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H Ni - 2010
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G BIN I KH HUBIN I KH HU V REDD
Gim pht thi kh nh knh t n lc gim mt rngv gim suy thoi rng ti cc nc pht trin
Reducing Emission from Deferestation and Forest Degradation (REDD)
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Gim pht thi kh nh knh t n lc gim mt rngv gim suy thoi rng ti cc nc pht trin
Reducing Emission from Deferestation and Forest Degradation (REDD)
H Ni - 2010
GII PHP TCH CC CC NC ANG PHT TRIN, CNG NG SNG TRONG RNG V GN RNG N LC
THAM GIA GIM MT RNG V SUY THOI RNG
BIN I KH HUBIN I KH HU V REDD
ng ch bin: V Th Hin - Lng Th Trng
Cng s tham gia ca:Cn b, nhn vin CERDA v CSDM
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Bin i kh hu v REDD
2 3
Gii php tch cc cc nc ang pht trin, cng ng sng trong rng v gn rng n lc tham gia gim mt rng v suy thoi rng
LI TA
D n m bo s tham gia ca nhm dn tc thiu s trong qu trnh thc hin Chng trnh gim pht thi kh nh knh t n lc gim mt rng v suy thoi rng (Reducing Emission from Deforestation and Forest Degaradation - REDD) cp quc t v quc gia - GLO-4248 GLO 09/750 - do NORAD ti tr v c thc hin bi Tebtebba - CERDA - CSDM, giai on 6/2009-5/2010. Nng cao nhn thc v Bin i kh hu v gii php gim thiu bin i kh hu thng qua chng trnh Gim pht thi kh nh knh t n lc gim mt rng v gim suy thoi rng cho cng ng dn tc thiu s, cng ng sng trong v gn rng l mt ni dung quan trng c thc hin v l l do bin son cun sch nh ny. Thng qua cun sch nh, nhm tc gi hy vng cng vi cc cuc hi tho v tp hun i km, cn b v ngi dn a phng hiu c nhng thng tin c bn v Bin i kh hu v gii php gim pht thi kh nh knh t n lc gim mt rng v gim suy thoi rng (REDD v REDD+). Trn c s , cng ng a phng c c nhng sng kin ti cp ca mnh tham gia vo cng cuc chng bin i kh hu thng qua cc sng kin bo v rng, trng rng v s dng rng bn vng.
Cc thng tin trong cun sch c tham kho v trch dn t cc ti liu trong nc v quc t. Cc ch c cp mang tnh thi s v ang trong qu trnh tho lun, do vy kh trnh khi nhng thiu st, nhm tc gi rt mong nhn c kin ng gp ca Bn c.
Nhm tc gi
PH LC
1. Khi nim v Kh hu, Bin i kh hu v nhng biu hin ca Bin i kh hu 4
2. Nhng thch thc quan trng nht i vi con ngi nu gi tc Bin i kh hu nh hin nay 6
3. Bin i kh hu Vit Nam v tc ng tim n ca Bin i kh hu ti Vit Nam 8
4. Nguyn nhn ca Bin i kh hu, Hiu ng nh knh v kh gy hiu ng nh knh 12
5. Rng v vai tr ca rng trong cng cuc p ng vi Bin i kh hu 22
6. Th gii lm g ng ph vi Bin i kh hu 28
7. Khi nim v Gim pht thi kh nh knh t n lc gim mt rng v gim suy thoi rng ti cc nc ang pht trin (REDD) 31
8. Nguyn tc c bn ca REDD 33
9. Nguyn tc v c ch ti chnh thc y v thc hin REDD 35
10. Yu cu k thut khi tham gia thc hin REDD: Qun l, o c, Gim st 39
11. Chng trnh gim pht thi kh nh knh t n lc gim mt rng v gim suy thoi rng ti Vit Nam - Chng trnh UN -REDD Vit Nam 42
12. Ngi dn tc thiu s vi REDD ti Vit Nam, vai tr v v th ca cng ng dn tc thiu s khi thc hin REDD 46
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54
Kh hu l g? Kh hu l biu th ca mt h thng tng hp bao gm 5 yu t chnh tng tc vi nhau: Khng kh Nc Phn ng bng ca tri t B mt t Sinh quyn
Bin i kh hu l g?
Bin i kh hu l s thay i ca h thng kh hu gm kh quyn, thu quyn, sinh quyn, thch quyn hin ti v trong tng lai bi cc nguyn nhn t nhin v nhn to.
Kh quyn l bu khng kh bao quanh tri t, bao gm nhiu loi cht kh (kh Nit, xy, Cacbonic...) v cc phn t ca nhiu cht khc.
Thy quyn bao gm; bin, h, sng, m, nc ngm, lch sui (di dng cht lng) v cc ni bng (di dng cht rn).
Sinh quyn l ton b th gii sinh vt cng vi cc yu t ca mi trng bao quanh chng trn tri t, bao gm c cc hot ng ca sinh vt , ang v s tn ti trn v tri t.
Thch quyn l lp t ca v Tri t nm st bn di kh quyn (nu l trn cn) v nm st bn di thy quyn (nu l di nc).
