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Biodiversity of Rajeshpur Sal Forest Comilla
II
I
-
Junaid K Choudhury Shekhar R Biswas MSazedullslam
Oliur Rahman Sardar lIasir Uddin
IUCN - The Wrold Conservation Union Bangladesh Country Office
May 2004
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Reproduction of this publication for educational or ~ther non- commercial purposes is authorized without prior written permission from the copyright holder provided the source is fully acknowledged
ChoudhuryJ K Biswas S Rlslam SM RahmanOand Uddin S N Citation (2004) Biodiversity of Rajeshpur Sal Forest Comilla IUCN Bangladesh
Country Office Dhaka Bangladesh iv+ 21 PP
Junaid K Choudhury Compilation and Editing M Khairul Alam Shekhar R Biswas
984-32-1995-8ISBN
Shekhar R Biswas and Sheikh Asaduzzaman Cover Design and Layout
Junaid K ChoudhuryPhotographs
Rico PrintersPrinted by
IUCN -The World Conservation Union Available from
Bangladesh Country Office House 11 Road 138 Gulshan-1 Dhaka- 1212 Bangladesh Tel 880-2-9890395 9890423 Fax 880-2-9892854 E-mail infoiucnbdorg
Foreword
In Bangladesh as elsewhere in the third world the process of ecosystem destruction and the resultant environmental damage have been escalating alarminingly in the recent years The destruction of natural ecosystems goes hand in hand with drastic reduction of biodiversity which in the long term hampers the quality of life as we as economic development As an obligation under the CBD and for better management of the biodiversity resources Bangladesh is now preparing its National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan A bottom-up approach has been strictly resorted to during the preparation of the plan People from different part of the country volunteered opinons their neighbouring ecosystems about with their corresponding biodiversity Since the plan will be based on peoples perceptions of opinion ground truithing is considered a must for verify the feedbackmiddotrecived Thus it has been decided that ecosystem survey within few representative ecosystem need to be conducted Since the study is expected to focus on the complex issue of ecosystem status the study team members were selected from different fields of specialization who possessed sufficient experience of working in the natural ecosystems The study was confined within the following disturbed but ecologically important natural ecosystems of Bangladesh
Shatchari Habiganj A site of importance since the area still carries the remnants some important indigenous flora and fauna
Jafiong Sylhet This ecosystem of fresh water streams is settled stone bed which is being destroyed due to large-scale stone quarrying A seriously degraded site
Ratargul Sylhet It is a fresh water wetland ecosystem This site may be the largest Patipata growing habitat that also had groves of Hijal and Koroch trees Over extraction and mismanagement have affected the ecosystem most adversely The area has been suffering increasing exposure to visitors lately
iii I
Tilagarh Sylhet This is a small forest patch located suburbs Sylhet divisional head quarters
Rajeshpur Comilla This is the southern most habitat of natural Sal in the Indian sub-continent Most of the natural Sal forest has disappeared Only remnants are visible now
Dulahazara Safari Park Coxs Bazar The area has recently been delineated and declared as a Protected Area by the Forest Department in an attempt towards the conservation of its habitat and the resident wild animals This site is also known as the natural home of Dipterocarpus spp in Bangladesh
These are considered as one of the richest ecosystem category as regards biodiversity in Bangladesh Most of such diversities are not known to the outsiders and not at all well documented Moreover with the increasing population and the passage of time biodiversities are depleting at a rapid rate Most of these valuable national resources have already vanished from their sites of origin and many more are in various stages of extinction
It is expected that the findings of this study will help readers understand the dynamics of the diverse natural ecosystems in general and the trends of the biodiversity there Moreover the findings of the study will also provide ample food for thought for the planners while theyve formulating biodiversity conservation andor resource management plans and development policies The findings of this study will also serve as a baseline for the scientists development workers and students affording insights about the ecosystem
