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BIN TH MIU T CA TN HIU THM M (NGHIN CU TRNG HP CC TN HIU-SNG I TRONG CA DAO)

TS. Trn Vn Sng (Email: sangloandhpx@gmai.com)

Tm tt Tn hiu thm m l loi tn hiu biu trng, thuc h thng phng tin biu

hin ca ngh thut. Trong tc phm vn chng, tn hiu thm m c biu t bng cht liu ngn ng. Phn tch tn hiu thm m trong tc phm vn chng cn da vo: a) Nhng bin th t vng ca tn hiu thm m hng th; b) Nhng bin th miu t - c th ha tn hiu thm m hng th; c) Nhng bin th do kt hp gia tn hiu vi tn hiu trong tc phm... Trong bi vit ny, chng ti ch kho st bin th miu t ca tn hiu thm m-sng i trong ca dao ngi Vit, gp phn lm sng t mt cch c h thng v c cn c i vi ngha ca cc tn hiu thm m, cc mtp, cc biu tng, biu trng ca vn hc dn tc.

T kha: tn hiu thm m, bin th miu t, ca dao Abstract

THE DESCRIBED VARIANT OF AESTHETIC SIGNAL (Case studies on the parallel aesthetic signal in folk)

Aesthetic signal is a symbolic sigal in the system of expression means of art. In literary work, aesthetic signal is presented by language subtance (material). Analyzing aesthetic signal in literary work need to rely on (base on):a) lexical variants of tokens of aesthetic signal; b) descriptive- concretize variants of tokens of aesthetic signal; c) these variants due to the combination of signal with signal in works(combinatorial variant). In this article, we only survey described variant of parallel aesthetic signal in in Vietnamese folk, contribute to clarifying a systematic way and to have good ground for the meaning of aesthetic signal, motifs and symbols of national literary.

Key word: aesthetic signal, described variant, folk

I. M U Khi nghin cu c im ngn ng - tn hiu thm m trong ca dao c truyn

Vit Nam, chng ti nhn thy, ci lm nn s phong ph v a dng, nh hnh khuynh hng biu trng ho cc tn hiu vt th trong th gii ngh thut ca dao chnh l cc yu t ngn ng c chc nng miu t cc tn hiu thm m (THTM). Gi tr biu trng cc tn hiu vt th trong ngn ng ca dao c truyn, mt phn do chnh bn thn cc tn hiu vt th em li (tru, cau, rng, thuyn, bn, o, mn, trc, mai...), mt phn do s miu t - c th ho cc tn hiu, tn ti thng qua cc

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bin th (t vng v ng php). Chng c xem l cc hin dng1 ca cc THTM trong th gii biu trng ngh thut ca dao (tru vng, cau xanh, my hng, sp vng, o gm xng hng, a mc, mm son, trng vng, trng thanh, tru loan, tru phng, bin cn, ln nghing, non cao, ni thm, sng cng ...). Cc yu t ngn ng c chc nng chnh l cc bin th miu t ca THTM, chng phong ph v t loi, a dng v cu trc v uyn chuyn v v tr, gp phn to nn nhng gam mu ti sng, m cht c l tng trng.

Cc bin th miu t c dng c th ho c THTM n ln THTM - sng i. Trong bi vit ny, chng ti ch nghin cu, kho st s hot ng ca cc bin th miu t cc tn hiu thm m vt th - sng i2, mt dng thc tn ti c bit mang c trng thi php ngn ng ca dao.

I. NI DUNG 1. V t liu v phng php kho st Cc bin th miu t ca THTM chnh l cc yu t ngn ng c chc nng

miu t, cc yu t ngn ng ph thuc, ng vai tr nh ng trong cc kt cu danh ng vi danh t ch s vt lm trung tm; hoc cc yu t v ng trong cc kt cu ch - v m cc danh t lm ch ng.

tm hiu s hot ng ca cc bin th miu t, chng ti tin hnh cc thao tc c bn sau:

- Thng k ton b cc bin th miu t c tc dng c th ha i vi cc THTM, s lng cc bin th miu t, c im t loi, c php ca cc bin th miu t v s ln xut hin.

