basic biochemistry the chemical context of life. hierarchy of biological order
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Basic Biochemistry
The Chemical Context of Life
Hierarchy of Biological Order
Atoms• Building block
of matter.• Composed of
protons and neutrons in the nucleus.
• Negatively charged electrons in orbits around nucleus
• They have mass• They interact and bond to
make molecules.
Ions
• An atom with a net + or – charge because it has either lost or gained an electron.
• Examples: H+ , Cl-, Na+
Molecules• Molecules are formed by 2 important
bonds: ionic and covalent.
• Ionic bonds are formed between ions. The positively charged ion attaches to the negatively charged ion.
Molecules• Covalent bonds are formed when atoms
share elections.
Hydrogen bonds
• Weak bonds formed between + charged H atom of H2O and the slightly – charged atom of oxygen of another H2O molecule.
This leads to important properties of water:• Cohesion, • Surface tension, • Capillary action, • Stable temperature, • Universal solvent.
Water
Organic Chemistry• The study of chemistry that specializes in the study of carbon.
• Functional groups: clusters of atoms that attach to carbons.
4 Major Macromolecules
• Carbohydrates
• Lipids
• Nucleic Acids
• Proteins
Carbohydrates• Sugars• Energy source• Provide storage and
structure• Monosaccharide-
simple sugarsEx. C6H12O6
Glucose
Carbohydrates
• Disaccharide- two sugars
• Polysaccharide- many sugars
Lipids• Fats, Oils, Steroids
• Insoluble in water
• Fatty acid chains attached to glycerol
• Important examples: phospholipids, steroids
• DNA & RNA
• Made up of nucleotides: sugar, phosphate, and nitrogen base
Nucleic Acids
Proteins• Many important
jobs in structure and function of living things.
• Nearly all proteins are enzymes.
• Made up of the 20 amino acids.
Proteins
Proteins must have a specific shape and structure. If the structure is destroyed, the function is also destroyed.