az elŐadÁs letÖlthetŐ : - georgikon kar növényvédelmi intézet az elŐadÁs letÖlthetŐ : -...

AZ ELŐADÁS LETÖLTHETŐ:-

Georgikon KarNövényvédelmi Intézet



Module of Applied EntomologyField pests - in temperate zone of Europe -

Main topics

•Polyphagous field pests•Wheat pests•Corn pests•Sunflower pests

Main topics

Rapeseed pestsAlfalfa and pea pests

Potato pestsRice pests

I. Polyphagous field pests

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• PHYTOPHAGY:• MONOPHAGOUS SPECIES:• Feed on only one plant taxon• OLIGOPHAGOUS SPECIES: Feed on a few plant taxa

(for example: one plant-family)• POLYPHAGOUS SPECIES (generalist): Feed on many

plant taxa

Polyphagous field pests

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• POLYPHAGOUS PESTS:

• Cockchafers’ (Melolonthidae) larvae (grubs)• Click beetles’ (Elateridae) larvae (wireworms)• Noctuid moths’ (Noctuidae) larvae (caterpillars)• Rodents (common vole, gopher, hamster)• Games (rabbit, roe-deer, red-deer, wild boar)


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• COCKCHAFERS:

• 12 species living in Hungary• The most importants are the followings:1. Common cockchafer (Melolontha melolontha)


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2. Forest cockchafer(Melolontha hippocastani)


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3. April beetle(Rhizotrogus aequinoctialis)


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4. Summer chafer(Amphimallon solstitiale)


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5. June beetle(Polyphylla fullo)


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6. Vine chafer(Anomala vitis)


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7. Japanese beetle(Popillia japonica) – absent in Europe, quarantine pest


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Larvae – the grubsEconomic importance: 10-

40% damage• The grubs attacks the

rooting system• Most dangeorous when

recently planted


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Life cycle• The development takes three years• Most dangerous is the third instar larva (80% of the

full damage)• 5-10 cm deep – summer• 20-40 cm deep – winter• Adults live approx. two weeks• Egg hatching needs moisture


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Control:• Damage threshold level: 1.2 larva/m2

• Soil sterilization before planting• Seed treatment• Biological control (entomopathogenic nematodes)• Less effective in orchards


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• Click beetles (Elateridae)


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Photograph copyright: ozwildlife

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1. Western click beetle(Agriotes ustulatus)


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(foto www.kerbtier.de)

http://www.kerbtier.de/

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2. Dusky click beetle(Agriotes obscurus)


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3. Lined click beetle(Agriotes lineatus)


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4. Common click beetle(Agriotes sputator)


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Copyright: www.eakringbirds.com

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• Wireworms• The larvae called: wireworms – cause the damage• The adults feeds on pollen• Economic importance: 10 – 20% damage


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Copyright: entomology.ucdavis.edu

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• Typical life cycle of click beetles


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Copyright: omafra.gov.on.ca

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• Control:

• Damage threshold level may vary by sites / year / culture: 2-5 larva/ m2

• Soil sterilization before planting• Seed treatment• Biological control (entomopathogenic nematodes)• For good efficacy, special skill / practice is needed


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• Noctuid moths(Noctuidae)

• Nocturnal

• Diurnal


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1. Turnip moth(Scotia segetum)

Polyphagous field pests – Nocturnal moths

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2. Dart moth (Agrotis exclamationis)


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3. Spotted cutworm (Amathes c-nigrum)


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4. Black cutworm (Agrotis ipsilon)


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5. Euxoa temera


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• Turnip moth damage• The seedlings can be totally bored through• The larva chew rings around the stems


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• Biology and control of turnip moth• Two generations per year• First fly in May• Damage can be observed from May to October• The eggs laid into the surface of the soil• Control is very difficult


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1. Silver Y moth (Autographa gamma)

Polyphagous field pests – Diurnal moths

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2. Shoulder-striped Clover (Heliothis maritima)


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http://www.biopix.eu/Species.asp?Searchtext=Heliothis%20maritima&Category=Sommerfugle

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3. Cotton Bollworm (Helicoverpa armigera)


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Cotton Bollworm (Helicoverpa armigera)• One of the most dangerous pests worldwide• Host plants includes vegetables, field crops and

ornamentals• Damage: usually feeds on the generative parts of

plants (flowers, fruits, seeds)• 2-(3) generation per year• The pupa can overwinter under Hungarian

conditions, diapausing from September• Forecasting with sex pheromone traps


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3. Cotton Bollworm (Helicoverpa armigera)Damage on corn:


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3. Cotton Bollworm (Helicoverpa armigera)Damage on pepper:


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3. Cotton Bollworm (Helicoverpa armigera)Damage on tomato:


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3. Cotton Bollworm (Helicoverpa armigera)Damage on alfalfa:


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4. Cabbage armyworm (Mamestra brassicae)


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5. Bright line- Brown eye moth (Mamestra oleracea)


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• Damage:• Larvae of diurnal moths damages the following

crops:• Sugar beet, sunflower, soybean, rapeseed, alfalfa,

pea, bean, lettuce, mustard, carrot, cabbage, tobacco, poppy, etc.

• They feeds on leaves or flowers


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Copyright: www.ukmoths.org.uk

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• Biology and control• Most of them has two generation per year• The eggs laid on the leaves • Overwinters in the soil, except for the silver Y moth,

which is a migrant moth• The pupation is usually in the soil• Control: good efficiacy can be achieved against

young larvae


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• Rodentia is an order of mammals also known as rodents, characterised by two continuously-growing incisors in the upper and lower jaws which must be kept short by gnawing

Polyphagous field pests – Rodents (Rodentia)

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1. Common vole(Microtus arvalis)


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• The most dangerous and widespread rodent in Hungary• Mass outbreak in every 3-6 years after mild winter• Host plants: alfalfa, wheat, maize, potato, sugarbeet, pea,

onion, vegetables, fruit trees • The damage is bigger nearby its holes• Feeding on living plant parts, maize cob, wheat spike,

rooting system of woody plants


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• Biology:• 6-8 litter per year, with 3 to 8 juveniles• No winter sleep• Densities can range froem 100/ha up to 2000 individuals

/ha• Control:• Chemical control can be performed, using anticoalguant

active ingredients (chlorphacinone, calcium phosphide, zinc phosphide, etc.)

• Biological control: predaceous birds


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2. European hamster(Cricetus cricetus)


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• Brown and white coloured face• The body is medium sized among rodents• Aggressive appearance when alarmed is typical• Prefers loess soil• Most abundant in the Great Plain – East Hungary• Damage:• Host plants: Maize (most important), wheat, potatoe,

sugarbeet, onion, fruit trees’ root system • Feeds on young seedlings, chews tip / upper part of the

wheat and the cob of the maize• Hamsters store food reserves in their burrows


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• Biology:• 2 litters per year, with 4 to 6 juveniles• Hibernating starts in October and finishes in April• Sleeping periods alternate with wakeful phases when

hamsters feed on their winter stores (15-20 kg maize) • There is no effective control against this pest


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3. Ground squirrel(Citellus citellus)


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4. Water vole (Arvicola terrestris)


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4. Water vole (Arvicola terrestris)• Occurs only, where water is present• Live in and around streams, rivers and other water bodies• Damage:• Eat green shoots in preference to fruits and seeds• they rely more on below-ground rhizomes during the winter • The damaged tree shriveled• Causing a wedge-like tree bottom


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4. Water vole (Arvicola terrestris)• Biology:• Water vole has 3-4 litter per year with 4-6 young per litter• It spends winter within the burrow, although they do not

hibernate


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5. European mole – (Talpa europea)


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5. European mole – (Talpa europea)• A beneficial predator that feeds on insects• Cause harm by the burrowing activity, especially the

molehills • While burrowing young plants often die• Often feeds on earthworms • Biology:• The mole has 1 litter per year

with 4-7 young per litter • They don’t hibernate • The european mole is under

protection, any control methods against this pest is permitted!!!


