BIM Developments in SingaporeChan Weng Tat

Department of Civil & Environmental EngineeringNational University of Singapore

JACIC Seminar, ICCBEI 2019, Sendai, Japan

プレゼンタープレゼンテーションのノートI would like to thank JACIC for the opportunity and sponsorship to make this presentation to the members of this distinguished audience.My comments in English may not be synchronized with the prepared comments translated into Japanese.I apologize in advance that things may not go as smoothly as I would have liked!I will leave some time after the conclusion of the presentation for Q&A.

Outline

• Introduction• Background of BIM developments

• Including national strategic goals & past initiatives• New initiatives

• Including CITM, IDD, DfMA, VDC/ Computational BIM, BETA• Recent Technological Trends• Discussion• Conclusion

2

プレゼンタープレゼンテーションのノートIn this presentation, I will cover the background to BIM developments in Singapore, new initiatives undertaken by the government, and recent trends that will influence further development in this area.

INTRODUCTION

• Building Information Modelling• A process involving the generation and management of digital models

(representations of physical and functional characteristics of places)• Building information models can be exchanged and networked to support the

exchange of information for decision making

• Widely adopted in the building and construction industries of many countries

• Singapore too recognizes the importance of BIM in its plans to modernize the construction industry and improve construction productivity.

3

プレゼンタープレゼンテーションのノートBuilding Information Modelling should be thought of as a process that involves the use of digital models to represent the physical and functional characteristics of buildings in order to support effective decision making.Effective decision making improves efficiency without sacrificing quality or cost.Singapore recognizes the importance of BIM and has identified NIM as a key technology enabler to modernize its construction industry, and improve construction productivity.

Purpose• Provide an overview of the context and key developments which will

• drive the future adoption of BIM in Singapore, and• help Singapore realize its ambition to transform the industry from one that is

• fragmented, and• struggling to achieve its productivity goals

• into one that is• digitally integrated, and reaping the benefits of• technology automation through digitalization

• Initiate discussion & exchange of ideas.

4

プレゼンタープレゼンテーションのノートThe purpose of my talk is to provide an overview of the context and key developments in BIM in Singapore.BIM is also the corner-stone of plans to modernize and transform Singapore’s construction industry.I also hope to initiate discussion and and exchange of ideas on this topic.

Background of BIM developments

5

Construction productivity• Singapore is heavily reliant on foreign

construction workers, tradesmen and technicians

• Sources• General construction workers

• Traditional: India, Bangladesh• Tradesman/ technicians

• Traditionally from Malaysia; now also from China, Philippines, Myanmar

• Construction site-work is seen as dangerous, dirty and not rewarding by locals.

6

プレゼンタープレゼンテーションのノートSingapore is heavily reliant on foreign sources for its skilled and unskilled construction workers.Locals are not attracted to the construction industry.This is because construction site-work is seen as being dangerous, dirty and not rewarding.Traditional sources of foreign workers include India and Bangladesh; more recently, new sources include China, Philippines and Myanmar.

Construction productivity

• Foreign workers are only allowed to stay for 3-5 years on a work permit system

• Employers are subject to FW quotas, and dependency ratios• Constant turnover of workers

• Recurring costs in worker training and familiarization• skill/ knowledge retention problematic• Low rate of construction productivity gain

• Government encouragement to substitute capital factor for low-skilled labor for productivity improvement.

7

プレゼンタープレゼンテーションのノートDue to the work permit and quota system for foreign workers, there is a constant turnover of workers in the industry. This has undesirable consequences for cost and productivity as skills and experience are not retained in the work pool.The government is always encouraging construction firms to substitute capital factor for (low-skilled) labor in view of the need for productivity improvement.

Construction productivity

• Overall productivity at the industry level has been on the increase

• However, it is a struggle to maintain productivity gain on a yearly basis.

0.35

0.36

0.37

0.38

0.39

0.4

0.41

0.42

0.43

0.44

2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

Construction Productivity (m2/manday)

0.00%

0.50%

1.00%

1.50%

2.00%

2.50%

2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

Change in Construction Productivity

Source: BCA - Site productivity statistics 8

プレゼンタープレゼンテーションのノートProductivity is measured in m2/manday.Overall productivity at the industry level has been on the increase.However, it is a struggle to maintain productivity gain on a yearly basis.

