1Introduct|on to E|ectron|c C|rcu|ts1. 1. 1ll?912. _ww( Kirchhof's Law)3. 1_1LT (Superposition)4. 1_L11? (Thevenin's and Norton's Theorems)2. u?91 (Electronic Circuits) D5Luuu ? ?9ww 1 ?L1 1 lv?91lv ?L1 1 (Electronics Component)L?u ?1 ? L9?v u? v9u v9u ?l? v?9ww 9l _1_ Q ?ul?v _1_1Q _ww1_1LT 1_L11?1_L11IV3. luLVL nw lY l uuuL nw u lY l u (L|near and Non||nearC|rcu|t E|ements)1?lvQ 1 ? 1 v 9 u v 9 u ?u ? 19?w?5v?Ll1 1.1 u9v?9w v? 1 1.1 w?5v? V-I 9lv w1v?v LI 9 l1 1.2 u?lvQ9 11?u ? 1T ?u1lvv aI k Vav k IAe Iv 2) 1 ( -------------(1.1)21 1.2 w?5v? V-I n_nuTLlLYL (K|rchho's Current Law, KCL)_ww ?? ? H?1 1v9?lQ 1Lu"1 1.3 vu9?91vu9? 9 KCL 90 ) (4 3 2 1 + + + i i i i------------- (1.2)3i4ii1i32vAe I 3iv99 ? T 3i v 9? ? 9H?1 v99 ??ul1 1.3 904 3 2 1 + i i i i------------- (1.3)?u(-1) 1 2 04 3 2 1 + + i i i i------------- (1.4)T H51vLl KCL 999?u? H?11v99?lQ1Lu " Dlvul 3 4 2 1i i i i + +------------- (1.5)99?u? H?1v9?lQ1 LH?1 v99 ?" DKCL lLL1Nnni10 -------------(1.6)u1ni 1 n T v(v9)9?N 9?1v9?n_u uTLlLYL (K|rchho's Vo|tage Law, KVL)_ww ?? ? "H?1 L? 1Lu "41 1.4 ?L 91 1.4 Du?L 05 4 3 2 1 + + + v v v v v------------- (1.7) vuv v9 L? ?L L9 ?L?u ?L( uu ) 9 L ?L L9 ?Lu?L? (u u) lv11L?L 9HH51ul KVL DulvulLL1Nnnv10 -------------(1.8)u1nv 1 n l?L N 9?l?L 5v2v3v1v4v5qu_n ?Lu (Superpos|t|on) 1_ 1LT ?? l u?9 lQ 1 v v v1LlQ l?99 H?1 v L 9vv l?v ? v?9v l 1lv v 1v u ? ?9v ?9vv1_1LT HL?9 (v ) 1 9v9u?llv19v9u? Q o v9ulv1L 0 ? (v?9)o v 9 u lv 1 L 0 (v ?9) (a) (b)1 1.5Short Circuit0V 0VOpen Circuit0A0A6(a)v9ulv1L 0 ?(b) v9ulv1L 0 v 9 uLL lv u? l?9v 9v9uLLD?L?uvl?9 l?51_1LT1) 9v 9 u l?9lv v uv 9 u u?u?2) vv119v9ul3) 1T 1 -2 91 Lv9u1?4) HL (v) 19v9u?l 2 ? T 9 HL?7VSvISR1R2 v9 2 1v v v + qu_lu u (Theven|n's Theorem) 1_ L11? ?? ? ?9 2 ?lQ D1?uv9u thv L?1thR " l1 1.61 1.6 ?91? thv ? a-b ?9thR ? 11 ? a-b 9v 9 u1 vKVL ?91?9VSv1R1R2ISR1R2v2 v1 v28Linear twoTerminal circuit vabLoadivabLoadivThRTh?91?0 v iR vth th-------------(1.9) th thiR v v ------------- (1.10)l1 A i 0 90| i oc thv v v-------------(1.11)

ocv ?9 (Open CircuitVoltage) thv(v ocv ) v9D?1 v1 ? a-b ?v1 ? a-b ? thRv u19v 9 u 1v T L 2 - ?9v9u9Linear twoTerminal circuitvocabi= 0ALinear circuit withaball indeendentSource! !et e"ualto #eroRTh thR?1?1 ? a-b- ?9 v 9 u lv v 9 u ?v1 v9u (v) 1 ?a-b 9oothivR qu_uLu (Norton's Theorem) 1 1.7 ?91_L1?? ?9 2 ?lQD1?uv9u NiL?1 NR " l11.7Linear circuit withaball indeenent!ource! !et e"ualto #erovoioLinear circuit withaball indeenent!ource! !et e"ualto #erovoio10Linear two$terminal circuitvabLoadivabLoadii%R%?9 Ni 1 vH ? a-b ?9?a-bNR ? 11 ? a-b 9v 9u1 vKCL ?90 + + iRviNN -------------(1.12)NNRvi i ------------- (1.13)l11 ? a-b V v 0 90| v N sci i i------------- (1.14)sci ?91 ? a-b (Short Circuit Current) Ni(v sci) v 9D ?1 v1 ?a-b 1?91 ? a-b ?v 1vH ? a-bv NR1u9v9u1 v 1v?1?1 ? a-b T ?5vvLv?1 thR