Biu hin ca Bin i kh hu
Bin i kh hu c biu hin chiu hng tng ca nhit , tng mc nc bin, thay i ch ma, thay i lng ma, thay i ch gi, tt c u theo chiu hng mnh ln cng vi nguy c lm tng cc thm ha thin nhin.
KHI NIM V KH HU, BIN I KH HUV NHNG BIU HIN CA BIN I KH HU
Bin i kh hu v REDD Khi nim v Kh hu, Bin i kh hu v nhng biu hin ca Bin i kh hu1
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Bin i kh hu v REDD
B
Nhng thch thc quan trng nht i vi con ngi nu gi tc Bin i kh hu nh hin nay2
i vi An ninh lng thc
Do bin i kh hu, sn lng lng thc s gim khong 15%;
i vi An ninh nng lng
Nng lng b thiu, y l vn c th nh hng lu di cc quc gia.
V Ngun nc
Nhit ton cu tip tc tng s gy ra hn hn nhiu ni hn s y thm 50 triu ngi trn th gii vo cnh ngho i trong vi thp k ti.
Suy thoi a dng sinh hc
Bin i kh hu lm tng nguy c dit chng ca ng thc vt, lm mt ngun gen qu him, bnh dch mi c th pht sinh.
Thm ha Sinh thi do tan bng hai cc tri t
Nhiu thnh ph ca cc quc gia ven bin ang ng trc nguy c b nc bin dng hu qu trc tip ca s tan bng Bc v Nam cc. Trong s 33 thnh ph c quy m dn s 8 triu ngi vo nm 2015, t nht 21 thnh ph c nguy c cao b nc nhn chm ton b hoc mt phn.
Lnh th c nguy c b thu hp
Mt s nc c mc ri ro cao do nc bin dng dn n lnh th b thu hp vi th t l Trung Quc, n , Bangladesh, Vit Nam, Indonesia, Nht Bn, Ai Cp, Hoa K, Thi Lan v Philippine.
i vi nhng ngi dn sng ph thuc vo rng, do lng ma gim v s gia tng nhit lm gia tng hn hn v gia tng cc v chy rng
Trong 2 thp k qua, thit hi do thin tai ngy cng gia tng v s thit hi c tnh: Khong 3 triu ngi cht, 200 triu ngi b
nh hng Thit hi hng nm c tnh khong 40 t la,
50 triu ngi nh hng
D kin 50 nm sau thin tai s tng gp 4 ln v s ngi chu nh hng c th ln n 2 t ngi
Ngun: Thng k ca H KT-XH, LHQ, 2003
NHNG THCH THC QUAN TRNG NHT I VI CON NGINU GI TC BIN I KH HU NH HIN NAY
Thit hi do thin tai v Bin i kh hu trn quy m ton cu
6 7
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Bin i kh hu v REDD
8 9
Bin i kh hu Vit Nam v tc ng tim n ca Bin i kh hu ti Vit Nam3Tc ng tim n ca Bin i kh hu ti Vit Nam Nu mc nc bin dng cao 1 mt, Vit Nam s b mt 12% din tch t ai ni c tr ca 23% s dn Bin i kh hu lm cho cc trn bo thng xuyn xy ra hn vi mc tn ph nghim trng hn Nhit tng v lng ma thay i s nh hng n nng nghip v ngun nc
Vit Nam v Bin i kh hu
Thin tai, c bit l bo, l, lt, hn hn ngy cng gia tng v tn sut, cng v quy m; tc ng nghim trng n cc hot ng sn xut, i sng v cc lnh vc kinh t - x hi nh nng nghip, ti nguyn nc, qun l vng ven bin, lm nghip, thy sn, nng lng, giao thng vn ti, du lch v c bit l nh hng n sc khe con ngi.
Biu hin Bin i kh hu ti Vit Nam Nhit trung bnh nm tng khong 0,1oC/thp
k. Trong mt s thng ma h nhit tng khong 0,1-0,3oC/thp k
Ma ln thng xuyn gy l c bit ln Lng ma gim v ma kh v tng trong ma
ma L c bit ln xy ra thng xuyn min
Trung v min Nam ng i ca bo dch chuyn v pha Nam v
ma bo dch chuyn vo cc thng cui nm ENSO nh hng mnh hn n ch thi tit
v c trng kh hu ca nhiu vng Vit Nam; Mc nc bin dng t 2,5cm-3,0cm/thp k
trong th k qua Hn hn xy ra hng nm hu ht cc khu vc
ca c nc.