- Khi qut ha cc bin th miu t v rt ra nhng gi tr thm m m cc bin th miu t em li; ng thi ch ra khuynh hng miu t-c th ha trong ngn ng ca dao.

S biu t ngn ng cc THTM bng cc danh t ch s vt phi c bin ha, phc ha bng cc yu t ngn ng c tnh miu t th gi tr biu trng ca chng mi c bc l, c c th ha, bin i mt cch linh hot v sng to, gp phn nh hnh khuynh hng biu trng chung ca cc THTM.

1 V khi nim bin th v hin dng ca tn hiu, c th xem thm cc cng trnh 1). C s ng ngha

hc t vng ( Hu Chu, 1998). Nhng lun im v cch tip cn ngn ng cc s kin vn hc (Ngn ng, 2/1990, tr. 8-15). Chng hn, tn hiu trng tn ti di dng cc bin th: nguyt, ch hng, nng trng, vng trng, trng vng, trng thanh, trng khuyt. Chng ti cng c dp cp v khi nim bin th ca tn hiu thm m trong hai bi vit cng b [7], [8]:Tm hiu mi quan h gia ngn ng vi tn hiu thm m trong tc phm vn hc (Ngn ng v i sng, s 12/2004, tr.15-19); V vic nghin cu ngh thut ngn ng ca dao hin nay (Ngn ng v i sng, s3/2004, tr.11-14). 2 Tn hiu thm m vt th -sng i c chng ti quan nim l nhng tn hiu thm m c ngun gc t cc vt

th xut hin sng i vi nhau trong ca dao, cng biu t chung mt gi tr biu trng, ch khng phi l php cng n gin ngha ca hai tn hiu n. Chng c xem l nhng tn hiu thm m kp, tn hiu phc trong ngn ng ca dao: thuyn - bn, tru-cau, trc - mai, ni - sng,Xem thm: Trn Vn Sng [11]: c im v ngun gc v cu trc ca tn hiu thm m trong vn hc, Tp ch Nht l, s 9/2005;

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Kho st 1390 n v ca dao trong cun Tc ng, ca dao, dn ca Vit Nam ca V Ngc Phan3, chng ti xc nh c 488 n v vt th - sng i; trong c 328 THTM vt th - sng i vi 800 ln xut hin mang ngha hm n, ngha biu trng (chim 67 %). ng ch l, c ti 185 n v tn hiu vt th - sng i c yu t miu t i km, vi 226 ln lp li (t l 1,3 ln/ 1 n v). S xut hin thng trc ca cc yu t ngn ng c chc nng miu t lm cho cc tn hiu vt th trong ngn ng ca dao ni bng biu trng, tn ti bng biu trng4.

2. Cc loi bin th miu t THTM trong ca dao Qua kho st, chng ti nhn thy cc bin th miu t do cc t loi khc nhau

m nhim vi nhng bin th t vng v ng php a dng. 2.1. Cc bin th c yu t miu t l danh t Theo s liu thng k ca chng ti, c khong 30 n v danh t, vi 40 ln

xut hin (trung bnh 1,4 ln/n v), chim t l 16, 2% s n v v 17,6% s ln xut hin chung ca cc n v miu t. Vi t l ny, chng ti nhn thy cc yu t miu t - c th ha l danh t c vai tr nht nh trong vic miu t tnh cht tru tng, khi qut ha ca cc tn hiu vt th trong ca dao. C th phn cc yu t miu t do danh t m nhn thnh hai nhm sau:

- Cc yu t miu t l danh t chung Cc yu t miu t l danh t chung xut hin vi cc bin th a dng, phong

ph, tiu biu l cc n v sau: nh tre - nh g bc bn, ngi bc bn -gian chung g, nh r la xa - ta nh lim, chiu ci-vng ay, cu tre-cu thng gia, in ngc- n rng, tru loan-tru phng, dy trc - dy loan...

- Tnh thng qun cng nh nh Lu tranh c ngha hn to ngi cao.

