..

!Jhsan Çap cıoğta A. O. ilahiyat Fakültesi

Be§evl~r - Anıtarcı

KURESELLEŞME, ULUS-DEVLET

VE DiN

Editörler

Şahin GÜRS0Y - ihsan ÇAPCIOGLU

ANKARA 2007

KÜRESELLEŞMENiN TOPLUMSAL BOYUTLARI ÜZERiNE BiBLiYOGRAFiK BiR DENEME

İhsan ÇAPCIO~LU

. Giriş

Belirİi bir kültür, ekonomi ya da siyaset normunun, değer yargısının ya da kurumsal yapının küresel ölçekte yaygınlık ka­

zanarak zamanla o alanda geçerli tek norm, tek değer yargısı ya da tek kurumsal yapı haline gelmesini ifade eden "küresel­leşme", kitle iletişim v~ ulaşım araçlan alanmda yaşanan baş­

döndürücü gelişmeler sonucunda kültürel, siyasi, iktisadi ve dini

çeşitliliği ile dünyanın tek bir mekan olarak algılanmasını açık­layan bir kavramdır. Sosyo-kültürel yoğunluk ve bilinçlenme ile birlikte dünyayı bir bütün olarak algılama ve plarılama çaba­lannın her geçen gün ar~ası, dünyamızı kültürel farklılıkları

ve benzerlikleri bir arada barındıran bir mekan haline getirmiş­tir (Bokser-Liwerant, 2002: 257). Küreselleşme kuramcılann­

dan Robertson, insanlığın eş zamanlı olarak hem benzerliğin hem de farklılığın gelişimine katkıda bulunan bir süreçten geç" tiğini ve bu süreci tanımlamak için kullanılan küreselleşme kav­ramının sadece benzerliğin hızla J:ayılması anlamına gelmedi-

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iHS·AN ÇAPCIOGLU

ğini, aynı zamanda onun kültürel, dini, siyasi, etnik ve iktisadi farklılıkları da yeniden canlandırdığım ifade etmektedir (Ro­

bertson, 2000: 56-57). Ayrıca Robertson, küreselleşme süreci­nin bir yönünü evrensel (küresel) olanın yerelleşmesi, diğer

yönünü ise yerelliklerin evrenselleşmesinin oluşturduğuna dik­kat.çekerek, küresel ile yerelin zannedildiği gibt birbirinin kar­şıtı kavrarnlar olmadığına işaret ennektedir .(Robertson, 1990: 73). Bti anlarnda küreselleşme, iktisadi, siya.si, sosyal ve kültü­

rel alanlarda bazı ortak değerlerin yerel· ve ulusal sınırlan aşa­rak dünya çapında yaygınlık kazanmasını ifade etmektedir.

20. yüzyılın ikinci yarısından itibaren hızlı bir gelişme kay­deden bilgi ve iletişim teknolojileri sayesinde ülkelerin siyasal ve iktisadi sınırları arasındaki esneklik ve akışkanlık artiİıış ve böylece dünyanın bir ucunda yaşanan bir olayın olumlu ya da

olumsuz etkisi kısa süre içinde diğer bölgelere de ulaşarak kü­resel sonuçlar ortaya çıkannaya başlamıştır. Bu yeni ortamda dikkat çeken önemli gelişmeler arasında uydu enformasyon sis­temleririin kurulması, ulusal kültürleriri kendi kapalı sınırlarını zorlaması, küresel tüketim ve pazarlarn·a kalıplannın ortaya çık­ması, kollektif yaşarn tarzlarının gelişmesi, Milleder Cemiyeri

ve Birleşmiş Milletler gibi küresel ölçekte siyasal sistemleriri kurulması, insan haklan kavramının kapsam alanının genişle­mesi, ekenomilerin birbirine daha bağımlı hale gelmesi, soğuk savaş dönemindeki politik kutuplaşmaların ortadan kalkması ve hemen her alanda liberal eğilimlerin güçlenmesi sayılabilir. Ayrıca, bu gelişmeler sonucunda dünyanın adeta "büyük bir köye" dönüştüğü pek çok kişinin ortak kanısı haline gelmiştir

(Acar, 2002: 15).