Dhaka Ainun Nishat May 2004 Country Representative
IUCN Bangladesh Country Office
iv I
Table of Con ents
Page No
1 Background
2 Methodology
3 Physiography and climate 3
4 Bio-zone 4
5 Existing ecosystem 5
6 Flora 5
7 Fauna 6
8 NTFPs 7
9 Economic values 7
10 Existing management of the ecosystem 7
11 Human interventions 7
12 EXisting trend 7
13 Land use pattern 8
14 Community livelihood 8
15 Threats to the ecosystem 8
16 Potentials of the ecosystem 9
17 Recommendations 9
1 Background
The small natural patch of Sal (Shorea robusta) at Rajeshpur under Comilla Social Forestry Division is the southern most natural habitat of Sal Though the growing stock is not good but is important because of its natural occurrence and eco-tourism services to the city dwellers of Comilla FD has developed some basic facilities for the visitors and has thus become an attraction to the one-day holyday makers The site is located at about 30 Km on the South South-East of Comilla town One can drive down this site and is usually treated as a picnic spot Administrative location of the site is under upazilla Chouddagram and district Comilla
INDEX TO ADJOINING THANAS
lOJO E
Legend forest Area Ksect]
BeefDepressed Area ~
lITIHillHillocks ~
FENI Map ofRajeshplI ~II I
This area is a small patch of degraded natural sal forest in the District of Com ilia At pr 111 1Iii is gradually gaining importance as a pick nick spot for the Comilla city dwellers
Comilla Forest Division was created in 1962 Before that this area was under the conlrol nl Chittagong Forest Division This area has been notified under section 4 of Forest ACl I97 I d
proposed Reserved Forest in year 1958 vide notification nu mber 1809 Fro dated 0 toh r ) 1958 Proclamation under section 6 of the Forest Act has been issued on October 29 I ~nr covering an area of 39628 acres Though the reservation process is on going as per the x i ~ til1(
rules and norms the Com ilia Forest Division is managing it as Reserved Forest In the Plt r lh importance of this forest was not realized as it is being felt today under the growing dern and for recreational sites and present concept of eco-tourism
2 Methodology
The study have been broadly divided into three parts viz collection of secondary information collection of primary information and finally data interpretation and report writing
--- 1
Step 1 Collection of secondary information
Available information the maps and relevant information about the selected study sites were collected as far as possible
Step 2 Collection of primary information
Floral diversity
We visited the ecosystem During these visits the flora found in the ecosystem were observed and noted This technique is chosen after consideration of feasibility of working in the natural forest economy and availability of time as described by Ray (1993) Their relative abundances were estimated while walking through the given ecosystem The heights of the top canopy were noted The forest management and related forestry aspects were noted Trees were identified and any specialized character or peculiarities of the vegetation were noted For proper identification of the species specimens have been collected and these materials are pressed so that herbarium sheets may be prepared and the species are properly identified later The soil water regime aspects GPS and related things were observed and noted The trees were identified following Heining (1925) Brandis (1906) and Prain (1903) Taxonomic literatures were consulted for correct nomenclature of the taxa
Faunal diversity