VulV: L L? NRv thR 9 LT ?9l1?9v9u1 11Linear two$terminal circuitv= 0Vabi !c?5v??91?N thsc Noc thR Ri iv v?91? ?91 ? a-b 9thocscRvi i 9 ? 5 v? ocv,sci thR th sc ocR i v 4. u1. _v 1_ l L 1 l l ? v ?91 2. _ww ???u3. ?91??5u12vabii%R%vabivthRth?9?91?vabi = i!cvthRth5. LL[1] L1 L?L . 2541. qu_uun lV9 1.1 : w T.[2] Donald P. Leach. 1992.D|screte and Integrated C|rcu|tE|ectron|cs. Santa Clara University. 2SEMICONDUCTER DIODES1 1. lvl9DL1Q2. 1LLQ 2. u119 ? 1 u 1Qluvuuul?9v9uw13 (DC Power Supply) 1v1ww Llv ww ?9v9uww 9 9ulvL?91LL Q3. luLVL Du?9 3 LL Ideal Equivalent Circuit, Simplifed Equivalent Circuit Piecewise-Linear Equivalent Circuit T LL9?LluL919uuuTLLuLu (Idea| Equ|va|ent C|rcu|t) l9 ?11ulvww Hv1u? T vu??DLuL9 DLv91lv ul91Z (VT) 0 ?1 infnite LuL ?1 0 Lv 2.1141 2.1 a) w b) lu?9LL9199 T l?9l??9LL ?1l?9? 1u???1Q ww l?9? ? VT Q ( 10 1 )9uuuL (S|mp||ed Equ|va|ent C|rcu|t) ?91?lu?9 v 1 9? l9Q ?1?L? T 1 1Z T 9u 0.7 ?1 vLLLT9uH1LL?9u ?9uu991Z?1 2.2(b) lLv9u1L VT v 0.7 ?1 V-I Plot 1 2.2(a)151 2.2 ?9uuvLLLT9uuuuluL (P|ecew|se-L|near Equ|va|ent C|rcu|t)?9LL91lu91l 3 LL T L9DL uuQ 3 ? ?u (Sloping section) 91uu ac resistance ?LuL (Peverse-bias) 91 ?9 (Open-circuit) ?Lv (Forward-bias) 11Z VT = 0.7 ?1 1 2.3161 2.3 11?99Q l1_L?9LL9luL?99 1w?9?w ul?vv IF 9 0 mA 9D1 0.7 ?19u ?u?1L ravL 9vu?1 rav IF = 10 mA ( forward current ) 1VD = 0.8 ?18 lv191Z VD = 0.7 ?1 v1L 0 ?1 ( )( ) 10101 . 00 107 . 0 8 . 0mAVmAVIVrddav17luuLunu (Reverse Recovery T|me)l D lvLuu111l9Lv L uL 9uD?111l9ww ww ul? 9 9 minority carriers 9?l? ww 9vuLuuL Ireverse ? l??v 1L storage time, ts T ??1l u minority carries lv majority-carries l opposite material T ??1 short-circuit v9 ?? storage phase H9uQ LD?u1?9 ul?1L transition interval, tt reverse recovery time (trr) 9 ? storage time (ts) transition interval (tt) :trr = ts + tt trr ?Qlu11lv?1 1??D9 1Hlu1 ?9 trr uv? ns 9D s.181 2.4 Defning the reverse recovery time.QunuwTLL1 2.5 Various type of junction diodes. : [1]nLL (D|ode Test|ng)1L1u1l??1vv1??uL1? ?1 Lv9 ?1 L19uL9Lv191? L ?91lv1L? ?l Anode ?l Cathode vul1 2.6 u 1HL19uww u1 ? T l?ul1 2.6(b) 9uww u1 ?1 2.6 Checing a diode with the (a) Forward - bias state and(b) Peverse - bias state?luLL (Zener D|ode)T u breadown uLluH1?LD1lvuL D1vT T9L1uv 9 Lv l uL9L9 uL? V 1v T 91lvTu?? l1 2.7T V Lu?201 2.7 ener test characteristics Fairchild IN9611 2.8 (a) Condition direction of ener diode (b) Equivalentcircuit complete (c) approimate.1 2.8(b) ?9TT 9L?uv9u1L V 191lvT9? V 9DvH ?1DulT r Qv9ul vu?Dv9u9Q 9? passive element ?199u921T1Hl9 1.8 D 200 ?1uuv? 14 D 50 ? 1 2.9 TLLQ Q1 2.9 ener terminal identifcation and symbols.22Luuu (L|ght - Em|tt|ng D|odes, LED)v light - emitting diode (LED) 19lHLLQ T LED 9lv? 9ulvlD?1 LED forward-bias u p-n junction 9? holes electrons T ?91lv 9uDv Dv l semiconductor LL p-n junction u1 ?9ul? ?D1 silicon germanium ul ?D1 gallium arsenidephosphide (aAsP) v gallium phosphide (AP) 9u photons 9?91lvv ? vLL?11lv9lww u? electroluminescence.4. DL 3 LL ?9l (Ideal Equivalent Circuit) ?9l1T ?11ulvww vH1u? Lv u1Z (VT) 0 ?1 infnite23?9uu (Simplifed Equivalent Circuit) ?luL?99 v 1Zu 0.7 ? ?9LL?uu (Piecewise-Linear Equivalent Circuit) luL91?uuQ 3 ? ?u T 1uu ac resistance ?LuL ?Lv T 1Zu 0.7 ?9 DlvL?1 wL11 u? lvL" 9 1? 0.2 - 0.3 ? vLLLuu 0.6 - 0.7 ? vLLLT5. u1. 9u?u Q 1 LL1Q Q ?u2. 191lvvvu6. LL[1] Diodes,http:203.154.220.127elec2diodes.php[2] , asic Electronic", v?1uu1 D?? ??v 28 - 41.24 3B|po|ar Junct|on Trans|stor1. 1. v1 ipolar unction Transistor2. u1T uD L u1v _ L L 1L1w(ell Laboratories) l..1947 L? ?? ? 1T u u ?u?u ? T(ipolar unction Transistor) 1T (T) D l u vu ?9uul L? 1u L11v l l?9 1 1 1v 1 ? 1T(Switching) - u(Pelay) ?L ww Q 3. luLVBJT1T (Transistor) 19 ?3 v uu1v 9?L251 1 vH 1 vu?? 1T 1 uu?1T1T1T1T u v T L ?u ? p n u 9 (Doping)9? 3 1lv u (unction) 9? 2 u 1T9 2 1 N 2 u? NPN 1 P 2 u? PNPT 1 3.1 3.2 L1 3.1 1T NPN1 3.2 1T pnp261 3 1 l1T u (Collector) uu Q ? T(C) 1lvQ1 9D (Emitter) uu Q ? (E) 1 u LL (ase) uuQ ? L () 1L 1 uLL ? u v? 1 9Q1T L () 9u 1v?L? (E) D 1T PNP 1T NPN l 13.3 3.4 271 3.3 Q npn 13.4 Q pnpnuuuuuTLu? lL(Trans|stor Current andVo|tage) 91T 1 ? 3 ? ?, ?L ? 91Tvu 1T1T T D ?L ?uL (aseCurrent: I) ? I u u u 91lv (Emitter Current: IE) (Collector Current: IC) u?u9DL?1 (Operating Pegion) v1L1u1T1 2 vlvv 9 IE IC T 1uLL I281 3.5 ?5v? C E9 13.5 9 uQQ AC 1 ?L (I) v 1 1T 9 LQQ 1 ? 1 ? T IE= IC + I-------------(3.1)LTluuLu uu11T uul?9 T ?91ul1 uu 9 ? (Ic) 1 uLLL (I) u uu (Current ain) ? L (dc) v L v1L 1 mA 1L100 mA u? uu1 L 100 1 v uuDv9dc=------------- (3.2)u1 ??uu dc 9ul? 20 D 200 1v ? 9 ?u uu?91 9?9LL L uD ? 29BCIIECII uu?u?w (dc) T dc= ------------- (3.3) 91T 1 3.1 IC luL IE ? IE uu9ul? 0.95 D 0.99 1v 1 1?5v? dc dc 913.1 IC v1 3.1=== ------------- (3.4)T dc = dc = 11l13.4 = ------------- (3.5)= ------------- (3.6)30CB CII I ) ( +CEIICBCCIIII+CBII+ 1BCIIECIIdc1 +dcdcdcdcdc 1 1T 1T l L9 ww vu 3.61 3.6 ww 11TVunnu1T1 NPN PNP l ? 9ll?9uuQQ(Amplifer) v1 ?T 91Llv1T1 ulvL L (Forward ias) lvLuv?LLLL (Peverse ias) lv Lu v? LLv1T 191lv1 D?Lv lv31L19 lvL LL Peverse ias D LL Forward ias 9 D?L 19lvL LL Forward ias?uww Q 191lv?unuTLu?lLYu NPN ww lvL1T NPN 9uwLlv E 1 uLLwL?1 9 ulv 9uwL?lv C 1uLLwL19ulv 1 wL?wL 1uLu Forward 91uLv? L E 11lv T P Lw Forward wL? 1 uLL E 1 1 3.71 3.7 11T NPNnuTLu?lLYu PNP ww lv L1T PNP u9 uwL?lv E 1 uLLwL1 9 ulv 9 uwL C 1 uLLwL?1 9 ulv 1lv 1wL32wL? 1lv T N L Forward ias L 1uLL E 1 1 3.81 3.8 11T PNP v L1T PNP L E Forward ias 9 L C Peverse ias 91lv L (I) v9wL? E u (IC) 9v9wL? E u C1 1v9?119 T 9v9L?uL ? u 9?L?L? ?u v u? 1 1v9l11uvl1T9Dv?uww 1 9 ulv D ww Forward ias 1 L(I) 9v 91lv(IC) v D ww Peverse ias 1 C 91lv?u 1l1T9vv u 9u Lww 1 lv v ? D lvVE I 9v ? 1l1T 33v? C - E 9 IC 9v IE 9v ?u D lvVE u I 9v u ? 1l1T v? C - E 9 IC 9v u IE 9vu?un9 TLu? lL u_u (Bas|c Trans|storCongurat|on)Common-base?9L ? ?91 9 u lv ? 9? ?L 9 ?Lv 9 uww 1?9 ?9L ? ?D uuww uuww AC L AC Inphase 1 3.9 ?u?9 common-baseCommon-em|tter?9 ? ?91 9 u lv L?L 9? T v 9 uww 134 9 ?L? ?9 ? uuuuww w ACu 180 13.10 ?u?9 Common-emitterCommon-Co||ector?9 ? ?91 9 u lv ?L 9? ?9 ? uuww uuww AC L AC 9 inphase 351 3.11 ?u?9 Common-collector4. a. 1TIE= IC + Ib. uuT=c. uuw =d. u9 36dcdcBCIIdcdcECIIdcdcdc 1=e. u9 =5. u1. 95Luv11T6. LL[1] http:203.154.220.127elec2wortr.php, 01122546[2]http:tabac.sripruetta.ac.thwichianen2007webcoursetransistorlesson9.htm, 01122546[3] http:www.thai.netcomdmtctrtr.htm, 01122546[4] 9 5 1 u 1 3 ? 9 1 " DL 1 1 v 153-18237dcdcdc1 +dcdc 4DC B|as|ng BJTS381. 1. L?91TLLQ2. u1Tl l?9uuQQ 9 L (ias) 1 vlv L1T u lv1TD1L vuD v lv L?91T lv 1T 1 u9 1 1lv1T 1?9 Operating Point v9 ? (uiescent Point: Point) u?9uuQQ 91v 1 uuQQ ac l?91T lQ9 , DC vLL , ac QQ1uu QQ?9?ul?9 D??v ?u1_ Superposition uu?v?9ww u99 Source 1?l1_L ?v?9 DC Dv91 uu QQ ac 1 QQ 1 ?9 1 u? ? vL1 ac 9 l9 DC Source 1lv u ?v?9393. luLVl uVunuuu9 u (Load ||ne ana|ys|s andOperat|ng Po|nt)l?9uuul1T H9 u DC lvL?991lv91 (operating point) v9L (quiescent point) v T 9 H 1?9u1QQ1 ac ?9 19 ? H 9 1 u9 1 ? 99 L?99 9w L 1 (output characteristic) l 14.1 u9 11 v?u Dul active region u v l 9 14.1vlv A, , C D 911 ? ?? 9 11 9lv L1 914.1 191 A T IC =0 VCE=0 9QQ1 D uu 9v ? VCE 1 9 u 1 u?1 u?L ICvL9 1 u lv 1 L ? VCE IC 9 1lv 1 VCE IC D u u v u 11 9 1 C 9 1 u VCE IC l ? D ? l ? 9? w?5lL ? ? u Linear 9 1lv 1 L L (Distortion) vL9 1 D 9 1 9 401 1T 1lv l 9?Llv1? 91 91 4.1 9v? 9 91vL11 91D??11 4.1 Various operating points within the limits of operation ofa transfernV9 uv91 v 9LDvu1v v w (DC load line)L w L (characteristic) u v 1 v 1 Dv9 vv 9 41