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KÜRESELLEŞME, ULUS - DEVLET VE DiN

Bu çalışmanın amacı, yukanda tasvir edilen temel nitelik­

leri ile günümüz sosyal b.ilirnlerinin en çok tartışılan kavramla­nndan biri olan küreselleşme fenarneni hakkında ilgili okuyu­cuya uluslar arasıliteratürde yayınlanmış bazı makale ve kitap­

ların bibliyografik künyelerini tanıtmak ve bu sayede konu ile ilgili yayınlara erişim kolaylığı sağlamaktır. Elbette, ekonomi­den sanata, bilirnden iletişime ve politikadan uluslar arası iliş­kilere kadar pek çok alanı içine alan böylesine geniş bir litera­

türü, sadece bibliyografik künyeleri ile bile olsa, bütünüyle tes­pit etmek imkan dahilinde değildir. Bu nedenle, araştırmada öncelikle küreselleşme tartışmalarının odaklandığı belli başlı alanların ve bu alanlardaki temel tezleri ve tartışmaları ortaya koyan eserlerin .. tespiti amaçlanmıştır. Böylece, küreselleşme­nin kurarnsal yönünün yanı sıra, toplumsal boyutlçm (devlet,

·din, ekonomi, kimlik, kültür, siyaset, medya ve zaman-mekan) ile ilgili başlıca yayınlar da belirlenmeye çalışılmıştır. Bu belir­

lemedeki temel kriter, küreselleşme tartışmalarının sosyal bi­

limlerin neredeyse bütün alanlarını kuşatan bir çok yönlülüğe sahip olmasıdır. Ayrıca, eserlerin bibliyografik künyeleri verilir-

. ken yazarların soyadiarına göre bir sıralama takip edilmiştir .

. Konu ile ilgili olarak tespit edebildiğimiz kaynaklar şunlardır:

Küreselle§me Kuramı

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iHSAN ÇAPCIO(HU

Baricco, Alessandro, Petit Livre sur la Globalisation et le Monde Qui Vient, Paris: Albin Michel, 2002.

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Bemal-Meza, RauL Los Procesos de Globalization: Perspectivas y Riesgos para America Latina, Buenos Aires, 1998.

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KÜRESELLEŞME, ULUS-DEVLET VE DiN

Mcbride, S. ve J. Wiseman, Globalization and Its Discontents, St. Martin' s Press: New York, 2000.

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Küreselleşme ve Din

Abe, Yqshiya, "Religion in the Emerging Global Religions: A Com­ment on Davie, Nakajirna, Robertson and Rousselet", Social Compass 41/1, (1994), 151-159.

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Beyer, Peter, Religi.on and Globalization, London: Sage Publicati­ons, 1994.

-----' "Globalizing Systems, Global Cultural Models and Religions", International Sociology 13(1), (1994), 79-94.

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Harris, Errol E. ve James A Yunker, eds. Toward Genuine Global Govemance: Critica[ Reactions' to Our Global Neighborhood, Westport, CT: Praeger, 1999.

Haynes, Jeff, Religion, Globalizatio~ and Political Culture in the Third World, New York, St. Martin's Press, 1999.

Held, David ve Anthony MeGrew, eds. The Global_Transformatio.ns · Reader; Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, 2000.

------- -' Anthony McGrew, David Goldblatt ve Jonathan Perraton, Global Transformations: Politics, Economics and Cul­ture, Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1999.

- - -:----:-'Democracy and the Global Order; Stanford: S tanford University Press, 1995.

Herod, Andrew ve Diğerleri, An Unruly World?: Globalization, Go­vemance and Geography, New York: Routledge, 1998. ·

Huntington, Samuel P., The Clash of Civilizations and the Rema­kingofWorld Order; New York: Sirnon and Schuster, 1996.

Karliner, J., The Corporate Pla~et: Ecology and Politics in the Age of GlobalizatiÖn, San Francisco: Sierra Club Books, 1997.

Keyman, E. Fuat, "Globalization, Civil Society and Democracy in Turkey", D. Durst, ed. Civil Society in Southeast Europe içinde, London:Vertigo,2003. ·

Khor, Martin; Rethinking Globalization: Critical Issues and Policy Choices, London, New York: Zed, 2001.

Kiely, Ray ve Phil Marfleet, Globalisation and the Third World, New York, Routledge,1998.

Korten, David, Globalizing Civil Society: Reclaiming Our Right to Power; New York: Seven Stories Press, 1998.

___ _ _ , When Corporations Rule The Worl!i West, Hartford, _conn.: Kumarian Press, 1995.

Krugman, Paul, "Regionalism versus Multilateralism: Analytical No tes", Jaime de Melo ve ArVind Panagariya, eds. New Dimen­

. sions in Region·az Integration içinde, (1993). Küng, Hans, A Global Ethics for Global Politics and Economics, New

York: Oxford University Press, 1998.

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İ.ewis, Bernard, What Went Wrong? Western lmpact and Middle Eastern Response, New York: Oxford University Press, 2002_

Lipshutz, R. P., "Reconstructing World Politics: The Emergence of Global C ivil Society", Millennium: Journal of International Stu­di~ 21.3 (1992), 389-420.

Mahbubani, Kishore, "The Dangers of Decadence: What the Rest Can Teach the West?",ForeignA!fairs 73.4 (1993), 10-15-

Mazarr, Michael J., Global Trends 2005: An Owner's Manualfor the ·Next Decade, New York: St. Martin's Press, 1999.