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1. European hare (Lepus europeus)• Most common in plain areas – Great Plain• Host plants: pea, sunflower, watermelon, bean, cabbage,

sugarbeet, fruit tree bark (at wintertime)• Biology: The hare has 3-4 litter per year with 3-4 young per

litter

Polyphagous field pests – Games

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2. Wild boar (Sus scrofa)• Important pest – high density• Host plants: Maize, wheat, sugarbeet, grape, potatoe, corn• Digs out the maize and the oak seedlings• Treads down the field crops• Eats out the seeds from the corncob


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3. Deers: Red deer (Cervus elaphus), Roe deer (Capreolus capreolus)

• High population density in Hungary• Host plants: wheat, maize, sunflower (roe deer), fruit trees

(deer), grape, cabbage, pea, alfalfa, soybean, potatote, sugarbeet, oak, beech

• Damage: Gnaw off wheat and corn, treads down the field crops

• Leaves and twigs are ripped from trees and brush leaving a ragged surface

• Annuals can be pulled out, smaller trees can be destroyed


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4. Eurasian badger (Meles meles)• Damages corn only, by beating down and feeding on

corncobs


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• Game control• Game repellents • Fence, electrical fence • Cartonplast in woody plants (single control) • Chemical (single and area management)


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II. Wheat pests

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• Wheat:• Sowed usually in October• Spacing: 12,5x2-3cm• Harvesting in June- July• It is the most important cultivated plant with the biggest area

Wheat pests

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• Autumn pests

• Zabrus tenebrioides Cereal ground beetle• Oscinella frit Frit fly• Meromyza saltatrix Wheat stem maggot• Scotia segetum Turnip moth• Melolontha melolontha Common cockchafer• Angunia tritici Wheat seed gall nematode• Macrosiphum graminum Grain aphid

Wheat pests

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• Winter pests• Microtus arvalis Common vole• Haplothrips tritici Wheat trips• Spring pests• Scotia segetum Turnip moth• Cephus pygmaeus Wheat stem sawfly• Eurygaster austriaca Wheat shield bug• Aelia acuminata Bishop’s mitre shield bug• Oulema melanopus, O. gallaeciana Cereal leaf beetles

Wheat pests

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• Spring pests• Zabrus tenebrioides Cereal

ground beetle• Contarinia tritici Wheat blossom midge• Rhopalosiphum padi Bird cherry aphid• Macrosiphum graminum Grain aphid• Angunia tritici Wheat seed

gall nematode• Anisoplia spp. Wheat chafers

Wheat pests

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1. Cereal ground beetle (Zabrus tenebrionides)

Wheat pests – Autumn pests

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1. Cereal ground beetle (Zabrus tenebrionides)• Damage: Larvae burrow into soil, pulling down and eating

shoots from October to May• Damage is greater in autumn if the weather is humid, despite

in spring• Autumn damage is bigger• Spring damage is not so big, because the plant is more

developed


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1. Cereal ground beetle (Zabrus tenebrionides)

• Adult beetles feed on cereal ears before harvest and on spilt grain and stubble re-growths

• Damage is worst in all-cereal rotations and with minimal cultivations. A non-cereal break crop or early ploughing will provide good control


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1. Cereal ground beetle (Zabrus tenebrionides)• Biology: • One generation per year• Overwinters as a larva• Adults occurs from May• Eggs laid into the surface of the soil• Control:• Crop rotation


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1. Cereal ground beetle (Zabrus tenebrionides)• Adult and larva with typically damaged leaves


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1. Cereal ground beetle (Zabrus tenebrionides)• Adults can be monitored with pitfall traps


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2. Frit fly (Oscinella frit)• There are six species of wheat flies in Hungary• Frit fly is the most important• Host plants include:

- wheat- barley- maize- rye- oat


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2. Frit fly (Oscinella frit)• Damage:• In spring sown oat: blind, withered spikelets• In corn: plants stop developing, leaves curling• Wheat: The main shoot become yellow in autumn damage• The larva burrows into the central shoot and causes

‘deadheart’ symptoms


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2. Frit fly (Oscinella frit)• Biology:• There are three generations a year (2 in autumn, 1 in spring)• Third generation is the most dangerous• Larvae overwinters in the shoots• Eggs laid onto the plants (cereals)• Second generation is a maize pest as well (May)• Control:• No effective chemical control method


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3. Wheat seed gall nematode (Anguina tritici)


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3. Wheat seed gall nematode (Anguina tritici)

• Only a wheat pest• Avoid monoculture• Damage:• Plants are twisted, deformated,

become purple• Brown galls in the spikes• Anabiosis: from the galls the

larvae can occur after several years


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3. Wheat seed gall nematode (Anguina tritici)• Biology: • One generation per year• Larvae overwinters in the galls or in the plant• Seeking the plant with active movement, where moisture is

important• Passive movement in the plant inside to the spikes• Control:• Crop rotation


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4. Aphids (Aphididae)• Grain aphid (Schizaphis graminum)


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4. Aphids (Aphididae)• Bird-cherry aphid (Rhophalosiphum padi)


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4. Aphids (Aphididae)• Autumn and spring pests as well• Spring damage is more significant in the recent years• Damage:• Direct damage: Withdrawing the sap from the leaves, the

leaves are curling, produces honeydew, where black sooty mold (Cladosporium herbarum) usually occurs

• Indirect damage: It is more significant, as vectors of Barley yellow dwarf virus. These aphids often provides the primary source of BYDV infection in early sown winter cereals


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4. Aphids (Aphididae)


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4. Aphids (Aphididae)• Biology:• 10-15 generations per year• Overwinters in woody plants or herbaceous plants as an egg• Asexual forms not mating, reproducing by ovoviviparae• Control:• Spraying with systemic insecticides• Can be made in autumn and spring as well• Insecticide applications should be applied when aphids reach

treatment levels• Heavy rainfall and natural parasitism will significantly reduce

aphid populations, so these factors should be considered before applying insecticide applications


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5. Other autumn pests• Common vole

• Turnip moth – cutworm

• Chafer grubs


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1. Wheat bugs• Eurygaster austriaca Aelia acuminata

Wheat shield bug Bishop’s mitre shield bug

Wheat pests – Spring pests

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1. Wheat bugs• Adults and larvae are both causing

damage• Sucking the stems, causing whitening or

even death of the stem• Also sucking on young kernels and semi-

ripened grains• Quality of the grain decreases• Depressed germination ability


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1. Wheat bugs• Biology:• One generation per year• Adults overwinters under fallen leaves• 14 eggs/female are laid onto the underside of the leaves• Hibernation starts from June• Control:• Insecticide spraying


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2. Cereal leaf beetles• Blue leaf beetle – Oulema gallaeciana

• Red throated leaf beetle – Oulema melanopus


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2. Cereal leaf beetles• Biology:• Adults overwinters• 1 generation per year• Fly to corn in June• Following emergence, beetles feed,

mate and lay eggs for approximately six weeks

• 100-400 eggs are laid per female. Larvae emerge from the egg and feed on the upper leaf surface without fully perforating the lower leaf surface


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2. Cereal leaf beetles• Larvae have the interesting habit of covering their body with

fecal matter which is thought to protect the larvae from desiccation and predation

• Larvae pass through four larval instars before leaving the plant to pupate in cocoons made of mixing their saliva with earth 1.25 to 5 cm deep (red-throated) or in wheat kernels (blue cereal leaf beetle)


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2. Cereal leaf beetles• Adults emerge shortly after (15-20 d) and begin to feed on

available crops or wild hosts. Adult feeding is characterized as between vein and completely perforating the leaf tissue

• Damage from cereal leaf beetle is apparent when the tips of leaves turn white and the leaves develop white stripes or slits where the beetle has consumed a strip. A field with extensive damage will look frosted or whitewashed