Construction productivity by category

• Public housing (HDB) and Industrial buildings show the highest productivity

• Industrial buildings maintain a high level of annual productivity gain

• Public housing has shown a dramatic rise in productivity gain.

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

Productivity by category (m2/manday)

HDB RL RnonL Comm Ind Instn

0.00%

0.50%

1.00%

1.50%

2.00%

2.50%

3.00%

3.50%

4.00%

2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

Productivity gain by category

HDB RL RnonL Comm Ind Instn

Source: BCA - Site productivity statistics9

プレゼンタープレゼンテーションのノートA more detailed breakdown of the productivity numbers shows that:- Public housing (HDB) and Industrial buildings show the highest productivity- Industrial buildings maintain a high level of annual productivity gain- Public housing has shown a dramatic rise in productivity gain.---HDB Housing Development Board – government agency in charge of public housing apartments

Strategic goals

1. Improve construction productivity2. Improve health and safety3. Lessen dependence on foreign

construction workers4. Improve quality of built product5. Increase value, reduce waste6. Enable innovation both in product and

delivery process.

10

プレゼンタープレゼンテーションのノートFor as long as I can remember, the strategic goals of the government have been the top 3 items.Later items have been added due to influences from changes in manufacturing and product development – these two areas also happen to be areas of the economy which formed the basis for Singapore’s rapid industrial development.

Role(s) ofBuilding Construction Authority (BCA)• Regulator

• Building approvals, foreign worker quotas

• Change agent & coordinator, overseer of industry transformation

• Administrator of funds for government programs and initiatives

• Driver of industry standards and process standardization

• Provider of skills training and construction education

• BCA Academy; Center for Lean & Virtual Construction

11

BCA/CLVC

プレゼンタープレゼンテーションのノートBCA – the Building Construction Authority – plays many different roles in the construction industry.It acts as regulator, change agent, administrator, driver of standards, skills trainer and educator.Its education arm is the BCA Academy.Within the academy is the newly established Center for Lean and Virtual Construction, a gallery of experiential exhibits to inform and inspire young people to take up careers in the construction industry.

NEW INITIATIVES

12

Cities of Tomorrow (CoT) ProgramResearch Verticals

BIM is a key technology enabler

13

プレゼンタープレゼンテーションのノートCoT is a multi-agency multi-year national research program to look into meeting the R&D needs of the built environment in Singapore.Its research verticals are influenced by Singapore’s special circumstances, namely:Densely built up urban environment in a tropical environmentNeed to maintain the quality of life (liveability) necessary to attract talent as a global cityDependence on outside sources for energy and goods importsLimited land areaSeveral programs in the verticals could use BIM as a key technology enabler.Underlying themes of the programs include:the need to use limited available resources productivelythe importance of knowledge and integrated approach to problemsthe need for constant innovation in products and services.---CoT Cities of Tomorrow

Construction Industry Transformation Map (CITM) 2019

Key constraints1. Limited land2. Heavily dependent on

imports of energy and goods

3. Aging population4. Economy shifting to

services especially knowledge intensive services

14

プレゼンタープレゼンテーションのノートWhilst CoT is a R&D program, the Construction Industry Transformation Map is a multi-year, multi-actor road map to transform the construction industry to meet new challenges.The transformation envisaged isfrom a conservative, tradition-bound, manual labor-intensive industry to an advanced knowledge intensive industry;from a fragmented industry with a great number of Small and Medium sized firms competing for survival to one with progressive firms working collaboratively;From an industry shunned by locals to one that creates good jobs for Singaporeans.---CITM Construction Industry Transformation Map

3 Key areas of transformation

15

プレゼンタープレゼンテーションのノート3 key areas have been identified to effect this transformation: DfMA, IDD and Green Buildings.All 3 will feature reliance on BIM models for exchange of information and effective decision making.---IDD Integrated Digital DeliveryDfMA Design for Manufacturing and Assembly

DfMA• Concept originated in the manufacturing

sector• In construction, DfMA will enable

• ease of off-site manufacturing (precast, prefabrication) and

• efficiency of on-site assembly• Creating factory-like conditions for the

fabrication, construction and assembly of units to be constructed

• DfMA elements• Precast structural and architectural

elements• Cross Laminate Timber (CLT)• Prefabricated Bathroom Units (PBU)• Prefabricated Kitchen Units (PKU)• Integrated Prefabricated M&E Units• Prefabricated Pre-finished Volumetric

Construction (PPVC).