Tc ng n Nng nghip Vo nhng nm 2070, cc loi cy trng c th
phi di chuyn ln n cao 550 m v hng ln pha Bc t 100 km n 200 km so vi hin ti. Cy nhit i gim
Mt phn rt ln din tch ca ng bng sng Hng v sng Cu Long c th b ngp lt do nc bin dng
Tc ng n Ti nguyn nc Thay i ch ma c th gy l nghim trng
vo ma ma v hn hn vo ma kh Gia tng v cng v s lng cc cn bo,
ging t gy l ln v ngp lt, l qut, trt l t v xi mn
Gia tng thiu ht nc, tng nhu cu dng nc, do vy i hi cao hn v p ng cp nc v c th dn n mu thun s dng nc
Ngun: Thng bo quc gia ln th nht
Tc ng n Lm nghip Nc bin dng lm thay i din tch rng
ngp mn Phn b ranh gii cc kiu rng nguyn sinh, th
sinh c th b dch chuyn Tng nguy c tit chng ca ng thc vt,
ngun gen qu him Tng nguy c chy rng Dch bnh pht tn mnh hn v rng hn
BIN I KH HU VIT NAMV TC NG TIM N CA BIN I KH HU TI VIT NAMVit Nam l mt trong nhng quc gia chu tn tht nng n nht khi mc nc bin dng v bin i kh hu.
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Bin i kh hu v REDD Bin i kh hu Vit Nam v tc ng tim n ca Bin i kh hu ti Vit Nam
10 11
Tc ng n Thy sn v Ngh c Nhit tng ln lm ngun thy v hi sn b
phn tn. Cc loi c nhit i (km gi tr kinh t, tr c Ng) tng ln, cc loi c cn nhit i (c gi tr kinh t cao) gim
Tr lng cc loi hi sn b gim st do: - C c th di c - Gim khi lng
Tc ng n vng ven bin Din tch rng ln ca ng bng sng Hng,
sng M Kng v ven bin min Trung s b ngp lt do nc bin dng
Nc bin dng s nh hng n vng t ngp nc ca b bin Vit Nam, nghim trng nht l cc khu vc rng ngp mn ca C Mau, thnh ph H Ch Minh v Nam nh
Tc ng n Nng lng v Giao thng Cc dn khoan du kh b nh hng bi bo t, lc
Cng bin v giao thng c thit k theo s liu lch s s b nh hng, khng cn ph hp na
Gim sn lng in do thiu nc
Ch thy vn khng n nh, dn n mu thun trong vn hnh thy in
Tiu th nhiu nng lng hn do nhit v m tng
Tc ng n Sc khe Bin i kh hu lm xut hin nhiu loi bnh
l v ang lan mnh quy m ton cu. Nhiu loi bnh trc y ch c tr trong mt khu vc a l nh, nay lan mnh ra nhiu vng
Hin nay ghi nhn c 30 cn bnh mi xut hin trong 3 thp k qua. S bng n bnh cha tng thy k t khi cuc cch mng cng nghip a con ngi n sng tp trung ti cc th
Theo T chc Y t th gii (WHO), tri t nng ln c th s lm cho 150.000 ngi cht v 5 triu ngi b mc cc chng bnh khc nhau. Con s trn c th tng gp i vo nm 2030
H sinh thi nui dng cuc sng, cung cp cho con ngi thc n, khng kh v c nc na ang b nh hng
Bin i kh hu tng mt s nguy c i vi ngi bnh do thay i c tnh trong nhp sinh hc ca con ngi
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Bin i kh hu v REDD
B
Nguyn nhn ca Bin i kh hu, Hiu ng nh knh v kh gy hiu ng nh knh
12 13
Hiu ng nh knh - Nhit tri t nng lnCc loi kh nh knh do con ngi to ra lm cho tm chn bao bc tri t ngy cng dy hn ngn cn hi nng, nhit t mt tri chiu xung v nhit t lng tri t thot tr li khng gian v tr. Do vy nhit tri t ngy cng nng ln.
Cc loi kh thi gy Hiu ng nh knh
Cc nh khoa hc pht hin ra rng kh thi CO2 l nguyn nhn chnh gy nn Hiu ng nh knh, bin i kh hu v tri t nng ln.
Cc loi kh nh knh l cc thnh phn ha hc nh: HCFs; PFFs; CFCs; SF6; N2O; CH4; hi nc, CO2
4NGUYN NHN CA BIN I KH HU, HIU NG NH KNH V KH GY HIU NG NH KNH
Hiu ng nh knh
S dng nng lngha thch
Mt tri
t, cht trng, tn ph rng
Nng nghip
Hiu ng nh knh l g ? Kh quyn ca tri t hot ng vi c ch nh hot ng ca nh knh. Tm chn c tc dng nh knh bao bc tri t cho php tia nng mt tri i vo bu kh quyn ca tri t, mang nhit n i dng, mt t, kh quyn v gi nhit bn trong bu kh quyn. Hin tng ny c gi l Hiu ng nh knh.
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Bin i kh hu v REDD Nguyn nhn ca Bin i kh hu, Hiu ng nh knh v kh gy hiu ng nh knh
14 15
Cc ngun kh gy hiu ng nh knh ti cc nc pht trin
CC NC PHT TRIN
Cc ngun kh gy hiu ng nh knh ti cc nc ang pht trin
CC NC ANG PHT TRIN
Ti cc nc pht trin phn ln kh nh knh sinh ra do t nhin liu ha thch (than, du, kh).
CH4N20
F-GasesCO2 t s dng
nhin liu ha thch
11%6%
2%
81%
Ti cc nc ang pht trin kh nh knh pht ra do thay i s dng t, do mt rng l nguyn nhn rt ln.