Data collection was based on the direct animal observation in the field However where the animal is not immediately available or it was difficult to locate or trace observations were made on foot print trailing tracks burrows nest animal holes carves on the tree trunks or fruits made by the animals etc For obtaining a better idea of the existing nocturnal faunal population with respect to species and abundance some observations were taken during early parts of the night Some observations were taken during the early hours of the morning and during the sunset times (evening hours) especially to note the bird species and their abundance Some affords were made to see the snakes if any Flying birds were also taken into account Besides local people were interviewed to ascertain the existence and to assess the states the animals In addition other techniques like photo flashing spot lighting sound tracking etc were used where necessary Uses of binoculars were made when necessary Animals were identified up to species level Standard field books field manuals notebooks were used for the identification process The species which were not possible to identify in the field brought with proper labeling for its subsequent identification
Ecosystem in general
Detailed discussions were held with the local forest staff officials neighboring community and experienced persons for obtaining information about the ecosystem especially to identify the threats and potentials With the help and assistance of the local forest staff and officials a few of the local old well conversant and knowledgeable personnel living in and around the ecosystem were invited for discussion
2 I
Collection of secondary information
Collection of primary information
Literature review
Field visit
Discussion
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Background
Maps
History
Bio-zone findings
Physiography and climate
Human interventions
Potentialities
Floral diversity
Faunal diversity
Ecosystem status
Threats
Economic value
Human intervention
Potentialities
Data analysis
Ecosystem survey activities outline
3 Physiography and climate
The topography of the site is raised flat land th r adjoining lands are paddy fields wherein m t~1 ved s ~gh undulations here and there The site in general is roughly above ~O teet f degtSh y ram e nce IS grown by puddling the soil The
rom e mean sea level
3 I
The soil of the site that we visited is reddish in color since it has some iron ores The soil is very hard when dry and become very soft and sticky when wet We have estimated from the vegetation over there that this soil is more acidic then that we normally encounter in our agricultural fields Since the locals remove most of the liters from forest floor for use as fuel the soil has tremendous shortage of humusThe soil fertility looks to be very low
The area in general has a few small canals but none has the perennial stream flow This speaks of the poor water regime that this area in general experiences The site under the forest being small in size do not have any impact on the water regime but there is microclimatic impact of the tree cover at the site The temperature inside the forest is lower than its surrounding More over since the stocking is poor and since the major cover is composed of deciduous species its contribution towards the water regime is of no notable significance
The climate is tropical in general The average rainfall ranges between 2030 and 2290 mm and the temperature is maximum 33degC and minimum 10degC The nearest weather station is at Comilla According to the Statistical Year Book 1999 at this station (Comilla) the average annual rainfall is 2079 mm the maximum monthly average temperature is 33degC in July and the minimum monthly average temperature is 117degC in January The humidity is highest in July (90) and lowest in February (77)The rainfall however is not well distributed through out the
year
4 Biozone According to Nishat et al (2002) this area is under the Bio-Ecological Zone - 9c It has been designated as Lalmai-Tipperah Hills According to Bangladesh agro ecological zoning (FAO 1988) this site is under Region 22 designated as Northern and Eastern Piedmont Plains These areas are supposed to be subjected to more of flash floods The texture of the soil in general is supposed to be sandy loam to silty clay and more acidic than the adjoining
ecological zones
According to the Bio-Ecological Zone of Bangladesh published by IUCN this area has been designated as Zone 9c under the name Lalmai-Tipperah Hills The expected floral and faunal composition in this zone is expected to be as
under
Flora Trees Sal (Shorea robusta) Sonalu (Cassia fistula) Kanthal (Artocarpus heterophyllus)Taal (Borassus flabellifer) Shrubs and herbs Bhant (Clerodendrum viscosum) Assam Lata (Mikania scandens) Shothi (Curcuma zeodaria) Motkila
(Glycosmis arboreal