16

Zaobao

プレゼンタープレゼンテーションのノートDfMA is a concept that originated in the manufacturing industry.In construction, DfMA will enableease of off-site manufacturing (precast, prefabrication) andefficiency of on-site assembly.

In essence, DfMA is ‘creating factory-like conditions for the fabrication, construction and assembly of units to be constructed’.Singapore’s experience with DfMA now includes a variety of building elements, the most complicated of which is PPVC.---DfMA Design for Manufacturing and AssemblyPPVC Prefabricated Pre-finished Volumetric Construction

Prefabricated MEP

• Significant benefits in project delivery• less manpower needed on-site• reduced downtime• improved quality of MEP works• safer and more conducive environment for MEP trade workers. 17

プレゼンタープレゼンテーションのノートAn early precursor for DfMA is Prefabricated MEP.This requires the dimensioning, coordination and assembly of MEP elements in a small built unit like a bathroom, kitchen or living/bed room.Even at such a relatively small scale, there are significant benefits in project delivery which outweigh the extra effort needed in transporting, lifting and assembling the pre-fabricated pre-finished unit on-site.---MEP Mechanical Electrical Plumbing

PPVC• Free-standing 3-dimensional modules are

completed with internal finishes, fixtures and fittings in an off-site fabrication facility before it is delivered and installed on site

• Key considerations• Modularization of built-up space• Coordination of building services• Water tightness between modules• Structural robustness• Fire safety• Just-in-time delivery & assembly• Bulky transport to site• Heavy lift & assembly

18

プレゼンタープレゼンテーションのノートPPVC are 3-dimensional modules that are completed with internal finishes, fixtures and fittings in an off-site fabrication facility before it is delivered and installed on site.They are more complex to build than earlier pre-case units used in HDB construction because theyAre 3D rather than flat / panel likeRequire design coordination between structural and MEP systemsRequire more attention to connection of services and structural stability of the stacked units.To-date, the modularization of a complete apartment unit including PBU, PKU and bedroom/living room units is possible.---PPVC Pre-fabricated pre-finished Construction

Virtual Design & Construction• Use of Computational BIM to perform building analysis

• Cooling, ventilation and building comfort• Energy efficiency• Structural analysis• Fire safety• Movement and transport of goods & people within building• Vehicle traffic studies

• Work collaboratively on a common design goal• Improve site coordination among sub-contractors• Uncover mistakes, correct wrong assumptions, resolve

problems before actual construction • Use of Virtual Reality (VR) and Mixed Reality to visualize

results• Build twice, first virtual then real

19

プレゼンタープレゼンテーションのノートVDC Virtual Design & ConstructionThe key concept is the use of a BIM model to perform different kinds of building analysis, working collaboratively on a common design goal.The idea is to ‘build twice, first virtual then real.’This idea may seem troublesome at first but has important benefits.As one person wittily put it, ‘You can fix it now on the drafting board with an eraser or you can fix it later on the construction site with a sledgehammer.’

Integrated Digital Delivery• Use of a shared digital model,

collaborative digital workflows and ICT for• Feasibility and concept study• Architectural Design & Engineering• Plan submission and regulatory approval• Procurement• Manufacturing & Fabrication• Construction Planning, Progress Monitoring

and Management• Construction automation/ Crane

Automation/Materials tracking• Payments and quantity surveying• Quality and defects management• Asset delivery and handover.

20

HDB

プレゼンタープレゼンテーションのノートIDD revolves around the use of a shared digital model, collaborative digital workflows and ICT forFeasibility and concept studyArchitectural Design & EngineeringPlan submission and regulatory approvalProcurementManufacturing & FabricationConstruction Planning, Progress Monitoring and ManagementConstruction automation/ Crane Automation/Materials trackingPayments and quantity surveyingQuality and defects managementAsset delivery and handover.

HDB has begun work on conceptualizing and implementing a Smart Integrated Construction System consisting of aHDB Integrated Building Information System containing a 3D BIM for collaboration in design, construction management and procurement of precast/prefabricated elements;Smart Tracking System to keep track of logistic flows in the project via sensors;Smart Crane System to automate the process of planning crane lifting operations.---ICT Information Communication Technology

Manufacturing and fabrication

LumChang21

プレゼンタープレゼンテーションのノートThe use of BIM in manufacturing and fabrication of building units parallels the use of shared integrated digital models for product design and manufacturing in the aerospace and automotive industries.The technology for all parts of this system are available but has yet to be integrated and demonstrated to be working together as an single purposeful system in real life.It is clear that the BIM model will be the single ‘source of truth’ for the system-to-be-built. However, many system architectural issues for the software platform have yet to be researched deeply.