(a) ?91v91 (b) wL111 4.2 ?9w1vv9191 4.2 (a) vl?1?9ul _wwl ?9 ?u1 1v IC 0 + + CE C C CCV R I V CE C C CCV R I V + ------------- (4.1)v v DC 1 u v1 1Tl 2 D? D?119? D?119 cut of4219? lv V 0 CEV 1l1 (4.8)CC C C V R I + V 0 CC C C V R I ------------- (4.2)19 cut of lv mA0 C I1l1 (4.2)CC CE C V V R + mA) (0 CC CEV V ------------- (4.3)l1 (4.2) (4.3) vvL IC VCE LwL 191 91u?v DC v91 (9 ) ?91uv1v v9l??9 l_ww?9?u11v I 0 V R I -VBE B BCC + +

BE CC B B - V V R I BBE CCBR V VI------------- (4.4) I l1 (4.4) vvwI lwL 9v?w I Lv 43DC 9 91?91Tw11 4.31 4.3 wv91 () VE 1T 1v? E 1T1T1 L Ll? uu1T T (Si)V 0.7 BEV -------------(4.5)1T 9u (e)V 0.3 BEV -------------(4.6)L 4.19v91 ?9 1 T (Si)44(a) ?9 (b) wL1 4.4 ?9w1ll??u 4.18v11 0 + + CE C C CCV R I Vlv mA 0 C I V 25 - V VCC CElv V 0 CEV CC C C V R I CCCCRVI maxmA 25k 1V 25 VCE = -25 V IC = -25 mA vv L IC VCE w L 11 vDC 1 4.5v1 0 + + BE B B CCV R I VBBE CCBR V VI

