1. Tr-ng i hc giao thng vn ti Khoa cng trnh b mn -ng b Nguyn quang phc Bi ging Thit k -ng t Hc phn 3 Thit k thot n-c & Kho st thit k -ng t H ni, 2007

2. CHNG 1 LP DN XY DNG NG V CC GIAI ON KSTK NG T 1.1 PHN LOI D N V QUN L I VI D N U T XY DNG CNG TRNH 1.1.1 Phn loi dn xy dng a) Theo quy m v tnh cht: Dn quan trng quc gia do Quc hi thng qua chtrng v cho php u t; cc dn cn li c phn thnh 3 nhm A, B, C theo quy nh ti Phlc 1 . b) Theo ngun vn u t: - Dn sdng vn ngn sch nh nc; - Dn sdng vn tn dng do Nh nc bo lnh, vn tn dng u t pht trin ca Nh nc; - Dn sdng vn u tpht trin ca doanh nghip nh nc; - Dn sdng vn khc bao gm cvn tnhn hoc sdng hn hp nhiu ngun vn. 1.1.2 Qun l dn xy dng a) i vi cc dn sdng vn ngn sch nh nc kccc dn thnh phn, cquan qun l nh nc c thm quyn quyt nh (theo phn cp) qun l ton bqu trnh u txy dng tvic xc nh chtrng u t, lp dn, quyt nh u t, lp thit k, tng dton, la chn nh thu, thi cng xy dng n khi nghim thu, bn giao v a cng trnh vo khai thc sdng. b) i vi dn ca doanh nghip sdng vn tn dng do Nh nc bo lnh, vn tn dng u tpht trin ca nh nc v vn u tpht trin ca doanh nghip Nh nc th Nh nc chqun l vchtrng v quy m u t. Doanh nghip c dn tchu trch nhim tchc thc hin v qun l dn theo cc quy nh ca Nghnh ny v cc quy nh khc ca php lut c lin quan; c) i vi cc dn sdng vn khc bao gm cvn tnhn, chu tt quyt nh hnh thc v ni dung qun l dn. i vi cc dn sdng hn hp nhiu ngun vn khc nhau th cc bn gp vn thothun v phng thc qun l hoc qun l theo quy nh i vi ngun vn c tl% ln nht trong tng mc u t. 1.1.3 Chu txy dng cng trnh 3. Chu txy dng cng trnh l ngi shu vn hoc l ngi c giao qun l v sdng vn u txy dng cng trnh bao gm: - i vi cc dn sdng vn ngn sch nh nc th chu txy dng cng trnh do ngi quyt nh u tquyt nh trc khi lp dn u txy dng cng trnh ph hp vi quy nh ca Lut Ngn sch Nh nc. - Cc dn sdng vn tn dng th ngi vay vn l chu t. - Cc dn sdng vn khc th chu tl chshu vn hoc l ngi i din theo quy nh ca php lut. - i vi cc dn sdng vn hn hp th chu tdo cc thnh vin gp vn thothun cra hoc l ngi c tlgp vn cao nht. 1.2 TRNH TLP DN V CC GIAI ON KSTK NG T Vic trin khai mt dn XDCB ni chung thng phi tin hnh qua cc giai on chun bu tv thc hin u t. Trong cng tc xy dng ng t ni ring, cng tc kho st phc vcho vic chun bu tv thc hin u tcc dn lm mi, cc dn nng cp v ci to cc ng t thuc mng li ng cng cng c gi chung l cng tc kho st ng t . 1.2.1 Trnh tcc bc lp dn xy dng cng trnh giao thng Tutheo quy m, tm quan trng ca tuyn ng v tng mc u tm c cc bc lp dn nhsau: 1) Lp Bo co u txy dng cng trnh v xin php u t Cc dn quan trng quc gia phi lp Bo co u txy dng cng trnh trnh Quc hi thng qua chtrng v cho php u t; cc dn nhm A khng phn bit ngun vn phi lp Bo co u txy dng cng trnh trnh Thtng Chnh phcho php u t. 2) Lp dn u txy dng cng trnh Khi u txy dng cng trnh, chu tphi tchc lp dn lm r v scn thit phi u tv hiu quu txy dng cng trnh Ni dung dn bao gm phn thuyt minh v phn thit kcstheo cc quy nh hin hnh . 3) Bo co kinh t- kthut xy dng cng trnh Khi u txy dng cc cng trnh sau y, chu tkhng phi lp dn m chlp Bo co kinh t- kthut xy dng cng trnh trnh ngi quyt nh u tph duyt: - Cng trnh xy dng cho mc ch tn gio; 4. - Cc cng trnh xy dng mi, ci to, sa cha, nng cp c tng mc u t di 7 tng, ph hp vi quy hoch pht trin kinh t- x hi, quy hoch ngnh, quy hoch xy dng; trtrng hp ngi quyt nh u tthy cn thit v yu cu phi lp dn u txy dng cng trnh." - Cc dn htng x hi c tng mc u tdi 7 tng sdng vn ngn sch khng nhm mc ch kinh doanh, ph hp vi quy hoch pht trin kinh t- x hi, quy hoch xy dng v c chtrng u thoc c btr trong khoch u thng nm. Ni dung bo co kinh t- kthut ca cng trnh xy dng bao gm scn thit u t, mc tiu xy dng cng trnh; a im xy dng; quy m, cng sut; cp cng trnh; ngun kinh ph xy dng cng trnh; thi hn xy dng; hiu qucng trnh; phng, chng chy, n; bn vthit kthi cng v d ton cng trnh. 1.2.2 Cc bc thit kxy dng cng trnh Dn u txy dng cng trnh c thgm mt hoc nhiu loi cng trnh vi mt hoc nhiu cp cng trnh khc nhau theo quy nh ti Nghnh qun l cht lng cng trnh xy dng. Tutheo quy m, tnh cht ca cng trnh xy dng, vic thit kxy dng cng trnh c thc thc hin theo mt bc, hai bc hoc ba bc nhsau: 1) Thit kmt bc: l thit kbn vthi cng p dng i vi cng trnh chlp Bo co kinh t- kthut xy dng. 2) Thit khai bc: bao gm bc thit kcsv thit kbn vthi cng p dng i vi cng trnh quy nh phi lp dn trcc cng trnh c quy nh ti im a v c ca khon ny; 3) Thit kba bc: bao gm bc thit kcs, thit kkthut v thit k bn vthi cng p dng i vi cng trnh quy nh phi lp dn v c quy m l cp c bit, cp I v cng trnh cp II c kthut phc tp do ngi quyt nh u tquyt nh. Trng hp thc hin thit khai bc hoc ba bc th cc bc thit ktip theo phi ph hp vi bc thit ktrc c ph duyt. 1.3 NI DUNG BO CO U T XY DNG CNG TRNH NG T 1. Scn thit phi u t: - Dn strong vng (hin ti tng lai v cc chnh sch vdn s) - Tnh hnh kinh tx hi vn ho trong vng (hin ti v chin lc pht trin, khoch di hn, ngn hn, cc chtiu pht trin chnh. ..) - Squa tnh hnh kinh tx hi ca nc ngoi (nu dn c lin quan n nc ngoi). 5. - Vmng li mng li giao thng vn ti trong vng v quy hoch pht trin. Vgiao thng vn ti ng b(tnh trng kthut, tnh hnh khai thc, lu lng, vn ti, tai nn); quy hoch pht trin. Vgiao thng vn ti ng st (tnh trng kthut, tnh hnh khai thc, lu lng vn ti, tai nn); quy hoch pht trin. Vgiao thng vn ti ng thu(tnh trng kthut, tnh hnh khai thc, lu lng, vn ti, tai nn); quy hoch pht trin. Vgiao thng vn ti hng khng (tnh trng kthut, tnh hnh khai thc, lu lng, vn ti, tai nn); quy hoch pht trin. - Dbo nhu cu vn ti trong vng Dbo nhu cu vn ti ca cc phng thc vn ti st, thu, b, hng khng (nu cn thit); Dbo nhu cu vn ti ca tuyn ng thuc dn (lu lng v thnh phn dng xe). - Sbphn tch lp lun scn thit phi u txy dngtuyn ng 2. La chn quy m u t, hnh thc u t - Sbxc nh quy m v tiu chun kthut Quy trnh quy phm p dng La chn cp ng, quy m v tiu chun kthut cho tuyn ng, cu cng, mt ng vv... - Hnh thc u ti vi cc cng trnh thuc dn (l khi phc ci to, nng cp, lm mi). 3. Sbvcc phng n thit k - Cc iu kin tnhin vng tuyn dn (a hnh, a cht, kh tng thu vn). - Sbvthit ktuyn Cc im khng ch; Hng tuyn v cc phng n tuyn; Bnh din ca cc phng n tuyn; Trc dc ca cc phng n tuyn; Cc cng trnh phng hca cc phng n tuyn Khi lng cng trnh cc phng n tuyn - Sbvthit kcu v cc cng trnh dc tuyn(ca cc phng n tuyn). 6. - Tng hp so snh chn phng n tuyn - Tng hp sbvkhi lng gii phng mt bngphng n kin ngh. - Phn tch nh gi vvic sdng t ai v nh hng vmi trng x hi v ti nh c. 4. Sbvcng nghiu khin giao thng - Hthng cc thit biu khin v kim sot giao thng - Hthng thng tin lin lc phc vchhuy giao thng 5. Phn tch la chn sbcc phng n xy dng, sbnh gi tc ng mi trng, sbvqun l duy tu cng trnh. - Phn tch, la chn sbcc phng n xy dng; Khi lng xy lp cc loi; Yu cu vcng ngh, thit b, nguyn vt liu phi nhp ngoi p ng loi hnh kt cu chn; Phn tch la chn sbcc gii php v tchc xy dng; Sngang thhin khi qut tin thc hin dn. - Sbnh gi tc ng mi trng v yu cu phi xl Sbhin trng mi trng dc tuyn Sbnh gi tc ng mi trng trong giai on thi cng v trong giai on khai thc. Nu cc yu cu phi xl - Qun l duy tu tuyn ng Tchc qun l tuyn Yu cu vlao ng, vthit b, vcng trnh cho vic qun l duy tu tuyn ng. 6. Tng mc u t, ngun vn - Khi qut - Khi lng xy dng - Tng mc u t - Phn k, phn on xy dng tuyn ng - Sbnu gii php cho ngun vn u t 7. Tnh ton sbhiu quu tvmt kinh tx hi ca dn. - Phng php phn tch kinh tti chnh v cc githit cbn - Phng php tnh ton v kt qutnh ton sbvkinh tti chnh. 7. - Phn tch cc li ch v hu qukhc. 8. Xc nh tnh c lp khi vn hnh khai thc ca cc dn thnh phn hoc tiu dn (nu dn chia c ra nhiu dn thnh phn hay tiu dn, sp xp theo thtu tin). PHN CC BN VTHIT YU KM THEO 1. Bn hng tuyn (bao gm cphn mng ng, tuyn mi t mu , cc ng hin c t mu vng m). 2. Bnh tuyn tl1/25.000 (dng bn c thit k, nu khu vc dkin c tuyn i qua cha c bn tl1/25.000 dng bn 1/50.000 phng thnh bn tl1/25.000 dng). 3. Trc dc tuyn Trc dc tuyn phi thhin c cc vtr cu ln, cu trung, cu nh. Trong trng hp chiu cao ca trc dc khng bhn chth ghp bnh v trc dc vo mt bn v(bnh trn, trc dc di). 4. Bn thng k cc cng (trong trng hp ng khi phc, ci to, nng cp) 5. Bn thng k cc cu (gm cu ln, cu trung v cu nh) 6. Cc bn vin hnh slc vcu ln v cu trung (bn vbtr chung) 7. Bn thng k cc cng trnh phng h 8. Bn thng k cc nt giao 9. Bn thng k cc cng trnh an ton giao thng 10. Cc trc ngang in hnh v kt cu mt ng (tl1/50 hoc 1/100) mi loi dkin thit kthhin 1 bn v(kt cu mt ng vbn cnh trc ngang). 11. Bn thng k cc cng trnh phc vkhai thc. 1.4 QUN L CHI PH DN U TXY DNG CNG TRNH 1.4.1 Nguyn tc qun l chi ph dn u txy dng cng trnh - Nh nc ban hnh, hng dn v kim tra vic thc hin cc chchnh sch, nguyn tc v phng php lp, iu chnh n gi, dton; nh mc kinh t- kthut trong thi cng xy dng; nh mc chi ph trong hot ng xy dng lp, thm nh, ph duyt v qun l tng mc u t, tng d ton, dton v thanh ton vnutxy dng cng trnh. 8. - Chi ph ca dn u txy dng cng trnh c xc nh theo cng trnh ph hp vi bc thit kxy dng v c biu hin bng tng mc u t, tng dton, dton xydngcng trnh. - Chi ph dn u txy dng ca cc dn sdng vn ngn sch nh nc, vn tn dng u tpht trin ca Nh nc, vn tn dng do Nh nc bo lnh, vn u tpht trin ca doanh nghip nh nc phi c lp v qun l trn cshthng nh mc kinh t- kthut, nh mc chi ph trong hot ng xy dng, hthng gi xy dng v cchchnh sch c lin quan do cc cquan nh nc c thm quyn ban hnh. - y ban nhn dn cp tnh cho SXy dng chtr, phi hp vi Sc lin quan lp cc bng gi vt liu, nhn cng v chi ph sdng my thi cng xy dng ph hp vi iu kin cthca thtrng a phng ban hnh v hng dn p dng i vi cc cng trnh xy dng trn a bn tnh. - BXy dng hng dn vic lp v qun l chi ph dn u txy dng cng trnh. 1.4.2 Tng mc u tca dn u txy dng cng trnh - Tng mc u tdn l khi ton chi ph ca ton bdn c xc nh trong giai on lp dn, gm chi ph xy dng; chi ph thit b; chi ph n b gii phng mt bng, ti nh c; chi ph khc bao gm cvn lu ng i vi cc dnsn xut kinh doanh, li vay trong thi gian xy dng v chi ph dphng. - Tng mc u tdn c ghi trong quyt nh u tl cslp k hoch v qun l vn u t, xc nh hiu quu tca dn. i vi d n sdng vn ngn sch nh nc, tng mc u tl gii hn chi ph ti a m chu tc php sdng u txy dng cng trnh. - Tng mc u tdn c xc nh trn cskhi lng cc cng vic cn thc hin ca dn, thit kcs, sut vn u t, chi ph chun xy dng, chi ph xy dng ca cc dn c tiu chun kinh t- kthut tng t thc hin. - Vic iu chnh tng mc u tdn sdng vn ngn sch nh nc phi c ngi quyt nh u tcho php v c thm nh li i vi cc phn thay i so vi tng mc u t c ph duyt. i vi cc dn sdng vn khc th chu txy dng cng trnh tquyt nh vic iu chnh. 1.4.3 Dton v tng dton xy dng cng trnh - Dton xy dng c xc nh theo cng trnh xy dng. Dton xy dng cng trnh bao gm dton xy dng cc hng mc, dton cc cng vic ca cc hng mc thuc cng trnh. 9. Dton xy dng cng trnh c lp trn cskhi lng xc nh theo thit khoc tyu cu, nhim vcng vic cn thc hin ca cng trnh v n gi, nh mc chi ph cn thit thc hin khi lng . Ni dung d ton xy dng cng trnh bao gm chi ph xy dng, chi ph thit b, chi ph khc v chi ph dphng. Dton xy dng cng trnh c ph duyt l csk kt hp ng, thanh ton gia chu tvi cc nh thu trong cc trng hp chnh thu; l csxc nh gi thnh xy dng cng trnh. - Tng dton xy dng cng trnh ca dn l ton bchi ph cn thit u txy dng cng trnh, c xc nh trong giai on thit kkthut i vi trng hp thit k3 bc, thit kbn vthi cng i vi cc trng hp thit k1 bc v 2 bc v l cn cqun l chi ph xy dng cng trnh. Tng dton bao gm tng cc dton xy dng cng trnh v cc chi ph khc thuc dn. i vi dn chc mt cng trnh th dton xy dng cng trnh ng thi l tng dton. 1.5 C IM V YU CU CHUNG I VI CNG TC KSTK NG T 1.5.1 c im 1. Cng tc kho st v thit klun lun lin quan cht chvi nhau, kho st phc vthit kv nhiu trng hp c quyt nh