BETA (2019)• Built Environment Technology Alliance• First step in building a sustainable ecosystem around the use of BIM in the construction

industry• Driven by the public sector (housing, public and industrial infrastructure)

• but the private sector will not be left behind• Catalyse research and innovation (R&I)

• Share specialized equipment & facilities related to address national issues• Access to testbeds with the required scale for proving and validation• Anchor-points for national programs to develop key capabilities• Provide flexibility of assembling consortiums of firms, experts for key projects in the national

program• Developing a persistent and sharable knowledge-base of lessons learned, experience• Provide a ‘sandbox’ to validate innovations at scale and address regulatory concerns.

• Currently, an Inventory of key resources, specialized facilities, capabilities and expertise relevant to IDD, construction automation, DfMA and BIM in IHLs, public research agencies and private firms is underway.

22

プレゼンタープレゼンテーションのノートBETA Built Environment Technology AllianceBETA is a loosely coupled system-of-systems consisting of GPE (Government Procurement Entities) for built construction, IHLs (Institute of Higher Learning) and private firms built around the use of BIM to drive collaboration, innovation, resource and knowledge-sharing.Key concepts in BETA areSharing specialized facilities & equipmentTest-beddingFlexibility in building R&D consortiumsRegulatory sandbox

Recent Technological Trends

23

The New Normal

• Increased capability to model larger projects in a multi-disciplinary way

• Moving to `cloud` data storage and analytical functionality

• Emphasis on green technology & greater sustainability

• Emphasis on Smart Buildings and cybersecurity.

24

プレゼンタープレゼンテーションのノートThe New Normal refers to the idea that something that was uncommon/ unusual in the past is not taken to be commonplace and expected.Many of the concepts in the New Normal have been made possible by advances in data storage, computer networking, system architectures, and edge computing where data processing occurs where the data is generated rather than at a centralized location.

Integration with other technologies

•3D printing•Digitalization via laser scanning•Aerial drones•Visualization - AR/VR/MR•Robotics & construction automation• IoT sensors•Robotic Process Automation/ RPA

25

プレゼンタープレゼンテーションのノートSeveral new technologies have the potential of disrupting the way construction is carried out.However, they will have greater impact when combined with the use of BIM models.In particular:IoT sensors will make available a torrent of data from the activities and building elements available for ‘deep learning’ of use patterns and patterns of defect occurrence;RPA will automate the tedious tasks of transferring information between legacy software, making the job of integrating software applications less time consuming and costly.However, these technologies require construction firms to invest in equipment that is not normally considered by them. The question arises as to whether it is better for the construction firms to invest in this kind of equipment or buy the service of such equipment from other specialized firms.---AR/VR/MR Augmented/Virtual/Mixed RealityIoT Internet of ThingsRPA Robotic Process Automation

Hybrid models involving Artificial Intelligence

StrongN

ot directly supported

26

プレゼンタープレゼンテーションのノートA BIM model is useful in its own right. But it would be even better if we could use the BIM model as the basis to understand the world, and to plan and make changes in it.BIM is strong in particular capabilities yet other functionality this not needed is not directly supported but exists only as research prototypes or proprietary software.AI has many useful and interesting capabilities to offer when working with the information in a BIM model.In particular, AI excels in providing reasoning, learning and autonomous capabilities.-—AI Artificial Intelligence

Sheet1

Industry Overall Productivity Indicator (m2 per manday)

YearProductivity% change

20100.381

20110.3840.79%

20120.3891.30%

20130.3951.54%

20140.4032.03%

20150.4111.99%

20160.4191.95%

20170.4282.15%

20180.4300.47%

https://www.bca.gov.sg/Productivity/site_productivity_statistics.html

Project Productivity by Building Category (m2 per manday)

% change

YearHDBResidentialResidentialCommercialIndustrialInstitutionalHDBResidentialResidentialCommercialIndustrialInstitutional

(landed)(non-landed)(landed)(non-landed)