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3. Wheat chafers• Anisoplia lata• Anisoplia austriaca• Anisoplia agricola• Anisoplia segetum


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3. Wheat chafers (Anisoplia spp.)• Damage:• Beetle larvae feed on rotted plant residues in soil and when

live plants are present, they eat their root system.• The main damage is done by the beetles simply feeding on

grain, converting it into low-value residues and also a lot of grain is knocked out from ears into soil

• Biology:• Two years life cycle• Larvae and adults overwinters in the soil• Eggs laid on the soil at the end of June


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3. Wheat chafers (Anisoplia spp.)• Control:• Soil sterilization against larvae• Spraying against adults – only if extremely great numbers are

present


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4. Wheat stem sawfly (Cephus pygmaeus)


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4. Wheat stem sawfly (Cephus pygmaeus)• Most dangerous in monoculture• Flight of adults begin in May• Adults prefer well-developed stems with thick and hollow

culms for oviposition • Larva lives inside the stem, feeding on tissues around

fiberous vascular bundles • After completion of feeding, the larva saws stem from inside

at the height of a few centimeters above tillering node, plugs the stem up with a cork made of sawdust, and weaves a thin, semi-translucent, waterproof cocoon, where it overwinters


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4. Wheat stem sawfly (Cephus pygmaeus)• Cold and snowy winters result in a higher

mortality of overwintering larvae (50% or more)

• Control measures include stubbling and deep autumn plowing-in of stubble; harvesting as early as possible; two-phase harvesting of wheat with a close cut; use of resistant varieties with "filled" stems; and growing of less susceptible crops (oats, millet).

• Treatment by chemicals during the period of adult flight is ineffective


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5. Wheat blossom midges – Contarinia tritici, Sitodiplosis mosellana

• Contarinia tritici and Sitodiplosis mosellana are the most important pests

• The larvae of Contarinia tritici feed on the floral parts of wheat, preventing pollination and development of the grain

• The larvae of Sitodiplosis mosellana feed on the developing grain, resulting in reduced grain size and milling/baking qualities

• In most seasons and regions, damage is slight. However, S. mosellana in particular can cause serious losses in northern Europe


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• Biology:• One generation per year, larvae overwinters• Eggs laid on the kernels of wheat


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6. Other spring pests• Wheat thrips (Haplothrips tritici)


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II. Corn pests

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• Corn is one of the most important cultivated plants in Hungary

• 1,1 – 1,2 million hectares• Around 25% of the field crops• The easiest cultivating method• Well profitable• Spacing: 75x18-20 cm• Sowing: April (usually same time of blackthorn blossom)• 10oC soil degree is needed• Seed treatment• Harvest from September to November, ideal is October

Corn cultivation

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• Soil borne pests:• Grubs, wireworms

Corn pests – During the whole vegetation

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• Soil borne pests:• Wireworm damage:


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• Wireworms are attracted to the carbon dioxide from germinating seeds

• They are active in the root zone• They can weaken or kill emerged seedlings by : (1) Feeding on

tender young roots (2) Boring into the base of corn plants below ground (3) Drilling upward into stalks of larger corn plants.

• Porous well drained loam soils are more likely to be infested with wireworms than are heavy clay soils

• Wireworm populations are not uniformly distributed: damaged corn plants may be found next to healthy plants


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• White grubs have a 3-year life cycle and spend two consecutive seasons pruning roots and eating organic matter in the soil

• Chewing results in aboveground stunting and wilting• Leaf tips occasionally turn purple • Control:• Seed treatment protects only the seed and will not protect

the seedling following germination• The damage of wireworms are the biggest in corn fields • Crop rotation


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1. Turnip moth – cutworm (Scotia segetum)• The larvae are nocturnal feeders, hiding in shadow burrows

or under soil clods during the day• Damage: (1) Plants cut a tor just above the soil surface, (2)

purplish, lodged plants cut below ground (3) Wilting or dead plants

Corn pests – During germination

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• Birds – Pheasant, rook• Birds will dig around a seedling with their bill• During the reproductive stages of corn development,

blackbirds peel the husks from the tip of the ear back towards the base in very thin strips

• The damage of pheasant concentrated only to the field edges• There is no available control method as the earlier seed

treatments are forbidden now

Corn pests – During germination

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• Weevils• Adults are pests, which damages the leaves of corn at 2-4 leaf

stage (April- May)• They consume leaves margins and destroy apical meristems.

Control measures include limiting maize production to 2 or less years in a crop rotation. Maize and sunflower are necessary to alternate with cereals in crop rotation

• They have chewing mouthparts on a "beak" or snout

• Adults are more dangerous during the early phase of development shoot, larvae feeds on roots

Corn pests – During one-four leaf stage

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• Maize leaf weevil, Sugar-beet weevil• They have 1 generation per year• Adults overwintering 20-40 cm deep in the soil• Occurs at early April• Feeds until late May• Eggs are placed on the soil• Adults able to fly just above 20oC• Moving mostly by walking• Biggest damage on field edges


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• Black weevil (Psalidium maxillosum), Beet-leaf weevil (Tanymecus palliatus)

• Both species have two years life cycle• Overwinters as a larva and an adult (2nd year)• Unable to fly• Larvae feeds on smaller roots, adults on young leaves


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• Barley frit fly (Oscinella frit)• Main damage caused in

wheat, barley and oat fields• The larva burrows into the

central shoot and may cause deadheart symptoms in wheat fields

• Overwinters as a larva in wheat shoots

• 3 generations per year• 1st or 2nd generation occurs

in corn


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• Barley flea beetle (Phyllotreta vittula)


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• Corn is the favourit host plant of the pest• Monovoltine; inhabits wild cereals everywhere• Flight begins at an average daily temperature of 5 degrees

Celsius• Warm and dry conditions in summer are favorable for the

pest; but prolonged and cold springs decrease population. Adults hibernate after additional feeding in forests, ravines, and forest belts


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• Overwintered adults occurs in March• Feeding on weed plants first• Eggs deposited on the soil surface• Larvas hatches in April, adults fly in May• These adults feeding on the leaves of corn plants• As a result of global warming, hybernating starts later, at mid

summer – longer damage period


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• Cereal leaf beetles – Oulema spp.


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Red-throated cereal leaf beetle (Oulema melanopus)

Blue leaf beetle (Oulema gallaeciana)

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• Cereal leaf beetles – Oulema spp.• More important damage on wheat • Adults overwinters• 1 generation per year• Fly to corn in June• Damage from cereal leaf beetle is apparent when the tips of

leaves turn white and the leaves develop white stripes or slits where the beetle has consumed a strip. A field with extensive damage will look frosted or whitewashed


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• Aphids – Aphididae• Pest status: Common insects, rarely economic pests• Life cycle: During the summer, all aphids are female and do

not need to mate to reproduce; females produce live young (parthenogenesis).

• Multiple overlapping generations • Type of damage: Sucks plant sap from leaves, removing

water and nutrients. In heavy infestations, honeydew secretions may result in sticky leaves, whorls, and tassels, inhibiting pollen shed and weakening plants

Corn pests – During intensive growth

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• Aphids – Aphididae1. Corn leaf aphid (Rhopalosiphum maidis)2. Bird cherry-oat aphid (Rhopalosiphum padi)

• Feeds on leaves or tassels and silks

• Yellow mottling, wilting and curling on leaves

• 10-15 generations, overwinters as an egg

• Vector of maize dwarf mosaic virus

Corn pests – During intensive growth

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• European corn borer (Ostrinia nubilalis)

Corn pests – From tasseling

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• European corn borer (Ostrinia nubilalis)• Pest status: Common insect. Outbreaks in some years and at

some location • Life cycle: Mature larvae overwinter in corn stubble, debris

and soil, pupate occurs in late spring• Adult moths emerge in May. • Females lay eggs of the

1st generation on the undersides of corn leaves


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• European corn borer (Ostrinia nubilalis)• Eggs hatch within 5-7 days, larvae feed on the leaves or in the

whorl• Mature larvae tunnel into stalk to complete development.