vthit kri mi tip tc kho st c. Thi gian kho st thit kngoi thc a l chnh v rt quan trng, nhiu chtiu v gii php kthut c quyt nh ngay ngoi thc a khi kho st. 2. Qu trnh kho st kinh tv kthut lun lun gn lin vi nhau tu n cui, tkhi cn tin hnh trn mt din rng cho n khi thu vmt din hp. 1.5.2 Cc yu cu chung : 1. Nm vng mi cc mi quan hgia ngi sdng ng - t - mi trng bn ngoi - ng t trong qu trnh kho st thit k: Mi quan hgia t - ng : Mi quan hny quyt nh cc yu cu ca vic chy xe i vi cc yu tca ng cn thit k(qui nh cc tiu chun kthut ca ng) Mi quan hgia mi trng bn ngoi - ng : quan hny ni ln nh hng ca cc iu kin thin nhin n vic xc nh tuyn ng trn thc a, cng nhvic chn cc bin php kthut nhm m bo tnh bn vng ca cc cng trnh trn ng. 10. Mi quan hgia mi trng bn ngoi - ngi li xe : quan hny ni ln nh hng ca mi trng xung quanh n tm sinh l ngi li xe do nh hng n an ton chy xe v iu khin tc xe. 2. Nm c cc phng php iu tra, dbo nhp pht trin vkhi lng vn chuyn, nm c cc phng php so snh, nh gi, lun chng kinh t kthut cc phng n thit kng. 3. Nm c quy lut chuyn ng ca xe trong dng xe, nh hng ca iu kin ng n chchuyn ng ca dng xe xut cc gii php thit kv tchc giao thng ph hp. 4. Nm c cc phng php kho st thit kng, kho st thit k ng trong cc vng a hnh khc nhau, v sdng my tnh trong KSTK v tng ho cng tc KSTK. Ngoi ra ngi lm cng tc KSTK cn cn nm vng kin thc ca cc lnh vc nh: a cht cng trnh, chc t , nn mng, VLXD, thulc thu vn, o c, 11. Phlc chng 1 PHN LOI DN U TXY DNG CNG TRNH (Ban hnh km theo Nghnh s112/2006/N-CP ngy 29 thng 9 nm 2006 ca Chnh ph) STT LOI DN U TXY DNG CNG TRNH TNG MC U T I Dn quan trng quc gia Theo Nghquyt s66/2006/QH11 ca Quc hi II Nhm A 1 Cc dn u txy dng cng trnh: thuc lnh vc bo van ninh, quc phng c tnh cht bo mt quc gia, c ngha chnh tr- x hi quan trng. Khng kmc vn 2 Cc dn u txy dng cng trnh: sn xut cht c hi, cht n; htng khu cng nghip Khng kmc vn 3 Cc dn u txy dng cng trnh: cng nghip in, khaithcdu kh, ho cht, phn bn, chto my, xi mng, luyn kim, khai thc chbin khong sn, cc dn giao thng (cu, cng bin, cng sng, sn bay, ng st, ng qucl), xy dng khu nh. Trn 1.500 tng 4 Cc dn u txy dng cng trnh: thuli, giao thng (khc im II-3), cp thot nc v cng trnh htng kthut, kthut in, sn xut thit bthng tin, in t, tin hc, ho dc, thit by t, cng trnh ckh khc, sn xut vt liu, bu chnh, vin thng. Trn 1.000 tng 5 Cc dn u txy dng cng trnh: cng nghip nh, snh s, thutinh, in, vn quc gia, khu bo tn thin nhin, sn xut nng, lm nghip, nui trng thusn, chbin nng, lm sn. Trn 700 tng 6 Cc dn u txy dng cng trnh: y t, vn ho, gio dc, pht thanh, truyn hnh, xy dng dn dng khc (trxy dng khu nh ), kho tng, du lch, thdc ththao, nghin cu khoa hc v cc dn khc. Trn 500 tng 12. NGUYN QUANG PHC KHO ST THIT KNG T 10/21/2007 I - 11 III Nhm B 1 Cc dn u txy dng cng trnh: cng nghip in, khai thc du kh, ho cht, phn bn, chto my, xi mng, luyn kim, khai thc chbin khong sn, cc dn giao thng (cu, cng bin, cng sng, sn bay, ng st, ng quc l), xy dng khu nh . T75 n 1.500 tng 2 Cc dn u txy dng cng trnh: thuli, giao thng (khc im III-1), cp thot nc v cng trnh htng k thut, kthut in, sn xut thit bthng tin, in t, tin hc, ho dc, thit by t, cng trnh ckh khc, sn xut vt liu, bu chnh, vin thng. T50 n 1.000 tng 3 Cc dn u txy dng cng trnh: htng kthut khu th mi, cng nghip nh, snh s, thutinh, in, vn quc gia, khu bo tn thin nhin, sn xut nng, lm nghip, nui trng thu sn, chbin nng, lmsn. T40 n 700 tng 4 Cc dn u txy dng cng trnh: y t, vn ho, gio dc, pht thanh, truyn hnh, xy dng dn dng khc (trxy dng khu nh ), kho tng, du lch, thdc ththao, nghin cu khoa hc v cc dn khc. T15 n 500 tng IV Nhm C 1 Cc dn u txy dng cng trnh: cng nghip in, khai thc du kh, ho cht, phn bn, chto my, xi mng, luyn kim, khai thc chbin khong sn, cc dn giao thng (cu, cng bin, cng sng, sn bay, ng st, ng quc l). Cc trng phthng nm trong quy hoch (khng k mc vn), xy dng khu nh . Di 75 tng 2 Cc dn u txy dng cng trnh: thuli, giao thng (khc im IV-1), cp thot nc v cng trnh htng k thut, kthut in, sn xut thit bthng tin, in t, tin hc, ho dc, thit by t, cng trnh ckh khc, sn xut vt liu, bu chnh, vin thng. Di 50 tng 3 Cc dn u txy dng cng trnh: cng nghip nh, snh s, thutinh, in, vn quc gia, khu bo tn thin nhin, sn xut nng, lm nghip, nui trng thusn, chbin nng, lm sn. Di 40 tng 4 Cc dn u txy dng cng trnh: y t, vn ho, gio dc, pht thanh, truyn hnh, xy dng dn dng khc (trxy dng khu nh ), kho tng, du lch, thdc ththao, nghin cu khoa hc v cc dn khc. Di 15 tng Ghi ch : 1. Cc dn nhm A vng st, ng bphi c phn on theo chiu di ng, cp ng, cu theo hng dn ca BGiao thng vn ti. 2. Cc dn xy dng trs, nh lm vic ca cquan nh nc phi thc hin theo quyt nh ca Thtng Chnh ph. ------o0o------- 13. NGUYN QUANG PHC KHO ST THIT KNG T 10/21/2007 II - 1 CHNG 2 IU TRA GIAO THNG PHC VLP DN THIT KNG T 2.1 NI DUNG V CC PHNG PHP IU TRA GIAO THNG 2.1.1 Mc ch v ni dung iu tra giao thng : Mc ch ca iu tra giao thng l thu thp cc sliu dng nh gi scn thit phi u txy dng tuyn ng, xc nh cc tiu chun thit k, gii php thit k, quy m u tv phn tch hiu quu t. Ni dung iu tra giao thng : - iu tra, dbo lng giao thng (lu lng v thnh phn giao thng) - iu tra tc xe chy v tc hnh trnh - iu tra nng lc thng hnh - iu tra, dbo lng hnh khch hoc nhu cu i li ca dn c - iu tra (v cdbo) vtai nn giao thng - iu tra, dbo mc ting n v kh thi giao thng, 2.1.2 Lng giao thng : Lu lng v thnh phn giao thng 1. Lng giao thng (hoc lng vn chuyn) trn mt tuyn ng (hoc trn mt mng li ng) l mt c trng thay i theo khng gian v thi gian. Do vy mc tiu iu tra dbo l phi xc nh c lng giao thng i vi tng on ca tuyn ng (hoc mng li ng) cc thi im sau y : - Thi im bt u iu tra (nm xut pht) - Thi im bt u a ng vo khai thc (nm bt u ca thi ktnh ton) - Thi im cui ca thi ktnh ton (nm cui ca thi ktnh ton) ca ng hoc ca mt ng Ngoi ra, tutheo yu cu ca vic thit ktrong qu trnh lp dn, cn c th phi iu tra, phn tch lng giao thng theo cc c trng khc nhau : - Lu lng xe chy ngy m trung bnh nm (AADT Annual Average Daily Traffic) cc thi im ni trn; ca thi kkhi lng vn chuyn ln nht trong nm - Lu lng xe chy gicao im (PHV Peak Hour Volume) - Lu lng xe chy gicao im tnh ton thk trong nm Nk (trong nm ch c k gic lng giao thng Nk ) thng dng vi k=30-50 kim ton nng lc thng hnh 14. NGUYN QUANG PHC KHO ST THIT KNG T 10/21/2007 II - 2 2. Thnh phn giao thng : Mc tiu ca iu tra, dbo l phi xc nh c lu lng ca mi thnh phn trong dng xe vi phn loi phng tin cnh tm cng tt (V dvmu iu tra thnh phn giao thng) 1. Xe con / xe jp 2. Xe ti hng nh(2 trc, 4 bnh v 6 bnh) 3. Xe ti hng trung (2 trc 6 bnh) 4. Xe ti hng nng (3 trc) 6. Xe khch nh 7. Xe khch ln 8. My ko / xe cng nng 9. Xe my 10. Xe lam 11. Xe p 12. Xch l 13. Xe sc vt ko Trn nhng tuyn ng ang khai thc, c cslp dn nng cp, ci to cn i hi phi iu tra r tlcc ti trng trc xe phti trng trc Bng 2.1 Phti trng trung bnh ca cc loi ng H Ni (%) Xe con Xe bus Xe ti nh Xe ti trung Xe ti nng Tng cng T T Loi ng < 5T 8-12T 4-6 T 6-10T >10T (%) 1 ng vnh ai 50.00 5.00 15.00 25.00 5.00 100 2 ng trc 60.00 8.00 15.00 15.00 2.00 100 3 ng ph 70.00 10.00 13.00 7.00 0.00 100 2.1.3 Cc phng php iu tra giao thng 1. iu tra yu cu vlng vn chuyn hng ho (tn/nm) v lng vn chuyn hnh khch (lt khch/nm) Tcc sliu iu tra suy ra lng giao thng yu cu (v dsuy ra lu lng giao thng trung bnh nm). Phng php ny thng gi l phng php iu tra kinh tphc vthit kng t bi v cng vic iu tra xut pht tvic iu tra lng vn chuyn i v n (hng v HK) yu cu i vi tng im kinh t phn btrong khu vc hin ti hoc tng lai c khnng sdng tuyn ng. Phng php ny thng c sdng khi lp dn xy dng ng trong cc vng c quy hoch pht trin kinh t xc nh v khi c thxc nh c cc quan hvn chuyn mt cch tin cy. c bit n thng sdng khi lp dn quy hoch mng li ng ca mt khu vc (x, huyn, tnh, nng trng, ) v khi lp quy hoch cc tuyn vn ti HK cng cng trong th. 15. NGUYN QUANG PHC KHO ST THIT KNG T 10/21/2007 II - 3 2. iu tra trn cstrc tip m v cn xe Phng php ny thng c sdng thu thp sliu phc vlp dn thit kng c bit l cc tuyn ci to nng cp, cc tuyn ng ang khai thc; lp khoch v quy hoch mng li giao thng * m xe : Vic m xe c ththc hin bng cc cch sau : - Btr ngi m xe - Dng thit bm tng xch tay - Dng thit bm btr cnh - Dng phng php quay camera sau chiu quan st, m li * Cc thit bcn xe : Cc thit bcn xe bao gm : - Cn tnh (cn c dng xe) c cn t cnh (thng btr trn mt ln xe mrng ngoi phn xe chy chnh) hoc hai bnh xe ca mt trc xe ng trn hai bn cn ring r - Cn ng (cn khng dng xe) : Dng cc u o dng ng to xung hoc vng in tchn di phn xe chy. 2.1.4 Cc phng php dbo lng giao thng 1. Phng php dbo theo cch ngoi suy n gin : Nguyn l ca phng php ny l da vo mt chui thng k lng giao thng trong cc nm qua ngoi suy xc nh stng trng lng giao thng trong tng lai Phng php ny chcho kt qutt vi dbo ngn hn, v nu dng vi dbo di hn th sdbsai lch do nhng bin ng ca cc iu kin kinh t. Phng php ny cng chxt c stng trng lng giao thng bnh thng m khng xt c lng giao thng hp dn v lng giao thng pht sinh sau khi thc hin dn. 2. Phng php dbo da vo tng quan gia lng giao thng vi mt ch tiu vkinh tvm: Theo phng php ny thng ngi ta nghin cu lp mt tng quan gia tl tng trng hay lng giao thng vi mt chtiu kinh tvm no (v dtl tng tng thu nhp quc ni GDP hng nm; hoc tng tiu thtnh theo u ngi; hoc tng quan gia lng vn chuyn hnh khch vi dn s, vi mc thu nhp, vi lng vn chuyn hng, vi chi ph vn doanh, vv) Nu tng quan ny c dng tlthun bc nht th hstlgia lng vn chuyn (hoc tltng trng lng vn chuyn) vi chtiu kinh tvm c gi l n hi v m hnh dbo kiu ny l m hnh n hi. 16. NGUYN QUANG PHC KHO ST THIT KNG T 10/21/2007 II - 4 2.2 NI DUNG V PHNG PHP IU TRA KINH T 2.2.1. Xc nh khu vc cn tin hnh iu tra kinh t Khu vc cn iu tra kinh tbao gm tt ccc a phng (trc mt v tng lai) c thssdng li ng hoc tuyn ng t sp c xy dng. Vic xc nh khu vc ny cho php dtr c khi lng cng tc iu tra kinh t c cc bin php tchc lc lng tin hnh mt cch thch hp. 2.2.2. iu tra sphn bcc im pht sinh khi lng vn chuyn trong khu vc cn iu tra Cn iu tra xc nh tt ccc tt cnhng im to nn ngun hng ho v HK cn vn chuyn n v i nm trong khu vc cn iu tra gi l cc im lp hng ho (hnh khch) hay cc im kinh t. Cc im ny gm cc cng ty cng nghip, khai khong, nng nghip, lm nghip, thng nghip, 2.2.3. Xc nh lng vn chuyn hng ho tng ng vi cc im kinh t Lng vn chuyn hng ho l khi lng hng ho (tnh bng tn) cn phi vn chuyn i (hoc n) mt im kinh tno trong mt n vthi gian (qu, nm). i tng iu tra bao gm : - Lung hng : hng vn chuyn tu n u - Loi hng : Hng cng nghip, nng nghip, lm nghip, thng nghip, xy dng cbn, v cc loi hng khc - Sthay i lng vn chuyn theo ma - Phng thc chuyn ch Phng thc iu tra : Thng k v thu thp cc sliu tcc im kinh t, khi lng sn xut ca cc ngnh, phn phi sn phm, 2.2.4. Xc nh lng vn chuyn hnh khch c thc tnh c lng vn chuyn v hng vn chuyn hnh khch trc mt cng nhtng lai cn thu thp trong khu vc cc sliu sau : - Sliu cc x nghip vn ti xe khch cng cng, t bus, taxi, cc bn xe v cc cssn xut c phng tin vn chuyn cn bcng nhn i lm hng ngy. - Sliu du khch tham quan, nghngi hng nm cc csdu lch, khu iu dng, danh lam thng cnh, - Sliu hnh khch i li cc ga xe la, bn tu thu, sn bay, - Tnh hnh phn bdn c, dn sv mc tng dn s, tnh cht ca mi im dn cc thxc nh c hng i li thng xuyn, Tcc sliu trn c thtnh ton c chtiu mc nhu cu i li ca dn c trong mt nm 17. NGUYN QUANG PHC KHO ST THIT KNG T 10/21/2007 II - 5 D V S k k (ln/nm.u ngi) (1) Vi : Vk shnh khch vn chuyn trong 1 nm (nghn HK/nm) D tng sdn ca KV iu tra hoc im iu tra (nghn ngi) 2.2.5. iu tra hthng mng li giao thng vn ti hin c trong khu vc Hthng ny bao gm : ng st, ng thu, ng b, ng hng khng v ng ng. Mc ch iu tra l xem xt vn phn bvn ti trong vng nh: - Btr chung v mi lin htng hgia cc thnh phn ca hthng GTVT hin c, vai tr ca mi thnh phn i vi cng tc vn chuyn trong khu vc iu tra v tng lai pht trin ca cc thnh phn - Tnh trng hthng ng t hin c, mc p ng ca n vi nhu cu vn chuyn t c cc mc ch , ni dung iu tra phi lm l : 1. Giao thng vn ti ng b - Cc ng t, cc bn bi, cp hng, trng thi kthut hin ti ca chng, lu lng xe hin ti, tnh hnh an ton giao thng ca cc ng v bn bi; - Cc chn hng v yu cu vchuyn ch; - Cc cskhc ca GTVT ng b; - Quy hoch khoch pht trin theo quyt nh ca Thtng Chnh ph ca cc vng, cm kinh tv cc chuyn ngnh GTVT; - Cc dbo lp cc nm trc (nu c). 