FaunaMammals Indian porcupine (Hystrix indica) Rufous-tailed hare (Lepus nigricollis) Indian false vampire (Megaderma
lyra) Indian pygmy pipistrelle (Pipistrellus mimus) BirdsWhite-rumped Shama (Copsychus malabaricus) Lesser necklaced laughing thrush (Garrulax moniliger) Reptiles Cantors kukri snake (Oygodon cyclurus) Common wolf snake (Lycodon aulicus) Indian eyed turtle (Morenia
petersi)middot _ Amphibians Bull frog (Hopobatrachus tigerinus) Cricket frog (Limnonectes limnocharis)
4 I
5 Existing Ecosystem
T~e site that we ~isited may be treated as on ecosystem The growing stock of degraded sal is t e top canop~ ~I~ce a couple years back the FD has started to under plant cane in between the sa~The adJomlng comm~~ity often collects the liters of dry sal leaves Virtually there was no un ergrowt~ when we VISited the site in the month of March During monsoon eriods however these sites get some undergrowth ofvarious mixed species p
Among the he~baceous taxa Ageratum conyzoides Axonopus compressus Borrerria his ida Chrysopogon aCiculatus Desmodium heterophylum and Leucas lavandulifolia are more com~on ~h~bs ~~monIY obse~ved mcl~des Clerodendrum viscosum Eupatorium odoratum Flacourti In I~a 0 arrhena antldysentenca Ixora acuminata Melastoma melabatrhicum Microcos panJc~ata Psychotna calocarpa Randia dumetorum and Zizyphus rugosa Som I b seen In the forest t f h h e c 1m ers are ou 0 w IC Hemldesmus in dicus Ichnocarpus frutescens and Smilax
~~cr~carp~ a~~ ver~ common Plantation of Kajubadam (Anacardium occidantalis) Akasmoni theaf~~e~t~ncu I ormls) and Mangium (Acacia mangium) has done successfully in some part of
Th~ fo~est i~ well protected fro~ illegal felling and encroachment The plantations of Acacia aur~culIforlsal~d A manglUm raise as participatory plantation by Forest Department are being mhamtalme we Now the FD is also raising plantations of Rattan (Calumus guruba) underneath t e sa
6 Flora
~~ forest is ~f ~e~id~ous type dominated by only Sal (Shorea robusta) The forest is less diverse 40 caTnopy elg to the forest ranges from 15-20 m and canopy coverage is apprOXimately
0 70 rees are mainly result of regeneration of coppice from old trees and therefore most of the trees are not straight but deformed The mode of regeneration is not good and most of the saplings are suffering from dieback In the past there were other tree species mixed with Sal The undergrowth of the forest is very poor Only few shrubs and herbs are found and they have
-
Effect ofrepeated burning on Shorea seedling
been suffering from drought and low fertility of the soil Rajashpur Sal forest with an area of ca 587 ha is the largest chunk of natural Sal forest in Com ilia
The important tree species of Rajeshpur forest are Shorea robusta Acacia auriculiformis A mangium and Anacardium occidentalis Fruit yielding plants such as Ananas comosus Artocarpus heterophyffus Garcinia cowa Mangifera indica and Syzygium cumini have been encountered in adjoining localities Some species of plants that are used by the locals for medicine viz Eupatorium odoratum Hemidesmus indicus Holarrhena antidysenterica and Mikania scandensl have been encountered during our survey A total of 84 species were recorded from this forest and its surroundings of which 30 species are either introduced or plated A list of the species that we have found during this survey on March 92004 is given in Table 1
7 Fauna
A total of 6 (2955) amphibians 40 (19704) reptiles 128 (63054) birds and 29 (140285) mammals have been recorded in Rajeshpur
Hoplobatrachus tigerinus has included in appendix II of CITES Schedule Several species of forest and hill snakes are existing in Rajeshpur because of its close location to the Indian Tripura (alotes versicolor Varanus bengalensis Gekko gecko Mabuya carinata are widely distributed in that area (oluber mucosus and Naja naja are included in the appendix II of CITES Schedule whilst Varanus bengalensis and Varanus ffavescens in appendix I Under the family Bataguridae 3 species of turtle such as Black Pond Turtle (Geocfamys hamiltonii) Median Roofed Turtle (Kachuga tentoria) and Indian Black Turtle (Melanochelys trijuga) are locally endangered species Globally vulnerable Indian Eyed Turtle (Morenia peters) and Median Roofed Turtle (Kachuga tentoria) have been recorded