1st generation adults emerge, mate, and females lay 2nd generation eggs. 2nd generation larvae bore into the stalk, ear shank, and ear


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• European corn borer (Ostrinia nubilalis)• Type of damage: 1st Generation = Shot holing in the leaves

by feeding on the whorl, then tunneling into stalk


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• European corn borer (Ostrinia nubilalis)• 2nd generation (only in middle and southern part of

Hungary)= Larvae tunnel into the stalk, shank, and ear. Stalk tunneling weakens plant, disrupts water flow, and creates entry wounds for stalk rot fungus (Fusarium)

• Management:• Forecasting: light traps• Control: Chitin synthesis inhibitor: diflubenzuron – active

agent• Control against moths and corn rootworm are aggregated


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• European corn borer (Ostrinia nubilalis)• Typical damage:


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• European corn borer (Ostrinia nubilalis)• Larva inside the stem:


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• Western Corn Rootworm (Diabrotica virgifera virgifera)


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• Western Corn Rootworm (Diabrotica virgifera virgifera)• Greatest problems in seed corn• Come from USA in 1992, since 1995 in Hungary• Monoculture (20%) → crop rotation (80%)• Overwinter as eggs in the soil• Egg hatch, end of May• Adults swarming begin, end of June• Adult damage• Adults: feeding on silks, also on leaves, and soft kernels• Harm: silks are clipped shorter than 2,5 cm before pollination

occurs and if adults are still active


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• Western Corn Rootworm (Diabrotica virgifera virgifera)

• Larval damage:• Small larvae feed inside root hairs,

tips• Larger larvae feed on large roots,

and can severely prune entire nodes of roots

• Root loss leads to plant stress from poor water and nutrient uptake

• Poor root formation also leads to lodging of plants, harvest problems


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• Western Corn Rootworm (Diabrotica virgifera virgifera) • Control:• Larvae: Soil sterilization with sowing, seed treatment • Larvae hatches one month after sowing • By this time insecticides are not effective enough• Adult: damages for a long period, multiple control is needed• Forecasting:• Egg washing method• Swarming, trap• Pheromone traps


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• Cotton bollworm/Corn earworm (Helicoverpa armigera)• Damage: usually feeds on the generative parts of plants

(flowers, fruits, seeds)• 2-3 generation per year• The pupa can overwinter under hungarian conditions,

diapausing from September


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• Cotton bollworm/Corn earworm (Helicoverpa armigera)• The tiny, white eggs are laid singly on the foliage and fresh

corn silk, which is the favorite site for egg deposition • Larvae feed on leaves, tassels, the whorl, and within ears, but

the ears are the preferred sites for corn earworm attack


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• Cotton bollworm/Corn earworm (Helicoverpa armigera)• Young larvae feed on corn silks, clipping them off• Shortly thereafter, they bore into the ear where they remain,

feeding in the tip area until they exit to pupate in the soil • Eggs hatch in 5 to 7 days following oviposition• Once larvae enter the corn ears, control with insecticides is

difficult • Forecasting with pheromone traps• Treatments should be timed to coincide with egg hatch • Direct insecticidal control towards young larvae that are

feeding on the exposed ear tips


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• Cotton bollworm/Corn earworm (Helicoverpa armigera)• In sweet corn, where tolerance for worm damage is low,

timing of insecticide treatments is critical: begin treatments during silking stage, at the start of egg hatch

• Before silking stage no control is needed, even at high pheromone trap catches

• Treatments are usually not needed on field or silage corn


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• Mammal pests• European hamster

• Wild boar

• Deers


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• Mammal pests• Causing great harm when corn matures• Feeds on corn ears and kernels• European badger:

Chewing the corn ears


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III. Sunflower pests

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• Soil borne pests• Grubs and wireworms feeding on the root system• Plants are tasseling, often die• Control:• Soil sterilizers• Vine chafer can damage the sunflowers’ foliage• Cutworms• 2 generation per year, overwinters as a larva • Larvae chew off the base of the plants, or bore into the

sunflower stem

Sunflower pests

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• From emergence to ten leaf stage

• Turnip moth – cutworm – Agrotis segetum• Weevils – See corn pests• Darkling beetle – Opatrum sabulosum• Tarnished plant bug - Lygus rugulipennis • Lucerne bug - Adelphocoris lineolatus • Birds – Pheasant, pigeons• Mammals – as usual in field crops

Sunflower pests

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• During intensive growth

• Tarnished plant bug - Lygus rugulipennis • Lucerne bug - Adelphocoris lineolatus• Black bean aphid - Aphis fabae • Leafcurl plum aphid - Brachycaudus helichrysi • Spider mites – Tetranychidae• Onion thrips – Thrips tabaci• Larvae of noctuid moths – Noctuidae• Roe deer

Sunflower pests

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• During reproductive stages

• Tarnished plant bug - Lygus rugulipennis • Lucerne bug - Adelphocoris lineolatus• Sunflower moth - Homoesoma nebulellum• Cotton bollworm - Helicoverpa armigera • Corn rootworm - Diabrotica virgifera virgifera • Birds – Sparrow, pigeon

Sunflower pests

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• Weevils• Young plants are damaged by the

adults• They chew on the leaf margins,

when high numbers occurs, can completely defoliate the plant

• Usually damaging in May• Larvae develop in the rooting

system, without causing significant damage

Sunflower pests – From emerge-ten leaf stage

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• Weevils• Damage:


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• Mammals:1. European hare (Lepus europeus)2. Roe deer (Capreolus capreolus)• Damage: • Gnaw off the plants, treads down the field crops. Deer

damage is easily recognized because, lacking upper front incisors, deer can only grind and chew with their molars. The plants may be pulled out of the ground

• After damaged sunflower can shoot again, but it branches and the heads will be less.


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• Tarnished plant bug (Lygus rugulipennis)


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• Tarnished plant bug (Lygus rugulipennis)

• Damage:• The tarnished plant bug feed

preferentially on either the developing reproductive organs or on the apical meristematic and leaf primordial tissue causing a necrosis around the feeding site due to the injection of enzymes. This tissue destruction causes the brown spot on the sunflower kernel and can also result in a bitter taste to the seeds


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• Tarnished plant bug (Lygus rugulipennis)• Life cycle:• Two generation per year• Adults overwinters in litter• Occurs from May to September• Larvae are green, similar to adults, but wings lacking• Control:• Insecticide treatments with

pyrethroids have reduced feeding damage by Lygus bugs when applied at the beginning of flowering


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• Lucerne bug (Adelphocoris lineolatus)• More dangerous than the tarnished plant bug


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• Lucerne bug (Adelphocoris lineolatus)• Adults and larvae feeding during the whole vegetation • Cause leaf curling in the young plants• Deformating the flowers, by sucking• Eggs are placed into the stems in a batch in an irregular

longitudinal row


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• Aphids – Aphididae

1. Black bean aphid (Aphis fabae) – 10-15 generations, eggs overwinters in spindle bush

2. Leafcurl plum aphid (Brachycaudus helichrysi) – 10-15 generations, eggs overwinters in plum tree

Sunflower pests – During intensive growth

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• Aphids – Aphididae • Aphids sucking on the plants and

deformating the leaves• Vectors of several viruses,

including CMV – Cucumber mosaic virus

• Occurs from May• Migrate back to woody plants in

September• Control: Systemic insecticides, if

needed


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• Aphids – Aphididae


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• Onion thrips (Thrips tabaci)• Worldwide pest with several host plants, including

vegetables, field crops, ornamentals• Damage: Sucking damage, removal of chlorophyll causes the

feeding area to appear white to silvery in color. Areas of leaf injury can occur as patches and streaks