20100.4390.190.3190.3280.4950.319

20110.4410.1920.3210.330.5010.330.46%1.05%0.63%0.61%1.21%3.45%

20120.4490.1940.3260.3350.5080.3381.81%1.04%1.56%1.52%1.40%2.42%

20130.4590.1960.3310.3410.5130.3482.23%1.03%1.53%1.79%0.98%2.96%

20140.470.1990.3370.3480.5230.3552.40%1.53%1.81%2.05%1.95%2.01%

20150.4820.2020.3430.3550.5340.3632.55%1.51%1.78%2.01%2.10%2.25%

20160.4930.2040.3490.3630.5420.3732.28%0.99%1.75%2.25%1.50%2.75%

20170.5040.2060.3570.370.5540.3812.23%0.98%2.29%1.93%2.21%2.14%

20180.5170.210.3660.3780.5660.3912.58%1.94%2.52%2.16%2.17%2.62%

https://www.bca.gov.sg/Productivity/site_productivity_statistics.html

Sheet2

Construction Productivity (m2/manday)

Productivity2010201120122013201420152016201720180.381000000000000010.384000000000000010.389000000000000010.395000000000000020.403000000000000020.410999999999999980.418999999999999980.427999999999999990.43

Change in Construction Productivity

2010201120122013201420152016201720187.8740157480315029E-31.3020833333333344E-21.5424164524421607E-22.0253164556962043E-21.9851116625310052E-21.946472019464722E-22.1479713603818635E-24.6728971962616862E-3

Productivity by category (m2/manday)

HDB2010201120122013201420152016201720180.4390.4410.449000000000000010.459000000000000020.470.481999999999999980.492999999999999990.5040.51700000000000002RL2010201120122013201420152016201720180.190.1920.194000000000000010.196000000000000010.199000000000000010.202000000000000010.203999999999999990.205999999999999990.21RnonL2010201120122013201420152016201720180.319000000000000010.321000000000000010.326000000000000010.331000000000000020.337000000000000020.343000000000000030.348999999999999980.356999999999999980.36599999999999999Comm2010201120122013201420152016201720180.328000000000000010.330.335000000000000020.341000000000000030.347999999999999980.354999999999999980.362999999999999990.370.378Ind2010201120122013201420152016201720180.4950.5010.508000000000000010.513000000000000010.523000000000000020.534000000000000030.542000000000000040.554000000000000050.56599999999999995Instn2010201120122013201420152016201720180.319000000000000010.330.338000000000000020.347999999999999980.354999999999999980.362999999999999990.3730.381000000000000010.39100000000000001

Productivity gain by category

HDB2010201120122013201420152016201720184.5558086560364506E-31.8140589569161012E-22.2271714922049018E-22.3965141612200334E-22.5531914893617044E-22.2821576763485497E-22.231237322515215E-22.5793650793650817E-2RL2010201120122013201420152016201720181.0526315789473693E-21.0416666666666676E-21.0309278350515472E-21.5306122448979605E-21.5075376884422124E-29.900990099009771E-39.8039215686274595E-31.9417475728155359E-2RnonL2010201120122013201420152016201720186.269592476489034E-31.5576323987538955E-21.5337423312883449E-21.8126888217522674E-21.7804154302670638E-21.7492711370262242E-22.2922636103151886E-22.521008403361347E-2Comm2010201120122013201420152016201720186.0975609756097615E-31.5151515151515164E-21.7910447761194045E-22.052785923753651E-22.0114942528735653E-22.2535211267605656E-21.9283746556473847E-22.162162162162164E-2Ind2010201120122013201420152016201720181.2121212121212132E-21.3972055888223565E-29.8425196850393786E-31.9493177387914246E-22.1032504780114741E-21.4981273408239713E-22.2140221402214041E-22.1660649819494403E-2Instn2010201120122013201420152016201720183.4482758620689682E-22.4242424242424263E-22.9585798816567907E-22.0114942528735653E-22.2535211267605656E-22.754820936639121E-22.1447721179624683E-22.6246719160105011E-2

Sheet3

BIM capabilityAI capability

Element descriptionClassification

Geometric descriptionClustering

Spatial positioningPattern recognition

Functional constraintsReasoning

Data Storage & RetrievalSearch

Type hierarchyOptimization

Part structure hierarchyKnowledge representation

Topological relationsBehavior description

Information traceabilityAutonoous behavior

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

A

B

BIM capability

AI capability

Element description

Classification

Geometric description

Clustering

Spatial positioning

Pattern recognition

Functional constraints

Reasoning

Data Storage & Retrieval

Search

Sheet1

Industry Overall Productivity Indicator (m2 per manday)