Presence of 10 species of doves and pigeons were very important Orthotomus sutorius Bradypterus luteoventris Hippolais caigat and Phylfoscopus affinis were observed in the bushy area 35 (27343) species of birds are migratory and 93 (72657) are resident Of the total 128 species of birds 8 species representing the order Piciformes 1 for Upupiformes 5 for Coraciiformes 13 for Cucuiformes 2 Psittaciformes 1 for Apodiformes 7 for Strigiformes 8 for Cuculiformes 1 for Apodiformes 6 for Strigiformes 10 for Columbiformes 1 Gruiformes 23 Cicoriiiformes and 65 species for Passeriformes 1 species of Leporidae (Hystrix indica) and 1 of Hystricid (Lepus nigricoffis) have been recorded there and both of this species are treated as globally endangered
Under primates of the class MammaliaMacaca assamensis and Macaca mulatta are the globally vulnerable and lower risk animal respectively Mus booduga Mus musculus and Rattus rattus are widely distributed
The list of Amphibians Reptiles Birds and Mammals found at the site are given Table 234 and 5 respectively
6 I
8NTFPs
The major gro~h over the area is degraded Sal Recently cane has been planted underneath These are growing well In near future the cane is expected to be a good NTFP for the area in questIon
9 Economic values
Though the direct value of the tree growth is not that high but its intangible values are enormous especially as a site of outing to the city dwellers of Comilla In the district of Comilla this is an important and most conspicuous site for recreation It is attracting more and
Sal forest patch at Rajeshpurmore people every day It has a hIgh value In the context of environment as well
10 Existing Management of the Ecosystem
At present the main thrust is protection Some under planting of cane has been under taken No harvest IS done now A small patch near the beat office has a plantation of Cashue Nut These are sold In auction for collecting the nuts
11 Human Interventions
This sie has a growth of degraded Sallri the past it had good vegetative cover whkh included the thl~k under growth That habitat used to harbor a number of wild lives in abundance These have dIsappeared with time due to pouching and loss of habitat At present under the serious shortage of fuel wood in and around the area the local people around this forest very often come in~o this small patch of forest and collect fuel wood They often cut down the branches and at tIme even trees ColI~ction of leaves that fall on the ground by sweeping is a regular f~ature Thus the forest floor IS completely devoid of any litter Human pressure is definitely very hIgh
12 Existing trends
The prevailing trend in the area is two fold The local people come in to collect leaves branches and tIme even tre~s despIte the watching and guarding by the FD officials in force The city dwellers from ComIlia come here for rest recreation and sight seeing
7 I
13 Land Use Pattern This forest has a large number of small fragmented pieces of agricultural land These agricultural lands are intermingled with the fragmented forest patchesThere village nearby
Thus this area has all the common land-use practices such as agriculture forestry pond fisheries orchards housing etc that are commonly noticed in Bangladesh
14Community Livelihood The adjoining communities are mostly agricultural Along wit~ the farming acti~ities some of the people run petty businesses They have horticultural plants In and around their
rIWamp~~~
Peoples collecting follen leaves from the forest floor a common scenario at the sal forests
homesteads Some have small ponds which they use for growing fish in a very small scale Recently as the visitors have started to visit the site these community are gradually getting
involved in selling small local cottage products as well
15Threats to Ecosystem The most serious threat to the given ecosystem is the human interference in form of the collection of fuel wood including the leaves Almost every year these are fire hazards in this forest patch Some time the local community intentionally lit the fire in the hope to have a
better growth of grassy vegetation
8 I
16 Potentials of Ecosystem
This given patch of forest is small and cannot be managed for harvesting forest produces such as wood etc But because of its vicinity to the urban area this has a very high potential of serving as recreation site The major management goal should be to develop the site in such a manner so that it attracts wild lives especially the birds This site possesses high potential to attract birds of various species The prospect of eco-tourism is quite high