S dngnhin liu ha thch
CH4
N20F-Gases
Thay i s dng t v rng
41%
16%
10%0%
33%Hiu ng nh knh
Tm chn c tc dng ging nh knh bao bc ly tri t
Hi nng, nhit b cn, quay tr li tri t
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Bin i kh hu v REDD Nguyn nhn ca Bin i kh hu, Hiu ng nh knh v kh gy hiu ng nh knh
16 17
Kh nh knh bt ngun t u?
Kh thi CO2 v kh nh knh khc sinh ra t u?
T cng nghip:
Cc nh my in, nh my, cng xng thp, nh my ha cht
T s dng xng du v kh ga:
Tu ln, t v my mc s dng xng du v kh ga
T khai thc du m v t du T cht cy, ph rng, lp m, lt t khai thc qung
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Bin i kh hu v REDD Nguyn nhn ca Bin i kh hu, Hiu ng nh knh v kh gy hiu ng nh knh
Kh thi CO2 sinh ra t u? Kh thi CO2 thot ra t u?
Thay i s dng t, chuyn i rng sang cc mc ch khc nh nh my thy in, ng giao thng
Khi t b cy xi, kh CO2 t lng t thot ln bay vo kh quyn
Rng b t, kh CO2 sinh ra i vo kh quyn
Cht cy: Khi mt cy b n ng, cy s khng cn c vai tr l b cha Carbon, khng cn hp th CO2 t bu kh quyn na
Kh nh knh sinh ra t u ?
Chn th gia sc vi s lng ln mt lng ln kh CH4 v CO2 sinh ra t phn bay vo kh quyn
18 19
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Bin i kh hu v REDD
B
Rng v vai tr ca rng trong cng cuc p ng vi Bin i kh hu
22 23
5RNG V VAI TR CA RNG TRONG CNG CUC P NG VI BIN I KH HU
Th no l rng?Theo Ngh nh th Kyoto, rng c nh ngha nh sau:
Din tch ti thiu: 0,05 ha-1,00ha T l che ph tng tn ti thiu: 10%-30% Chiu cao tim nng ti thiu: 2m-5m
Vai tr ca rng Rng ng vai tr quan trng vo qu trnh
pht trin thng qua vic cung cp g, lm sn ngoi g, cc dch v mi trng (a dng sinh hc, iu tit ngun nc, chng xi mn, du lch sinh thi...)
Rng l ni sinh sng ca nhiu triu ngi Rng l ngun cung cp nng lng quan trng Rng l b cha, hp th v lu gi CO2
Carbon c lu gi u trong rng?Carbon c lu gi trong cy: phn sinh khi sng trn mt t, r, thm ti, g cht, thm mc v t
Vai tr ca rng trong vic hp th v lu tr CarbonMt s con s v d tr Carbon tnh theo din tch rng trn ton th gii nh sau: Rng l kho d tr Carbon quan trng vi khong
283 Gt Carbon cha trong sinh khi sng, khong 38 Gt trong g cht v khong 317 Gt trong t v thm mc
Tng tr lng Carbon ca rng nm 2005 khong 638 Gt
Tng lng Carbon hp th trn b mt tri t khong 2,4 Gt/nm, phn ln trong s hp th bi rng
Vai tr ca rng ngp mn v rng Trm Rng ngp mn l cc di phng h bo v t
nng nghip, khu dn c, bin khi tc hi ca bo v xi, ng thi thc y qu trnh bi t ven bin v m rng t ra pha bin
Rng Trm, rng ngp mn hn ch pht thi kh Carbon t than bn
Ti sao rng quan trng i vi Bin i kh hu?Vai tr ca rng l b cha, hp th v lu gi Carbon s khng cn hoc gim i nu rng b trit h hoc b ngho i.
Vic s dng rng v pht thi kh nh knh Mt rng, suy thoi rng v s dng t nng
nghip l ngun pht thi chnh cc kh gy hiu ng nh knh do cc hot ng ca con ngi gy ra ti cc nc ang pht trin
c tnh lng CO2 pht thi do mt rng trong nhng nm 90 khong 5,8Gt/nm, chim khong 20% lng CO2 tng lng pht thi hng nm (Theo IPPC 2007)
G cht
Thm mc
Sinh khi trn mt t, tng
cy cao
Thm ti
Phn r di mt t
t
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Bin i kh hu v REDD Rng v vai tr ca rng trong cng cuc p ng vi Bin i kh hu
24 25
Mt s t liu, hnh nh v mt rng, suy thoi rng v s dng t nng nghip ti Vit Nam
Rng v phn b din tch rng
Din tch rng gim mnh t 1943 n 1995 ti Vit Nam
Phn b rng nm 1995Phn b rng nm 1943
Mt rng Mt rng
Suy thoi rng Khai thc g Trm ti vng rng c than bn
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Bin i kh hu v REDD Rng v vai tr ca rng trong cng cuc p ng vi Bin i kh hu
26 27
Chuyn i rng trn t than bn thnh t canh tc nng nghip v nui tm to ra mt lng pht thi kh CO2 khng l
Chuyn rng ngp mn nui tm bn o C Mau, Vit Nam
Chuyn i rng thnh t trng cy hng ha, cy cng nghip trn din rng
Cch s dng t truyn thng ca ngi dn tc thiu s
Cc nh khoa hc cho bit: Canh tc truyn thng theo kiu trng nhiu loi
cy khc nhau trn nhng din tch nh, t c b hoang nh k c chng minh l cch tt duy tr lp ph ca rng
Khng nn coi vic s dng t v rng truyn thng nh m t trn l ph rng hay lm suy thoi rng
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Bin i kh hu v REDD
B
Th gii lm g ng ph vi Bin i kh hu
TH GII LM G NG PH VI BIN I KH HU?