( )mA 35.74k 680V 7 . 0 V 25 I = -35.74 A vvw I lwL11 9v? I Lv DC 9 ?9 1 4.5451 4.5 v DC 9 vwl1 4.4(b)914.5 1 9 9 mA 18 - V, 7 - CQ CEQI V9Llv ?1T1 H 1?91T u Hlv 9 1?9 u ?u 1?1T 9u?L ? Q 91 L1 D 1 1T ?Q 1T 9D L? l u u ?1T vlwL11?91T ?1 4.6461 4.6 w1T9 14.6 w L 11 ?91T v L?9D1 uv9 1Lw L lu 1 (active region)1T 1 ? lw ?(IC) (IC(ma)) ? ??(VCE) 1?1Tv? C L E (VCE(ma)) ? 1Quww 1 (PD(ma)) ?l ?u ? u w(cutof region) vu I 0 A u? (Saturationregion) vuVCE VCE(sat)9Lu (FIXED - BIAS CIRCUIT) ?9L??9LL ? 9 14.7 1TLL npn uvL1TLLpnp D?v?lLLu?uu11v ?1vl?vDC 99v??9uQQ ac ul?L9 C1 C2 1 u?u v DC 9?9 ?u ?9 QQ 1? L?99v9u VCCvu?1 471 4.7 fed - bias circuit.? v9 1?9l 9l ?u9u9?9 ? T v I ?9?1 v IC9uLu (Input Equat|on Base - Em|tter)?9v ?u KVL 11T BE B B CCV R I V + BBE CCBR V VI

------------- (4.7) E B BEV V V 0 EV B BE V V 489ulL (Output Equat|on Co||ector - Em|tter)9?5L1TB CI I ------------- (4.8)?9v?u KVL 11 C C CC CER I V V

------------- (4.9)E C CEV V V 0 EV C CEV V nLuTLu?lL (Trans|stor Saturat|on)vLl?9uu1T 9 lv1TD9? 991lvQQ1LL (distorted) 1T?91lv VCE u1Lu (l1_L VCE 9 Q T 9Hlu) 1TD9?V. 0 CEV . 0 V 0 csat CCECEI.IVRvL?9 L?9 IC 49CCCCRVI max1 4.8 Saturation region (a) actual (b) approimatenluuTL9ulu L IB luu9 1 ( -point) ?99 u u u P T 9 HlvI u 14.9(a) u 9 1uLv D I 91lv91u1v VCE IC 9 D I 9 19 u 1v 1VCE IC T 1lv D u9 1uu P v I nluuTL9ulu L RC luuD v?9 u PC l1 VCC ?91 lv v u ? (Slope) T 50 91I 9 - point 9D1lvu ulv 11 4.9(b)nluuTL9ulu L VCC luuD?9u VCC l1 191lv9vL (IC) (VCE) uu?v91 T 91I 919D1lvuvu?L1 4.10(a) (b) 14.9 (a) ovement of -point with increasing levels of I (b)Efect of increasing levels of PC on the load line and -point.511 4.10 Efect of lower values of VCC on the load line and -point9LulLL (EMITTER BIAS CIRCUIT)LLLL1 ?9LLL11?11 (PE) l?91 9LLL1 ??91T 9 Qv D uD9 1 99 1 D u u vD T H9 Lu 1T u vD91lv , VE ll1 ?91 D uD9 9 L ?99?91 4.11 ?9LLLL1 (EITTEPIAS CIPCUIT)9uLu (Input Equat|on Base - Em|tter)529?9 9 KVL :E E BE B B CCR I V R I V + + 9 ( )B EI I 1 + -------------(4.10) ( )E B BE B B CCR I V R I V 1 + + + ( )E BBE CCBR RV VI1 + + -------------(4.11) ? 1 emitter1 _l?9 9 (+1)PE v vu?? 991 9v PE (+1) 19 T 1lv?9Duv?1u( )E iR R 1 + -------------(4.12)9ulL (Output Equat|on Co||ector - Em|tter)9?91 PE ?1lvul?91 9 KVL :531 4.12 Collector -emitter loop.9 1 4.12 l KVL :C C CE E E CCR I V R I V + + C EI I u ( )E C C CC CER R I V V + ------------- (4.13)1 Q1T D? 9E E ER I V 9 E C CEV V V E CE CV V V + C C CC CR I V V B B CC BR I V V E BE BV V V + nlDTLnL (B|as Stab|||ty Improvement)54 emitter resistor L?991lvstability ?9 L DC bias currents voltages 9 u vD Du 1T u.L 9?9l14.13 4.14 9L?9 u 50 100 .1 4.13 (a) DC fed ias Circuit, and (b) with PE8 Hu ?91 4.1 :The Circuit I(A) IC(mA) VCE(V)without PE50 47.08 2.35 6.83100 47.08 4.71 1.64with PE50 47.08 2.35 6.83100 36.3 3.63 9.1155vL?9L1PE u ?uv l 91lv L IC VCEuT 9?u u 100 91lvIC uD 100 VCE u 76 1 uLL ?91 PE L IC u 81 l1 VCE uu 35v1 u VCE ?91 PE u 9? I 9 9 I u?L l1?9 PE I L ( )BBE CCRE without BR V VI ( )( )B BBE CCRE with BR RV VI1 + +91 IC= I 9H1lv IC?91PE T 91lv VCE u?uDLu (Saturat|on State)D?1T ?vuD 1 1T v ON u 1T lLL9lv VCE 0 v uL short circuit 1 collector emitter u1 IC 1D?? 56E CCCCsatR R VI+T PE 191lv collector saturation ??9LLL1T PEnlVluVu (Load-L|ne Ana|ys|s)? v v?9 emitter bias 9?9 Fied-bias T 91v91 VCE= 0 V IC = 0 mA9?91 (Collector-Emitter)( )E C C CE CCR R I V V + + 9 V-I Plot 1VCE = 0) (E CCCCR R VI+9 V-I Plot 1 IC = 0CC CEV V 9uuu (Vo|tage-D|v|der B|as C|rcu|t)?9LLLL ?9LLLL1 u?11?LL1uLL? 9 IC VCE w uu ?? u vD (temperature sensitive) T 91lv IC VCE ?9u?vD57?91LLLL 91lvLH1Luu v Luu (Independent of the transistor beta)1 4.14 ?9LLLL (Voltage-Divider ias Circuit) (a) (b)1 4.15 (a) Pedrawing the input side of the networ. (b) TheThevenin equivalent circuit.9Lu (Input C|rcu|t)?99? v l ?91? uv?11? (PT) v1? (VT) 9?9 v I ?9 58PT ?1 terminal lv Voltage Source ?92 1 R R RTH ------------- (4.14)?VT _1 terminal 2 122 R RV RV VCCR TH+