• When feeding injury is severe,leaves take on a silvery cast and can wither

• Vector of severe viruses


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• Spider mites – Tetranychidae• Occasional pests• Feeding on the underside of the leaves• Can be introduced to the field from the orchards nearby, with

the help of wind


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• Diurnal noctuid moths – Noctuidae1. Silver Y moth (Autographa gamma)2. Shoulder-striped clover (Heliothis maritima)


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• Diurnal noctuid moths – Noctuidae• There are two generations per year and overwinters as a

pupa, 10-20 cm deep in the soil• The first flight usually starts in Hungary in May, and the

second flight in August• The eggs laid into the leaves of host plants. They move to the

soil for overwintering in September• The silver Y moth never overwinters in Hungary, it is a

migrant moth, usually overwinters in South Europe. • Control:• Chemical: Against young larvae, feeding on the leaves


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• Cotton bollworm (Helicoverpa armigera)

Sunflower pests – During reproductive stages

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• Cotton bollworm (Helicoverpa armigera)• Damage:• Usually feeds on the generative part of the plants, includes

flowers, seeds etc.• The larva damage the head of the sunflower, can cause 30-

50% damage• Young larvae can feed on the foliage


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• Cotton bollworm (Helicoverpa armigera)• Biology:• In Hungary there are 2-3 generations per year• The pupa is able to overwinter in Hungary. • The first flight occurs at the end of May, the second in July,

while the third in September. The eggs laid into the backstroke of the leaves. The diapausing start at the end of September.

• Forecasting:• Sex pheromone traps• Control: • Spraying is not always effective due to the undercover life of

the larvae. They cause harm on the generative parts – timing of spray. Damaged parts are entry hole for fungal diseases


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• Sunflower moth (Homoesoma nebulellum)


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• Sunflower moth (Homoesoma nebulellum)• Nowadays is a minor pest due to the developed

morphological resistance – phytomelan layer thickness in seeds

• Biology:• 2-3 generations per year, larvae overwinters is the soil• Eggs are deposited on the surface of open sunflower heads.

First instars feed primarily on pollen. Second instars feed on pollen, and may burrow through the corolla to feed on pollen inside disk flowers. Feeding by third instars may sever the style and prevent the ovary from being fertilized, resulting in empty seeds.


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• Sunflower moth (Homoesome nebulellum)


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• Sunflower moth (Homoesome nebulellum)

• Third instars also begin feeding on ovaries. Larval feeding until maturity results in an average of about 96 damaged disk flowers and about 23 damaged ovaries per larva. As they feed, larvae spin a webbing over the face of the sunflower head. The accumulated debris in the larval webbing and damage caused by larval feeding predispose the head to Rhizopus infection. Mature larvae move to the ground where they spin overwintering cocoons


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• Sunflower moth (Homoesoma nebulellum)• Control:• A number of tachinid and hymenopteran parasitoids attack

the sunflower moth and aid in its control, but other methods are often needed

• Sunflower is usually attacked by second (and sometimes third) generations, coming from surrounding Asteraceae weeds

• Can be forecasted with pheromone traps• Resistance breeding is the best


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IV. Rapeseed pests

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• Two-four leaf stage pests (in September)• Turnip Sawfly (Athalia rosae)• Mustard Sawfly (Athalia glabricollis)• Cabbage steam flea beetle (Psylloides chrysocephala)• Cabbage flea beetles (Phyllotreta species)• aphids• Cabbage Aphid (Brevicoryne brassicae)• Turnip Moth (Agrotis segetum = Scotia segetum)• Silver Y Moth (Autographa gamma)• Diamondback moth (Plutella maculipennis)• soilborne pests (white grubs, wireworms)

Rapeseed pests

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• Pests of stem elongation stage (in March)• Cabbage Stem Weevil

(Ceutorhynchus pallidactylus = C. quadridens)• Cabbage Seed Weevil

(Ceutorhynchus obstrictus = C. assimilis)• Rape Stem Weevil

(Ceutorhynchus napi)• Black Turnip Ceutorhynchus

(Ceutorhynchus picitarsis)• Rutabaga Barid

(Baris coerulescens)

Rapeseed pests

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• Pests from stem elongation to „yellow bud” stage (in April)• Green-veined White

(Pieris napi)• Cabbage White

(Pieris rapae)• Large White

(Pieris brassicae)• Pollen beetles

(Meligethes spp.)

Rapeseed pests

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• Pests of the flowering stage (in May)• Pod Gall Midge

(Dasyneura brassicae)• Blossom Feeder

(Tropinota hirta = Epicometis hirta)• Hawthorn Alleculid Beetle

(Omophlus proteus)• leaf hoppers

(Auchenorrhyncha)

Rapeseed pests

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• Turnip sawfly – Athalia rosae• Adult emerges in May and June• After feeding, the females laterally incise the leaves and

deposit their eggs one by one in the small chambers. Females laid approximately 300 eggs

• Larvae feed on the leaves. At 20°C, they consume twice their own weight in 24 hours. Pupation occurs after 10 to 13 days in the upper layers of the ground at a depth of 1 to 5 cm, inside a cocoon.

• The final larval stage hibernates underground in a cocoon.

Rapeseed pests

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• Cabbage Steam Flea beetle - Psylliodes chrysocephala• Young adult appears in May-June• After 10 to 15 days, the female starts to lay eggs. It stops

when the temperature falls below 0°C, and starts again at the end of the winter. Total fecundity 70 to 150 eggs.

• After larvae hatching, it penetrates the plant by the upper surface of the petiole of one of the oldest leaves

• Pupation occurs in the ground

Rapeseed pests

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• Cabbage flea beetles - Phyllotreta spp.

Rapeseed pests

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• Cabbage flea beetles - Phyllotreta spp.• Overwintered adults are usually active in the fields until late

June, feeding on the foliage and depositing their eggs in the soil

• The larvae can be found in the root zone of host plants during June and July

• The pupal stage occurs from early to mid-July• The new generation are present from late July to early

September• They can be found feeding on cultivated cruciferous crops

and weeds• The summer generation will move to overwintering sites in

late autumn.

Rapeseed pests

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Cabbage flea beetles - Phyllotreta spp. • One generation per year• They emerge from the overwintering sites during early spring

when temperature is above of 5 Celsius degree• Overwintered adults feed on seedling cruciferous host plants.

Summer adults feed on the pods of oilseed rape, mustard and other cruciferous crops and weeds

• Damage:• Adult attacks rape seedlings and can totally destroy the crop.

The plants attacked by the larvae become bushy and stunted. Maturity is irregular and the yield is reduced

Rapeseed pests

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• Cabbage Aphid - Brevicoryne brassicae

• Insects form big colonies, reaching large numbers when flowering

• Spring larvae hatch at the daily average temperature 7-8°C.