Nhm cc n v miu t l danh t chung nu xut hin bn cnh THTM n th ch dng li vic hn nh cc vt th, cho nn cha bc l c ht ni dung cm xc m cc yu t miu t em li. Nhng s xut hin km theo cc THTM vt th - sng i li mang hm biu trng su sc, to nn nhng gi tr ng ngha i lp. Trong ca dao, nhc n nh g bc bn, to nh lim, to ngi cao l ni n s giu sang ph qu v ca ci vt cht; cn nhc n nh r lo xo, mt gian chung g, lu tranh,ta lin tng ngay n s ngho nn kh cc ca cuc sng ngi dn lao ng: Ch tham nh ngi bc bn - Tri duyn coi bng mt gian chung g - Ba gian nh r lo xo - Phi duyn coi ta chn to nh lim.

S i lp gia nhng cnh i giu/ngho, cao sang/thp hn chng minh cuc sng a dng v phong ph vi iu kin sng khc nhau v nhng con ng

3 V Ngc Phan, Tc ng, ca dao, dn ca Vit Nam(in ln th 10), Nxb KHXH, 1997.

4 Tnh biu trng c chng ti xem l mt c tnh quan trng nht ca THTM. Mt tn hiu ngn ng mun

tr thnh THTM phi tri qua qu trnh biu trng ha. V vn ny, xem thm Trn Vn Sng [10], Mt s vn v biu trng v gi tr biu trng ca tn hiu thm m trong vn hc( Ca Vit, s 3/2004, tr.56).

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t ti hnh phc cng khc nhau; qua hiu thm nh th no l cuc sng hnh phc trong quan nim ca ngi xa qua cch v von hnh tng rt ca dao: yu anh th quyt vi anh/ Nh tre, rui na lp tranh vng vng/ Ch tham nh g bc bn/ G lim chng c lng chong g vng

- Cc yu t miu t l danh t ring Cc n v miu t do danh t ring m nhn ch yu do cc danh t ring gi

tn a danh. c th l cc a danh ch i tng a l t nhin: sen Bch Dip- h Tnh Tm, bi Chi n- qut an Ha, cau Nam Ph - tru Ch Dinh, ni Tn Vin - sng T Lch, sng Bch ng- ni Lam Sn, ni Ng Bnh- sng An Cu, trung Nh H - ph Tam Giang, ni Thnh Lng- sng Tam C, nc Sng Thao- ni Ba V,... ; hoc a danh ch i tng a l nhn vn nh: cu i T - ni Vng Phu, lch ng Nai-cha Thin M,

Cc yu t miu t do danh t ring m nhn ch yu dng miu t cc a danh ni ting hoc cc c sn mi vng qu. V th, khi i km nhm c th ha cc THTM, chng mang gi tr biu trng cho vn ho mi vng min.

- Bao gi l ni Tn Vin Cn sng T Lch, mi qun ngha ngi.

Mi tn sng, tn ni, tn lng, tn ch... u gn lin vi mi min qu v bng dng con ngi ni . Cu i T - ni Vng Phu biu trng cho tm lng chung thy st son (M trng con qua cu i T - V trng chng ng ni Vng Phu), Bi Chi n - qut n H, c ph Ph H - tr Thi Ninh, cau Nam Ph - tru Ch Dinh... biu trng cho c trng sn vt, s giu c, sinh hot kinh t vn ho ca mi lng qu. Ni n Hu l ni n sng Hng - ni Ng, ni Ng Bnh - sng An Cu (Ni Ng Bnh trc trn sau mo - Sng An Cu nng c ma trong). Sng Bch ng - ni Lam Sn li thuc v vng t kinh Thanh Ha tha xa... Chnh v l m a danh trong vn chng c xem l nhng a ch tm hn mang hm biu trng ngh thut cao.

Nh vy, vic miu t cc THTM thng qua cc bin th miu t do danh t m nhn gp phn lm r cn cc th gii vt th biu trng trong ca dao.