6
28 29
Hy gi tri t trong lnh
Th gii lm g ng ph vi Bin i kh hu ?
Nm 1992, cc nc nht tr rng nhit v thi tit ton cu thay i mt cch nhanh chng v bt thng
Trong khun kh Lin hip quc, cc quc gia quyt nh hng nm gp nhau tho lun ti sao vn ny li din ra v cn phi lm g i ph vi Bin i kh hu
Cho n COP15, Copenhagen thng 12/2009, Gim pht thi kh nh knh t mt rng v suy thoi rng (REDD) v REDD+ c xem l im sng thnh cng nht trong qu trnh thng tho gia cc nc, c ghi nhn l bin php tng i r tin v yu cu v cng ngh phc tp hn cc gii php khc
Ti hi tho cc nh m phn quc t v rng t chc vo u thng 3/2010 ti Vit Nam, nht tr trc mt tp trung n lc vo REDD v REDD+
Hi ngh cc bn ln th 15 (COP15) ca Cng c khung ca Lin hp quc v Bin i kh hu (UNFCCC) ti Copenhagen 12/2009
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Bin i kh hu v REDD
B30 31
Khi nim v Gim pht thi kh nh knh t n lc gim mt rng v gim suy thoi rng ti cc nc ang pht trin (REDD)7
37 nc trn th gii c la chn thc hin REDD, trong c Vit Nam
REDD L G? REDD l ch vit tt ting Anh c ngha l: Gim pht thi kh nh knh t gim mt rng Gim pht thi kh nh knh t gim suy thoi
rng Thc hin ti cc nc ang pht trin, v d ti
Vit Nam
Mt rng v Suy thoi rng l g?
Mt rng: khi rng b cht trng hoc chuyn i sang mc ch s dng khc lu di
Suy thoi rng: khi cu trc v chc nng ca rng b tc ng bi cc yu t tiu cc bn ngoi, v d: chy rng, cht n g ci, o bi trit h thc b
REDD+ l g?
Ti cc cuc hi m quc t gn y, cc nc b sung thm 3 ni dung cho REDD v c gi l REDD+, 3 ni dung b sung bao gm: Bo tn, tng a dng sinh hc Tng cng d tr Carbon t rng Qun l rng bn vng
Cc thnh phn ca REDD+
REDD+ bao gm: Gim pht thi kh nh knh thng qua gim
mt rng Gim pht thi kh nh knh thng qua gim suy
thoi rng Bo tn tng a dng sinh hc Tng cng d tr Carbon t rng Qun l rng bn vng
V vy, cc hot ng phc hi, trng mi, ti sinh, s dng rng bn vng u c th c tnh vo vic tng hp th v d tr Carbon ca rng.
REDD v REDD+ l c hi to thu nhp mi v bn vng cho cc cng ng sng gn rng v trong rng v cng l c hi ngi dn tham gia vo cuc chin chng bin i kh hu mang li li ch cho chnh mnh v cng ng th gii.
Nguyn tc ca REDD
Nguyn tc chnh ca REDD rt n gin l:
Cn phi gim pht thi kh nh knh t mt rng v suy thoi rng. Nu iu ny khng din ra th s khng c hng li hoc khng to c thu nhp.
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Bin i kh hu v REDD 1
B32 33
8 Nguyn tc c bn ca REDD
REDD v REDD+ l gii php tch cc to ra ng c cho cc nc ang pht trin gim tnh trng mt rng v gim suy thoi rng, t gim pht thi kh nh knh v tng lng Carbon c hp th v lu gi trong rng.
Cc nc cng nghip pht trin b ra mt khon ti chnh chuyn cho cc nc ang pht trin n p cho cc nc ny khi h dng tnh trng tn ph rng v lm mt rng.
Nh vy:
Cc nc ang pht trin phi lm g?Cc nc ang pht trin cn trin khai cc d n v chnh sch nhm ngn chn mt rng v suy thoi rng tng lng Carbon lu tr trong rng.
Cc nc pht trin nhn li g?Cc nc pht trin khng phi ct gim lng kh thi qu hn mc v h tr tin lu gi lng Carbon trong cc khu rng ti cc nc ang pht trin.
Khi tham gia REDD, tng nc s o m v gim st lng pht thi CO2 t mt rng v suy thoi rng trong phm vi bin gii nc mnh.