• There are 6-8 generations a year• At high insect numbers, the yield

may decrease by 34-62%

Rapeseed pests

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• Cabbage Seed Weevil - Ceutorhynchus obstrictus• Overwintered adults appear in April after average daily

temperature reaches 7–8°C• At first, the beetles appear on wild crucifers; later they

migrate to cruciferous cultures• Adults feed on stems, pedicles, buds, gnawing small cavities• Oviposition continues from the 2nd half of May to the end of

June• Fertility is about 40-150 eggs• Main damage occurs during larval stage• Pupation occurs in the soil• Adults hibernate

Rapeseed pests

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• Cabbage Stem Weevil - Ceutorhynchus pallidactylus• One generation in a year• Adults overwinter in leaf litter• Eggs are laid into the petiole of the upper leaves. Larval

development requires 25–35 days in May• Larva consumes the tissues of the petioles and the stem.• The fully developed larva drops itself on the ground, enters

the soil and pupates

Rapeseed pests

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• Rape Stem Weevil - Ceutorhynchus napi• One generation per year• The adult hibernates in the soil of rape fields• Egg-laying begins 10 to 20 days after the first emergence• There are 3 larval instars which last 30 to 40 days on winter

rape• It feeds on the stem pith; having reached maturity, it leaves

through an exit hole formed in the stem level with the petiole of a low leaf and buries itself to pupate into the soil

• The damage is essentially caused by egg laying. The presence of the egg in the stem induces a cancer

• Secondary organism, such as Phoma can occur

Rapeseed pests

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• Rape Stem Weevil - Ceutorhynchus napi

Rapeseed pests

182

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• Common Pollen Beetle - Meligethes aeneus• Fecundity: 250 eggs; but there is high level of adult mortality• Oviposition begins towards the end of March or beginning of

April• Adults enters to overwinter in sheltered situations by the end

of July

Rapeseed pests

183

TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012

• Common Pollen Beetle - Meligethes aeneus• Damage:• Damage is caused by the pollinivorous adults• Prior to flowering, the adults bite holes into the buds to

reach the stamens and feed on the pollen• Once flowering has begun, the beetle eats the now freshly

available pollen and damage is negligible

Rapeseed pests

184

V. Alfalfa pests

TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012

• Alfalfa cultivation• Alfalfa is usually cultivated for 2-4 years• Cultivation is recommended due to nitrogen fixation of

alfalfa on the soil

Alfalfa pests

186

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• Soil borne pests• Soil borne pests occurs during the whole vegetation, but

doesn’t cause significant damage in alfalfa• The problem is, that in alfalfa these pests can pile up very

well – cause harm in the next plant culture

Alfalfa pests

187

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• Winter and early spring pests• Sitona spp. – Sitona weevils• Otiorrhynchus ligustici- Alfalfa

Snout Beetle • Microtus arvalis – Common vole• Spring pests• Weevils – See: Corn and sunflower

pests• Lygus spp. – Lygus bugs

Alfalfa pests

188

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• Pests of intensive growth• Soil borne pests – Grubs, wireworms• Sitona weevils• Phytodecta fornicata – Lucerne leaf

beetle• Subcoccinella vigintiquatuorpunctata –

alfalfa lady beetle• Phytonomus variablis – Alfalfa weevil• Lygus spp. – Lygus bugs

Alfalfa pests

189

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• Pests of intensive growth• Acyrtosiphon pisum – pea aphid• Noctuidae – Diurnal noctuid moths• Plagionotus floralis – lucerne longicorn• Microtus arvalis - common vole

Alfalfa pests

190

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• Seed pests:

• Contarinia medicaginis – Lucerne flower midge• Adelphocoris lineolatus – Lucerne plant bug• Tychius flavus – Lucerne seed weevil• Bruchophagus roddi – Alfalfa seed chalcid

• Pod pests:

• Heliothis maritima - Shoulder-striped Clover • Helicoverpa armigera – Cotton bollworm

Alfalfa pests

191

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• Common vole (Microtus arvalis)• 6-8 litter per year, with 3 to 8 juveniles• They haven’t got winter sleep, and cause harm at wintertime

as well• Alfalfa is accumulator area for them• Feeds on green parts and with its holes enhance the

negative effect of winter frost• Control with redentin from November to March

(chlorphacinone) • Biological control: Establishing

„T“-standards for raptors (predatory birds)

Alfalfa pests

192

TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012

• Lucerne longicorn beetle (Plagionotus floralis)• Not an important pest• The larva chews uprightly in the main root, causing yellowing

and death• Adult is not a pest

Alfalfa pests

193

TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012

• Lucerne longicorn beetle (Plagionotus floralis)• Biology:• One generation per year• Larva overwinters in the main root• Adults occurs from May, they are pollen feeders• Eggs laid to the base of the plants in July• Larvae damaging from July to October

Alfalfa pests

194

Copyright: www.flickr.com

TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012

• Alfalfa snout beetle (Otiorhynchus ligustici)

Alfalfa pests

195

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• Alfalfa snout beetle (Otiorhynchus ligustici)• The larva of this pest can develop only in alfalfa roots• Therefore this pest, however polyphagous mainly damaging

alfalfa• Adults are unable to fly, so can occur only near alfalfa fields

Alfalfa pests

196

Copyright: www. pest.ceris.purdue.edu

TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012

• Alfalfa snout beetle (Otiorhynchus ligustici)• Damage:• Adults feeds on the leaves • Larvae causing wilting or even death, by chewing on the

rooting system

Alfalfa pests

197

Copyright: www.omafra.gov.on

TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012

• Alfalfa snout beetle (Otiorhynchus ligustici)• Biology:• One generation per two year• Adults occurs from March• There are only females, reproduction by parthenogenesis• Eggs laid in May 1-2 cm deep in the soil near the plant• Larvae hatches in June and damaging the roots until

November, when overwinters• In the next year larvae damaging till mid- summer, than

pupate in the soil• Control against it is unnecessery

Alfalfa pests

198

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• Sitona weevils (Sitona spp.)

Alfalfa pests

199

TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012

• Sitona weevils (Sitona spp.)• They are damaging all legumin plants (pea, bea, soybean)• Adults causing U-like damage in the leaves• Larvae feeds on the roots - causing no important damage

Alfalfa pests

200

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• Sitona weevils (Sitona spp.)• Biology:• Adults are early emerging from the soil and damaging plants

from March to June• Only one generation per year and overwintering as an adult• Larvae damaging in summer• Than adults emerge again and feeds till hibernation• Spring damage is more significant

Alfalfa pests

201

TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012

• Lucerne leaf beetle (Phytodecta fornicata)

Alfalfa pests

202

TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012

• Lucerne leaf beetle (Phytodecta fornicata)• Adults and larvae are both pests• Biology:• One generation per year• Overwinters in adult stage• Adults flies in April• Eggs are laid in May• In the end of May development is completed, new adults

emerge, but starts hibernating without damaging the plants

Alfalfa pests

203

TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012

• Alfalfa lady beetle (Subcoccinella vigintiquatuorpunctata)

Alfalfa pests

204


TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012


• 1-2 generation per year • Adults overwinters• First generation flies in April,

second in June• Eggs are laid onto the

underside of the leaves

Alfalfa pests

205

TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012


• Adults and larvae are both pests

• They feeds on the foliage, rarely feeding on the flowers

• Leaves stay small and often falling down

Alfalfa pests

206

TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012

• Alfalfa weevil (Phytonomus variablis)

Alfalfa pests

207

TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012

• Alfalfa weevil (Phytonomus variablis)• Both adults and larvae are damaging the foliage of the plant• The only weevil larva, which lives in the foliage

Alfalfa pests

208

TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012

• Alfalfa weevil (Phytonomus variablis)• Biology:• 1 generation per year• Adults overwinter• Adults occur from May, eggs are laid in June• Fully developed adults starts hibernating in July

Alfalfa pests

209

Copyright: www.insectimages.org

TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012

• Pea aphid (Acyrtosiphon pisi)

Alfalfa pests

210

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• Pea aphid (Acyrtosiphon pisi)• Permitted to sow pea, near alfalfa field• Noxious pest of these two plant• They are sucking the plant sap, plants are dwarfing, seed

production decreases• Vectors of lucerne mosaic virus• 10-15 generation per year• They can occur in pea and alfalfa as well, but overwintering

eggs are laid on the alfalfa only

Alfalfa pests

211

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• Lygus bugs (Lygus spp.)• Most dangerous in seed production• By sucking on the plant cause wilting• 2-3 generation per year, eggs overwinters in the plant stem• Eggs are placed inside the stem

Alfalfa pests

212

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• Lucerne flower midge (Contarinia medicaginis)

Alfalfa pests

213

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• Lucerne flower midge (Contarinia medicaginis)• Larvae are flower pests• Flowers become galls due to their damage• Eggs are placed onto flowers• Larvae develops within two weeks• 3 generation per year • Overwinters as a pupa

Alfalfa pests

214


TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012

• Lucerne seed weevil (Tychius flavus)

Alfalfa pests

215


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• Lucerne seed weevil (Tychius flavus)• Damage:• Adults and larvae are both pests• Larval damage is more important , because it feeds on the

seeds, which looses the germinating ability• Biology:• One generation / adults overwinters• Eggs are placed on the flowers• Larvae feeds on 3-4 seeds, during developing• Becomes pupa in August

Alfalfa pests

216

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• Alfalfa seed chalcid (Bruchophagus roddi)

Alfalfa pests

217


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• Alfalfa seed chalcid (Bruchophagus roddi)• Only the larva is a pest• 3-4 generations / larvae overwinters in the

soil• Eggs are placed on the seeds• Larvae developing inside the seeds, which

takes around one month• Drop to the soil in August and

overwintering there• Preventive technology: at seed harvest, do

not blow light fraction (containing diapausing larvae) back to the field, from the pneumatic separator of the combine harvester.