2.2. Cc bin th c yu t miu t l tnh t Loi bin th miu t ny gm khong 138 n v miu t v 152 ln xut hin

(trung bnh 1,1 ln/ n v sng i), chim t l 74,5% s n v v 82,1% s ln xut hin chung ca cc bin th. Vi s liu ny cho php chng ti kt lun: s miu t - c th ha cc THTM trong ca dao c truyn Vit Nam do cc tnh t (tnh ng) m nhn l ch yu. C th phn cc tnh t m nhn yu t miu t - c th ha cc THTM thnh cc tiu nhm sau:

- Cc yu t miu t l tnh t ch mu sc, nh sng y l mt kiu miu t c trng trong ngn ng ca dao c truyn. S xut

hin ca cc tnh t mu sc, nh sng bn cnh cc THTM vt th to nn li ni

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v von, tng trng, c l ca ngi bnh dn, to nn mt th gii lung linh tuyt p. c th l nhng vt th gin d trong cuc sng hng ngy: con dao vng - l tru vng, ht go trng ngn - nc c, chung ng - nhn trng, n nhng cnh tng thin nhin ti p v hng v nh non xanh - nc bic, cau xanh - tru vng, tru xanh - cau trng, cau trng - chay vng, non xanh - nc bc, chim xanh - vn hng, ym - my xanh, nc trong - nc c , my bc - tri hng, con c hng - con tp bc,...; nhng vt th thm ch ch tn ti trng mng tng nh ch thm - ht vng, sp vng - manh chiu rch, chiu hoa- sp vng, chim khn-li hng, kiu vng-khp bc, gc ta-lu hoa,

- Ai lm cho bm la hoa Cho chim xanh n bay qua vn hng.

Qua cc nhm tnh t ch mu sc, nh sng c dng miu t THTM hng th, chng ti nhn thy s i lp hay tng ng v nh sng nh: trong - c, sng - ti... to nn gi tr biu trng i lp gia cc vt th: nc trong - nc c, ht go trng ngn - nc c. Trong nhm ny, ni bt ln v chim a s l cc tnh t ch mu sc vi nhng gam mu ti tn, sng sa. c bit, mu sc c dng miu t mt cch phong ph v a dng th gii vt th trong ca dao. Va c trng vng, my vng, tru vng, m cng c sp vng, dao vng; khng ch c cau xanh, chim xanh, m cn c c lng xanh, chim xanh, non xanh, tm xun xanh bic, ni nho xanh xanh; khng ch c rng en, con mt en s, bn en s, m cn c c o en, tng ng en, chng en5. Cc mu vng - xanh - hng tr nn nt c trng cho cc vt th thin nhin, cnh p thin nhin v v p ca cc vt th nhn to gn lin vi mng c l tng ha trong cuc sng. Tnh t vng tr nn hoa m v l tng ha nhng ci i thng trong cuc sng hng ngy: tng t vng, kiu vng, con dao vng, l tru vng, kiu vng, sp vng, my vng, mm vng, chay vng, ht vng...

- Con dao vng rc l tru vng Mt anh anh lic, mt nng nng a.

- Cc yu t miu t l tnh t ch o, hnh khi: S xut hin ca cc yu t miu t ch o hnh khi lm r rng hn mi

quan h gia cc tn hiu vt th - sng i, to nn nhng s i lp mang hm biu trng. S i lp gia ln - nh, rng - hp, y - vi l s i lp gia cc vt th (cao, rng, di, su, thm, ln, y, rm...) vi cc vt th (nh, hp, vi, cng, con, tha, ngn...): dy vn- gu tha, thuyn ln - thuyn nh, thuyn dc - chiu ngang, trn tri - di t, o cao- ni thm, ni thm- sng cng, ni cao- sng rng,

5 Cc bin th c yu t miu t bng t ch mu sc l mt dng miu t c trng ca ngn ng ca dao, mang

ct cch v phong v ring ca ca dao nn cn thit phi phn tch v kho cu thnh mt chuyn lun ring. Xem thm: Trn Vn Sng [6], Th gii mu sc trong ca dao (Tp ch Ngn ng, s 2/2009).

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sng su- nc dc, nc dc- ngang, nc ln- y, ni cao- trng trn, cn ni- k sng, non ngt- sng di, sng rng- rng cao, ging trn- chiu di, ng o- ty liu, ging dc- chiu ngang, ging rng- chiu di,

- Sng di th lm ngang Anh nhiu nhn ngi, em mang on th.