------------ (4.15) ?91 4.15l KVL :E E BE TH B THR I V R I V + + 9 ( )B EI I 1 + ( )E THBE THBR RV VI1 + + ------------- (4.16) B CI I 9lL (Output C|rcu|t)?9vu KVL 11 :( )E C C CC CER R I V V + ------------- (4.17)v VC ,VE V Dvu?Ll ?91 ?9LLL1 ?91 ?Lv599L uu u Lunu (DC BIAS WITH VOLTACEFEEDBACK)?9LLL L 9?9L1Llvul ? 1 1 LL collector Hlv L1 LD u L1 collector uLL L91 ?91 1 vD L lv DuDD1?9l1 4.16(a) (b)1 4.16 (a) DC bias circuit with voltage feedbac. (b) Inputloop.9Lu (Input C|rcu|t)?9v ?u KVL 1 1T :E E BE B B C C CCR I V R I R I V + + + 601B CI I C EI I 9E B BE B B C B CCR I V R I R I V + + + v( )B B E C B BE CCR I R R I V V + + + ( )( )E C BBE CCBR R RV VI+ + -------------(4.17)nlDTL9 (Stab|||ty Improvement)?991lv D uD 91lv IC VCET 91?9 L 9 ??l 99 I ?9Dlv V' = VCC - VE P' = PC + PE ( ) ''R RVIBB +9B CI I ( ) ''R RVIBC+99v? D BR R >> ' 91lv' ' R R RB + ( )'' ''''RVRVR RVIBC+v( )B CBE CCR RV VI+6199v? IC 191?9 uL 91lvDuD?9 u 9 9 BR R >> ' v ( )B C ER R R >> 9lL (Output C|rcu|t)?9vu KVL 11 :C C CE E E CCR I V R I V ' + + C CI I ' C EI I 9( )E C C CE CCR R I V V + + u ( )E C C CC CER R I V V + ------------- (4.18)4. u1. 9?9l 14.7 VCC = 12 V, P = 180 , PC =2.2 = 50 9?v(a)I IC(b)VCE(c) V VC(d)VC622.9?9l1 4.14 P1=39 P2=3.9 PC=10 PE=1.5 9?v91 (Operating Point) ?9 VCC=22 Volt =1405. LL[1] u D?? ..,qu_uunYuLlunLun 2 1, v9. , 2531.[2] 5 , qu_9Llu nLu n 1 .1: Tu , v9. w T, 2543[3] u u ,nuLlu nLu n, D?ww DL1u95L .6364 5FET1. 1. FET2. uvL ?1 DuuQQ 9L9 1T? u1TLLv T 1 ul w w w 1 1T (Field-efecttransistor) v (FET) ? v? 1T 1 ?Lw1111v1T 5 1 1 1 99 ww v? L?LL v v? ZL ?w1 1T1LLuv91u? w ww 1T u lvQQ FET OSFET lL19?Du FET3. luLVF|e|d-eect trans|stor65w ww 1T1?uv?L?uw (Voltage-Control) uuwv? (ate) 1lvu1 9w ww 11Tv9w1 ?L1vH (Channel) ?u?9TLTL FET- T1 u1 FET ulL D 1000 l1 T ulL - wT (Ofset Voltage) 1v1 ?1- LvQDH1L9Du l1 beta T L159 Q- QQL? 1uLL T 9 carrier vH unction v T 9vLlluuQQQ- DuD1vD1? T - 1? T 1lvH TDL9 FET 9?l1QTLlTL FET - gain-bandwidth vL?D ? T T 1lvlLQQl?D 66 99LH FET 1 Dl?D Q- uvu9ww D9w ww 11T (unction Field-efect transistor) v FET L 2 (N-Channel) L (P-Channel) l 3 uv999w1 1 5.1 L (Drain) v D T (Source)v S uD?1 uLT v 1v channel l1 (ate) v T ?Lv9 2 region LT ?l19w1u ul??1 ul?1 1v1u? ? 671 5.1 L9w1Qunuw9w1 Q vl? D 9w1 TL 1 1 D 9 w1 n Q9w1 p ? v9w1Z 119 LLl n 1 5.2 Q9w1684. w ww1T 91ul 1 ?Lvww 11 1?L u uu wv? (ate) 1lv u1 9w ww 11T v9w1 ?L1vH (Channel) ?u?99 w w w 1 1T (unction Field-efecttransistor) v FET L 2 N-Channel P-Channel l 3 (Drain) v DT (Source)v S (ate) v T ?Lv9 2 regionL T ? l1 9w1 u u l ? ? 1 ul ?1 1v1u? ? 5. u1. 9Lv1 FET6. LL69[1] 9 5, ?91", DL11 v 281-295[2] ??91T", v9.w T v 222-247 6FET BIASINC1. 701. DLL FET2. ul19?D9w1 n 1 ? p LvuL ?w1l1 L9w1 n lvwLL 1uLLT Ll LL u9uw

V v9u vHlvv9uv?T ?9uw!!V ?v?LT3. luLVl9w1LL 9 19TT 9Hv?v1 D?Llv?vLL1 1u L 9uL 9T9vul1LD1 Lu9T9 vu H9ww 1L?v ?uv1T9 u? feld efect transistor (FET)711 6.1 L9w1LL5wuuuulLu uuY LL (p|nch o vo|tage)Dlv1 0 ?1 T vL?9v?T(1T = 0 1 = 0) wl1 6.2 9Dl wl?v?"V(max) #V91 9 u??l?? 1 9w19L?1lw w l?1u9$V 19L9 1 11 1L91lvu721 6.2 ?99 Vunu-LL1!#V u91lv1L##I 91lvv91Lu 9!#V L l vuu?D?1w (Cutof)nLuQQw !#V u9 0 D ) (o%% !#V wL wL? Du uw?9 w1vQQ _wDul11w 9H11 731 6.3LDu9w11 6.4HD u lLLwL9w1LLvLLDv 2) (111]1

o%% !#!### VVI I ------------------------- (6.1)uuuL u749w11?u?9 v?-T ?19 Dv9!##!#INIVR ------------------------- (6.2)uuulL ?1v?LT 919w1-T9 v1L??1-T9w1 v9?u

#dsIVr------------------------- (6.3)nLl9l1uLL Tw L (Self-bias) L ?9?L (Voltage-divider bias)l?uL (Se|f-b|as) 9?9lv!R ? v9191L 0 ? v999 (Leaage) 9L?w!R u9?v v75 9?9w1D uw#R w?1uLL91uLu L11 u 9w1 w#R L L? L 1uLuLT?uv? w1T1uL?9L?? 9uLl1TuL?vL9w1 (