17 Recommendations
This site should be taken up for eco-tourism and necessary facilities required for the purpose may be inculcated The local people should be involved in the whole process so that they get a feeling of ownership to this forest and they can understand that conservation of these sites will bring in benefits to them on a sustainable basis Government should take up programs to develop this forest as an eco-tourism site
Co-management under a participatory concept coupled with the enforcement of law should be the target so that the eco-tourism can flourish in this site
Table 1 List of plant species recorded from Rajeshpur Sal Forest Comilla
SI No Species Family Habit Occurrence
l Acacia auriculiformis Mimosaceae Tree Planted
2 Amangium Mimosaceae Tree Planted
3 Adhatoda vasica Acanthaceae Shrub Cultivated
4 Ageratum conyzoides Asteraceae Herb Common
5 Albizia lebbeck Mimosaceae Tree Planted
6 Aprocera Mimosaceae Tree Planted
7 Alstonia scholaria Apocynaceae Thee Common
8 Ammania baccifera Lythraceae Herb Not very common
9 Anacardium occidentale Anacardiaceae Tree Planted
10 Ananas comosus Bromeliaceae Herb Cultivated
11 Aporosa dioica Euphorbiaceae Tree Not very common
12 Aquilaria agallocha Thymeliaceae Tree Planted
13 Artocarpus heterophyllus Moraceae Tree Planted
14 Averrhoa carambola Averrhoaceae Tree Planted
15 Axonopus compress us Poaceae Herb Common
16 Bombax ceiba Bombacaceae Tree Planted Table continued
--l 9
51 No Species Family Habit OccurrenceHabit OccurrenceFamilySINo Species 52 Leucas lavandulifolia Lamiaceae Herb Common
Poaceae Grass Planted 17 Bambusa baJcooa 53 Mangifera indica Anacardiaceae Tree Planted
Grass Planted 18 Bambusa polymorpha Poaceae 54 Melastoma malabathricum Melastomaceae Shrub Very common
Grass Planted 55 Merremia umbellata Convolvulaceae Climber CommonBambusa tulda Poaceae
Pal mae Tree Common 56 Microcos paniculata Tiliaceae Tree Very common 19
20 Borassus flabellifer Herb Common 57 Mikania scandens Asteraceae Herb Very common Rubiaceae21 Borreria hispida
58 Mimosa pudica Mimosaceae Herb CommonShrub CommonCaesalpinaceae22 Caesalpinia crista 59 Morinda angustifolia Rubiaceae S hrub Not very common
Climber PlantedPalmae23 Calamus guruba 60 Nelsonia canescens Acanthaceae Herb Common Tree Not very common Lecythidaceae24 Careya arborea 61 Oxalis corniculata Oxalidaceae Herb Common Tree Planted
Chikrassia tabularis Meliaceae 62 Phoenix sylvestris Palmae Tree Planted Herb Very common
25 Poaceae 63 Phyllanthus embelica Euphorbiaceae Tree Planted26 Chrysopogon aciculatus
Shrub Common 64 Psidium guajava Myrtaceae Tree PlantedVerbenaceaeClerodendrum viscosum 27 65 Psychotria calocarpa Rubiaceae Shrub CommonHerb CommonCommelinaceae28 Commelina benghalensis 66 Pteris vittata Pteridaceae Fern CommonClimber Planted
29 Daemonorops jenkinsiana Arecaceae 67 Randia dumetorum Rubiaceae Shrub Common
Tree CommonFabaceaeDalbergia stipulacea 30 68 Rumex maritimus Polyonaceae Herb Not common Climber Not very ommon Dilleniaceae3l Delima sarmentosa 69 Rungia pectinata Acanthaceae Herb Common Tree Planted
32 Delonix regia Caesalpinialteae 70 Samanea saman Mimosaceae Tree Planted
Fabaceae Herb Common 71 Scoparia dulcis Scrophulariaceae Herb Common33 Desmodium heterophyllum Herb Common 72 Shorea robusta Dipterocarpaceae Tree DominantPoaceae34 Digittaria sanguinalis
73 Smilax macrophylla Smilacaceae Climber CommonClimber CommonDioscoreaceae35 Dioscorea pentaphylla 74 Swietenia mahagoni Meliaceae Tree PlantedTree PlantedDipterocarpaceae36 Dipterocarpus turbinatus 75 Syzygium cumini Myrtaceae Tree Planted
Polipodiaceae Epiphyte Common 37 Drynaia quercifolia 76 Syzygium fruticosum Myrtaceae Tree Common
Tree Not very common Fabaceae38 Erythrina variegata 77 Tabebuia rosea Bignoniaceae Tree Planted Tree Planted
39 Eucalyptus camaldulensis Myrtaceae 78 Tabernaemontana divaricata Apocynaceae Shrub Common
Asteraceae Shrub Very common 79 Tamarindus indicus Caesalpinaceae Tree Planted40 Eupatorium odoratum Tree Planted 80 Terminalia belerica Combretaceae Tree PlantedMoraceae41 Ficus lachooka
81 T chebula Combretaceae Tree PlantedShrub CommonFlacourtiaceae42 Flacourtia indica 82 Urena lobata Malvaceae Herb Common