C th nhn thy, nhm tnh t ch o hnh khi bc l thuc tnh ni ti ca vt th, qua khc ha nhng kh khn tr ngi ca i la yu nhau (sng di - ngang, dy vn - gu tha, thuyn dc - chiu ngang, nc ln - y...) ng thi, cc tnh t ch o cng biu trng cho ci ln lao, v cng, v tn ca sng rng - rng cao, non ngt - sng di, ni thm - sng cng, ni cao - sng rng:

- sinh ra kip n ng o cao, ni thm, sng cng qun chi.

- Cc yu t miu t l tnh t ch th cht (phm cht ca vt th): Cc yu t miu t l tnh t ch th cht nhm c th ha cc vt th trong th

gii hin thc nh n vn c, t gn vi ngha biu trng m cc yu t miu t - c th ha a li. Cc tnh t ch th cht thng c ca dao s dng miu t tn hiu vt th c khi mang ngha thc, ngha miu t: ging trong - nc hi phn, ch ngon - m bn, tri chn- tri chua, qu cht- qu ngt, mui ngt - chanh chua, la mi nhen - trng mi mc, ...

- i tay vn c i cnh Qu chn th hi, qu xanh th ng.

Nhng phn ln s miu t bng cc tnh t ch th cht u mang hm biu trng ho cc vt th : gng cay - mui mn, thuyn tnh - 12 bn nc, cam snh - qu qut hi, tru lc - cau non, tri chn - tri xanh, ngt qut- thm cam, o rch - o gm xng hng, tru qu - tru hi, nc mm thi- lng ln thiu, tri m- b lng, con b gy- bi c hoang,...

Ngay khi tn ti trong mt trng thi thc vi nt ngha en, ngha c th nhm gii thch hoc nhn mnh mt c trng no y ca cc vt th th s miu t cc vt th sng i vn li em li s i lp v gi tr biu cm, biu trng. S i lp gia ci tt, thun li (trong, thm, ngon, ti, chn, ngt, thanh, mt, mi hi, mi mc, gm xng hng, m, t,...) vi ci xu, kh khn (hi phn, xanh, gi, chua, lnh, qunh hiu...), to nn nhng THTM i lp trong ca dao.

- Chng ta o rch ta thng Chng ngi o gm xng hng mc ngi.

i khi s miu t th cht cc vt th sng i cng c th ha r thm nt tng ng gia cc vt th vi nhau.

- i ta nh la mi nhen Nh trng mi mc, nh n mi khu.

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Ngoi trng thi, phm cht thc t ca cc vt th, dn gian cn miu t vt th trong trng thi tm l x hi vi nhng cch miu t n d tnh. Chng hn nh thuyn tnh - 12 bn nc, tru nhn - tru ngi, chim khn - li hng, ... nhm miu t nhng vn lin quan n c i sng vt cht ln i sng tnh cm ca con ngi. Ch cn gi tn ming tru m ca dao to nn nhng biu tng v hnh phc la i. S xng i va la ca tru loan - tru phng, s thm thit v o l tnh yu ca tru nhn - tru ngi, s thng minh chng chc, duyn dng ca tru ti- tru mnh, tru tnh - tru tnh tru mnh ly ta: Tru ny tru qu, tru hi - Tru loan tru phng tru ti tru mnh - Tru ny tru tnh tru tnh - Tru nhn, tru ngi, tru mnh ly ta.

2.3. Cc bin th c yu t miu t l ng t Loi bin th ny gm khong 43 n v c dng miu t THTM - sng

i vi 51 ln xut hin (trung bnh 1,1 ln / n v sng i), chim t l 23,2% v 19,1 s ln xut hin chung cc n v miu t THTM - sng i. C th phn cc yu t miu t do ng t m nhn thnh hai nhm nh sau:

- Cc yu t miu t l ng t ch hng Cc ng t ch hng c dng lm yu t miu t nhm c th ha s hot

ng ca cc vt th, vi cc bin th c php linh hot v a dng: nc ngc - ro xui, ln non - xung thuyn, thuyn ngc - thuyn xui, ln thc - xung thuyn, ln o - xung hang, xung khe - ln ngn, ng ra - li vo, rng ngc - my xui, ln thc - xung ghnh...

- i no em chu cng chng Xung sng, ra bin, ln ngn cng theo.