Alfalfa pests

218

Copyright: www.alfalfa.okstate.edu

Copyright: www.cals.uidaho.edu

VI. Pea pests

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• Pea cultivation• Pea is the cultivated plant, which requires the shortest time• Always sowed• Spacing: 12x3-5 cm • Sowed early in the season, sometimes in February• Harvested in late May or early June

Pea pests

220

Copyright: www.w3.mkk.szie.hu

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• Pests after sowing• Sitona weevils• Weevils (See corn and sunflower pests)• Birds (rook, pheasant)

Pea pests

221

Copyright: www.gunsandoutdoors.com

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• Pests at 20 cm stage:• Scotia segetum – turnip moth• Pea aphid – Acyrtosiphon pisum

Pea pests

222

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• Pests at intensive growth• Diurnal noctuid moths - Noctuidae• Pea aphid

Pea pests

223

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• Seed pests:• Kakothrips pisivorus - Pea thrips• Aoromius quinquepunctatus - Pea weevil• Laspeyresia nigricana – Pea moth• Etiella zinckenella – limabean pod borer• Bruchus pisorum – bruchid pea weevil

Pea pests

224

Copyright:

www.charlielepidopteraofcalderdale.blogspot.com

TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012

• Mammal pests:

• European hare• Roe deer• Can cause great harm after emerging the plant, by chewing it

off

Pea pests

225

Copyright:www.enature.com

TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012

• Sitona weevils (Sitona spp.)• Biology:• Adults are erly emerging from the soil and damaging plants

from March to June• Only one generation per year and overwintering as an adult• Larvae damaging in summer• Then adults emerge again and feeds till hibernation• Spring damage is more significant• Sitona weevils causes bigger harm in the pea than in alfalfa• They are damaging the emerging, young plants

Pea pests

226

TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012

• Sitona weevils (Sitona spp.)• Typical damage:

Pea pests

227

TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012

• Sitona weevils (Sitona spp.)• Adult weevil:

Pea pests

228

TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012

• Pea aphid (Acyrtosiphon pisum)• Very important pest in pea• Only asexual forms are present in the pea• Sucking damage causes wilting, roting• They are virus vectors as well• When harvesting, females move back to alfalfa• Control:• Systemic insecticides

Pea pests

229

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• Pea thrips (Kakothrips pisivorus)

Pea pests

230

Copyright: www.dwpicture.com.au

TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012

• Pea thrips (Kakothrips pisivorus)• Larvae and adults sucking on the leaves and pods• White spots in the plants• Pods become smaller• Only 2-3 seeds in the pods (normal is 5-6)

Pea pests

231

Copyright: www.photoshelter.com

TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012

• Pea thrips (Kakothrips pisivorus)• Biology:• 1 generation / year, overwinters as a larva• Adults occurs in May• Eggs are placed on the flowers• Before harvesting, at June, hibernation begins• Control:• Systemic insecticides has good efficiacy• Important to avoid natural enemies, including bugs,

predatory thrips, etc..

Pea pests

232

TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012

• Pea thrips (Kakothrips pisivorus)• Typical damage:

Pea pests

233

Copyright: www.photoshelter.com, sciencephotolibrary.com

http://www.photoshelter.com/

TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012

• Pea weevil (Aoromius quinquepunctatus)

Pea pests

234

TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012

• Pea weevil (Aoromius quinquepunctatus)• Larvae are more dangerous• They are feeds inside the seeds• Adults are pests of green parts, without causing important

damage

Pea pests

235

TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012

• Pea weevil (Aoromius quinquepunctatus)• Biology:• 1 generation / year, adults overwinters• Occurs from April• Adults are long – living, until September• Eggs are placed on the pods in May – June• Larvae feeding inside the pods (2-3 larvae / pod)• Pupation takes place in the soil• Control:• The targeted stage should be the adult• Contact insecticides can be effective

Pea pests

236

TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012

• Pea weevil (Aoromius quinquepunctatus)• Typical damage:

Pea pests

237

TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012

• Pea bruchid weevil (Bruchus pisorum)• Adult has no significant damage• They emerge from April• Pupating inside the seeds

Pea pests

238

TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012

• Pea bruchid weevil (Bruchus pisorum)• Biology: • 1 generation / year, overwinters as an adult• Eggs placed on the pods• Larvae chew into the seed – always one larva per seed• Developing inside the seed for 5-6 weeks• After pupation in a hole, emerging from the seed and starts

hibernating• Control:• Control in the store, with special gas active ingredients

Pea pests

239

TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012

• Pea bruchid weevil (Bruchus pisorum)• Typical damage:

Pea pests

240

TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012

• Pea moth (Cydia nigricana), Limabean pod borer (Etiella zinckenella)

Pea pests

241


http://www.flickr.com/

TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012


• The two moth has similar damage, however selective pheromone traps are available

• Larvae webbing inside the pods• Biology:• Larvae overwinters in the soil or in the surface of it• Pea moth has 1, limabean pod borer has 2 generation per

year• Only the second generation of pod borer occurs in soybean• They flies in June – July• Eggs are placed on the pods

Pea pests

242

TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012


• Typical damage:

Pea pests

243

TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012


• Typical damage:

Pea pests

244

VII. Potato pests

TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012

• Soil borne pests• Common cockchafer – Melolontha melolontha• Wireworms• Potato cyst nematodes - Globodera rostochienis, G. pallida• Potato tuber nematode - Ditylenchus destructor • Common vole - Microtus arvalis • Turnip moth – Agrotis segetum

Potato pests

246

TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012

• Pests of green parts• Colorado potato beetle - Leptinotarsa decemlineata• Potato tuberworm moth - Gnorimoschema operculellum

(quarantine, not present at the moment)• Peach-potato aphid - Myzus persicae• Buckthorn aphid - Aphis nasturtii• Potato leafhopper - Empoasca solani• Black blister beetle - Epicauta rufidorsum• Common vole - Microtus arvalis• Wild boar - Sus scrofa• Deers

Potato pests

247

TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012

• They are important, because feeding on the edible parts of the plants

• Grub damage: Damage appears as large, shallow, irregular and ridged gouges. Gouges are usually a quarter to a half inch deep running along the surface of the tuber and not drilled into the tuber as one would see with wireworm holes

Potato pests – Soil borne pests

248

TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012

• Cutworm damage:• Spotty damage on leaves and tubers• Tunneling into tubers and feeding on young plants


249

TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012

• Cyst nematodes:• They are quarantine pests• Spreaded in Hungary after EU accession (due to the lack of

quarantine examinations in borders)• If they are present, cultivating potato is not permitted for 15

years• Males are eel-like, while females are bottle-like• Mated female conformate to cyst, which is viable for 15-20

years


250

Copyright: www.rennes.infra.fr

TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012

• Cyst nematodes:• Biology:• One generation per year,

overwinters as a cyst• A cyst consist of larvae and eggs• If conditions are appropriate, larvae

occur from May and starts feeding on the roots

• They are only potato pests


251

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TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012