2. Giao thng vn ti ng st - Cc ng st, nh ga, cp hng, trng thi kthut hin ti, nng lc thng qua v nng lc vn ti hin ti, tnh hnh an ton giao thng . - Cc chn hng v yu cu vchuyn ch. - Cc cskhc ca ng st. - Quy hoch khoch pht trin ng st; quy hoch vng v a phng c dn; - Cc dbo lp cc nm trc (nu c). 3. Giao thng vn ti ng thu - Cc tuyn giao thng vn ti thu, cp hng, trng thi kthut, lu lng tu thuyn hin ti tnh hnh an ton giao thng trn cc tuyn . - Cc cng, trng thi kthut v nng lc hin ti ca cc cng . - Cc cskhc ca ng thu. 18. NGUYN QUANG PHC KHO ST THIT KNG T 10/21/2007 II - 6 - Quy hoch v khoch pht trin ng thu.. - Cc dbo lp cc nm trc (nu c). 4. Giao thng vn ti hng khng - Cc sn bay, cp hng, nng lc hin ti. - Quy hoch, khoch pht trin GTVT hng khng ca khu vc. - Cc dbo lp cc nm trc (nu c). 5. Giao thng vn ti th(trng hp lp dn ng th) - Cc sliu iu tra giao thng thnhshgia nh, sngi trong h gia nh, phn theo tui, gii tnh, nghnghip, sphng tin i li trong gia nh, khong cch n bn xe but gn nht, qung ng i, gi i v gin, mc ch chuyn i, phng tin i li sdng ca tng ngi trong gia nh vv... - Mng li giao thng th, trng thi kthut hin c v tnh trng giao thng hin ti ca tng ng; - Mng li giao thng vn ti cng cng, tnh trng hin ti; - Cc nt giao thng, chng loi giao ct; phng thc chhuy iu khin giao thng. Slng chng loi xe c, slng bhnh ra vo nt theo cc hng cc gitrong ngy. - Cc quy hoch, khoch pht trin GTVT th. - Cc dbo lp cc nm trc (nu c). 2.3. TNH TON LU LNG XE CHY XUT PHT TLNG VN CHUYN IU TRA KINH T 2.3.1. Lu lng xe chy ngy m trung bnh nm N (xe/ngy m) N = Nhh + Nql + Nc + Nb + Ncd (xe/ngy m) (2) Trong : + Nhh : lu lng xe ti ngy m trung bnh nm phc vvn chuyn khi lng hng ho chnh (xc nh theo lng vn chuyn hng ho) + Nql : lu lng xe ti ngy m trung bnh nm phc vvic qun l khai thc cc cssn xut v cc im dn c + Nc : Lu lng xe con ngy m trung bnh nm + Nb : Lu lng cc loi xe Bus ngy m trung bnh nm + Ncd : Lu lng cc loi t chuyn dng ngy m trung bnh nm (xe cn trc, xe nng h, xe c thit bkhoan, xe sa cha) (cch tnh cc loi lu lng xem SGK trang 34-36) 19. NGUYN QUANG PHC KHO ST THIT KNG T 10/21/2007 II - 7 2.3.2. Lu lng xe con tnh ton (xcq/ngym) chn cp hng ktht i vi tuyn ng thit khoc tnh ton kim tra khnng thng hnh ca ng, trslu lng xe tnh ton cn phi c quy i ra lng xe con tnh ton Cc hsquy i nhTCVN 4054-05 Bng 2.2. Hsquy i ai txe cc loi vxe con Loi xe a hnh Xe p Xe my Xe con Xe ti 2 trc v xe but di 25 ch Xe ti c 3 trc trln v xe but ln Xe ko moc, xe but ko moc ng bng v i 0,2 0,3 1,0 2,0 2,5 4,0 Ni 0,2 0,3 1,0 2,5 3,0 5,0 Ghi ch : - a hnh c dc ngang sn i, ni phbin trn 30% xp vo loi vng ni, nhhn v bng 30% xp vo a hnh i v ng bng. - ng tch ring xe th sth khng quy i xe p. 2.4. IU TRA GIAO THNG THEO PHNG PHP M XE 2.4.1. Tchc vic thu thp cc sliu m xe c Vic thu thp cc sliu c ca cc tchc qun l khai thc ng vlu lng v thnh phn dng xe lu thng trn cc tuyn ng ang khai thc u rt cn thit gip ta nh gi vmc tng trng lng giao thng hng nm v spht trin ca ccu dng xe trong khu vc lp dn ng. Sliu m xe tt nht c c trong 5-10 nm; mi thng m 2 ngy (cnm 24 ngy) hoc mi qu m 1 tun. Chui sliu ny cn c dng i chiu kim tra, chnh xc ho cc sliu iu tra kinh t. Chui sliu thu thp phi c i chiu vi kt qutchc m xe kim tra trong thi gian trin khai cng tc KSTK lp dn. 2.4.2. Tchc vic m xe i vi cc dn ci to nng cp ng cth vic tchc m xe (v trong mt strng hp cn cvic tchc cn trc xe) l bt buc. 1) Btr trm m xe; dng ngi m theo phn loi xe; c thc trang b theo my m - Btr vtr m xe : Ti cc on (mt ct) c dng xe thng qua tng i n nh. Ti cc nt giao nhau, phi chn cc mt ct btr chm xe tt ccc nhnh ng ra vo nt - Lch m xe : Cn c nghin cu kchn c qung thi gian (ma, ngy, gi) in hnh v ckhi nhiu xe nht. i khi phi tchc m sb quyt nh lch m xe. nhng tuyn ng quan trng v cc th ln nn c cc trm m cnh trong sut mt nm (mi qu m lin tc mt tun) kt hp vi vic cn xe. 20. NGUYN QUANG PHC KHO ST THIT KNG T 10/21/2007 II - 8 2) Dng mt xe chuyn dng chy trn ng m xe : Cho xe chuyn dng chy theo mt hng ca on ng cn m xe. Trong xe ngi quan trc m v ghi sxe i ngc chiu vi xe chuyn dng, ghi sxe cng chiu bxe m vt v sxe cng chiu vt xe m ng thi ghi thi gian hnh trnh tng ng. Sau li cho xe m chy ngc li v ghi m nh trn tt ckhong 6-8 ln i v(cng trn on ng) 3) Tchc m xe c kt hp hi ngi li xe (m hi) Cch ny c bit hay dng khi thc hin iu tra O-D (iu tra im xut pht - im n : Origination Destination) Theo cch ny ti chm xe phi yu cu dng xe t pht. Hi ngi li xe nm c vhnh trnh, tnh cht vn chuyn (a phng hay qu cnh), hng vn chuyn, thnh phn on xe loi hng chuyn ch, slng hnh khch trn xe, li dng hnh trnh v li dng trng ti, Cc sliu ny bsung nhng thng tin m vic m xe khng xc nh c v cng dng kim chng kt quiu tra kinh t. Hnh 2.1 Smt bng btr m v phng vn xe - Trng trm - Cng an - Ngi m xe - Ngi phng vn Ni tchc m - hi btr ti cc chc thay i lng giao thng trn ng ang khai thc nhchgiao nhau, li ra vo thnh phhoc gn cu ln. Chm hi btr trn on ng thng, dc nh, lrng, mt ng tt. Ngoi ra cn dng cc phng php pht phiu kim tra cho li xe, phng php dng in thoi v my m, 2.5. DBO LNG GIAO THNG 2.5.1. Dbo theo quy lut hm sm Nt = N1(1+p) t-1 (6) Trong : Nt LL xe chy ngy m trung bnh nm (xe/n) nm t N1 LL xe chy ngy m trung bnh nm (xe/n) nm u t Thi gian ktnm u tin (nm) 21. NGUYN QUANG PHC KHO ST THIT KNG T 10/21/2007 II - 9 p Tltng trng lu lng xe hng nm Tltng trng lu lng xe hng nm p c xc nh theo chui sliu quan trc hoc dbo p theo tng quan gia n vi cc chtiu kinh tvm nhGDP hng nm. 2.5.2. Dbo theo quy lut hm stng tuyn tnh Nt = N1[1+p(t-1)] (7) Quy lut ny ph hp vi mt stng trng giao thng khng nhiu trong vng ang xt v c thc dng dbo sau mt thi k tng theo hm sm 2.5.3. Dbo theo quy lut cp stlc nhp tng trng gim dn Cch ny nhm khc phc cc hn chca quy lut hm smv thng p dng khi thit kcc tuyn ng c hng hon ton mi, hoc c cht lng khai thc cao hn hn ng hin c (thng nhng vng mng li ng cha pht trin ng k) t i t iktkNN 1 3 1 210 ..(01.01 (8) Trong : N0 l lu lng giao thng nm xut pht k1 v k2 l cc hsrt ra tkt quxl chui sliu m xe nhiu nm tutheo trstltng trng lu lng xe ban u p0 (gi trp0 ; k1 v k2 c ly theo SGT) 2.5.4. Tm lu lng xe gitnh ton Ttrslu lng xe chy ngy m trung bnh nm c thsuy ra trslu lng xe gitnh ton Ng theo cng thc : Ng= (0,1-0,12)Ntbnm (xe/gi) (9) hoc khi c thng k lu lng gitrong 1 nm, dng lu lng gicao im th 30; Khi tnh ton lu lng xe chy i vi thi klng vn chuyn ln nht th vn dng cc cng thc tnh Ntbnm trn nhng nhn thm hsxt n svn chuyn khng u theo ma trong nm = 12Qth/Qn vi Qth lng vn chuyn thng ln nht trong nm; Qn lng vn chuyn trong cnm Khi thit kkt cu o ng th xc nh hstng ng vi Qth thi kbt li nht i vi nn mt ng. 2.6. IU TRA THI GIAN V TC XE CHY Vic iu tra hai yu tny thng gn lin vi nhau v i khi gn lin vi c vic iu tra lu lng xe. 22. NGUYN QUANG PHC KHO ST THIT KNG T 10/21/2007 II - 10 Tc chy xe thng c iu tra gm c : - Tc ti ch - Tc hnh trnh khng kn cc trngi phi dng xe - Tc hnh trnh c xt n cc trngi phi dng xe 2.6.1. Tc ti chhay tc im l tc chy xe o c tc thi trn mt on ng ngn s=15-20m tng ng vi khong thi gian xe chy qua khng di 1,5-2,0s (vi thi gian ngn qu skhng kp c s, khng kp o tc ). iu tra tc im nhm cc mc ch sau : - Phc vvic thit kkhng chgiao thng - Phn tch tai nn giao thng v xut cc gii php m bo an ton giao thng (hn chtc , btr bin bo hiu, ) - Nghin cu quy lut phn btc v xu thpht trin tc ca dng xe ti cc vtr trn ng Cc phng php o tc im : - Dng ng hbm giy o thi gian t mi xe chy qua on ng trn - Dng cc u o kiu cm ng in, kiu vng in t, chn di t (ging nhthit bm xe) nhng chn cch nhau 5m theo chiu xe chy pht 2 tn hiu cho mi ln xe chy qua v tng ghi c thi gian gi2 ln pht tn hiu . - Dng rada o tc (sng bn tc CSGT) t trn xe chuyn dng hoc t cnh ng o tc tc thi ca xe chy. Tuy vy, dng rada cho c tc khi ng vng xe v khng o chnh xc c tc xe chy chm Slng cc mu o c xc nh theo l thuyt xc sut m bo tin cy. (slng mu o v cch tnh xem SGT) 2.6.2. Tc hnh trnh Tc hnh trnh l thng sca chiu di chy xe v thi gian hnh trnh. Thi gian hnh trnh c thbao gm hoc khng bao gm thi gian dng xe do cc tr ngi dc ng. Nhvy, iu tra tc hnh trnh trn mt tuyn ng tA n B bit chiu di, thc cht l iu tra thi gian chy xe v thi gian dng xe khi i tA n B. Mc ch ca iu tra tc hnh trnh : - nh gi hin trng giao thng, mc phc v, mc p ng yu cu ng hin c, xem xt scn thit phi u tnng cp ci to 23. NGUYN QUANG PHC KHO ST THIT KNG T 10/21/2007 II - 11 - Lm cn cphn bgiao thng trong khi xem xt quy hoch li ng v lm cn ctnh chi ph vn doanh trn mng li ng - Phc vdn tchc giao thng (phi hp n iu khin giao thng) - nh gi, so snh hiu qudn (so snh tc trc v sau khi thc hin dn) - Phn tch quan hgilu lng, tc , mt dng xe Cc phng php iu tra tc hnh trnh : 1) Theo di bin sxe Trn on ng A-B bit chiu di L (km) btr cc tquan trc ti A v B ghi bin sxe, loi xe v thi im xe i qua A v B ri t tnh ra thi gian mi loi xe i tA n B Phng php ny chnn dng vi cc hnh trnh di 2 giv chc thxc nh c tc hnh trnh c xt n thi gian dng xe; i vi cc on ng c nhiu nt giao nhau th t thch hp 2) Dng xe chuyn dng chy bm ui dng xe trn on ng quan trc Ngi quan trc i trn xe cm sn schi tit ca on ng (ghi r khong cch gia cc nt giao; c trng v chiu di cc on c brng hoc kt cu mt ng thay i) dng ng hbm giy ghi r thi gian n cc im trn s, thi gian dng xe v l do dng xe. Phng php ny thch hp vi cc on ng ng xe, c nhiu nt giao th. Thng chy xe t6-8 ln ly trstrung bnh. Hin nay c cc thit bo tc tng ghi cly chy xe, thi gian chy xe, thi gian dng xe v tng tnh ra tc hnh trnh. 3) Phng php m xe ngc chiu Phng php ny trnh by trn Tc hnh trnh c thc xl theo tng on ng v ctheo tng thi on khc nhau trong ngy ------o0o------- 24. NGUYN QUANG PHC KHO ST THIT KNG T 10/21/2007 III - 1 CHNG 3 CNG TC KHO ST THIT K PHC VCHO VIC LP DN U TCNG TRNH NG T 3.1 CNG TC KHO ST LP DN U T 3.1.1 Cng tc kho st tuyn . - Nhim vca kho st bc ny l thu thp cc ti liu cn thit cho vic lp d n u tcng trnh ng t Kt qukho st phi xut c cc hng tuyn v nhng gii php thit k cho phng n tt nht (gi l phng n chn) v xut gii php thi cng , ng thi phi sbthothun vi chnh quyn a phng v vi cc cquan lin quan vhng tuyn v cc gii php thit kchyu . - Nhng cng tc kho st hin trng ca bc D N U Tbao gm : Cng tc chun btrong phng . Cng tc thst v o c hin trng . 3.1.1.1 Chun btrong phng . - Nhng ti liu cn su tm : + Ti liu iu tra kinh tv cc ti liu kho st c lin quan n thit k (nu c) . + Cc ti liu quy hoch tuyn . + Cc im khng chbt buc tuyn phi qua hoc phi trnh ( th, cng trnh c bit ln ...) . + Ti liu kh tng thy vn , thnhng , a cht , thy vn a cht . + Cc bn vng t tuyn (tltnhn ln) . - Nghin cu trn bn tlnh(1/25.000 ~ 1/50.000) + Vch hng tuyn tng qut . + Ch ti cc im khng ch. + Bsung vo hng tuyn chung cc ng nhnh dn n cc khu dn c ln, nh ga , bn cng , sn bay . + Sbchn vtr vt sng ln , ni giao ct vi ng st , ng trc ln. - Nghin cu trn bn tlln : + Chn tng i chnh xc vtr cu ln sau ny xc nh trn thc a . 