Nhm ng t ch hng hot ng ra, vo, ln, xung u c mt trong s miu t cc vt th sng i; ngoi ra cn c ngc - xui cng lm cho s hot ng ca cc vt th sng i mt cch c phng hng r rng. Khuynh hng tiu cc trong cch miu t s hot ng ca cc vt th thuc nhm ny, ni bt vn l s miu t i lp gia cc tn hiu. S i lp gia hp - tan trong tnh yu i la cng chnh l s i lp: ngc - xui, ra - vo, ln - xung: My khi rng gp my y - rng than th vi my vi li - Na mai rng ngc my xui - Bit bao gi li ni li rng my.

Thuc nhm ny ch yu l cc bin th miu t THTM - sng i c ngun gc vt th a l. Chng ta c th d dng nhn ra s kh khn cch tr theo hng tiu cc u c biu trng bng hnh nh ln thc - xung ghnh, ln o - xung hang... i vi con ngi trong s lnh nh tri dt gia cuc i.

- Cng anh ln thc xung ghnh V trang, ra hi khng thnh gia tht.

- Cc yu t miu t l ng t ch s hot ng

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Cc ng t ch s hot ng nhm miu t nhng tnh cht bin ng, nhng trng thi vn ng, bin i ca cc vt th - sng i. Cng nh s miu t nhm ng t ch hng, khuynh hng tiu cc vn chim u th trong cch biu hin v s vn ng, bin i ca cc vt th, gi cm xc bun, u lo ca con ngi trc thin nhin bin ng: i nng - v ma, ko r - ct ri, kha rt - cha ri, ni - vng chm, trng x - hoa tn, cy ng- b xiu, liu ng - o nghing, mai gy - tng xiu,

- Tng rng ko ct i Ai ng ko r ct ri t phng.

Trong nhiu trng hp, n cn l s biu hin nhng khng gian mang tm trng gi bun, mang hm biu trng cho ci gian nan th thch, ci cch tr i b:

- Tro o li sui qua trung n y thy cnh lng bun khng vui.

Trong s miu t hot ng ca cc vt th, nhiu khi vt th nu ra vi nhng gi nh v tnh cht bn vng, vnh cu so snh vi tnh cm ca con ngi. Thin nhin c a ra th nguyn, c hn: nc chy - bo tri, non mn - bin cn, lu ng - o nghing, bin cn - ln nghing, bin cn- non mn, dt gm - thu hoa, sng cn - vng mn, cn song - l ni,

- Trm nm nt vng phai Non mn, bin cn khng phai li nguyn.

nim v s cch tr ca dng sng, ca bin, gia i b ngn cch, con ngi phi chinh phc thin nhin, phi qua sng, sang sng, i sng, vt sng, vt bin, tro o, li sui; v vy cn l ni th thch lng ngi i vi tnh yu v cuc sng:

- n y c gi m hng Cho nn vt bin, vt sng s g.

III. KT LUN T s thng k, phn loi cc bin th miu t cc THTM - sng i trong ca

dao, chng ti i n my nhn xt ngn di y: 1. S miu t trong ca dao c truyn Vit Nam nhm vo cc danh t vt th

tru tng cao nh ni, sng, bin, trng, sao, tru, cau, ... do , cc yu t miu t c tc dng c th ha cc THTM vt th - sng i trong khi biu trng cho mt ngha thm m no .

2. Ca dao thin v s dng miu t bng tnh t (tnh ng). Chng l nhng nh ng mt pha nhm gii hn, c th ha cc THTM-sng i c ngun gc t cc vt th trong ca dao, c chc nng khoanh vng phm vi biu vt v m rng phm vi biu nim ca cc danh t vt th: i chiu lnh - phng qunh hiu, con dao vng - l tru vng...

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3. Kho st cc bin th miu t ca THTM, chng ti pht hin tnh khi qut rt cao ca cc yu t miu t c tc dng c th ha mt s vt, hin tng no v mc ch thm m. Hn na, s miu t trong ca dao ni chung khng i su nhm ti hin thc ti m thng tp trung cho mc ch biu trng ha s vt hin tng. Cc yu t miu t thng c tnh khun mu, i khi c l trong cch miu t: tru loan - tru phng, dy trc - dy loan, chim khn - li hng, tru vng - i mm... c bit, mt yu t miu t c th c dng chung cho nhiu s vt. Ni ni cao m cng c th ni o cao, lu cao... Ni sng rng m cng c th ni bin rng, ging rng. Ni ng xa m cng c th ni sng xa, ng xa... Ni sng su m cng c th ni hang su, vc su, ng su... Ni con dao vng m cng c th ni l tru vng, mm vng, sp vng, nh vng, nh trng vng, gi vng...

