyform;ppfppf awGyg0ifwJh tvkyform;or*~ zGJ@pnf;a&;uvnf; ta&;}uD;wJh vkyfief;pOf jzpfaeygw,f?

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csDum*kd[m ar;a';ae@&J@ arG;&yfajrjzpfayr,fvkd@ csDum*kd wnf&Sd&m tar&duefjynfaxmifpkrSm,ae@tcsdeftcg ara';ae@qkdwmawmif todtrSwfrjyKwm rusif;ywmrsKd; jzpfaewJh tajctaeyg?rnfodk@yifjzpfap²²csDum*dk rsdK;qufopf tvkyform;awG t&if;&Sifpepf&J@ aumfydka&;&Sif;yg0gudk &ifqdkiftefwkaewm[m tkwfeH&Hudkacgif;eJ@ wdkufaewmrsdK; jzpfaeayr,fh olwdk@bdk;bGm;awG&J@ ara';tpOftvmtwdkif; tvkyform;xktwGif; pnf;vHk;nDn$wfr_ wnfaqmuf+yD; atmifyGJ qufqufcHEdkifr,fvdk@ ,Hk=unfyga=umif;?

wifwifEG,f

9 3

(azmifydwfaqmif;yg;)

0if;wifrSwfwkdi f

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OD;0if;wifb,fvkdvlv J

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9 4

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OD;0if;wifvGef ArmhE k di fi Ha&;

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OD;0if;wif vrf;pOfom atmifyG Jc Hc J haomf

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at;+i dr f;

9 5

&Jabmfrsm; rdwfaqGrsm;cifAsm;-vmrnfhE Spf 2014 =o*kwfv (15) &ufae@onf

Armjynf uGefjrLepfygwD wnfaxmifonfh(75) ESpfajrmufpdef&wk obifumv jzpfygonf?

Ttcgawmfae@ukd txdrf;trSwfjyKonfhtaeESifhjynfol@tm%m*sme,fukd txl;xkwftjzpf xkwfa0vkdygonf?

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tm;wufoa&m ay;yk d @ =uvdrf hrnf[kvnf; ,k H=unf ygonf?

ay;ykd@ =u&efvnf; tEl;tnGwf awmif;qkdvkdufygonf?

(pmwnf;tzGJ @)

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