25. NGUYN QUANG PHC KHO ST THIT KNG T 10/21/2007 III - 2 + Xc nh nhng on cn trin tuyn nhqua o, nhng on dc ln v.v.. + Dkin nhng on ng ccn ci to vbnh v trc dc . + Chnh sa li vtr giao ct vi cc ng ngang . + nh sKM trn tng phng n . + Nhn xt cc phng n loi bbt mt sphng n , chginhng phng n c khnng xt chn . 3.1.1.2 Cng tc thst v o c ngoi thc a . 1) Thst : - Nhim vca thst l i chiu bn vi thc a, xc nh li cc phng n tuyn c nghin cu trn bn l c i c hay khng, bsung thm cc phng n cc bpht hin trong qu trnh i thc a, sbla chn phng n hp l, pht hin cc cng trnh c lin quan, thu thp kin ca a phng gp phn la chn phng n tuyn tt. - Thst c tin hnh trn tt ccc phng n tuyn c xut. Khi thst phi: + Tm hiu tnh hnh dn chai bn tuyn (cc khu dn c, thln, cc khu cng nghip), cc quy hoch xy dng ca a phng vv... + Tm hiu nguyn vt liu ti ch, cc cssn xut nguyn vt liu a phng, tnh hnh vn chuyn n tuyn bng ng b, ng st, ng thu. + Lp cc vn bn cn thit vi cc cquan c cng trnh lin quan n tuyn, kin ca a phng vhng tuyn v cc yu cu vtuyn. 2) o c ngoi thc a : - Nhim vo c ngoi thc a l lp bnh a hnh khu vc dnh t tuyn v thu thp cc ti liu so snh chn phng n tuyn. Bnh a hnh c lp da theo ng sn tim tuyn ca phng n chn vch trn bn . Tlbnh quy nh nhsau : - a hnh ni kh vtheo tl1 : 2000; - a hnh ni bnh thng v i bt p vtheo tl1 : 5000; - a hnh ng bng v i thoi vtheo tl1 : 10000. - lp bnh cao ca tuyn cn tin hnh cc cng vic sau: nh nh, o gc, ri cc chi tit, o di, o cao, o ct ngang, chn cc cc nh v cc du nh vnh cu. i vi ng cc cp kthut IV, cng vic o c c thc hin nhsau: 26. NGUYN QUANG PHC KHO ST THIT KNG T 10/21/2007 III - 3 - o gc: cc gc nh o bng my kinh vTHEO 020 (hoc my c chnh xc tng ng), mi gc o mt ln o (thun v o knh) sai sgia 2 na ln o khng qu 1'. Ch shohng o trnh nhm ln. - o di : Chcn o 1 ln bng thc thp , hoc thc vi . - o cao bng my thubnh Ni 025 (hoc my c chnh xc tng ng) theo quy nh: + o cao tng qut phi o 2 ln, mt ln i, mt ln vring bit xc nh cao mc, sai skhng c vt qu sai scho php: fh = 30 L fh = sai sgia 2 lt o tnh bng mm. L = khong cch gia 2 mc tnh bng km. Cao mc ly theo hcao quc gia, c40 - 50 km phi khp ni vo mt im cao nh nc thng III trln. + o cao cc cc chi tit chcn o mt lt v khp vo mc vi sai s khng vt qu sai scho php quy nh nhsau: fh = 50 L Mc cao ca bc DAT c bo vv lu gicho cc bc kho st tip theo sdng, khong cch gia 2 mc c tht2km n 4km bc tip theo khi cn t mc bsung c thun l. Cc tuyn di t50 km trln cn xy dng li khng chmt bng (to ) hng IV vi khong cch cc mc toti a l 6km , ti thiu l 2km. - o trc ngang : C thdng thc chA , my kinh v, hoc Clidimt o . Phi o trc ngang mi bn rng t30 m ~ 50 m , ngoi khong c thphc ha thm a hnh nhi , ni , sng , vch , v.v... i vi ng lm mi c cp kthut IV cng nhcc cp ca ng cao tc theo TCVN 5729-1997. i vi ng hin hu do Cp quyt nh u t quyt nh c hoc khng kho st theo to. ng cc cp ny chyu l cc trc lquan trng ca quc gia, cng trnh ng c lin quan n quy hoch xy dng cng nhcc cng trnh dn dng hin hu ca nhiu ngnh khc nhthuin, thuli v.v... do vy bnh cao tuyn ng phi gn vo htoX,Y, v cao quc gia. t c yu cu ny cn xy dng hthng li khng chmt bng trn ton tuyn gm: - Li khng chmt bng hng IV. - Li ng chuyn cp 2. - Li cao hng IV. - Li cao cp kthut. 27. NGUYN QUANG PHC KHO ST THIT KNG T 10/21/2007 III - 4 Yu cu o c v sai scho php ca cc cng tc ny theo quy nh ca quy trnh , quy phm chuyn ngnh ca Cc o c bn nh nc . 3) Kho st cng trnh : Nhim vca kho st cng trnh l chn cc gii php thit kcho cng trnh trn tuyn chn , iu tra cc cng trnh khc (dn dng , qun s,..) c lin quan v thu thp cc sliu cho thit klp DAT . - Nhng vic cn lm : Thu thp nhng sliu cn thit cho vic la chn loi cng trnh v lp hs cng trnh (cu, cng c bit, tng chn, hm ) . Sbxc nh slng, vtr cu nh, cng v xc nh khu ca chng . - iu tra cc cng trnh c lin quan : Thng k cc cng trnh ni trong phm vi ttim tuyn ra mi bn t10 m n 50 m (ty theo cp ng thit k) . Thng k cc cng trnh ngm trong phm vi mt bng quy nh . Thng k, thhin cc cng trnh dn dng ln nhtrng hc , bnh vin , nh bu in , nh ga, ... - Thu thp cc ti liu khc : Khnng cung cp VLXD; Cc sliu phc vcho vic lp tng mc u t; Cc sliu phc vcho lp thit ktchc thi cng ; Cc kin ca chnh quyn a phng v cc ngnh c lin quan vhng tuyn, vcc on qua vng dn c.... 4) Ti liu phi cung cp : Kt thc cng tc , n vkho st phi cung cp cc ti liu sau y : - Thuyt minh kho st tng hp vtng phng n vi cc ni dung v: tuyn (bnh din, dc dc, dc ngang...), a cht cng trnh, a cht-thuvn, thuvn cng trnh v thuvn dc tuyn, khnng cung cp nguyn vt liu, iu kin xy dng, u nhc im trong phc v, khai thc... - Cc ti liu vkho st o c tuyn, cng trnh theo cc phng n tuyn. - Bin bn nghim thu ti liu. - Cc bin bn lm vic vi a phng v cquan hu quan. - Bnh cao cc phng n tuyn tl1:2.000-1:10.000 . - Trc dc cc phng n tuyn tl1:2.000-1:10.000 (ph hp vi bnh ). - Hnh ct ngang cc phng n tuyn tl1:200 n 1:500 (a hnh ng bng t ln 1 : 500 ; cc a hnh khc tl1 : 200 ) . - Bng thng k tocc im kho st nu thc hin kho st theo to - Bng thng k khi lng gii phng mt bng. 28. NGUYN QUANG PHC KHO ST THIT KNG T 10/21/2007 III - 5 3.1.2 Cng tc kho st thy vn . 3.1.2.1. Yu cu kho st thy vn dc tuyn : - Ni dung iu tra thuvn cc on tuyn c yu cu khng chcao nn ng m bo nn ng khng bngp v chthunhit : + iu tra mc nc cao nht, nm xut hin, sngy xut hin v nguyn nhn (do lln, do chvn hnh ca p hay l do thutriu v.v..). + iu tra mc nc bnh thng v sngy xut hin nc ng thng xuyn. - Cng tc tchc iu tra mc nc quy nh nhsau: + Sim cn tchc iu tra: Nu chiu di on tuyn cn iu tra nhhn 1 km th btr 2 cm iu tra mc nc; nu chiu di on tuyn cn iu tra ln hn 1 km th ccch khong 1km c mt cm iu tra mc nc. + Mc nc phi c iu tra qua nhiu ngun v nhiu ngi khc nhau so snh kt qu. Cao mc nc iu tra phi c o bng my kinh vhay my thubnh v thng nht cng mt mc cao c sdng cho tuyn ng thit k. - Trn bn thit kcc phng n tuyn vng ranh gii cc lu vc t nc, ranh gii cc vng bngp, vng c chthuvn c bit, k hiu din tch lu vc. - Hskho st thuvn dc tuyn : + Thuyt minh chung vtnh hnh thuvn. Cung cp cc sliu khng chv thuvn i vi cao thit knn ng nhmc nc cao nht, mc nc ng thng xuyn, thi gian ngp .vv... + Bn cc phng n tuyn c vng ranh gii lu vc tnc, ranh gii cc vng bngp v c nh du cc cm nc iu tra mc nc. + Trn trc dc tuyn, vng mc nc iu tra v nh du vtr cc cm nc iu tra. + Cc ti liu, sliu thu thp qua sch v, cc ti liu lu tr, cc ti liu do c quan a phng v cquan hu quan cung cp; cc vn bn lm vic vi c quan hu quan. + Cc bin bn iu tra mc nc qua nhn dn. + Cc so c. 3.1.2.2. Yu cu kho st thy vn i vi cng trnh thot nc nh: - Theo cc phng n tuyn chn , kim tra li v bsung nhng vtr sbtr cc cng trnh thot nc cng , cu nh. - Xc nh trn bn cc c trng thy vn v a hnh ca sui chnh , sui nhnh , sn dc lu vc ( nhbc TKT ) . 29. NGUYN QUANG PHC KHO ST THIT KNG T 10/21/2007 III - 6 - i chiu cc c trng trn gia bn vi thc thiu chnh, bsung. - i vi mi lu vc , tnh ton lu lng thit kcng trnh thot nc nhcn tin hnh kho st thc a cc c trng a mo ca lng sui v bmt sn dc : i vi sui chnh : cn thuyt minh : Chiu rng sng , sui vma lv ma cn ti vtr cng trnh thot nc . Sng sui ng bng hay vng ni . Sng , sui c bi hay khng c bi , lng sng , sui sch hay c nhiu c mc, hay c nhiu cn dng chy . ng knh ht kt cu lng v bi sng , sui (nu c) . Vma lnc trong hay c cun theo bn ct , cui si , mc bn ct tri nhiu hay t . Chchy thun li , m hay khng m . Sng , sui c nc chy thng xuyn hay c tnh chu kchc nc chy v ma l. Bmt sn dc : cn thuyt minh : Tnh hnh cy cphbmt lu vc : tha, trung bnh hay rm rp, loi cy c. c im bmt : c bcy xi hay khng , bng phng hay li lm, cu to b mt l loi vt liu g (t tnhin , b tng , lt ). Tldin tch nh ca chim trn lu vc . Din tch hao , m ly trong lu vc . - iu tra mc nc : Mc nc lcao nht, nh, ba v cc nm xut hin . Mc nc ltrung bnh . Mc nc vma cn . iu tra chl( thi gian lv, lrt , vt tri , tc nc chy , din bin xi bi lng sui , bsui khu vc cng trnh ) . - o vtrc ngang ca sui ti cng trnh v trc ngang ng ti vtr cng: Trc ngang sui : Tl1/100 ~ 1/200 c ghi cao mc nc iu tra. Trc ngang ng ( trc dc lng sui ) : dng my cao c o vpha thng lu bng 3 ln brng sui vma lv vhlu 2 ln brng sui nhng khng ln hn 50 m vmi pha . - Hskho st thy vn cng trnh thot nc nh: i vi mi phng n tuyn lp bo co thuyt minh vtnh hnh kho st, o c , iu tra thy vn v a hnh cng trnh thot nc . 30. NGUYN QUANG PHC KHO ST THIT KNG T 10/21/2007 III - 7 Cc vn bn lm vic vi a phng v cc cquan hu quan , cc ti liu thu thp c . Cc ti liu o c , kho st bsung ti thc a . Bn khoanh lu vc tnc vcc cng trnh thot nc c chr vtr cng trnh . Bin bn iu tra mc nc . Cc bn tng hp viu tra mc nc dc tuyn v ti cng trnh thot nc, c trng a mo , a hnh ca lng sui v ca lu vc . 3.1.3 Kho st a cht cng trnh . Cn phi thc hin cho tt ccc phng n tuyn . 3.1.3.1. Kho st a cht cng trnh (CCT) cho nn ng : 1) Loi nn ng thng thng : - Vic iu tra o vc tin hnh trn di bng rng vmi bn 25 ~ 50 m trn bn a hnh tl1/2000 ~ 1/10.000 . - Cng tc thm d tin hnh nhsau : i vi nn p : c1 Km btr ti thiu 1 lkhoan su t5 ~ 7m . Trong trng hp phc tp th cly c thgim i . i vi nn o : nhng khu vc CCT n gin th ccch 2 Km btr 1 l khoan su trung bnh 5 m (chiu su ny c ththay i ty thuc chiu dy tng ph) . Trong trng hp phc tp th cly c thgim i . 2) Loi nn ng c bit : (nn ng c t yu ) - Tin hnh khoanh vng v btr lkhoan trn tim tuyn vi khong cch 250 ~ 500 m - Khng khoan trn mt ct ngang . - Khi kho st nn ng gp phi hin tng a cht ng lc th cn bsung mt khi lng lkhoan thch hp sao cho c ti liu nh gi nh hng xu ca chng ti sn nh ca tuyn . 3.1.3.2. Kho st CCT cho cng : Trong giai on ny khng tin hnh kho st CCT cho cng . Cn tn dng cc ti liu kho st CCT nn ng p dng cho cng . 3.1.3.3. Kho st CCT cho cu nh: i vi mi cu nh, cn btr 2 lkhoan ti hai vtr mcu . su lkhoan t15 ~ 30 m ty thuc mc phc tp ca a tng . 3.1.3.4. Kho st CCT cho cu trung v cu ln : 31. NGUYN QUANG PHC KHO ST THIT KNG T 10/21/2007 III - 8 - i vi mi mt cu trung , cn btr 2-3 lkhoan ( kt hp vi SPT ). Vtr ca cc lkhoan ny phi chia u trn mt ct ngang sng . Trng hp CCT hai bn bkhc nhau nhiu th c thbtr lkhoan lch i (do chnhim n quyt nh ) . su lkhoan t20 ~ 40 m v phi ti tng chu lc hoc khoan vo tng cbn t3 ~ 5 m . - i vi mi cu ln , cn btr 3 lkhoan ( kt hp vi SPT ) trn mt ct ngang sng ti phng n kin ngh. Vtr lkhoan quy nh ging cu trung. su l khoan cho cng trnh cu ln t30 ~ 50 m , cho ti 90 m ty thuc vo iu kin CCT khu vc . Quy nh kt thc lkhoan cng ging cu trung . 3.1.3.5. Kho st CCT cc mvt liu xy dng (VLXD) Cc mVLXD gm: m, mct si, mt p c sdng cho tt ccc i tng xy dng. Cc mc thchia thnh mang khai thc v mcha khai thc. - i vi mVLXD khai thc th cn xc inh vtr, cly ca mso vi tuyn, quy m khai thc, iu kin trang thit b, khnng cung cp, gi thnh, cht lng, trlng. Ton bcc sliu ni trn cn thhin trong cc vn bn hp thc. - i vi cc mVLXD cha khai thc th cn shovtr mVLXD (hoc lp bnh vtr m), xc nh cly vn chuyn, trlng, cht lng cn cvo kt quth nghim mu. Ti mi vtr mly 1 mu th nghim. 