Sau mt thi gian nht nh tng nc s tnh ton lng gim pht thi v nhn c s lng Tn ch Carbon rng tng ng. Cc Tn ch Carbon sau c th c em bn trn th trng Carbon ton cu.
NGUYN TC C BN CA REDD
-
Bin i kh hu v REDD
B
Nguyn tc v c ch ti chnh thc y v thc hin RED
34 35
9
Khi nim
Hn mc Carbon, Tn ch Carbon.
Hn mc Carbon l lng Carbon c php pht thi n nh cho tng nc.
Tn ch Carbon c to ra khi gim c mt lng kh pht thi nht nh.
Nu bn mun pht thi nhiu hn mc cho php, bn phi mua Tn ch Carbon c to ra bi ai hoc mua Hn mc Carbon ca ai khng dng ht.
n v trao i
Mt Tn ch Carbon hay Hn mc Carbon tng ng vi 1 tn Carbon c dng trao i mua bn gia Bn mua vi Bn bn.
C ch mua bn trao i Carbon thng qua REDD l nh th no? Ngi mua mua Tn ch Carbon c ngha l h
mua quyn c thi kh nh knh thay cho vic ct pht thi kh nh knh
Ngi bn bn Tn ch Carbon t hot ng bo v rng, trng rng v s dng rng bn vng
Nu khng tham gia vo hot ng trng v s dng rng bn vng s khng c thu nhp
NGUYN TC V C CH TI CHNH THC Y V THC HIN REDD
C ch ti chnh v cch thc chi tr trong REDD cn ang trong giai on tho lun?
Chi tr trong REDD thng qua Qu quc t hoc thng qua c ch th trng Carbon, hoc phi hp c hai loi trn. Tin c tr cho ngi ch ca t rng khi ngui ch ny dng vic cht ph rng v lu gi lng Carbon trong rng.
C ch ti chnh v cch thc chi tr trong REDD cn ang trong giai on tho lun, c 2 xut:
xut 1: Thnh lp cc Qu cp quc t hoc cp vng chi tr
xut 2: Hnh thnh th trng, quy nh Hn mc Carbon v Tn ch Carbon, cc nc cng nghip mua bn Tn ch Carbon trc tip vi cc nc ang pht trin
Chi tr REDD qua cc Qu Qu c hnh thnh cp ton cu hay cp
khu vc
Chnh ph, cng ty v cc c nhn cng gp tin cng ti tr cho cc Chng trnh hay D n REDD
Cc chnh ph dng tin thu chi cho cc hot ng lm tn hi n mi trng
Mt s Qu quc t v Qu song phng c thnh lp h tr cc nc ang pht trin chun b cho REDD trong thi gian ny
Cc ngun tin t Qu s c a n cc cng ng bo v v s dng rng mt cch bn vng
Cc chnh ph nhn ngun tin t Qu, hng nm bo co cho c quan ca Lin hip quc v Bin i kh hu v tin trnh bo v v bo tn rng ti nc mnh
Tnh cng bng trong REDD Lm r quyn s dng t v quyn s dng
rng trn t rng Duy tr ti nguyn rng v sinh k ca ngi dn
sng ph thuc vo rng Vinh danh cho ngi hay cng ng bo v rng
bng vic tha nhn ton cu rng h l nhng ngi qun l rng c trch nhim
Chi tr REDD thng qua ccQu quc t v Qu khu vc
Chi tr Carbon thng qua c ch th trng
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Bin i kh hu v REDD Nguyn tc v c ch ti chnh thc y v thc hin REDD
36 37
Tn ch Carbon c mua bn nh th no?
Cn phi gim pht thi kh nh knh t mt rng v suy thoi rng. Nu iu ny khng din ra th s khng c hng li hoc khng to c thu nhp
Ngi tham gia REDD, bo v, trng rng v s dng rng bn vng bn Tn ch Carbon to ra
Cng ty pht thi qu hn mc phi mua Tn ch Carbon duy tr hot ng
Ngi khng tham gia REDD ng ngoi cuc
Hn mc Carbon c n nh cho tng nc
Hn mc Carbon khng dng ht c th bn
Ngi mua
Ngi mua
Ngi bn
Ngi bn
Ngi kim chng c lp
Ngi kim chng c lp
Mua bn Hn mc Carbon
Mua bn Tn ch Carbon
Sn xut v s dng Nng
lng sch
Trng v s dng rng bn vng
To Tn ch Carbon bn
Mua Tn chCc bon
Pht thi qu hn mc nn cng ty phi
ng nh my gim pht thi
Thay v ng nh my, cng ty mua Tn ch Carbon tng ng
vi lng pht thi qu hn mc duy tr nh
my hot ng
Cng ty mua tn ch Carbon thay cho vic gim pht thi kh nh knh Cng ty pht thi qu hn mc mua Tn ch Carbon
duy tr hot ngCng ty mua Tn ch Carbon ca ngi bo v, trng v s dng rng bn vng thay cho vic gim pht thi kh nh knh Ngi bo v, trng rng v s dng
rng bn vng to Tn ch Carbon v bn Tn ch Carbon to ra
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Bin i kh hu v REDD
B
Yu cu k thut khi tham gia thc hin REDD: Qun l, o c, Gim st
38 39
10
Thc hin REDD bao gm Qun l, o c, Gim st1. Qun l rng2. o c rng 3. Gim st cc kt qu ca REDD v cng b cng
khai kt qu
Qun lQun l bao gm Bo v rng v Qun l rng bn vng. Qun l rng m bo lng Carbon t rng khng b mt hoc c tng ln trong thi gian di.