Guttiferae Tree Common 43 Garcinia cowa 83 Viscum orientalis Loranthaceae Parasite Common
Guttiferae Tree Rare 44 G lancaefolia 84 Zizyphus rugosa Rhamnaceae Shrub Common
Herb CommonAsteraceae45 Grangea madaraspatana
Asclepiadaceae Climber Common 46 Hemidesmus indicus
Shrub CommonApocynaceae
Tree Planted 47 Holarrhena antidysenterica
Dipterocarpaceae 48 Hopea odorata
49 Jchnocarpus frutescens Apocynaceae Climber Common
Shrub Very common Rubiaceae Shrub Very common
50 Ixora acuminata Rubiaceae
Shrub Common 50 Ixora acuminata
Rubiaceae51 Ixora parviflora Table continued
10 I
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Tabl
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Am
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Tabl
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Rep
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of R
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Tab
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Z
Cgt
V
I w
u
u
_ u
I II
I
I_ u III
9
U
H
emid
acty
lus
fkav
iviri
dis
Co
mm
on
Hou
se L
izar
d 10
T
iktik
iA
gam
idae
N
OC
alot
es v
ersi
colo
r C
om
mo
n G
arde
n Li
zard
11
R
okto
-cho
sha
Sci
ncid
ae
NO
Mab
uya
carin
ata
Com
mon
Ski
nk
12
Var
anid
ae
Var
anus
ben
gale
nsis
B
enga
l Mo
nit
or
Anj
on
NO
13
G
ui S
hap
VU
Vara
nus
fJav
esce
ns
Yel
low
Mo
nit
or
14
Sho
na G
ui
Ser
pent
es
Typ
hlop
idae
EN
Ram
phot
yphl
ops
bram
inus
C
omm
on W
orm
Sna
ke15
D
um
ukh
a S
hap
NO
Typh
lops
por
rect
us S
lend
er
Wor
m S
nake
16
Du
mu
kha
Sha
p D
DC
olub
rida
e A
haet
ulJa
nas
utus
C
omm
on V
ine
Sna
ke17
La
odog
a S
hap
VU
Aha
etul
Ja p
rasi
na
Sho
rt-n
osed
Vin
e S
nake
18
Laod
oga
Sha
p D
DA
mph
iesm
a st
olat
a S
trip
ped
Kee
lbac
k 19
D
ora
Sha
p N
OA
ltret
ium
sch
isto
sum
O
live
Kee
lbac
k 20
M
aitt
a S
hap
NO
Chy
sope
lea
orna
te
Orn
ate
Fly
ing
Sna
ke21
K
alna
gini
EN
Col
uber
muc
osus
R
at S
nake
22
Dar
ajD
endr
elap
his
pict
us
VU
II
Pai
nted
Bro
nzeb
ack
Tree
Sna
ke23
G
echo
Sha
p VU
Den
drel
aphi
s tri
stis
C
om
mo
n B
ronz
ebac
k Tr
ee S
nake
24
Bet
Anc
hora
VU
Ela
phe
hele
na
Com
mon
Tri
nket
Sna
ke25
D
udhr
aj
ENE
laph
e ra
diat
a C
oppe
r H
ead
Tri
nket
Sna
ke
26
Dud
hraj
EN
Enh
ydris
enh
ydris
C
om
mo
n S
moo
th W
ater
Sna
ke27
P
aina
Sha
p N
OLy
eodo
n au
licus
C
om
mo
n W
olf
Sna
ke28
G
harg
inni
Sha
p V
UO
ligod
on a
lboc
inct
us
Whi
te-b
arre
d K
ukri
Sna
ke
29
DD
Olig
odon
arn
ensi
s C
omm
on K
ukri
Sna
ke
30
DD
Olig
odon
cin
ereu
s B
lack
-bar
red
Kuk
ri S
nake
31
DD
Olig
odon
theo
bald
i M
anda
lay
Kuk
ri S
nake
32
D
DPa
reas
mon
tical
u A
ssam
Sna
il E
ater
33
S
ham
uk-K
hor
DD
Psa
mm
odyn
aste
s pu
lver
ulen
tus
Mo
ckV
ipe
r34
P
ahar
i Sha
p D
DX
enoc
hrop
his
pisc
ator
C
heck
ered
Kee
lbac
k 35
D
hora
Sha
pE
lapi
dae
NO
Bun
garu
s ca
erul
eus
Com
mon
Kra
it 36
K
al K
eote
y EN
Bun
garu
s fa
scia
tus
Ban
ded
Kra
it 37
S
hank
ini S
hap
ENN
aja
kaou
thia
M
on
oce
llate
Cob
ra
38
Gok
hra
Sha
p VU
Naj
anaj
a B
inoc
ella
te C
obra
39
K
hoia
Gok
hra
ENV
iper
idae
1
1Tr
imer
esur
us a
lbol
abris
B
ambo
o P
it V
iper
40
J~
Vip
era
russ
ellii
Rus
sells
Vip
er
DD
C
hand
robo
ra
CR
Tabl
e 3
Bird
s o
f Raj
eshp
ur s
tudy
are
a l~
SL
Ord
er
Fam
ily
Sci
entif
ic N
ame
Eng
lish
Nam
e Lo
cal N
ame
~
III
III
No
C
5
C
iU
c-
g
III
C
gt-
0gt
-~
v -- C
-
II
I a
lO
1)
0
V
C
zg
zO
l
V
middotiii
wu
u~ ~
)
)
cIII
_u
_
u
U
1
Pic
iform
es
Pic
idae
C
eeu
s br
ochy
urus
R
ufou
s W
oodp
ecke
r La
lche
y K
atht
hokr
a R
N
O
2
Den
droc
opos
mac
ei
Fulv
ous-
bres
ted
Woo
dpec
ker
Pakr
a K
atht
hokr
a R
N
O
3
Den
droc
opo
sm
ahre
ttens
is
Yel
low
-fron
ted
Pie
d W
oodp
ecke
r Pa
kra
Kat
htho
kra
R
DO
4
ly
nx to
rqui
lla
Eur
asia
n W
ryne
ck
Met
ho K
atht
hokr
a M
5
D
inop
ium
java
nens
e C
omm
on F
lam
ebac
k R
N
O
6
Din
opiu
m b
engh
aen
se
Bla
ck-r
umpe
d Fl
ameb
ack
Kat
hokr
a R
N
O
7
Meg
alai
mid
ae
Meg
aai
ma
haem
acep
hala
C
oppe
rsm
ith B
arbe
t C
hoto
Bas
anta
Bau
ri R
N
O
8
Meg
aai
ma
inea
te
Line
ated
Bar
bet
Gur
khod
Beg
hbou
R
N
O
9
Upu
pifo
rmes
U
pupi
dae
Upu
pa e
pops
C
omm
on H
oopo
e H
udhu
d5
0lai
man
Pak
hi
R
NO
10
Cor
aciif
orm
es
Cor
aciid
ae
Cor
acia
s be
ngha
ens
is
Indi
an R
olle
r N
ilkan
tha
R
NO
11
Alc
edin
idae
A
lced
o at
this
C
omm
on K
ingf
ishe
r C
hoto
Maa
chra
nga
R
NO
12
H
alcy
on s
myr
nens
is
Whi
teth
roat
ed K
ingf
ishe
r M
aach
rang
a R
N
O
13
Meg
acer
ye
ugu