3.1.3.6. Ly mu v th nghim t Ly mu v th nghim theo ng cc quy nh hin hnh. Hskho st gm: hnh trlkhoan, cc mt ct CCT ngang v dc, cc ti liu thng k chtiu c-l theo lp, thuyt minh CCT theo Km v thuyt minh tng hp. 3.1.4 iu tra kinh t x hi 3.1.4.1. Mc ch ca iu tra kinh t Nhm thu thp cc ti liu lin quan lm cscho vic: - Dbo nhu cu vn ti ca ctuyn ng v trn tng on nghin cu; - nh gi tnh khthi ca dn; - Chn cp ng v cc tiu chun kthut chyu ca tuyn ng - Lun chng vtrnh txy dng hoc phn ku tph hp vi nhu cu vn ti; - nh gi hiu qukinh tv hiu quti chnh ca dn; 3.1.4.2. Ni dung cng tc iu tra kinh t - iu tra hin trng KT-XH v hin trng vn ti : 32. NGUYN QUANG PHC KHO ST THIT KNG T 10/21/2007 III - 9 - iu tra, thu thp cc chtiu dn sinh, kinh tvm ca cnc, cc tiu vng, cc tnh : - iu tra cc hot ng ca cc ngnh kinh tchyu : - iu tra v nh gi tnh hnh cc hot ng vn ti trong vng hp dn ca d n: - iu tra nhng cn trchnh nh hng n nng lc vn ti ng btrong vng nghin cu (thiu ng, hng ng hin hu khng hp l, cht lung ung km...). - iu tra, thu thp ti liu, sliu vnh hng pht trin KT-XH theo cc giai on 10 nm, 20 nm tng lai (nm gc l nm dkin a ng vo khai thc). - iu tra v thu thp cc loi chi ph tnh li ch ca dn : - iu tra gi cc vn ti hnh khch v hng ho ca cc loi hnh vn ti trong vng nghin cu ca dn; ring cc gi cc vn ti ng sng, ng bin, ng hng khng chiu tra khi cc loi hnh vn ti ny c lin quan n dn. - i vi cc dn ci to, nng cp ng hin hu cn kho st c cc sliu sau : 3.1.4.3. Cc ti liu cn cung cp : - Bn thuyt minh tng qut vtnh hnh thc hin nhim viu tra kinh t. - Cc ti liu, sliu, vhin trng KT-XH v hin trng vn ti. - Cc sliu vchtiu kinh tvm v cc hot ng ca cc ngnh kinh tch yu. - Cc hot ng vn ti trn tuyn (st, thu, b, hng khng). - Cc quy hoch, nh hng pht trin KT-XH ca cc nm tng lai. - Cc sliu vlu lng xe, cc sliu vtai nn giao thng. - Gi cc vn ti. - Cc chi ph vn hnh xe, chi ph thi gian hnh khch v xe. - Dbo lng xe nm tnh ton. 3.1.5. Kho st mi trng Mc ch ca cng tc kho st mi trng bc D N U Tl phn tch, nh gi hin trng, ti nguyn mi trng ca khu vc c tuyn i qua, t rt ra c cc c trng ca hin trng mi trng, ng thi cng xc nh r cc vtr nhy cm mi trng trn ton dn. 3.1.5.1. Cng tc thu thp sliu - Thu thp cc quy hoch pht trin KT-XH ca cc tnh c lin quan n dn (nu c cc sliu ny bc NCTKT th chun xc li cc kt qu thu thp c ). 33. NGUYN QUANG PHC KHO ST THIT KNG T 10/21/2007 III - 10 - Thu thp cc bn , ti liu, v cc n thit kca dn. - Thu thp ti liu cc ngnh (in lc, thuli, bo tng, bo tn, a cht, kh tng, thuvn...) lin quan n dn. - Thu thp cc thng tin vmi trng cc SKHCN v MT ca cc tnh lin quan n dn. 3.1.5.2. Cng tc iu tra hin trng - c im iu kin tnhin vng c dn gm : - Hin trng giao thng cc tuyn ng dc theo dn. - Cc khu di tch lch s, cc danh lam thng cnh, cc khu rng quc gia. - Thc trng hng, thc vt (ctrn cn v di nc) - Hin trng thnh phn dn cv cc hot ng kinh tca dn c. 3.1.5.3. Cng tc kho st o c hin trng - Vtr o c: c sliu vhin trng mi trng cho dn cn thst dc tuyn btr cc im kho st mi trng vi khong cch 30-40 km mt vtr. - Ti mi vtr kho st cn o c c cc tham svcht lng mi trng khi cha thc hin dn. + Cht lng mi trng khng kh vi cc chtiu cn o c: + Mc n hin trng: + Tc ng ca rung: + Cht lung nc: nc mt v nc ngm + iu kin kh hu: 3.1.5.4. Hskho st mi trng phi np gm c : - Cc ti liu cn thu thp c trn - Cc ti liu kho st, kt quo c, th nghim ca hin trng cht lng mi trng vkhng kh, n, rung, cht lung nc, v iu kin kh hu. - Bo co tng hp vkt quthu thp, iu tra, o c, v c kt lun vhin trng mi trng vng c dn. 3.2 CNG TC THIT KLP DN U TCNG TRNH NG T 3.2.1 Nghin cu xut cc phng n tuyn, cng tc thm d nh tuyn 3.2.1.1 Cp hng v nhng tiu chun kthut chyu i vi ng thit k Xc nh c cp hng v nhng tiu chun kthut chyui vi tuyn thit kgm: tc thit k, brng nn mt ng, dc dc ln nht, bn knh 34. NGUYN QUANG PHC KHO ST THIT KNG T 10/21/2007 III - 11 ng vng ti thiu,loi mt ng, ti trng tnh ton vi cc mt ng v cng trnh cc loi, tnh khng v khcc cng trnh. Xc nh cp hng ng v tiu chun kthut chnh ni trn phi da vo nhng iu kin a hnh vng tuyn i qua hoc kt quiu tra kinh t(lu lng xe tnh ton) cng nhchc nng ca tuyn ng thit k. Thi ktnh ton khi chn cp hng ng c ly l 20 nm i vi ng thit klm mi l 15 nm i vi ng thit knng cp ci to. Lu lng xe khi tnh ton i vi kt cu mt ng : vi mt ng cp cao thi kny l 15 nm; vi mt ng cp cao thyu: 8~ 10 nm; vi mt ng cp qu : 3~ 5 nm. Mt vn cn cp ti trong khi chn cp hng v tiu chun thit kl phn tch vkhnng phn ku ti vi tng hng mc cng trnh ca ng: - Vnn ng v tuyn, nu khi lng qu ln th mi nn xt n phn ku t. - Vcng trnh cu cng nn thit kphn mng, mtrtheo yu cu tng lai v chnn xt n phn ku tphn trn mt cu. - Vmt ng l loi cng trnh nn xt n phn ku ttrong a s cc trng hp, kcchiu rng phn xe chy cng nhcc tng lp kt cu sao cho lun ph hp vi nhp tng trng lu lng xe chy hng nm. - i vi cc im giao nhau vi cc tuyn ng khc cng c thxt n vic phn ku tkhi chn cc hnh thc giao nhau( cng mc, khc mc). 3.2.1.2. Nghin cu xut phng n tuyn gia cc im khng ch 1) Trng hp sn c bn a hnh khu vc KSTK Trng hp c sn bn a hnh khu vc kho st thit k(nc ta thng loi bn a hnh ny c tl1:25000 v 1: 50000) th cng vic ny tin hnh nhsau: - Nghin cu ka hnh gia cc im khng chtutheo loi a hnh m vn dng cc li i tuyn khc xut cc phng n tuyn (v dnhhnh 1). - Trn mi phng n tuyn cn xc nh cc im tal cc im tuyn nn i qua trnh cc chng ngi va hnh, a vt, hoc l cc im phn chia cc on tuyn c li i tuyn khc nhau (tnh cht, c im ca tuyn) nhim ni tip gia on tuyn theo sn ln xung o v on tuyn i men sui trong thung lng v.v... - Vch tuyn trn bnh qua cc im ta. tuyn bo m dc dc cho php, cn tnh ton chnh lch cao gia cc im ta v chiu di cn trin tuyn, sau dng phng php bc compa i ng dc u lm ng 35. NGUYN QUANG PHC KHO ST THIT KNG T 10/21/2007 III - 12 hng dn tuyn. i vi ng qua a hnh bng phng hoc i thp c th dng ng chim bay lm ng dn hng. Ngoi ra, khi vch tuyn trn bnh cn tn trng cc tiu chun hnh hc ca tuyn, cng nhcc quy nh vvtr tng hgia tuyn ng v cc im dn c, tuyn ng v cc cng trnh khc (ng dy, ng ng, cng trnh thuli ...), tuyn ng vi din tch cng tc,tuyn ng vi cc tuyn giao thng khc. Trong khi vch tuyn cn kt hp vi cc ti liu thu thp c va cht, thu vn, a mo,vt liu xy dng..., cho mi phng n tuyn c cng nhiu kh nng hin thc v hp l vkinh t- kthut. ng thi cng nm vng nguyn tc chn tuyn qua cc vng a hnh khc nhau. R D Hnh 3.1. Vch tuyn theo bc compa 2) Trng hp khng c bn a hnh khu vc kho st thit k Trong trng hp ny xut phng n tuyn phi tin hnh trn thc a, da vo cc tchc v nhn dn a phng tm ng i gia cc im khng ch. Thng nhdn dn i theo cc ng mn,va i va quan st a hnh v cc iu kin thin nhin khc nh gi khnng t tuyn trong phm vi xung quanh. 3.2.1.3. Sbnh tuyn ng trn thc a theo tng phng n (cng tc thm d nh tuyn) xc nh c tuyn trn thc a phi da vo cc phng n tuyn vch trn bn tin hnh thm d phm vi dnh t tuyn trn thc a (gi l bc cng tc thm d), sau da trn ti liu thm d m xc nh tuyn( gi l cng tc nh tuyn). Trong khi kho st thng kt hp hai cng tc ny, ngha l ng thm d phi i sao cho gn vi nh tuyn sau ny nht. Mun th, trc ht cn phi tm thy cc im khng chv cc im ta trn thc a, ri sau i tm thm d qua cc im ny theo st vi cc ng dn hng tuyn vch trn bn ( ngha l phi i chiu kbn a hnh vi thc a, trnh xc nh ngm cc im khng ch, v dcc vtr o trn mt dy ni khi xc nh trn thc a rnhm ln nu l nhng o khng tn). i vi trng hp khng c 36. NGUYN QUANG PHC KHO ST THIT KNG T 10/21/2007 III - 13 bn th cc im khng chv im ta c xc nh trn thc a ngay trong qu trnh i tm tuyn. 3.2.2 Thit kcsv tnh ton tng mc u tcho mi phng n tuyn 3.2.2.1 Kim tra li cc yu tkthut ca tuyn thit ktrc dc tuyn Tin hnh kim tra li cc yu tbnh xem c ph hp vi cc tiu chun k thut khng; tip l ln trc dc v thit ksbng tutheo dc ngang a hnh ca mi on tuyn . 3.2.2.2 Thit ktrc ngang nn ng Cng vic thit knn ng c bt u bng cch p t mt ct ngang tiu chun ln tng trc ngang thm d hoc ln trc ngang in hnh cho mt on ri t tnh ra din tch o, p trn mi trc ngang v tnh ra khi lng o, p nn ng. Ring trng hp nn ng qua cc vng a cht xu , qua vng t yu, m ly th cn xut cc phng n xl m bo n nh v bn vng ca nn ng sau cn tnh ton so snh sbvkthut v kinh tla chn gii php kin nghp dng cho giai on KSTK kthut sau ny . 3.2.2.3 Thit kkt cu mt ng Cn cvo cp hng ng ,lu lng xe, tc xe tnh ton, ti trng tnh ton v thnh phn xe chn loi mt ng ; ng thi cn cvo iu kin vt liu ti ch, chthu- nhit nn t, khnng v phng tin thi cng , iu kin khai thc duy tu sa cha sau ny ...xut v tnh ton cc phng n kt cu o ng khc nhau cho tng on tuyn c cc iu kin ni trn khc nhau. Khi xut cc phng n cng cn ch cc phng n phn ku t. Tin hnh so snh kinh tkthut kin nghphng n p dng 3.2.2.4 Thit kcng trnh thot nc i vi cng trnh thot nc loi nhth chcn quyt nh khu v kiu cng trnh trn on tuyn. Kiu ,loi cng trnh th cn cn cvo iu kin vt liu a phng , tnh hnh a cht ti ch...v cn cn cvo iu kin a hnh d kin cc bphn cng trnh ni tip thng - hlu. i vi cc cng trnh thot nc ln hn cn da vo sliu iu tra tnh ton quyt nh khu theo phng php hnh thi v khi cn thit c thtin hnh thit ksbring rvi cc phng n btr chiu di nhp v m, trkhc nhau chn gii php btr cu, chn loi v kiu cu. 3.2.2.5 Thit knt giao thng Nu cc tiu chun kthut ca cng trnh ti vtr giao nhau Gii thiu cc hng mc thit kvtr giao nhau - Bnh cc nhnh nt; - Mt ct dc cc nhnh nt ; 37. NGUYN QUANG PHC KHO ST THIT KNG T 10/21/2007 III - 14 - Nn ng, cng trnh phng hv thot nc nn ng, mt ng; - Cu (bao gm ccu vt), cng, hm; - Kt cu mt ng ngang(ni giao cng mc vi ng st); - o giao thng, (o phn chia ng xe chy ngc chiu nhau, o dn hng...); - Tn hiu, iu khin giao thng, an ton giao thng; - Chiu sng - nu c ... - Thit ktchc giao thng 3.2.2.6 Thit kcc cng trnh m bo an ton giao thng Sbthit kcc cng trnh m bo an ton giao thng v thit khthng bo hiu theo 22TCN 237-01 3.2.2.7 Tnh tng mc u t Tnh gi thnh xy dng ng theo mi phng n tuyn da vo khi lng (tin lng) ca nn, cng trnh v dng cc n gi tng hp tnh gi thnh. Cc loi chi ph gin tip c tnh theo tlquy nh. Phng php xy dng n gi v lp khi ton c ththam kho cc vn bn quy nh, hng dn chnh thc ca ngnh giao thng v ca cc a phng . 3.2.2.8 Sbtnh ton xut cc bin php tchc thi cng i vi mi phng n tuyn - Tnh ton khi lng thi cng, khi lng nguyn vt liu cn thit; - xut cc bin php thi cng i vi tng hng mc cng trnh (c bit l i vi cc cng trnh khi lng ln , iu kin thi cng phc tp), cc bin php chun bthi cng(a my mc v vt liu n cng trng ...); - xut hng thi cng v cc nguy tc tchc thi cng; chn phng php thi cng v sbtnh ton thi hn thi cng ; nu r cc iu kin thin nhin v kh hu , thi tit nh hng n thi cng. 3.3 TNH TON CC CHTIU PHC V SO SNH PHNG N TUYN V LUN CHNG HIU QUKINH T i vi mi phng n tuyn cn tnh ton v tp hp cc chtiu so snh theo 3 nhm di y: 3.3.1 Nhm chtiu nh gi cht lng sdng ca ng Nhm ny bao gm : chiu di tuyn ng, hstrin tuyn; sln chuyn hng (sng cong); sng cong dng bn knh ti thiu; bn knh trung bnh(tng cc bn knh ng cong chia cho snh ); tng chiu di dng dc ln nht; schgiao nhau vi ng st v ng t khc; khnng phc v kinh t, dn sinh,quc phng, chnh tr, vn ho; hstai nn giao thng (xc nh 38. NGUYN QUANG PHC KHO ST THIT KNG T 10/21/2007 III - 15 theo phng php ni mc 5.6);tc v thi gian xe chy; khnng thng hnh v chiu di o(xem mc 5.5 v 5.7). 3.3.2 Nhm chtiu kinh t Bao gm: chi ph xy dng, vn doanh v khai thc hnh nm (phng php xc nh chi ph vn doanh v khai thc ng xem mc 5,3). 