I) u 11lvw#R uL? 1uL? 0 !V##R I V 9v-T## ! !#R I V V V 0 #!#R I V ------------------------- (6.4)n9 Q Vl?uLvL9L l1 91 (ias Point) T 9?9?5 ID L VS v9?9 PS Dl 6.4 PS =

!#IV------------------------- (6.5)769 uLuu?LL1T lv1l?9uuHuu1vv1lvL119 v u Qv Lv l?9w1u?v?Hu LLlv2##

II 9?u?u (idpoint ias)ul9lLL (Vo|tage-d|v|der b|as)L1lvDuD19LLL?9?Lv 9w1LLD9?9L1uT 1R 2R1v1 ?? 9Lu D1lvv Hu1lvT uTDv9##R I V 1D L?uT1 ?u !VR R RV

,_

+2 12------------------------- (6.6)-Tv9# ! !#V V V T!# ! #V V V v9 77#!# !##

RV VRVI) ( ------------------------- (6.7)4. L9w1 n 9lvwLL 1uLLT u9uw

Vlvv9uv?LT ?9uw!!V ?v?LTl9w1LL 9 19TT 9Hv?v1 uD?Llv?vLL1 1u L 9uL 1lv9T9vu H9ww 1L?L1uLL Tw L (Self-bias) L ?9?L (Voltage-divider bias)5. u1. 9LvlL FET6. LL[1] 9 5, ?91", DL11 v 281-29578[2] ??91T", v9.w T v 222-247 7BJT Trans|stor Mode||ng1 1. ?v11Tl?9uuul LL9 (odel) 2. ul 1T l?9uu D? v?9 ulLL9 (odel) T 911 179?9QQ ac sinewave u?vQQul model 91?9lL1 ?vQQ (small signal) ?91T T u 2LL re model hybrid equivalent model3. luLVu9uLTLu?lL (TRANSISTOR MODEL)LL9 (odel) vuD L Q 111 ?L ?1?99 T L1 l 91 9 9 (Approimate)1 L 1 l u 9 Dul 11vl?vQQ ac ?9DQQ DC1 vT v1_superposition u?LLL?u source 1 DC v9u bias ?91vu source 1 ac ?980VO+_VSRSC1R1C2RC+_C3RE+_V|BCER2(a)+_VSRSR1RC+_+_V|BCEVOR2(b)1 7.1 (a) Transistor circuit, (b) Pemoving the DC supplyand inserting the short-circuit equivalent for the capacitor 9uQQ ac 91 source v l1 7.1(a) ?91L?9LLuu Fied ias with PE 1l?9L 9u ac 91lv DC source D shot ?v1 7.1(b) 9? capacitor 1 v1?9 l1_L?9? QQ DC u91lvQQ ac 1?DlvH1 T vu??9uL1uL short circuit 9 ac l1 7.1(b)9?9 ac l1 7.1 (b) ? Dulv ?91 7.21 7.2 Equivalent Circuit for small-signal ac analysis.81+_VSRS++__V|BECV|I|Trans|storsma||-s|gna| ac equ|va|ent c|rcu|tZ|R1R2Z0RC+_VSIoulLQ (THE IMPORTANT PARAMETERS: Z|, Zo, Av, A|)1Q?9 Two-port 1?v?9 ac T (Input Impedance, i), 1T (Output Impedance, o), uu (Voltage ain, Av) uu (Current ain, Ai)?9 Two-port vuD ?91 terminal 2 loc Diagram l1 7.3 T 9u1Tu loc Diagram l119v?9 l1 7.3 ?9 Two-portLuLuuu? (Input Impedance, Z|)9 input side bloc diagram l1 7.3 input impedance (i) Dvul Ohm's law :iiiIV& ---------- (7.1) T?9 v1ll?v i 9Dl Ohm meter ?82IoI|+_V|Two-portNetwork+_VoZoZ|?1 Ohm meter 9l??1l DC mode ?519v i ? Vi Ii??Lu ?1 ac 5T D1uul Oscilloscope v Digital Voltmeter ? ac u l1_L9ul??11 ??v1v1 7.4 v i(a) u??11? (b) L?1 PD 9 Vi = 12VS 91 7.4 (a) u?1 PD l?9T 91lvv1

i #iRV VIiiiIV&

83I|+_VSTwo-portSystemZ|+_RDVRD+_V|(a)+_VSTwo-portSystemZ|RD+_V|(b)lL 9l PD ?1L ?1?u Vi u191L?19 Vi v Vs 91lv??1 PD l 91L?1?9 1 7.5 (b) 1 9? PD 1L?191lv Vi v Vs lL Luuu? (Output Impedance, Zo)1T (output impedance) ?11LlLLl1 l1lv u u?LT Dl Ohm meter ??1 v1T9lv?9 o = Vo Io T 9l?9?111L PD 1 7.5

o 'oR V VIoooIV&

----------(7.2)vl?1 PD 1 L uL9 Vo 1L v VL ?1 PD 1 91L o 84VS = 0 VTwo-portSystemRSource+_VL+_VOZOIO1 7.5 Determining oLTuu (Vo|tage Ca|n, AV)uuvuD ?1 T Llv ? ?99Duu 1l no-load 9?uu ioVVVA

----------(7.3)T v91lv11 Hlvuu 9vuuL?1v (PL) 1 o (v Po) T PLPO 1u91lv? PLPO 1 9 PSOUPCE (?1Dulv9u) Q 91lvuuu?LTnu (Current Ca|n, A|)85 u 1u?9two-port current gainT 1 Llv ? ?9Duu u1 u1ioiIIA ----------(7.4)u1Ii 1 v9 QQ u ?9 Io vuD 1 vH ? 1v (PL)?91 7.6 Determining the loaded current gain.Dv?5v? Ai Vi 9'ooRVIiio&VI' ii oi i' oiiiR V& V& VR VIIA //v'i ViR & AAT 9?91lvDvuu9uuvL ulT?ul?86Av = Vo/V|A| =Io / I|RL+_Vo+_V| Z|I|Iou9uLLL (re Mode|)LL9 re LL91111T?u1?L?uww vv9u1?LL?uww v (Dependence Current Source) T L1TunuwTLlu (Common Base Congurat|on)?9l1 7.7 (a) ?91LLL? 9L 1T ?1 ?1 ?9Du ?9uL1uL1 7.7(b) T 9? ?9 forward-bias p-n junction 9v forward-bias diode u1 ?1 7.7 Common-base T transistor (b) re model.9l1?9 Ic 1 v 9 uL IE D1l?1?u87IEICEB BC(a)IeICeb bcIC =Ie(b)v9uww 1lv L?v u5LIC= IE