4. Mt loi bin th s miu t rt c bit m chng ti thng gp trong khi kho cu l, ca dao dng mt s lng ln cc yu t thnh ng miu t cc vt th sng i trong ca dao. l gng cay - mui mn, sng cn - mn, nt - vng phai, non xanh - nc bic, gc ta - lu hoa... Cc THTM bin th c tnh thnh ng ny u c ngha khi qut, ngha tng hp ca ton cu trc. Nhng cu trc ny vn d mang tnh biu trng ca mt thnh ng, gi xut hin trong ngn ng ca dao li cng n cha nhng gi tr biu trng c tnh bn vng v mang nhiu hm ngha su xa.

C th nhn xt khng qu rng s miu t - c th ha thng qua cc bin th ca THTM trong ngn ng ca dao l mt s miu t c tnh cht khi qut, nhm mc ch biu trng hn l chnh mc ch ca s miu t, ti hin hin thc. Do vy, s miu t cc THTM trong ca dao ch yu l th hin tnh cm thi , cm xc ca con ngi vi thin nhin, qu hng, t nc; s biu trng ha v ci ln lao, ci vnh hng, nhng th thch v kh khn trong tnh yu v cuc sng... vn d i lc ch tn ti trong c vng v mng tng ca ngi bnh dn.

TI LIU THAM KHO [1] Hu Chu (2005), Nhng lun im v cch tip cn ngn ng hc cc

s kin vn hc, Hu Chu ton tp, tp 2: i cng-Ng dng hoc-Ng php vn bn, Nxb Gio dc, tr.777-786.

[2] R.Barthes (2002), "C s ca k hiu hc", in trong Ch ngha cu trc v Vn hc, Nxb Vn hc, tr.302-360.

[3] Nguyn Lai (1998), Ngn ng vi sng to v tip nhn vn hc, Nxb Gia Dc, H Ni.

[4] Phan Ngc (1995), Cch gii thch vn hc bng ngn ng hc, Nxb Tr, Thnh ph H Ch Minh.

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[5] Paul Cobley(2005), The Routledge Companion to Semiotics and Linguistics. Routledge, London and New York.

[6] Trn Vn Sng (2009), Th gii mu sc trong ca dao: qua s kho st h thng t ch mu sc, Tp ch Ngn ng, s 2.

[7] Trn Vn Sng (2004), Tm hiu mi quan h gia ngn ng vi tn hiu thm m trong tc phm vn hc, Tp ch Ngn ng v i sng, s 12 (110).

[8] Trn Vn Sng (2004), V vic nghin cu ngh thut ngn ng ca dao hin nay, Tp ch Ngn ng v i sng, s 3 (101).

[9] Trn Vn Sng (2007), Biu trng ca ma xun trong th ca, Tp ch Ngn ng v i sng, s 6 (140).

[10] Trn Vn Sng (2005), Mt s vn v biu trng v ngha biu trng ca tn hiu thm m trong vn hc, Tp ch Nht L, s 122.

[11] Trn Vn Sng (2005), c im v cu trc v ngun gc ca tn hiu thm m trong vn hc, Tp ch Nht L, s 126.

[12] Trn Vn Sng (2008), Hoa Mai, n ng v biu trng, Tp ch Hu xa v nay, s 1-2/2008.

[13] Trn Vn Sng (2009), Hoa o, t biu tng vn ha n biu trng vn hc, Tp ch Ngn ng v i sng, s 1-2.

[14] Hong Trinh (1992), T k hiu hc n thi php hc, Nxb KHXH, H Ni.

[15] YURI M.LOTMAN (1990), Universe of the mind: A Semiotic Theory of Culture, translated by ANN SHUKMAN. I.B. TAURIS & CO. London-New York.