3.3.3 Nhm cc chtiu nh gi viu kin thi cng Bao gm : khi lng cng trnh cc loi (cn phn bit thng k cc loi thy c mc kh khn vthi cng ca tng phng n, v dthng k ring khi lng o p cng , phong ho, t ...);chiu di cc on tuyn qua a hnh , a cht phc tp; sim c khi lng thi cng tp trung( v dho su...) v khnng gii quyt cng nhscc cng trnh c bit i hi cc thit bthi cng c bit i hi cc thit bthi cng c bit , snhn vt lc, my mc, phng tin vn chuyn cn thit bv iu kin cung ng vt tn thc a. phc vcho vic tnh ton mt schtiu sdngv kinh tni trn trong thit ksbcn tnh ton vc biu tc xe chy v biu lng tiu hao nhin liu khi xe chy dc theo mi phng n tuyn. Cc biu ny c thlp vi mt hay vi loi t (t du lch v loi t ti chim tlln nht trong thnh phn xe chy theo nhim vthit k) cho cchiu i v vca tuyn ng . C thvtrc tip cc thny trn trc dc thit ksb. 3.3.4 Quyt nh chn phng n Trong trng hp so snh cc phng n cc bth c thchda vo cc chtiu thuc nhm nh gi cht lng sdng v nhm nh gi viu kin thi cng trn quyt nh phng n. 3.4 KHO ST THIT KTHEO TO 3.4.1 Nguyn tc v cc yu cu kho st theo to. Mt scng ty tvn, cng trnh lin doanh vi nc ngoi thng dng my phn quang o ng thi gc nm, cao v tnh ra ngay toim o. T ton bhsng, cc nh ng cong, cc l trnh u c vtheo hto . Hthng mc cao v to(Bench Mark BM) phi c nh vbng cc b tng vng chc vi mt 100-200m mt mc, sao cho tvtr cc mc ny, my o c thnhn thy mi vtr cc trn tuyn o c, kim tra, tnh ngay ra to , cao ca cc cc . Nhvy, hthng BM ny thc cht l ng sn chnh nh vtuyn ng. Cao v toca cc BM phi c ni vi h cao toquc gia. 39. NGUYN QUANG PHC KHO ST THIT KNG T 10/21/2007 III - 16 Phi a vo hsthit kbng k mc BM nhsau : Bng 3.1 Mc BM khi ko st theo to Mc Bench Mark Gc nm () Angle Phng v () Azimuth Khong cch (m) Distance ToX (m) Coordinate ToY (m) Coordinate Cao H (m) Level BM 2046 BM 2077 BM 2048 165,7876 16,0752 1,8628 127,029 122,081 132797,871 21785,281 294,743 Cc ng cp cao (60 km/h) tucp quyt nh u tquyt nh c hoc khng kho st theo to. kho st theo tocn xy dng hthng li khng chmt bng trn ton tuyn gm: - Li khng chmt bng hng IV. - Li ng chuyn cp 2. - Li cao hng IV. - Li cao cp kthut. 1. Li khng chmt bng hng IV c thc hin bng cng nghGPS hoc cng ngho c thng thng vi cc chtiu chnh xc trong hquy chiu Gauss quy nh trong Quy phm tm thi ca Tng cc a chnh ban hnh nm 1996 . 2. Li ng chuyn cp 2 (C2) c o c bng my ton c in t(Total Station) v gng phn chiu c chn cnh. a) Cc my ton c in tc chnh xc nhsau c sdng thit lp li ng chuyn cp 2: - chnh xc o gc : 5". - chnh xc o di : ( 5mm+3ppm x D). b) Cc thng scbn ca hlui C2 c quy nh nhsau: - chiu di cnh ca li khng nhhn 80 m v khng ln hn 350 m. Tt nht l t150m n 250m. - chnh xc o gc : m 10". 40. NGUYN QUANG PHC KHO ST THIT KNG T 10/21/2007 III - 17 - chnh xc o cnh : ms/s 1: 5000. - sai skhp tng i ng chuyn: f fx 2 y 2 : S1: 5000. fx: sai skhp gia stotheo trc x. fy : sai skhp gia stotheo trc y. S : chiu di gia 2 im GPS hng IV. - sai skhp gc : 20" n (n l sgc o) - sai svtr im: 50mm 3. Li khng chcao hng IV c xy dng theo tiu chun cp nh nc. Cc mc cao ny hoc xy dng c lp hoc sdng chung vi cc mc ca li khng chmt bng hng IV trn. Cc mc cao hng IV c tin hnh o theo phng php o cao hnh hc Sai skhp cao phi thomn yu cu : fh 20 L (mm). ( L l chiu di ng o tnh bng km) 4. Li cao cp kthut sdng hmc C2 v o theo phng php o cao hnh hc. Sai skhp cao phi thomn yu cu: * i vi ng bng: fh 30 L (mm). * i vi min ni : fh 50 L (mm). Trong trng hp a hnh qu dc (1km phi t >25 trm my ) th: sai skhp cao cng khng c vt qu fhcp 10 n (trong n l strm my trong ng o). 3.4.2 Hthng nh vton cu GPS GPS l tvit tt ca GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM bt u hot ng t nm 1994, l hthng nh vvtinh gm ba phn cng l : 1. Phn iu khin : Gm 8 trm mt t, trong c 4 trm theo di, 1 trm iu khin trung tm v 3 trm hiu chnh sliu. Trm trung tm lm nhim vtnh li toca cc vtinh theo sliu ca 4 trm theo di thu c. Sau khi tnh ton sliu c gi ttrm trung tm ti 3 trm hiu chnh sliu v sau gi tip ti cc vtinh. Sau 1h cc vtinh c cc sliu hiu chnh pht ti cc my thu. 2. Phn khng gian : Bao gm 24 vtinh bay trn quo c cao ng nht 20.200 Km, chu kbay l 12h. Cc vtinh c phn phi trn 6 mt phng quo nghing vi mt phng xch o mt gc l 55 0 . Vic btr cc vtinh nhvy m bo ti mi im trn mt t c thng thi 41. NGUYN QUANG PHC KHO ST THIT KNG T 10/21/2007 III - 18 quan st c 4 vtinh. Mi vtinh pht i hai tn ssng L1=1575,42 MHz v L2=1227,60 MHz. Trong cc sng pht i mang cc thng tin to hiu chnh ca vtinh, lch vtinh, ... 3. Phn sdng : Gm cc my thu t trn mt t, my bay, tu thu,... Cc my thu c 2 loi my thu 1 tn sv my thu 2 tn sthu cc sng ca vtinh. Vi cc sliu cc my thu ththng GPS, sau khi xl tnh c toa tm, khong cch, chnh cao, ... ca cc im. 3.5 NI DUNG DN U TCNG TRNH NG T Ni dung dn u tcng trnh ng t bao gm : - thuyt minh dn u txy dng ng t - thit kcscng trnh ng t A. THUYT MINH 1. Scn thit phi u t - Dn strong vng (hin ti, tng lai v cc chnh sch vdn s) - Tng sn phm trong vng. Tnh hnh kinh t-x hi-vn ho trong vng (hin ti v chin lc pht trin, cc chtiu chnh...) - Tnh hnh u txy dng GT khu vc v khnng huy ng vn (ton khu vc hoc cc tnh trong khu vc) - Hin trng kinh tx hi v tng lai pht trin ca cc vng xung quanh c lin quan n dn. - Tnh hnh kinh tx hi v tng lai pht trin ca cc nc c lin quan n dn (nu dn c lin quan n nc ngoi). - Vmng li GTVT trong vng v quy hoch pht trin: ng b, ng st, ng thu, v ng hng khng (tnh trng kthut, tnh hnh khai thc, lu lng vn ti, tai nn); quy hoch pht trin. - Cc quy hoch khc c lin quan n dn - nh gi vvn ti v dbo nhu cu vn ti nh gi vvn ti trong vng Dbo vkhu vc hp dn Dbo vnhu cu vn ti trong vng ca cc phng thc vn ti st, thu, b, hng khng (nu cn thit), Dbo nhu cu vn ti ca tuyn dn (lu lng, thnh phn dng xe). - Tng hp nhng vn c lin quan v lp lun vscn thit phi u txy dng tuyn ng. 42. NGUYN QUANG PHC KHO ST THIT KNG T 10/21/2007 III - 19 2. Chn la hnh thc u t(khi phc, ci to, nng cp, lm mi i vi cc on tuyn dn). 3. Cc phng n cng trnh - Xc nh quy m v tiu chun kthut Quy trnh, quy phm p dng La chn cp ng quy m v tiu chun kthut cho tuyn ng Tiu chun thit kcu cng... Tiu chun thit kcc cng trnh khc (nu c) - Cc phng n thit k Cc iu kin tnhin vng tuyn i qua (a hnh, a cht, kh tng, thu vn, mi trng), hin trng kthut ca ng c(gao gm cnt giao) - Thit ktuyn Cc im khng ch Hng tuyn v cc phng n tuyn Kt quthit kcc phng n tuyn. Bnh din Mt ct dc Nn ng (thng thng v c bit) Mt ng Thot nc (cng, rnh...) Cng trnh phng h An ton v tchc giao thng Cng trnh phc vkhai thc - Thit kcu - Thit knt giao - Tng hp khi lng xy dng nn, mt, cu, cng v mt scng trnh chnh khc ca tng phng n tuyn - Tng hp so snh chn phng n tuyn 4. Phng n cng nghiu khin, kim sot giao thng 5. Phn tch la chn phng n tchc thi cng 6. Cc yu cu vkhi lng gii phng mt bng, ti nh cv phng n htrxy dng htng kthut (nu c) ca phng n la chn. 7. nh gi tc ng mi trng v gii php xl 43. NGUYN QUANG PHC KHO ST THIT KNG T 10/21/2007 III - 20 - nh gi tc ng mi trng theo hng dn trong Tiu chun 22 TCN 242- 98, lu n: c trng a hnh, a cht v ti nguyn t Kh hu Cht lng khng kh Mc n Thuvn v ti nguyn nc Cc hsinh thi c trng Ti nguyn khong sn c im kinh tx hi Dbo nhng din bin mi trng khi khng thc hin dn. - nh gi tc ng mi trng M tcc hot ng ca dn gy tc ng ln n mi trng Cc phng php sdng nh gi tc ng nh gi tc ng mi trng - Cc gii php xl v chi ph xl (tng ng giai on thi cng v khai thc) 8. Qun l duy tu tuyn ng - Tchc qun l duy tu tuyn ng - Yu cu vlao ng, vthit b, vcng trnh cho vic qun l duy tu tuyn ng. 9. Tng mc u t, ngun vn - Khi lng chyu vxy dng v thit bca phng n la chn - Tng mc u t Cc cn clp tng mc u t Cu thnh ca tng mc u t Tng mc u tca phng n kin ngh - Phn k, phn on xy dng tuyn ng theo phng n kin ngh - Gii php cho ngun vn u t 10. Phn tch hiu quu t - Phng php phn tch kinh tti chnh v cc githit cbn. 44. NGUYN QUANG PHC KHO ST THIT KNG T 10/21/2007 III - 21 - Phng php tnh ton v cc kt qutnh ton Kinh tti chnh trong nh gi dn. - Phn tch cc li ch v hu quvmt x hi. 11. Cc mc thi gian chnh thc hin dn 12. Kin nghhnh thc qun l thc hin dn 13. Xc nh Chu t 14. Mi quan hv trch nhim ca cc cquan lin quan n dn PHN KT LUN V KIN NGH - Kt lun v: Scn thit u t, tnh khthi cc mt ca phng n kin ngh. Tng mc u tca phng n kin ngh. Yu cu v thi gian u tvo cng trnh thuc dn v cc tuyn c lin quan. Bc thit kkthut hay TKKT-TC v cc lu . - Cc kin ngh. B. THIT KCS Thnh phn hsTKCS ng t c thc nhm thnh cc phn nhsau: - Tuyn, nn ng, cng trnh phng hnn ng, thot nc nn ng, mt ng t; - Chgiao nhau gia ng thit kvi cc ng giao thng trn b; - Cu nhv cng ng t; - Chng vcc cng trnh phc vkhai thc nhthng tin tn hiu, kin trc, in, nc (nu c); - Tng mc u t; - Hsn b, gii phng mt bng; Mc ch ca iu tra giao thng l thu thp cc sliu dng nh gi scn thit phi u txy dng tuyn ng, xc nh cc tiu chun thit k, gii php thit k, quy m u tv phn tch hiu quu t. ------o0o------- 45. NGUYN QUANG PHC KHO ST THIT KNG T 10/21/2007 IV - 1 CHNG 4 CNG TC KHO ST THIT KNG T TRONG GIAI ON KHO ST THIT KKTHUT HOC TKKT-TC 4.1 CNG TC KHO ST LP THIT K K THUT HOC TKKT-TC 4.1.1 Cng tc kho st tuyn . - Nhim vkho st kthut : Tin hnh tt ccc cng vic o c v iu tra bng dng cmy mc , thu thp cc sliu cn thit lp thit kkthut v d ton . Khi tin hnh kho st kthut phi cn cvo hsBCNCKT c ph chun . - Nhng cng vic tin hnh trong bc ny gm : + Cng tc chun b. + Cng tc kho st tuyn . + Kho st tuyn qua cc khu vc c bit . + Kho st cc cng trnh lin quan n tuyn . + Kho st cc cng trnh thot nc nh. + Thu thp cc sliu lp thit kTCTC v dton . + Lp cc vn bn thothun cn thit . + Lp hs, ti liu kho st . 4.1.1.1 Cng tc chun b: Cng tc chun b: bao gm : - Nghin cu kBCNCKT c duyt v quyt nh ph duyt nhim vu t ca dn . - Tm hiu v nm li cc ti liu vhto, hcao , vkh tng, thy vn, a cht, vcp sng v tnh hnh cng trnh c(nu c) . - Lp khoch kho st , cng kho st, tin v dton kho st . - Tchc i kho st v nh bin cn bkthut . 4.1.1.2 Cng tc kho st tuyn . Khi kho st kthut cn : 46. NGUYN QUANG PHC KHO ST THIT KNG T 10/21/2007 IV - 2 - Nghin cu ktuyn c duyt bc BCNCKT , chnh l nhng on xt thy cn thit . - o c bsung li ta hng IV v ng chuyn cp 2 theo phng n tuyn c duyt ( i v ng c tc tnh ton t60 Km/h trln ) . 1) Cc phng php nh tuyn ngoi thc a : Trc khi tin hnh cc cng tc thc a, i trng cn phi thst ngoi thc a khu vc nh tuyn cng vi cc cn ba cht , thy vn . Vic thst tin hnh vi cc ni dung sau : - Quan st cc im khng ch, cc on tuyn kh khn, nh gi v phng hng gii quyt . - Tm hiu iu kin a cht thnhng, nh gi iu kin thit knn ng v cc cng trnh . - Dkin nhng on ng cc thtn dng . - Kim tra li cc mc cao xem cn hay mt . - Thng bo cho cc cquan a phng vcc cng vic stin hnh vhng tuyn, cc ni tip gip vi cc thtrn, thnh phv tip nhn nguyn vng ca cc cquan a phng vvtr tuyn ng . - Dkin vtr ng qun ca i kho st . Khi nh tuyn ngoi thc a cn phi tun theo nhng nguyn tc sau : - Thit knn ng phi m bo cho giao thng thun li, ng thi phi tun theo mi quy nh vtiu chun kthut ca tuyn . Trng hp tuyn khng theo quy trnh phi c l do xc ng . - nh tuyn phi bm st ng chim bay gia 2 im khng ch. - Vtr tuyn cgng i qua vng a cht n nh m bo cho nn ng c vng chc . - Khng nn nh tuyn qua khu t ai c bit qu , t ai ca vng kinh tc bit , cgng t lm nh hng n quyn li ca nhng ngi sdng t . - Khi tuyn giao nhau vi ng st hoc i song song vi ng st cn phi tun theo quy trnh ca BGTVT vquan hgia ng t v ng st (vtr giao phi ngoi phm vi ga , ng dn tu , ca hm ng st , ghi chng , cc ct tn hiu vo ga , gc giao 450 ) . nh tuyn vng a hnh kh khn v bche khut c thtin hnh theo cc phng php sau : 1. Vch ng sn th, o c v ln trc dc , nu thy cha thomn th vch ng sn thhai theo hng khc i mt t v cnhvy n khi t c yu cu . y l cch lm m mm , may th c tuyn tt . 47. NGUYN QUANG PHC KHO ST THIT KNG T 10/21/2007 IV - 3 2. Lp bnh c ng ng mc khu vc nh tuyn v cn cvo vch tuyn , sau em ra cm ngoi thc a . 3. Vch ng sn tuyn trn thc a , o chiu di , cao c v o trc ngang ca ng sn . Cn cvo sliu o , vbnh ng sn . Cn cvo bnh vch tuyn cth, sau em ra cm ngoi thc a. Tm vtr tuyn tt nht vng ni i hi nhiu cng vic tmv lu di . i vi nhng on qua o th c thdng my kinh vhoc my o dc i ng sn thv dc cho. Khi thdc cn phi bt u thtnh o xung chn o. dc bnh qun ca ng sn thnn ly nhhn dc gii hn ca cp ng khong 2% dphng nhng on c dc cc bln . Tuyn c chn cui cng sc cm trn thc a v cnh vbnh v cao . 