----------(7.5) 91_ L??1LL ac 9HL1vHEeImVr26 ----------(7.6) D1?91 7.7 (b) ?u?9l1 7.8 T u??9LL (re equivalent circuit)1 7.8 Common-base reequivalent circuitLuLuuu? (Input Impedance)9?1 ac 1L re Z| = re

----------(7.7)9v??9LLL?91lvLT1 9 re 1T Lv1 88IOIc =IEIEI|reVOICZ|+_+ZOV|_lL Luuu? (output Impedance)v1TulvQQ 0 T vuD Ie =0 A 91 Ic = Ie = (0) = 0 A T vuD1 Open Circuit v Zo ----------(7.8)T 9v?1TLTuu (The Vo|tage ga|n)9uu1L?1Vo = -IoPL = -(-Ic)PL = IePL = IePLVi = Iei = IePe e e' eioVr IR IVVA ve'VRRA lu 1 e'VRRA &'( ) * 1 ----------(7.9)uu?9L?9LTnu (The Current ga|n)89uu?1eeecioiIIIIIIA 1 iA ----------(7.10)uu?9 1 1 Lvu??11v?1Lvl?9 9lLL9 re vQ ?9L?9v?9Q u?l9 u Q u1 l1_L H19l99?9LL9 vL?9LLL?9LTuu 1TuuunuwuLulLu (Common Em|tter Congurat|on)lLL9 re ?v ?9LL? (CE)Dl v u? L ?9LLL ? (C) ?99L ?u ? T forward-bias ED11 ?u 1?99 v 9u1 u1Ic = IbIE= (+1)Ib 90IE Ib

----------(7.11)luLuLuuu? (The |nput Impedance, Z|) i ?991?9T ((eiiiIVIV& 9 e e (e ir I V V e (r I (e (((eiIr IIV& e ir &

----------(7.12)99v??1?99 T D? re 9 L ?9 1T 1 L 200 re1L 5.5 91lvT1Li = 2005.5= 1.1 k?9uuLL ?9 T1 1lv Dv9uQlL Luuu?91v1 T9 1L ro 1TT 99 w VCE IC Ib 1L 0 u1 Zo =ro

----------(7.13)u ro 1T T u?9u 40 k - 50 k T DD l? l1_ L ro 1T 9D1L9 datasheet 1 9HHLTuu (Vo|tage ga|n)911L ' c ' o oR I R I V ' (R I i i i& I Ve ( ir I V ioVVVA e (' (r IR I e'VrRA