YearProductivity% change

20100.381

20110.3840.79%

20120.3891.30%

20130.3951.54%

20140.4032.03%

20150.4111.99%

20160.4191.95%

20170.4282.15%

20180.4300.47%

https://www.bca.gov.sg/Productivity/site_productivity_statistics.html

Project Productivity by Building Category (m2 per manday)

% change

YearHDBResidentialResidentialCommercialIndustrialInstitutionalHDBResidentialResidentialCommercialIndustrialInstitutional

(landed)(non-landed)(landed)(non-landed)

20100.4390.190.3190.3280.4950.319

20110.4410.1920.3210.330.5010.330.46%1.05%0.63%0.61%1.21%3.45%

20120.4490.1940.3260.3350.5080.3381.81%1.04%1.56%1.52%1.40%2.42%

20130.4590.1960.3310.3410.5130.3482.23%1.03%1.53%1.79%0.98%2.96%

20140.470.1990.3370.3480.5230.3552.40%1.53%1.81%2.05%1.95%2.01%

20150.4820.2020.3430.3550.5340.3632.55%1.51%1.78%2.01%2.10%2.25%

20160.4930.2040.3490.3630.5420.3732.28%0.99%1.75%2.25%1.50%2.75%

20170.5040.2060.3570.370.5540.3812.23%0.98%2.29%1.93%2.21%2.14%

20180.5170.210.3660.3780.5660.3912.58%1.94%2.52%2.16%2.17%2.62%

https://www.bca.gov.sg/Productivity/site_productivity_statistics.html

Sheet2

Construction Productivity (m2/manday)

Productivity2010201120122013201420152016201720180.381000000000000010.384000000000000010.389000000000000010.395000000000000020.403000000000000020.410999999999999980.418999999999999980.427999999999999990.43

Change in Construction Productivity

2010201120122013201420152016201720187.8740157480315029E-31.3020833333333344E-21.5424164524421607E-22.0253164556962043E-21.9851116625310052E-21.946472019464722E-22.1479713603818635E-24.6728971962616862E-3

Productivity by category (m2/manday)

HDB2010201120122013201420152016201720180.4390.4410.449000000000000010.459000000000000020.470.481999999999999980.492999999999999990.5040.51700000000000002RL2010201120122013201420152016201720180.190.1920.194000000000000010.196000000000000010.199000000000000010.202000000000000010.203999999999999990.205999999999999990.21RnonL2010201120122013201420152016201720180.319000000000000010.321000000000000010.326000000000000010.331000000000000020.337000000000000020.343000000000000030.348999999999999980.356999999999999980.36599999999999999Comm2010201120122013201420152016201720180.328000000000000010.330.335000000000000020.341000000000000030.347999999999999980.354999999999999980.362999999999999990.370.378Ind2010201120122013201420152016201720180.4950.5010.508000000000000010.513000000000000010.523000000000000020.534000000000000030.542000000000000040.554000000000000050.56599999999999995Instn2010201120122013201420152016201720180.319000000000000010.330.338000000000000020.347999999999999980.354999999999999980.362999999999999990.3730.381000000000000010.39100000000000001

Productivity gain by category

HDB2010201120122013201420152016201720184.5558086560364506E-31.8140589569161012E-22.2271714922049018E-22.3965141612200334E-22.5531914893617044E-22.2821576763485497E-22.231237322515215E-22.5793650793650817E-2RL2010201120122013201420152016201720181.0526315789473693E-21.0416666666666676E-21.0309278350515472E-21.5306122448979605E-21.5075376884422124E-29.900990099009771E-39.8039215686274595E-31.9417475728155359E-2RnonL2010201120122013201420152016201720186.269592476489034E-31.5576323987538955E-21.5337423312883449E-21.8126888217522674E-21.7804154302670638E-21.7492711370262242E-22.2922636103151886E-22.521008403361347E-2Comm2010201120122013201420152016201720186.0975609756097615E-31.5151515151515164E-21.7910447761194045E-22.052785923753651E-22.0114942528735653E-22.2535211267605656E-21.9283746556473847E-22.162162162162164E-2Ind2010201120122013201420152016201720181.2121212121212132E-21.3972055888223565E-29.8425196850393786E-31.9493177387914246E-22.1032504780114741E-21.4981273408239713E-22.2140221402214041E-22.1660649819494403E-2Instn2010201120122013201420152016201720183.4482758620689682E-22.4242424242424263E-22.9585798816567907E-22.0114942528735653E-22.2535211267605656E-22.754820936639121E-22.1447721179624683E-22.6246719160105011E-2