2) Phng tuyn v o gc : Cng tc phng tuyn ngoi thc a do i trng hoc chnhim n tin hnh , vtr ca tuyn sc t trn thc a bng cch cm cc so tiu. phi cm cho mt ng ngm t nht l 3 so tiu c thngm thai u li . Trn ng thng di , c2 Km phi thli gc hai phng ( gc hai phng l gc bng hp bi hng Bc hay Nam kinh tuyn gia hoc ng song song vi kinh tuyn vi hng ng thng trn hnh chiu , gc hai phng c gi trt 00 n 900 v k hiu l r ) . Khi phng tuyn qua cc cng trnh xy dng hay cc vt thkhc th dn tuyn theo hnh tam gic hoc hnh chnht (hnh v) B CA Hnh 1. Phng tuyn qua chng ngi vt tm thi cnh ng thng, ngi ta sdng cc cc cao 1,5 m ~ 2,0 m cm thay thchcc so tiu phng thng . Gc th o theo pha phi ca hng i v qua tnh ra gc chuyn hng . Gc c o bng cc loi my o gc . Cc nh ca tuyn c ng bng cc cc g tt c ng knh = 4 ~ 5 cm v di 20 ~ 25 cm hoc bng cc b tng kch thc 121212 cm di 35 ~ 40 cm , my o gc phi t ng tm ca cc cc . Ti im u v im cui tuyn phi o gc phng vt, v phi o gc hai phng khi tuyn giao nhau vi cc tuyn khc . 48. NGUYN QUANG PHC KHO ST THIT KNG T 10/21/2007 IV - 4 Sau khi o gc, trsca bn knh dng ng cong da theo sliu thit ktrn ti liu bnh ca bc NCKT, trng hp cn thit c ththay i cho ph hp vi a hnh , nhng phi theo tiu chun quy nh ca cp ng . kim tra o gc, cui mi ngy cng tc phi o mt gc phng vt. Khi o gc, i vi mi gc phi ghi r stht, hng ngot tri hay phi, trsgc, cc trs kim tra khi o gc, bn knh chn, tip tuyn , phn c, chiu di ng cong . 3) ng cong , o di , ri cc chi tit , o cao v o trc ngang . 1 - Cng tc ng cong : Bao gm vic ng cc im chyu nhim u N, im cui NC ca ng cong chuyn tip , tip u T, tip cui TC , im gia P ca ng cong trn v cc im trong ng cong . Tn nh , tn cc cc T, TC , P phi thng nht vsliu .Cc sliu ny nh stheo thtt1 n 100 v sau li tip tc t1 n 100 khc . 2 - Cng tc o di : Cng tc o di phi tin hnh o tng qut ring , o di tng qut ng cc 100 m ( cc H ) . o tng qut phi tin hnh o 2 ln , sai sgia 2 ln o khng c vt qu sai scho php sau y : L 1000 1 L - i vi vng ng bng . L 500 1 L - i vi vng ni . Trong : L - Sai sgia 2 ln o , ( m ) ; L - Chiu di on o , ( m ) ; Cng tc o di chi tit xc nh khong cch gia cc cc chi tit , o di chi tit cho 1 ln v khp vo cc 100 m ( cc H ). Khi o di chi tit ly trn sn 5 cm v sai sgia ln o di chi tit v tng qut khng c vt qu sai scho php di y : L 200 1 L ; Trong : L - Sai sgia ln o chi tit v tng qut trong cc H , ( m ) ; Khi o di vng c dc phi tin hnh o trn mt phng nm ngang , thun tin v n gin trong thc tkho st chi tit cho php o nhsau : Khi dc mt t nhhn 2 0 cho php o di theo st mt t . Khi dc t2 0 n 20 0 dng mt c lng ko thc theo phng ngang . Khi dc hn 200 phi o bng thc chA . 49. NGUYN QUANG PHC KHO ST THIT KNG T 10/21/2007 IV - 5 Khi tuyn giao nhau vi dng nc ln v cc chng ngi khc th tin hnh o theo cc phng php cn thit . Khi o dng thc thp o di . 3 - Cng tc ng cc v ri cc chi tit : Cc cc chi tit, cc H, cc KM, cc ng cong dng cc gvung hoc trn c ct khc vit ch. Cc cc nh, cc dn ng thng, cc u tuyn, cc cui tuyn phi dng bng cc b tng hay gtthit, nu l cc b tng c thc theo hnh tam gic u cnh 12cm di 40cm, nu l cc glm vung 12x12cm di 40 cm. Cc cc mc cao c ng theo quy cch cc nh . Cc u cc nh v cc mc phi c inh o gc v t mia . Vic ri cc chi tit c thri theo sthay i ca a hnh , hoc c thkhng ri theo a hnh m c20 m ri 1 cc. Cc vtr buc phi ng nhcc trong ng cong , ni giao nhau vi cc dng nc, cc vtr cng trnh hai bn tuyn nhng dn nc, p, cu, cng hin c, ct in, cc vtr giao nhau vi ng st v ng t khc c coi l cc cc phv cn phi khp vo cc cc chi tit chnh l cc 20 m. Cc phi ng ng ctuyn , trn ng thng phi ngm theo cc ng thng , trong ng cong phi li dng cc ng cong , cc chi tit phi ng sao cho khng lch khi ctuyn qu 10 cm . 4 - Cng tc o cao : Trong o cao sdng my thy bnh , khi cao c tin hnh cao c tng qut ring v cao c chi tit ring . *) Cao c tng qut l o cao cc mc , phi o 2 ln v sai sgia 2 ln o khng c vt qu sai scho php sau y : h 30 L , mm ; - i vi vng ng bng h 40 L , mm ; - i vi vng ni . Trong : h - sai sgia hai ln o cao tng qut , mm ; L - chiu di on on o cao , Km ; Trong o cao tng qut cn phi t cc mc cao c , vng ng bng ckhong 2 Km t 1 mc , vng ni khong 1 Km t 1 mc , v t mc nhng vtr cng trnh nhcu trung , cu ln , k ln , ...Mc cao c phi c t ni chc chn , trnh brung ng v t ngoi phm vi tuyn sau khi thi cng vn cn mc , v cn phi sha vtr t mc dtm . *) Cao c chi tit : l o cao tt ccc cc trn tuyn v nhng vtr cn thit . o cao chi tit chcn o mt ln v khp vo cc mc cao c tng qut , sai s o cao chi tit so vi mc cao c khng c vt qu sai scho php sau : h 50 L , mm ; (cc k hiu nhtrn). 50. NGUYN QUANG PHC KHO ST THIT KNG T 10/21/2007 IV - 6 Cc vtr cn o cao khc l : im u v im cui mt cu hin c , y sng, cc mc nc, cao ca ng st v cc ng t khc giao nhau hoc ni tip vi tuyn . Ch : Cao ca tuyn c thly theo mc cao c quc gia , hoc ly theo cao tginh v trn tuyn chc ginh mt cao . 5 - Cng tc o trc ngang : Cng tc o trc ngang c ththc hin bng thc chA hoc bng my thy bnh . Phm vi o c ti thiu phi m bo gii hn thit kkhun nn ng (o hoc p) v cc cng trnh lin quan n ng cng nhgii hn gii phng mt bng . Trc ngang phi o vung gc vi trc ng , trong ng cong o theo ng hng tm . Khi o phi quay lng vim xut pht v bn phi ca hng i l bn phi ca hnh ct ngang , bn tri cng nhvy . 6) Cnh tuyn trn thc a : Tuyn phi c cnh trn thc a vbnh v cao . Vbnh scnh nh , cc on thng di , im u v im cui . Vmt cao , tuyn c cnh bng cc mc cao c tm thi v vnh cu . Mc tm thi m ttrn , cn mc vnh cu st khi no ngoi thc a khng c cc mc vnh cu ca cc cquan khc , cc mc cao c vnh cu ny st cch nhau khng qu 15 Km , vng ho lnh t dn th khng qu 30 Km . t mc vnh cu cn chn ni chc chn , khng bngp nc , khng bx dch vtr do t di chuyn ( c thtng nh , b ca ngi nh , mcu , cc tng ln ) . Trng hp c thit lp ng chuyn cp 2 th cc cc cnh tuyn phi c mc ni vi ng chuyn c trn dc tuyn . e) o c lp bnh cao : tt cnhng ni phc tp ca tuyn cn phi thit kcc cng trnh , u phi o c lp bnh cao xc nh chnh xc vtr ca tuyn . l nhng ni giao nhau vi dng nc ln , vc su , khu vc dn c, ni giao nhau vi ng st v ng t khc , cc on sn ni c a hnh phc tp , vng c khe xi , t st , ln , .... lp bnh cao c thdng nhng phng php sau : 1 - ng sn kinh vvi cc trc ngang : Vch trn thc a ng sn, o c cc yu tca ng sn (chiu di , gc, cao ), nh vmt sim so trc ngang trn ng sn (khong cch, cao ). Hng o ca cc trc ngang shp vi ng sn chnh mt gc thno biu thc a hnh y nht , gc ny sc o bng my kinh v. 51. NGUYN QUANG PHC KHO ST THIT KNG T 10/21/2007 IV - 7 Phng php ny thng p dng nhng khu vc nhiu bi cy v rng, khi gii t cn o hp , cn khi a hnh ni non him trth phng php ny tn rt nhiu thi gian . 2 - Phng php ton c : Trn thc a cn cm tuyn v o bng thc thp ng sn chnh hoc c th dng ngay tuyn lm ng sn chnh . Trn ng sn chnh sln lt t my kinh vnhng im m t c ththy a hnh xung quanh c r rng . Ngi ng my c thdng mt thng quan st a hnh v ra hiu cho ngi cm mia t nhng chcn thit , khi o sc trn my trsgc bng ca im o hp vi ng ngm chun , gc ng v cly , tgc ng v cly s tnh c cao im o . Phng php ny ph hp nhng ni a hnh him trv quang ng. 3 - Phng php bn c : Phng php ny cho php vngay bnh ti thc a . Ngi ng my quan st thc a v hng my n nhng im c trng o, o khong cch v cao , ng thi vcc ng ng mc ngay ti hin trng . Phng php ny thng c dng trong vic lp bnh qua sng, n khng dng c nhng ni a hnh bche khut . 4.1.1.3 Kho st tuyn qua khu vc c bit : - nhng ni cn thit kcng trnh c bit phi lp bnh cao tl1/200 ~ 1/500 , ng ng mc 0,50 ~ 1,00 m . Tlbnh ln , nhty thuc mc phc tp ca a hnh v yu cu ca cng trnh thit k. - Nhng ni cn lp bnh cao : + on st trt . + on bxi l. + on dc nng c bn knh ti thiu . + on cn thit krnh nh . + khu vc tuyn thit kgiao ct (hoc nhp) vi cc ng khc . + khu vc khe xi ang hot ng . + khu vc c nn phng vt ( tc khu vc to bn tri ) . + on phi thit kng cong con rn . + on qua vng Kast(hang ng) . + on qua vng m ly cn thit kc bit . - Vi khu vc st , trt , l: Xc nh nguyn nhn gy mt n nh v gii php vng trnh hp l. - Vi khu vc tuyn ct qua dng bn , c thchn mt trong cc gii php : 52. NGUYN QUANG PHC KHO ST THIT KNG T 10/21/2007 IV - 8 + t tuyn pha trn nn phng vt . + chn phn tng i thoi ca nn t tuyn pha di . + i bng hm di nn phng vt . - Vi khu vc Kast: tt nht nn trnh , trng hp bt buc - phi m tkv kin nghgii php kthut cn thit . - Vi khu vc t c cha mui phi ly mu th nghim , xem xt khnng n mn i vi mt ng dng cht lin kt hu ckt lun c dng c hay khng . - Vi khu vc t mm yu cn m tloi bn v khoan thm d . La chn vtr vt qua hp l nht , ng thi xut c nhng gii php thit kkhthi . - Trng hp kho st tuyn qua thnh ph, thx : Cn chn ng cslm chda cho cng tc o c, kho st (mp va h, di phn cch, mp mt ng). Trn ng csng cc cc ng sn cly 20 m, 50 m, 100 m ty tnh phc tp ca a hnh . Ti mi cc ng sn o trc ngang . thun li cho thit k, cn cung cp mt sbn vvi tlsau : Bnh tl1/500 c thhin y : - ng cs. - hnh dng ng hin hu (mt ng, b va , h ph, di phn cch ) . - chgii xy dng v nh ca hin c dc ng . - cc ng giao . - hthng ging thu , ging thm . - vtr v cao mc cao hin c . - cc hng cy xanh . - cc lkhoan v ho . - ct in thoi , ct n chiu sng , ct in cao th. Bnh tl1/200 ~ 1/500 thhin y cc loi cng trnh ngm ( cp thng tin , cp in lc , tuyn ng cp nc v,v.. ) v: vtr , su, mt ct, tnh trng . Trc dc tuyn ng hin hu tlcao 1/100 , di 1/1000 . 4.1.1.4 Kho st cc cng trnh lin quan n tuyn : - Cc cng trnh lin quan n tuyn bao gm : nh ca trong phm vi thi cng , cc loi ct in , cc loi ng ng ( cp , thot nc , dn du , kh t , ... ) , mvt liu , cng trnh phc vng v vn ti ( bn xe , nh cung ht , trm cp xng du ... ) v.v ... Vic iu tra phi thhin c trn bnh v thng k theo cc mu bng quy nh : 53. NGUYN QUANG PHC KHO ST THIT KNG T 10/21/2007 IV - 9 Bng 1 Bng thng k nh ca haibn tuyn L trnh Bn tri Bn phi Loi nh Din tch (m 2 ) Chnh Loi nh Din tch (m 2 ) Chnh Km2+100 nh gch 45.0 ng A nh tranh Bng 2 Bng thng k ct in v cc loi ct khc L trnh Loi ct Khong cch n tuyn Cquan qun l Tri ( m ) Phi ( m ) Km2+400 in cao th 20 10 Sin lc thnh ph ng ng dn du , kh t trong phm vi 300 m u phi thhin trn bnh v thng k theo bng 3 : Bng 3 Thng k ccng ng L trnh Loi ng Kch c Khong cch (m) Ghi ch ng knh (mm) p sut daN/cm2 Km6+150 dn du 200 25 100 i // vi tuyn . Cng trnh ngm bao gm : cng ngm , ng cp ngm , ng dy in thoi ngm v.v... nm trong phm vi thi cng phi iu tra v thng k theo bng 4 . Bng 4 Thng k cc cng trnh ngm L trnh Loi cng trnh Khong cch n tuyn Chiu su (m) Cquan qun l Tri (m) Phi (m) Km2+500 Km3+400 cng nc cp thng tin 20 5 1.50 1.20 Squn l CTT Sn HN iu tra rung t , vn tc , cy chai bn tuyn tnh ttim ng ra mi bn 50 m vng thx , thtrn v 100 m cc vng khc , theo thng k bng 5 Bng 5 Thng k din chim dng L trnh Bn tri Bn phi Ghi ch Khong cch Loi Khong cch Loi Km1+400 Km2+500 0~50 m 15~50 m Rung 2 v i trng cy ly g 0~50 m rung 54. NGUYN QUANG PHC KHO ST THIT KNG T 10/21/2007 IV - 10 4.1.1.5 Kho st cc cng trnh thot nc nh. - Cc cng trnh thot nc nhbao gm : cng cc loi , cu c chiu di ton b nhhn 25m , nn ng thm , ng trn ... - Nhim vca kho st cng trnh thot nc nhl : xc nh vtr cng trnh , dkin loi cng trnh v thu thp cc sliu cn thit tnh ton thy vn , thy lc . Khi chn cu hay cng sty thuc cc yu tsau : + lu lng cn thot . + c im dng chy . + chiu cao nn p . v c sso snh kinh t- kthut gia cc gii php khc nhau . - Cng c thchn loi khng p , bn p hay c p . Loi c p c thp dng nhng trng hp sau : + nn p chiu cao cn thit theo mc nc TK ca cng c p . + cho php tch nc thng lu cng . + nn ng phi rng nc khng thm qua nn ng . + mi ni cng c xl rt cn thn . + phi gia cthng lu cng . khu v chnc chy trong cng xc nh theo tnh ton thy lc. 4.1.1.6 Thu thp cc sliu lp Thit ktchc thi cng v dton . - Trong thuyt minh sphi trnh by vc im ca vng kho st v nhng phng php hp l tchc thi cng ng . - Cc vn cn tm hiu l : C thxy dng cng trnh trong thi gian no , v trong bao lu . Dkin thi hn kt thc nhng cng trnh chnh . Xc nh sngy lm vic v thi gian tc ng . Xc nh cc on thi cng v cung ht qun l : xy dng ln tri v lm nh cung ht . Tm hiu n gi a phng , cc phcp khu vc . Dkin cc ngun cung cp vt liu xy dng (vtr , trlng, cht lng) . Xc nh chiu di ng cng vc c tnh khi lng . 