o c, xc nh lng Carbon o c rng bng vic iu tra rng, bao gm: Vin thm (Vin thm l khoa hc thu nhn thng
tin ca b mt tri t m khng tip xc vi b mt tri t. V d: chp nh t v tinh)
Xc nh tiu chun trn thc a o m ti thc a Thu thp v qun l s liu
Gim st kt qu gim st cc kt qu mt cch chnh xc cn
gim st o c thng xuyn C s gim st ca bn th ba c lp Cng b s liu kt qu gim st cng khai
Ngi dn c th tham gia iu tra, gim st rng Ngi dn a phng c th thu thp cc s liu
v Carbon t tiu chun v iu tra thc a Trong thc t, khng cn o to nhiu nhng
vn o c, gim st c v c th d dng thu c s liu v Carbon nh m s lng cy, m cc loi cy, o ng knh ngang ngc ca cy
Ngi dn, cng ng sng gn rng c kh nng gim st rng thng xuyn v hiu qu
Mi nc tham gia REDD u phi tin hnh iu tra rng thu thp s liu cn thit phc v cho tnh ton lng gim pht thi ca rng.
Cn c mt c s d liu ng tin cy v c t chc tt.
Do vy cn i ng cn b c o to chuyn nghip vn hnh h thng ny.
Cn mt h thng qun l minh bch.
Ngi dn phi c tham gia y trong cc giai on thc hin REDD.
Ngi dn t nguyn tham gia, c bit trc, c tham vn v c thng bo y thng tin v ng thun.
Cn mt c ch chia s li ch cng bng v hp l.
c c uy tn vi ngi s mua Tn ch Carbon, vi nh u t cn m bo lng d tr Carbon c duy tr u n trong rng. m bo Tn ch Carbon l tin cy, iu ny c ngha l 1 Tn ch Carbon c trao i trn th trng ng bng 1 tn gim pht thi c thc trn thc t v c gi lu di.
Do vy: Cc kt qu qun l v o c rng trong REDD
cn c gim st thng xuyn Cn la chn tiu chun minh bch gim st Cc kt qu c kim chng bi t chc c lp
th ba v thng tin cng khai
Mi nc s tnh ton khi lng kh nh knh c gim v sau yu cu c cp mt lng Tn ch Carbon nht nh. Yu cu ny c kim chng bi mt bn th ba. T chc th ba ny s nh gi cc s liu v tnh ton khng nh rng yu cu cp Tn ch Carbon ca nc ny l tin cy v chnh xc.
YU CU K THUT KHI THAM GIA THC HIN REDD V REDD+: QUN L, O C, GIM ST
Mt s yu cu v qun l v tiu chun khi thc hin REDD v REDD+
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Bin i kh hu v REDD
B40 41
Chng trnh gim pht thi kh nh knh t n lc gim mt rng v gim suy thoi rng
CHNG TRNH GIM PHT THI KH NH KNHT N LC GIM MT RNG V GIM SUY THOI RNG Chng trnh UN-REDD Vit Nam
C quan thc hin: B NNPTNT, UBND tnh Lm ngCc c quan i tc Lin hip quc: UNDP, FAO, UNEP
Chng trnh UN - REDD Vit Nam
Vit Nam l 1 trong 9 nc lm m hnh th nghim v REDD. Chng trnh UN-REDD Vit Nam c Lin hip quc ti tr v hin ang thc hin trong thi gian 20 thng. Lm ng l tnh c chn lm th nghim. C quan ch tr l Tng cc lm nghip, B Nng nghip v Pht trin Nng thn (B NNPTNT).
Mc tiu ca Chng trnh UN-REDD ti Vit Nam Mc tiu lu di ca Chng trnh UN-REDD
Vit Nam l gip Chnh ph Vit Nam xy dng c s cho vic thc hin REDD v gp phn gim pht thi Carbon
Mc tiu c th l tng cng th ch v nng lc cho B Nng nghip v Pht trin Nng thn ti Trung ng v a phng m bo n nm 2012 Vit Nam sn sng thc hin REDD
Ba hp phn ca Chng trnh Hp phn 1: Tng cng nng lc k thut v
th ch cho c quan iu phi v REDD cp trung ng
Hp phn 2: Nng cao nng lc qun l REDD v chi tr dch v mi trng (PES) ti cp a phng thng qua vic lp v thc hin k hoch pht trin bn vng
Hp phn 3: Hnh thnh c ch chia s thng tin v hp tc v REDD gia cc nc trong khu vc h lu sng M Kng
Cc u tin chnh ca Chng trnh: Xy dng chin lc quc gia v REDD Hnh thnh h thng theo di, bo co v kim
chng (MRV) Xy dng chun tham chiu (REL) Xy dng c ch chia s li ch v gn kt cc i
tc c lin quan Tham vn kin cng ng v.v... Chia s kin thc, nng cao nhn thc, ng gp
cho thc hin REDD trn th gii
Cp trung ng:
Tng cng nng lc k thut v th ch cho c quan iu phi v REDD cp trung ng - B NNPTNT
Cp tnh, huyn, x: Tng cng nng lc S, Ban, Ngnh Lng ghp REDD vo k hoch s dng t Nng cao nhn thc ca cn b, nhn dn a
phng v vai tr ca rng v REDD Trin khai th im REDD ti hai huyn thuc tnh
Lm ng
Chun b tt cho vic bn chng ch Carbon c kim chng c lp, m bo chia s li ch cng bng gia nh nc v cc bn tham gia qun l, bo v rng.