Sheet3

BIM capabilityAI capability

Element descriptionClassification

Geometric descriptionClustering

Spatial positioningPattern recognition

Functional constraintsReasoning

Data Storage & RetrievalSearch

Type hierarchyOptimization

Part structure hierarchyKnowledge representation

Topological relationsBehavior description

Information traceabilityLearning

Autonomous behavior

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

A

B

BIM capability

AI capability

Element description

Classification

Geometric description

Clustering

Spatial positioning

Pattern recognition

Functional constraints

Reasoning

Data Storage & Retrieval

Search

Obstacles to creating hybrid models

• Retrieval and marshalling of data between BIM to AI modules

• Round-tripping of updates from AI module to BIM

• Event handling between BIM and AI modules

• Aligning structural and behavioral descriptions

• Harmonizing ontological terms.

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プレゼンタープレゼンテーションのノートIn order to create useful and capable hybrid models, several obstacles have to be overcome.These center around the need to harmonize, synchronize and exchange flows of data, events and control between two parts of a hybrid model.This is a rich area of research.

DISCUSSION

28

BIM adoption Challenges

1. Cost of BIM implementation• awareness of benefits and ROI not readily apparent to firms;

2. Training of the personnel required• trained and skillful personnel not readily available;

3. Standardization of workflows involving BIM• e-submission for approvals, design collaboration, interference checking, procurement and

construction, construction management, testing/checking/quality, quantity surveying/ payments/ billing, handover

4. Reluctance to change established workflows5. Development of standard families of BIM elements accepted by the building

industry• Singapore market is small with many foreign firms• Products sourced from many countries.

29

プレゼンタープレゼンテーションのノートThere are many serious challenges to BIM adoption by firms in the construction industry. These challenges have been documented elsewhere in reports and studies by IHLs and consultants.---ROI Return on InvestmentIHL Institute of Higher Learning

BIM adoption: Complexity

• Individual factors often interact and reinforce each other at the firm and industry levels, forming strong reinforcing loops

• Cost of BIM implementation makes the ROI not immediately obvious or convincing

• Introduction of new BIM workflows loses out to established traditional non-BIM workflows

• Lack of experience and success stories involving use of BIM discourage people and firms in investing in BIM

• Lack of a wide range of skilled people developing aspects of BIM• tools, templates, libraries• guidance, training and consultancy• makes BIM adoption in projects expensive, time consuming and riskythus increasing cost of BIM adoption.

30

プレゼンタープレゼンテーションのノートThe issue of BIM adoption is complex because the individual challenges interact across the technology adoption decisions of many firms and organizations, creating strong self-reinforcing loops.---ROI Return on Investment

BIM adoption: Addressing challenges

• Develop product libraries for architecture, structural, and MEP disciplines

• Enact standards• Formalize a BIM execution plan for projects• Ensure sufficient volume of projects using BIM to attain strategic

goals• Develop and raise levels of knowledge and skill in usage in the

industry.

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プレゼンタープレゼンテーションのノートSingapore’s approach to this set of complex challenges is to address them holistically, and to sustain the effort over the long term through government support.---MEP Mechanical Electrical Plumbing

CONCLUSION• Productivity improvement remains the key goal of Singapore’s construction

industry• However, supporting continuous productivity gains is a challenge

• BIM• key technology enabler to transform the industry and make it more productive• central to many new initiatives like DfMA, VDC, and IDD• increasingly being used with other technologies to create a digitalized built

environment

• More capable hybrid BIM models• Combining BIM’s strong geometric and spatial handling capabilities, with• AI’s knowledge representation and reasoning capabilities.

32

プレゼンタープレゼンテーションのノートIn conclusion:Productivity improvement remains the key goal of Singapore’s construction industry.However, supporting continuous productivity gains is a challenge.

BIM is key technology enabler to transform the industry and make it more productive. BIM is central to many new initiatives like DfMA, VDC, and IDD.

BIM is being increasingly used along with other technologies to create a digitalized built environment.

More capable hybrid BIM models can be created by combining BIM’s capabilities with AI’s knowledge representation and reasoning capabilities.

Thank you!

33

プレゼンタープレゼンテーションのノートThank you very much for your kind attention!I now welcome your questions.