55. NGUYN QUANG PHC KHO ST THIT KNG T 10/21/2007 IV - 11 4.1.1.7 Lp cc vn bn thothun cn thit . - Vic lp cc vn bn thothun nhm chng minh thm cho phng n tuyn chn l hp l , cc gii php thi cng l thch hp , ngun vt liu dkin khai thc l chp nhn c . - Nhng vn cn c thothun bng vn bn ca Chnh quyn a phng v Cquan lin quan l : Vtr tuyn ng trong phm vi a phng . Vtr giao ct vi ng st v cc vn lin quan n ng st : + giy php c ct qua ng st . + nhng thay i trong tng lai ca ng st hin hu . Scng nhn ca chnh quyn vgii php tuyn i chung vi ng ph. Sng ca cc cquan qun l cc cng trnh ngm c lin quan. Sng ca chnh quyn a phng i vi mvt liu dkin khai thc v: + mt bng khai thc . + quyn li v trch nhim mi bn . 4.1.1.8 Hs, ti liu phi cung cp . - Kt thc bc kho st TKKT , cn cung cp nhng ti liu sau : Thuyt minh chung vcng tc kho st tuyn ( trong ch n nhng on kh khn , nhng cc bphc tp ) . Thuyt minh vkho st CCT . Thuyt minh vkho st thy vn . Thuyt minh vcc mVLXD . Bnh cao tuyn tl1/1000 - 1/2000 ( c y a hnh , a vt , vtr cc mc cao , ... ) . Trc dc tuyn tl1/100 - 1/1000 hoc 1/200 - 1/2000 c mt ct a cht , c cc mc nc iu tra v mc nc tnh ton theo tn sut quy nh . Trc ngang tl1/200 . Bn tng hp cc khu tnc . Bn tnh cc lu lng , khu cc cng trnh thot nc nh. Thng k cc cc giu . Bnh dui thng cc vtr cc mVLXD . Thng k rung t bchim dng . Thng k nh ca v cc loi cng trnh phi di chuyn . 56. NGUYN QUANG PHC KHO ST THIT KNG T 10/21/2007 IV - 12 Thng k khi lng cht cy , dy c. Thng k mc cao . Thng k cc ng giao . Thng k cc loi cng trnh thot nc . Thng k cc vtr dkin lm nh phc vkhai thc . 4.1.2 Cng tc kho st thy vn . 4.1.2.1. i vi tuyn ng : - Ni dung chyu ca cng tc kho st thy vn trong bc ny l : o c, thu thp cc sliu , ti liu thy vn c lin quan ti vic quy nh cao khng ch ca ng trn trc dc , bin php gia cchng xi , chng trt nh: + mc nc cao nht . + mc nc ng thng xuyn . + thi gian ng nc thng xuyn .... - Ni dung , phng php tin hnh , yu cu hsnhbc BCNCKT . 4.1.2.2. i vi cng trnh thot nc nh: - Tt nht tin hnh sau khi kho st o c bnh v trc dc ng theo yu cu ca TKKT v vtr cc cng trnh thot nc c xc nh (v bc BCNCKT mi chxc nh sb). - i chiu cc c trng lu vc xc nh c trn bn ( tl1/10.000 ; 1/25.000 ) vi kt quthst trn thc a v tin hnh hiu chnh . - Ni dung v phng php kho st, iu tra cc c trng a mo lng sui, c trng a mo lu vc, cu to t, cy cphlu vc c quy nh nhbc BCNCKT . - o c a hnh ti tng cng trnh thot nc nh: Trong bc kho st ny phi lm nhm btr cng trnh ph hp vi a hnh v tnh ton thy vn chnh xc. Ni dung o c a hnh bao gm : * o vbnh khu vc : + tlbnh : 1/200 ~ 1/500 + phm vi o v: theo chiu di sui - 20 m vmi pha theo chiu ngang sui - t nht 5~10 m chiu rng sui vma l. * Mt ct ngang sui ti cng trnh thot nc : + Phm vi o v: thng thng o cao hn mc nc lcao nht t1 ~ 2 m , phn cn li sda vo trc dc ng xc nh phm vi nc ngp . 57. NGUYN QUANG PHC KHO ST THIT KNG T 10/21/2007 IV - 13 + Trn mt ct ngang ny phi thhin : cc cc chi tit , cc l trnh thng nht vi trc dc tuyn , cc cao mc nc iu tra , a cht cu to lng sui , .... * o vtrc dc sui : + Tl: cao 1/50 ~ 1/100 ; di 1/100 ~ 1/200 . + Phm vi o v: bng chiu di o vbnh khu vc cng trnh , ch khi o phi o theo lch su nht ca sui . + Trn trc dc ny phi thhin : vtr tim cng trnh thot nc , ng mt nc v hng nc chy . - iu tra mc nc : quy nh nhBCNCKT . 4.1.4 Cng tc kho st a cht cng trnh . 1. Chun bkho st : - Nghin cu cc vn bn ph duyt DAKT . - Hthng ho cc ti liu thu thp , kho st giai on trc . - Nghin cu cc vn cn tn ti ca giai on trc . - Lp khoch kho st , n nh khi lng kho st . 2. Kho st CCT cc loi nn ng : 1) Nn ng thng thng : - Phm vi o v: trn di bng rng 100 m . - Thm d bng cc lkhoan , thng thng c1Km btr 2 lxen kvo cc l khoan giai on trc , chiu su 5 ~ 7 m ( trng hp di chuyn kh khn c ththay thbng ho ) . 2) Nn ng c bit ( t yu ) : - Sau khi khoanh vng , cn tin hnh iu tra : thm d bng cc lkhoan btr cch nhau 50 ~ 100 m trn tim tuyn ( trng hp c bit c thngn hn). C 200 m tin hnh 1 mt ct CCT trn c 3 lkhoan . su lkhoan phi su ht lp t yu . Khi c iu kin c thtin hnh th nghm ct cnh hin trng . - Vic ly mu t v th nghim cc chtiu c- l ca t yu phi thn trng bo vtnh nguyn dng ca mu v chn sth nghim ct cho ph hp . 3) Nn ng ngp nc v ng qua bi sng : - Tin hnh nhnn ng p thng thng , nhng cn ch cc vn sau: Xc nh bn vng ca t nn . Xc nh cc yu tthy vn c nh hng ti sn nh ca mi dc . 58. NGUYN QUANG PHC KHO ST THIT KNG T 10/21/2007 IV - 14 Tm kim cc t p c cht lng thch hp khi ngm nc , cng nhcc gii php k , cng trnh phng h. 4) Nn ng o su : - Nn o su l nn khi thi cng mi dc c chiu cao hn 12 m c chra trong giai on DAKT . Mc ch ca kho st : pht hin xem phi thi cng trong tng t c n nh nhthno ? Cc ni dung cn lm sng t: i vi vng cng n nh : xc nh bdy tng ph, tnh cht n nh ca tng ph, c im a cht thy vn . i vi nhng vng cng v na cng nt n, vvn : xc nh thnm ca , mc nt nv hng pht trin ca nt n... i vi nhng on t loi st khng n nh : xem xt cc yu ta mo , iu kin a cht thy vn , tnh n nh vi nc v c bit quan tm ti tnh cht trng nca t (phi ly mu phn tch). - Cng tc thm d c tin hnh c bit vi cc lkhoan cch nhau t50 ~100 m . Cch 100 m btr 1 mt ct CCT vi 3 lkhoan . Chiu su l khoan ty thuc vo bdy tng ph. Khng cn thit phi khoan su ti cao ng . 5) Nn ng p cao : - Nn p cao l nn c chiu cao p trn 12 m . - Cng tc o vCCT nhvi nn thng thng , vic thm d bng cc l khoan trn tim tuyn vi cly 50 ~ 100 m . Mc ch chyu ca cng tc khoan l pht hin tng t yu . 6) on ng dkin xy dng tng chn v tng phng h: - Mc ch : Xc nh khnng chu ti ca nn thin nhin . Xc nh chiu su gc v su t mng cng trnh . - Cng tc thm d c tin hnh bng nhng lkhoan trn tim cng trnh d kin v trn cc mt ct ngang CCT . Cly gia cc lkhoan ( kt hp vi SPT ) t10 ~ 15 m trn tim cng trnh . Trn mt ct ngang , cly lkhoan t5 ~ 10 m . su lkhoan phi ti gc hoc vo tng chu lc 5m . 3. Kho st CCT cho cng : - Cng tc ny cn c kt hp vi kho st nn ng . - Cht vn kho st khi c iu kin a cht c bit , c thkhoan nhng khng qu 2 lcho mt vtr cng . - Cng tc ly mu theo quy nh thng thng . 59. NGUYN QUANG PHC KHO ST THIT KNG T 10/21/2007 IV - 15 4. Kho st CCT cho cu nh: - Cn tn dng cc lkhoan tin hnh trong giai on trc nu c strng v tr , hoc khng ng vtr nhng xt vn sdng c th khng cn bsung l khoan . - Trng hp khng c sliu th cn btr 2 lkhoan ti vtr mcu , su l khoan 15 ~ 20 m v iu kin kt thc lkhoan ging nhgiai on trc . - Cng tc ly mu theo ng quy nh thng thng . 5. Kho st CCT cho cu trung v cu ln : - Cng tc khoan thm d c tin hnh nhsau : i vi cu trung : btr mi vtr trv mmt lkhoan ( kt hp SPT ) . su lkhoan t25 ~ 30 m , c bit c thti 40 m . iu kin kt thc lkhoan tng tbc NCKT . i vi cu ln : btr mi vtr mv trmt lkhoan ( kt hp SPT ) . Trng hp iu kin CCT phc tp , a tng khng ng nht , c hin tng Kast, c phn b vi th c thbtr 2 lkhoan cho mi vtr mhoc trcu . Cc vtr ny c btr so le nhau so vi tim cu . iu kin kt thc lkhoan nh bc NCKT . - Ton bkt qukhoan phi xc nh c su t mng v chtiu c- l ca cc lp . - Cng tc ly mu theo ng quy nh , nhng phi m bo slng mu ph hp vi quy nh vchnh l chtiu ca t . - Hskho st CCT cho cu trung v cu ln phi c lp ring . 6. Kho st cc mVLXD : Gi thnh xy dng ng dng vt liu ti chsgim i rt nhiu so vi dng vt liu chtxa n . - Vic kho st , thm d cc mvt liu gn tuyn c tin hnh ng thi vi vic iu tra a cht . Cc giai on kho st mphn ra : a) Tm kim , tin hnh ng thi vi kho st sbtuyn . Mc ch: nhm thu thp ti liu vcht lng, trlng, khnng khai thc b ) Thm d sb, tin hnh ng thi vi kho st kthut . Mc ch : xc lp cc thothun vi cc cquan a phng trong vic dnh t khai thc m, o c a hnh , lp bnh mv m tnhng chthm d v cc vt ltnhin . Trong bc ny cn ly mu t th nghim xc nh cht lng xem c tiu chun sdng hay khng . 60. NGUYN QUANG PHC KHO ST THIT KNG T 10/21/2007 IV - 16 Vic xc nh trlng ca mc thtin hnh theo cc phng php : * Trung bnh shc : ly bdy trung bnh ca lp vt liu o c lkhoan nhn vi din tch ca n . * Mt ct song song : chia mbng cc cc mt ct song song , mi mt ct c btr cc ho , khi lng cc lp bng din tch hu ch mi mt ct nhn vi khong cch gia chng . * Phng php a gic : din tch mc chia thnh cc tam gic c cc nh nm trn cc lkhoan , thtch mi khi mtam gic c xc nh bng din tch ca tam gic nhn vi bdy trung bnh ca lp hu ch . c) Thm d chi tit , tin hnh trong thi kthit kthi cng . Ni dung : Xc nh iu kin khai thc v vn chuyn : vtr bt u khai thc , din tch cng tc hu ch , khu vc lp ph, thi gian c thkhai thc trong nm , cly vn chuyn n tuyn , khnng vn chuyn ca ng v cc on ng vn chuyn cn gia c. 4.2 CNG TC THIT KKTHUT HOC TKKT-TC Sau khi o c v iu tra y ti liu thc a c thtin hnh thit kkthut, tc l tnh ton, quyt nh cu to cc yu tca tuyn, nn, mt ng v cc cng trnh nhn to trn ng km theo khi lng thi cng tng ng. Tht ra, ngay trong qu trnh cm tuyn trn thc a ng thi cng phi quyt nh cc gii php kthut v cp n cc vn thit kni trn, do cng vic lc ny trc ht l i su vo tnh ton chnh xc ho cc cu tobphn ca ng, cgng vn dng cc thnh tu mi , cc tin bkthut. Phi xem vic thit kl mt qu trnh sng to v ngi thit kphi t vmnh trn cng vngi sdng ng cgng sng to mi iu kin tt nht cho vic chy xe, ng thi cng phi ch to mi iu kin thun li cho vic khai thc, duy tu sa cha su ny. 61. NGUYN QUANG PHC KHO ST THIT KNG T 10/21/2007 IV - 17 Khi thit kphi xt ti iu kin thi cng, khnng vkthutv tchc, cng nhtrang thit bca n vthi cng. ng thi phi t vn tn dng vt liu ti ch. Mi bn thit kv mi vn kin trong hsthit kphi y , chi tit, c tt c cc sliu cn thit thc hin bn thit k mt cch thun li, ng thi phi ng vi cc hsmu v cc quy nh khc. Bn vphi trnh by r rng ,sng sa. Ni dung cng vic thit kkthut gm c cc vic di y . 4.2.1 Thit kbnh trc dc v trc ngang m bo c cc yu cu ni trn cn lun lun thit kphi hp bnh , trc dc v trc ngang. Thng trc ht phi xem xt tng trc ngang tng ng vi tt ccc cc chi tit, cc cc c dkin t cng trnh xc nh cao khng chhoc cao mong mun t nn ng ti mi chtrc ngang . Sau y nh du cao khng chv cao mong mun ni trn ln trc dc. Nu ng thit kc thi st cc cao ni trn ng thi vn bo m cc chtiu khc vdc dc, vchiu di dc, vcc iu kin t ng cong ng v kt hp tt vi cc yu tbnh bo m iu kin an ton xe chy v u n thgic trong khng gian th xem nhphng n tuyn cm l c thphi hp tt gia cc bnh , trc dc, trc ngang, v c iu kin thun li cho vic bo m thit kti u v rng cc cao khng chv cao mong mun xc nh trn trc ngang ni trn r rng thhin cc yu cu kthut v kinh ti vi mi vtr trn tuyn. Cc cao khng chc thl mc nc khng chcc sng sui, cc thung lng, cc cnh ng, mc nc thuchiu bin, mc nc dng cc vtr cu, cng; cng c thl cc khng chdo cc iu kin a hnh, a cht (cao hoc thp hn sgp vch ng, gp khu trt sn ...), a vt( qua vng dn c, qua ng st, mng mng, thuli ...) hoc khng chdo yu cu sdng ng c v.v... Cc cao mong mun c thxc nh trn mi trc ngang xut pht tnhng cn nhc vkinh t-kthut bo m cho gii php kthut i vi nn ng mi cc l hp l v rnht. V d: vi ng trn sn ni th y chnh l cao o, p gi thnh rnht, ng thi bo m chiu cao taluy n nh; vi ng vng ng bng th y c thl chiu cao p rnht xc nh theo quan im thit ktng thnn, mt ng trn mc nc ngp v mc nc ngm ... Trong trng hp ng thit ktrc dc khng thomn cc yu cu phi hp gia bnh , trc dc v trc ngang nhtrn nu (gp nhng mu thun khng khc phc c gia cc yu cu khc nhau) th nn t vn xem xt li tuyn cm v nghin cu chnh li tuyn gim bt mc cc mu thun (Trn thc tmt phng n ti u cng khng thtrnh c stn ti cc mu thun gia nhng yu cu kinh t- kthut khc nhau ). Nu c cn chnh li tuyn th 62. NGUYN QUANG PHC KHO ST THIT K