----------(7.14)929v ? uu?9 D PL T vu - lvuD 1 QQ 9LwL QQ1LTnu (Current ga|n)9uu1L(CioiIIII& ((II iA ----------(7.15)9v?uu?9 ?9?D? ?91T ,i ulLQ l1 1 T ,oLuu,Av Luu Ai u9uLH (HYBRID MODEL)l LL9ZL 9?9 two-port 1 port ? v port 1 v port 17.9T ?91u1 ?93I|IO11'2+Vo_+V|_2'1 7.9 Two-port system9?9 two-port ??1u?u4 Ii, Vi, Io Vo T 9 ?D ?51uvuLLl?vLLZL 9v 2 1l1?5?9 ?u h LV| = h11I| + h12Vo----------(a)Io = h21I| + h22Vo----------(b)1l?u? h-parameter T h 9? hybrid T ?H l1vuDlH? V I ?v9lv lv?L? unVulL h11 lvVo = 0 (short circuit 1output terminal) 9(a) 9 iiIVh 11 Vo = 0 V----------(7.16)9499v ? h11 T 9 ? 1 short circuit 9u? short-circuitinput-impedance parameternVulL h12 lv Ii =0 (opening circuit 1 input) 9 (a) 9 oiVVh 12 Io = 0 uniless----------(7.17) h12 19 ?1 T u? open-circuit reverse transfer voltage ratio parameternVulL h21 lv Vo= 0 (short circuit 1output terminals) 9 (b) 9 ioIIh 21 Vo = 0uniless ----------(7.18) h21 19 ? 1 0 T u? short-circuit forward transfer voltage ratio parameter95nVulL h22 lv Io= 0 (open circuit 1 input terminals) 9 (b)9 ooVIh 22 Io = 0 siemems(S) ----------(7.19) h22 19 ?1 0 T u? open-circuit output admittance parameter9L Q 1lvD ?91 7.10 T 9 h11 v?u 911?u?1l1 h12 ?v?1 911?uv9u1 Vo T vuD L, vL h21 uu91?uv9u11 h22 admittance 11 7.10 (a) ybrid input equivalent circuit (b) output equivalentcircuit.96IOI|h12VoVO+_+V|_h22h21I|h11(a)(b)9L h-parameter DulvL 11h hi (input resistance)12h hr (reverse transfer voltage ratio) 21h h% (forward transfer current ratio)22h ho (output conductance)1 7.11 Complete hybrid equivalent circuit.?9 two-port networ Q 1? 1l11?9 (Linear Circuit) 1v 9 u (Independent Source)Dul Dl?9 two-port lQ ?u model h-parameter Q ?9uuQQ (small-signal) 1T D9?v9L(Characteristic) 1 9 11 v l1_ L ?v ?9lpartial derivative (calculus)l9 97IOI|hfVoVO+_+V|_hohfI|h|(a)(b)1 h-parameter?9LL ? D?9hie = viii = vheib vheibVCE constanthie = viio= vheice vhevceI constanthie = ioii = vcib vcibVCE constanthie = iovo = icvve iovceIconstantl1_Lv1Q 9Dvldatasheet 9HH1TT h-parameter vul? 1 Q?9 i, o, Ai, Av 98nllu9uLH uuLLQ ybrid odel re model D uL1 uL ?9l 17.12 uL1uL LL9 h-parameter re ?9 LL ?l 17.12 (a) L ? l 17.12(b)1 7.12 ybrid versus re model: (a) common-emitterconfguration: (b) common-base confguration ?5 Q :h|e = rehfe = ac ----------(7.20)99IcIbh|eVce+_+Vbe_hfeIbbeceIcIbreVce+_+Vbe_Ibbece(a)IcIeh|bVcb+_+Veb_hfbIeebcbIcIereVcb+_+Veb_Ieebcb(b)h|b = rehfb = - -1??91T Du9H1L vD ?D T l1?D H1L??u4. u1. 9LL9 re LL9 ybrid?9 common-base confguration5. LL[1] , L11 6 T Transistor odeling", v?1uu1 D???? . OP-AMP1. 1. DL1002. u(Operation Amplifer, Op-Amp) v?9uu ?9?v T D1 (LinearIntegrated Circuit) T llu Q u?? D LLl1948 ?u_ L l ? (Analog Computer) 9 l ? Operational Amplifer T vuD ?9uu 9 uDlluQ u 1 9 ?9uuH (DiferentialAmplifer) 1 uu1 LL? v?91l D1uu 1 l 9Ll?9 ?, ?9H ?9 1 l?L L?, ?9LQQ, ?9 , LLDu, ?9111u, ?1u lLL? 9v?Dlu?? 99u? ?9uu3. luLVLLuLu uL u1011 8.1 Q Q 8.1 T l v 9 u +VSS -VSS 9ulvLT ?lvQ9l 15 V 1 9 2 ? 1L1L?1 8.2 l9 8.2 9v ? 1 VO 1 9 9H?1 PL ?1L? 1?u ? VP102?1L1?u? VN T Hv?1 ?9 VDVD= VP - VN(8.1)l 9Dvuu () 9 =+,VV (8.2)9 9?VO= (VP - VN) (8.3)wunuwTLLLuLu l 8.3 T uu (8.2) 1 9 1 lvL(+VSS -Vss) 1 8. 3 w l103l LL 9 u4LL1. 1919ulvL9w 8.3 1lv1L?119 91 lvL -VSS VO + VSS2. uu ( = )l1 9 uu l1_ L uu9 20,000 D 2,000,000 13. 1 (VD = 0)91 3.2 Dulv VD=,V uu VO +VSS91lvVD = 0 H v? VP VN 4. 1 u (IN = IP = 0) 9 ? 1Dul (PI) () 91lv1v1 0D 1. -VSS VO + VSS 1042. = 3. VD = 04. IN = IP = 01 8. 4 ?9 lL .1 1 8.4 uu 100,000 1 11L 18 V 9v11 v?1 89 VD=,V1 VO = 18 V, = 100,0009 VD=000 - 1001.= 180 V 11v?H 180 V1059Tunul (Invert|ng Amp||er)?9uuLLLw 9 P1 P2 8.5 ?u u P2 9LL L1L (Negative Feedbac) u11L?1 P2 ?11L (9u? L1L) T ?9uuLLLw 9uu1LAV=SI/,VV= -12RR1 8. 5 ?9uuLLLwL .29vuu?9uuLLLw uvlv P1 = 100 P2 = 330 v P1 vuuu -10 110689AV= -12RR1 P1 = 100 , P2 = 3309 AV= - 0 1000 330= - 3.3uuu -10 19P1= -V2AR= -100 330= 33 9nQQw (Summ|ng Amp||er) ?91lL?QQvu Q QQlv 1u?1 8. 6 ?9L?QQ vlv V2 0 8.7 9 I1 + IF= 0 I1 = 11RV IF = 11 ,RV 9107VO1= -V1 11RR1 8. 7 9 V1 ulv V2 = 09 lv V 0 8.8 9 I2 + IF = 0 I2 = 22RV IF = 12 ,RV 9VO2= -V2 21RR1 8. 8 9 V2 ulv V1 = 0 l1 V1 V2 9VO= VO1 + VO2 = - (212111RRVRRV + )108l1vu D? 9VO= - (212212111RRV 333RRVRRV + + + )1 8. 9 ?9L? LL ?9Tuunul (Non|nvert|ng Amp||er)?9uuLLLw 9wu?L1 u19D 1L? PF u1L 8.101 8. 10 ?9uuLLLw109vlv I1 = RVSI/ IF = 1SI/ ,RV V IN = 0 1lv I1 = IF 9RVSI/=1SI/ ,RV V uuvL?9uuLLLw AV=SI/,VV= 1 + RR19uuu (Vo|tage Fo||ower)9?9uuLLLw D lv P QPF u Q 9?9 8.111 8. 11 ?9uu?9 u??9uu T uu1L 1 l ?9?u 9?11 ?11 9uQQw (D|erence Amp||er)110 ?91QQ1 H9LQQ1 1 8. 12 ?9LQQ lv V2 = 0 ?99u ?9uuLLLw 9 VO1 VO1= - RR1V11 8. 13 9 V1 ulv V2 = 09 lv V1 = 0 9?9uuLLLw VO2111VO2= (1+ RR1)(11R RR+)V2=RR1V21 8. 14 9 V2 ulv V1 = 0 VO = VO1 + VO2 VO=RR1(V2 - V1)4. u1. 9vuu?9uuLLLw uvlv P1= 100 P2 = 470 v P1 vuuu -20 15. LL[1] Donald P. Leach. 1992.D|screte and Integrated C|rcu|tE|ectron|cs. Santa Clara University.112 OP-AMP App||cat|on1.1. Dul ?9 Q2.uu1 ? ? 1 ? L9v ?vu???u 91lvw Du (Transfer -113Function) uLL ? 1 ? 11 u v l?9uuQQw D u uu?9 9 1 u9 ? 11 l? v?9u1 ?? Q L 9 _lw D u 9 ?9LL L ?u L uuH (Diferential ain) 13.luLV9Tu (D|erence Amp||er) ?91QQ1 HLQQ1 99 A T LvLH 1?9uuH L1L ?Luu?91 9. 1 ?9uuH1149lv V2 = 0 9v V1 ?u?1H11L 91VO1= -V1( RR1) ----------(9.1)1 9. 2 9 V1 ulv V2 = 09 1lv V1 = 0 119 V2 1 1L? 9VP= V2 (11R RR+)----------(9.2)1 9. 3 9 V2 ulv V1 = 011519?9uuLLLw v9VO2= VP (RR R1+)1 VP 9 (9.2) 9VO2= V2 (11R RR+) (RR R1+)VO2= V2 ( RR1) ----------(9.3)H? VO1 VO2 9 (9.1) (9.3) 9?VO= VO1 + VO2= -V1( RR1) + V2 ( RR1)= (V2 - V1) ( RR1)VO= VDIFF( RR1) uu?9uuH AV = +I11,VV=RR1----------(9.4)9TuL uln (Integrat|ng Amp||er)QQ1 ?9 1 (Integrator) 9u L1 (Integral) L?QQ T 9??T(PC Time Constant) ?99vw Du (Transfer Function) ?91 1161 9. 4 ?9uuLL1?5?99iP= iCiP= VI PiC= C dtdV4= -C dtdV,1 iP iC RVI= - C dtdV, VO =R41 t0VI dt----------(9.5)9nLu (Low Pass F||ter)ll?91L lv QQL?DH1 u1QQT ?Dv9 9D9 l?9?D 9lvQQ1?D Q H T ?9 9.5(a)1171 9. 5 (a) ?9?D (b) w?D Dvuu?99AV =I,VV=4 R 5 1R 6 R21 2 +789:9;?@ ABC&DE FGH;FIF&JK CL@*F 8@*C