Sassen, Saskia, Losing Control? Sovereignty in an Age of Globaliza­, tion, New York: Columbia University Press, 1995.

Tab b, W K, "The Arnoral Elephant: Globalization and The Strugg­le for Social Justice in The Twenty-First Century'', Monthly Review Press 2001, 337_

The Global City, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1992.

Thomas, Caroline ve Peter Wılkin, Globalization and the South, New York, St. Martin's Press, 1997.

Thomas, Janet, The Battle in Seattle: The Story Behind and Beyond the WTO Demonstrations, Fulcrum Publication, 2000.

Wallach, Lon ve Michelle Sforza, Whose Trade Organization?: Cor­porate Globalization and the Erosion ofDemocracy, Public Citi­zen Ine., 1999.

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Wallerstein, Imrnanuel, The Modem World-System, New York, 1974. ____ __,.The Politics of the World Economy, Cambridge: Camb­

ridge University Press, 1984. Weber, Steven, Globalization and the European Political Economy,

New York: Columbia University Press, 2001.

Küreselle§me ve Zaman-Mekan

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Dodgshon, Robert, "Human Geography at the End of Time? Some

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Keith, Michael ve Steve Pile, eds. Place and the Politics of Identity, London, New York: Routledge, ı993.

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Massey, Doreen, "Politics and Space/Time", M. Keith ve S. Pile, eds. Place and the Politics ofldentity içinde, London: Routled­ge, ı993.

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Robertson, Roland, ''Globalization: Time-Space and Homogene­ity-Heterogeneity'', M ike Featherstone, ed. Global Modem Ci­

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MD: The John Hopkins University Press, ı993. Soja, Edward, Postmodem Geographies: the Reassertion of Space in

Critica[ Social Theory, London: Verso, ı 989.

Sonuç

Bu eserlerin sadece konu başlı~arı bile küreselleşme olgu­

sunun kapsam alanınının ne kadar geniş olduğu konusunda

yeterince bilgilendiricidir,. Sonuç olarak, ister emperyalizmin

"çağdaş versiyonu" şeklinde değerlendirilerek karşı çıkılsın, is-

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KÜRESELLEŞME, ULUS-DEVLET VE DiN

ter yeni dünya düzeninin ekonomik, siyasi ve kültürel kurgusu­nu oluşturmak amacıyla savunulsun, küreselleşme ve sonuçları hakkında yapılan tartışmalar günümüzün sosyal bilimleri için­

de önemli bir yer işgal etmeye devam etmektedir (Erbaş ve Coş­kun, 2002: 144). Küreselleşme, siyasi, kültürel, iktisadi ve dirıi boyutları ile toplumsal bir olgudur ve bu olguya karşı olmak ya

da taraf olmak çok anlamlı tavırları ifade etmez. Eğer tarihiri teleolojik olarak ileri giden bir düzlem olduğu düşünülürse,

~üreselleşme hiç şüphesiz ileri doğru atılmış bir adımdır. Elbet­te küreselleşme, toplumsal hayatta bazı problemleri de berabe­rinde getirecektir. Ancak bu problemler, mevcut durumun ta­mamen karşısında olmak gibi bir sonucu ortaya çıkarırsa, bu tavır gerçekçi bir zemin arayışının önünde engel teşkil edecek­tir. Küreselleşme, toplumsal ve kültürel pek çok sürecin değiş­

. m esi anlamına gelmekte ve bu değişim süreci bilinen ideolojik yaklaşııİıları geçersiz kılmaktadır. Dolayıs;yla, ideolojik niteliği ağır basan yaklaşımların sağlıklı ve kabul edilebilir sonuçlar ortaya çıkarmasını beklemek geçerli bir yol gibi görünmemek­

tedir.

Bu noktada küreselleşmenin fiili bir durum olduğunun ka­bulü önem kazanmaktadır. Taraf olmak ya da karşı çıkmak ye­rine "durum belirlemeyi" önemli hale getiren bu süreçte, yeni

durumun getirilerinin arttırılması ve olumsuzluklarının asgari­ye indirilmesi için çaba sarf edilmesi gerçekçi ve yapıcı bir tavır olacaktır. Yine küreselleşmenin ortaya çıkardığı durumun olum­suzluklarını öne çıkarmak ve karamsar tablolar çizmek, gecikti­rilmeye gelmez sorunların çözümünü ertelemekten öte her hangi bir işieve sahip olmayaçaktır (Baştürk, 2003). Küreselleşmenin

- 389-

SONUÇ.

yol açtığı olumsuz sonuçlar, bu sürecin bütünüyle reddedilme­

sini gerektirmemelidiL Bununla birlikte; küreselleşme süreci­nin yaratacağı imkaniardan fayda sağlamak kadar, zararların­

dan kaçınma yollarını da öğrenmek durumundayız.

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