Phi hp REDD vi chnh sch chi tr dch v mi trng (PES) v cc chng trnh d n qun l v bo v rng.
Vit Nam chia s kt qu thc hin Chng trnh UN-REDD Vit Nam ti COP15 - Copenhagen 12/2009.
Chin lc v phng php tip cn tng th ca Chng trnh
11
DO LIN HIP QUC TI TR THC HIN TI VIT NAM, 2009 - 2010- CHNG TRNH UN-REDD VIT NAM
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Bin i kh hu v REDD Chng trnh gim pht thi kh nh knh t n lc gim mt rng v gim suy thoi rng
42 43
Phng php tip cn ca Chng trnh da trn kt qu
Cc chuyn gia, t chc gii nht trong nc v quc t c huy ng thc hin Chng trnh
Phng php tip cn i tc m bo phi hp hiu qu cc ng gp trong nc v ti tr ca ngoi nc
Phng php tip cn c s tham gia ca cc bn lin quan. S tham gia ca cc bn lin quan s cng c cho qu trnh pht trin bn vng
Chia s kin thc, nng cao nhn thc, ng gp cho thc hin REDD trn th gii
Chng trnh gii quyt nhiu vn xuyn sut K hoch hng qu, hng nm v l cn c
gim st
Bnh ng gii c thc hin c bit l nhn mnh s tham gia vo qu trnh ra quyt nh
- Ti thiu 30% ph n tham gia cc hot ng
- Lng ghp gii trong cc hot ng nng cao nng lc+ Cn bng gii trong cc nhm tham gia tp
hun, o to, t vn+ Lng ghp gii trong truyn thng, tuyn
truyn
Chin lc v phng php tip cn tng th ca Chng trnh UN-REDD
-
Bin i kh hu v REDD
B
Ngi dn tc thiu s vi REDD ti Vit Nam, vai tr v v th ca cng ng dn tc thiu s khi thc hin REDD
44 45
12
V th, vai tr ca ngi dn tc thiu s khi tham gia REDD
Ngi dn tc c th c v th ngang bng trong cc m phn v tha thun v REDD.
Ngi dn tc c th a ra cc sng kin ca ring h v tr thnh i tc REDD ca cc Qu, c quan bo tn, cng ty t nhn v cc t chc chi tr ti chnh cho cng sc bo v rng ca h.
Ngi dn tc thiu s vi REDD ti Vit Nam. Cc ch trng chnh sch ca Nh nc
Cng ng ngi dn tc thiu s Vit Nam s l mt trong nhng ch th quan trng trong qu trnh thc thi REDD.
Ngi dn tc ng mt vai tr quan trng trong n lc hn ch mt rng v suy thoi rng cng nh vic ngn chn nn khai thc, vn chuyn v bun bn g bt hp php Nh nc khuyn khch cng ng dn tc thiu
s tham gia thc hin REDD m bo s tham gia ca cng ng dn tc
thiu s trong qu trnh thc hin REDD va bo v quyn li ca chnh bn thn v gp phn tng tnh minh bch trong qun l rng
Cng ng dn tc thiu s tham gia vo qu trnh theo di v gim st pht thi Carbon do mt rng v suy thoi rng
y mnh cng tc giao t, giao rng cho h gia nh v cng ng
NGI DN TC THIU S VI REDD TI VIT NAM, VAI TR V V TH CA CNG NG DN TC THIU S KHI THC HIN REDD
Hy n lc tham gia vo cng cuc chng Bin i kh hu mang li li ch ca chnh mnh v cng ng bng hot ng bo v rng, trng rng v s dng rng bn vng.
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Thit k v in ti cng ty c phn In La Bn In theo giy php xut bn s:...............................................
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BIN I KH HU L IU KHNG QUN L CTC NG CA BIN I KH HU L KHNG TRNH KHI
John Schelinhuber
Nh ti tr: C quan Hp tc Pht trin Na Uy - Norad
TRUNG TM NGHIN CU & PHT TRIN VNG CAOCENTRE OF RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT IN UPLAND AREAS (CERDA)
P801- Chung c Ngn hng Nng nghip - Ngch 106/10 - Ng 106,ng Hong Quc Vit, qun Cu Giy, H Ni.
Tel: 04 62690174 Fax: 04 62690848 Email: [email protected]