252

TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012

• Cyst nematodes:• Damage:• The first symptoms of infestation

are typically poor plant growth, chlorosis, and wilting. Heavy infestations can lead to reduced root systems, water stress, and nutrient deficiencies, while indirect effects of an infestation include premature senescence and increased susceptibility to fungal infections


253

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http://www.animalpictures/

TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012

• Cyst nematodes:• Detection:• Soil sampling• Cyst washing• Petri-dish method• Control:• 10-15 years crop rotation


254

Copyright: www.forestryimages.org

TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012

• Potato tuber nematode:• Not only potato but a sugarbeet pest• It has 10-12 generations per year• Damage:• Early infections can be detected by peeling the tuber which

can reveal small, off-white spots in the otherwise healthy flesh. These later enlarge, darken, are woolly in texture and may be slightly hollow at the centre


255

TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012

• Potato tuber nematode:• Description:• Adults of D. destructor are minute worm-like animals, 0.8-1.4

mm in length and 23-47 μm in diameter. Considerable morphometric variation occurs in adults according to their host and/or age. Males and females are similar in general appearance


256

Copyright: www.forestryimages.org

TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012

• Potato tuber nematode:• Control:• Treatment with soil-applied nematicides can provide a high

level of control but can be expensive• Granulated nematicides such as carbofuran were reported to

be effective against the nematode • Control by crop rotation is possible using non-host crops • It is important to control weeds carefully because of the

polyphagous habit of D. destructor• The use of nematode-free seed potatoes is an essential

component of any control programme


257

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• Potato tuber nematode:


258

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• Colorado beetle:• Present in Hungary from 1947• Became the most dangerous potato pest

Potato pests – Pests of green parts

259

TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012

• Colorado beetle:• Damage:• They may also cause significant damage to tomatoes and

eggplants• Both adults and larvae chewing on foliage and may

completely eliminate the crop• Biggest damage is caused by the fourth instar larva and the

adult beetle (80%)


260

TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012

• Colorado beetle:• Biology:• Two generations per year, overwinters as an adult• Colorado potato beetle females are very prolific; they can lay

as many as 800 eggs to the underside of the leaves


261

TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012

• Colorado beetle:• Biology:• As they are adopted to long day period, first generation lays

more eggs, than the second• Adults occur from May, they are long-living – both

generations can be present


262

TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012

• Colorado beetle:• The first through third instars each last

about 2-3 days; the fourth, 4-7 days• Upon reaching full size, each fourth

instar spends an additional several days as a non-feeding prepupa, which can be recognized by its inactivity and lighter coloration

• The prepupae drop to the soil and burrow to a depth of several inches, then pupate


263

TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012

• Colorado beetle:• Control:• Resistence for several insecticides were reported• Young larvae should be the targeted group• Effective agents are neonictionoids• BT pesticides in biofarming as well


264

TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012

• Colorado beetle:Serious damage


265

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• Peach-potato aphid – Myzus persicae:• Damage:• Big colonies sucking on host plants• Leaves become yellow, dwarfing, yield reducing• Indirect damage as virus vectors: Potato Y virus, Potato

leafroll virus


266


TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012

• Peach-potato aphid – Myzus persicae:• Biology:• Overwinters as an egg in peach trees, where the 1-4

generations develop


267

TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012

• Peach-potato aphid – Myzus persicae:• Biology:• Winged forms migrate to potato, where sevaral more

generations develop• In the potato only asexual forms are present, with ovovivipar

reproduction


268


TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012

• Peach-potato aphid – Myzus persicae:• In september migrate back to peach, where sexual

reproduction take place• Forecasting with yellow pan trap• Control:• Systemic insecticides


269

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• Potato leafhopper - Empoasca solani• Become recently noxious due to the vector role of stolbur

phytoplasma


270

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TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012

• Potato leafhopper - Empoasca solani• Damage:• Sucking on the underside of leaves• Withdrawing the sap from the cells – causing white pots


271

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• Potato leafhopper - Empoasca solani

• Biology:• Overwinters as an adult• 2-4 overlapping generations per

year• Occurs from July to September in

potato• Alfalfa and apple pests as well• Control:• Systemic insecticides


272

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• Black blister beetle - Epicauta rufidorsum• Occasionally pest• Feeds on the foliage, without causing economically

important damage


273

VIII. Rice pests

TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012

• Rice cultivation• In Hungary it decreased to a minimal level• Now cultivated only in the Great Plain, near Szarvas

Rice pests

275

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• Rice cultivation:• Rice cultivation is well-suited to

countries and regions with low labor costs and high rainfall, as it is very labor-intensive to cultivate and requires plenty of water for cultivation

• Rice can be grown practically anywhere, even on a steep hill or mountain

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• Rice production• World production of rice[27] has risen steadily from about

200 million tonnes of paddy rice in 1960 to over 600 million tonnes in 2004

• In 2004, the top four producers were China (26% of world production), India (20%), Indonesia (9%) and Bangladesh (5%)

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Copyright: www.asianews.it

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• Pests at germination• Birds – pigeon, rook

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Copyright:www.corkdudeing.blogspot.com

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• Pests of underwater parts• Horseshoe shrimp – Triops canciformis• Buzzer midge - Chironomus plumosus

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Copyright:www.uimpi.netCopyright:www.flyforums.co.uk

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• Pests of green parts• Non-biting midge - Trichocladius (Cricotopus) bicinctus • Smaller rice leaf miner - Hydrellia griseola • Rice leaf nematoda - Aphelenchoides bessey • Brown china-mark - Nymphula nymphaeata • Sugarcane borer - Diatraea (Chilo) saccharalis

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Copyright:www.us.ask.comCopyright:www.bladmineerders.nl

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• Seed pests:• Birds • Common vole – Microtus arvalis• Birds usually feeds on badly sowed seeds• They may dig out the seeds from the soil• They also damages the ripening seeds

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Copyright:www.madarlesen.blog.hu

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• Horseshoe shrimp – Triops canciformis• Damage:• They feeds on newly germinated plants• Also feeds on stems of more developed plants• Plant parts are visible, swimming everywhere in the field

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• Horseshoe shrimp – Triops canciformis

• Biology:• To complete their lives, tadpole shrimps depend on the

changing nature of the temporary waters they inhabit. During the dry season (summer and fall), they stay inside the eggs. As the pool fills with rainwater during the winter and spring, they hatch and feed on fairy shrimps and other invertebrates. The first larval stage (the metanauplius) is orange in color. It has a single eye and six legs, and develops through instars (growth stages

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• Horseshoe shrimp – Triops canciformis• Biology:• They have one generation per year• Eggs are able to hatch only after frost• Larvae hatch at May• Eggs are viable up to5-10 years

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• Horseshoe shrimp – Triops canciformis• Control:• Crop rotation• Rolling after sowing

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Copyright:www. agroengineer.com

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• Buzzer midge• Damage:• Larvae cause the damage, by chewing apart young plants up

to 12 cm• It is not a pest of rice, sowed into the soil

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Copyright:www.sciencephotolibrary.com

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• Buzzer midge• Biology:• 3-4 generation per year• Overwinters as a larva in the soil• First generation flies from April• First and second generations are recommended as rice pests• Eggs are laid onto he water surface, later lower down

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• Buzzer midge• Red coloured larvae feeding for 5-6 weeks• They can reproduce only in standard waters• Control:• Water drainage

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(Diatraea (Chilo) saccharalis



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Sipos PéterDr. Zsolt Marczali

az elŐadÁs letÖlthetŐ : - georgikon kar növényvédelmi intézet az elŐadÁs letÖlthetŐ : -...

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