bris
P
ied
Kin
gfis
her
R
DO
14
M
erop
idae
M
erop
s or
ient
alis
G
reen
Bee
eate
r S
uich
ora
Ban
spat
i R
N
O
15
Cuc
ulifo
rmes
C
ucul
idae
C
acom
antis
mer
ulin
us
Plai
ntiv
e cu
ckoo
C
hata
kiS
orgo
m
R
NO
16
Cuc
uus
sat
urat
us
Orie
ntal
Cuc
koo
M
17
Cen
trip
odid
ae
Cen
tropu
s si
nens
is
Gre
ater
Cou
cal
Kan
akua
Cou
cal
R
NO
18
Ca
mat
or ja
cobi
nus
Pie
d C
ucko
o P
apiy
a R
N
O
19
Cuc
uus
mic
ropt
erus
lndi
an
Cuc
koo
Bou
-Kat
ha-K
ao P
akhi
R
N
O
20
Eud
ynam
ys sc
pa
cea
Asi
an C
ucko
o K
okil
Ku
kil
R
NO
2l
H
iero
cocc
yx v
ariu
s C
omm
on H
awk
Cuc
koo
Cho
khg
elo
Pakh
i R
N
O
22
Phae
nico
phae
us tr
istis
G
reen
-bill
ed M
alko
ha
Sab
uj K
okil
R
NO
23
Apo
difo
rmes
A
podi
dae
Cyp
siur
us b
aa
siens
is
Asi
an P
alm
Sw
ift
Nak
kati
R
NO
24
Stri
gifo
rmes
T
yton
idae
Ty
toa
ba
Bar
n O
wl
Laxm
i Pen
cha
R
NO
Tab
le c
ontin
ued
SL
Ord
er
Fam
ily
Sci
entif
ic N
ame
Eng
lish
Nam
e Lo
cal N
ame
~
No
II
I II
I
C
5
C
0
1 ]
III
~
cgt
shy~
vC
0
gt-
V
III
alO
i3
0
C
zOl
zO
l
V
middotiii
Wu~ u~
~II
I
)
)
c
_
u
_u
U
25
Stri
gida
e A
then
e br
oma
Spo
tted
Ow
let
Khu
rule
y Pe
ncha
R
N
O
26
Bub
o be
nga
ensi
s R
ock
Eag
le O
wl
Hut
um P
ench
a R
N
O
27
Ket
upa
zey
onen
sis
Bro
wn
Fish
Ow
l B
hutu
m P
ench
a R
VU
28
N
inox
scu
tua
ta
Bro
wn
Haw
k O
wl
Kup
okh
R
NO
29
Cap
rimul
gida
e C
aprim
ugu
s m
acru
rus
Larg
e-ta
iled
Nig
ht ja
r R
atch
ara
R
NO
30
Col
umbi
form
es C
olum
bida
e C
olum
ba i
via
Roc
k P
igeo
n J
alal
i Kab
utor
R
N
O
31
Duc
ua
aene
a G
reen
Im
peria
l Pig
eon
Dhu
mko
l R
D
O32
S
trept
ope
ia c
hin
ensis
S
potte
d D
ove
Tila
Ghu
ghu
R
NO
33
Stre
ptop
eia
dec
aoct
a E
uras
ian
Col
lare
d D
ove
Raj G
hugh
uD
hoba
l R
N
O
Ghu
ghu
34
Stre
ptop
eia
tran
queb
aric
a R
ed C
olla
red
Dov
e La
l Ghu
ghu
Jon
gla
R
NO
G
hugh
u35
Tr
eron
api
caud
a Pi
n-ta
iled
Gre
en P
igeo
n H
oria
lH
orik
ol
R
CR36
T
rero
n bi
cinc
ta
Ora
nge-
brea
sted
Gre
en P
igeo
n H
oria
lH
orik
ol
R
NO
37
Trer
on p
hoen
icop
tera
Y
ello
w-f
oote
d G
reen
Pig
eon
Hor
iallB
otko
l R
N
O38
Tr
eron
pom
pado
ra
Pom
pado
ur G
reen
Pig
eon
Cho
to H
oria
l R
N
O
39
Stre
ptop
elia
orie
ntal
is
Orie
ntal
Tur
tle D
ove
Ghu
ghu
M39
S
trept
ope
ia o
rient
ais
O
rient
al T
urtle
Dov
e G
hugh
u M
40
Gru
iform
es
Ral
lidae
A
mau
rorn
is p
hoen
icur
us
Whi
te-b
reas
ted
Wat
erhe
n D
ahuk
R
N
O
41
Cic
oniif
orm
es
Jaca
nida
e B
ronz
e-w
ing
ed Jlt
can
a R
o
42
Cha
radr
iidae
R
ed-I
middotta tt1~
Lap
(
o lt
=
43
Acc
ipltr
idae
44
~
-r
-$
-
_
~__~
-
bull _
45
~2--
--
c
46
~-~
~
Ju
l~
cSL
O
rder
Fa
mily
S
cien
tific
Nam
e E
nglis
h N
ame
Loca
l Nam
e II
I el
lel
lN
o
1l
3
III
i6
1l
c
ell
cc
gt
c ~~
II
I
el
l co
0
J
0 V
I
1l
Z
o-
Zo
-V
I w
v
v
el
l J
ill
cc
-v
2a
u
47
Milv
us m
igra
ns
Bla
ck K
ite
Bhu
bon
Chi
l R
N
O
48
Circ
us c
yane
us
Hen
Har
rier
M
49
Pan
dion
ha
iaet
us
Osp
rey
Mec
ho B
aaj
M
50
Falc
onid
ae
Falc
o ch
icqu
era
Red
-nec
ked
Falc
on
Tur
mut
i R
D
D
LR
51
Falc
o tin
nunc
ulus
C
omm
on K
estre
l M
52
P
hala
croc
orac
idae
P
hala
croc
orax
nig
er
Littl
e C
orm
oran
t P
aan-
kow
ri R
N
O
53
Ard
eida
e A
rdeo
la g
rayi
i Ind
ian
Pon
d H
eron
K
ani B
okK
ana
Bok
R
N
O
54
Bub
ulcu
s ib
is
Cat
tle E
gret
G
o-bo
k R
N
O
55
But
orid
es s
triat
us
Littl
e E
gret
C
hoto
Bok
R
N
O
56
Dup
etor
fav
icol
is
Bla
ck B
itter
n K
alo
Bok
R
D
D
57
Ixob
rych
us m
inut
us
Littl
e B
itter
n K
hude
y B
ok
R
DD
58
Ixob
rych
us s
inen
sis
Yel
low
Bitt
ern
Hol
dey
Bok
R
N
O
59
Mes
opho
yx in
term
edia
In
term
edia
te E
gret
M
aijla
Bok
R
N
O
60
Nyc
ticor
ax n
ictic
orax
B
lack
-cro
wne
d N
ight
Her
on
Waa
klN
ishi
Bok
R
N
O
61
Sco
lopa
cida
e A
ctiti
s hy
pole
ucos
C
omm
on S
andp
iper
M
62
Gal
inag
o ga
lina
go
Fant
ail S
nipe
K
ada-
khoc
ha
M
63
Gal
linag
o st
enur
a P
inta
il S
nipe
K
ada-
khoc
ha
M
64
P
asse
rifor
mes
Lan
iidae
La
nius
sch
ach
Long
-tai
led
Shr
ike
Bag
haT
iki
R
NO
65
Lani
us c
rista
tus
Bro
wn
Shr
ike
Bad
ami K
osha
i Pak
hi
M
66
Lani
us te
phro
notu
s G
reyb
acke
d S
hrik
e K
osha
i Pak
hi
M
67
Cor
vida
e C
orvu
s m
acro
rhyn
chos
Ju
ngle
Cro
w
Dan
r Ka
k R
N
O
68
Cor
vus
sple
nden
s H
ouse
Cro
w
Pat
i Kak
lKau
a R
N
O
69
Den
droc
itta
vaga
bund
a R
ufus
Tre
epie
H
anric
hach
aK
utum
R
N
O
70
Aeg
ithin
a tip
hia
Com
mon
lora
T
owfik
Fat
ikja
l R
N
O
71
Orio
lus
xant
hom
us
Bla
ck-h
eade
d O
riole
H
olde
y P
akhi
R
N
O
72
Dic
ruru
s ae
neus
B
ronz
ed D
rong
o C
hoto
Fin
gey
R
NO
Tab
le c
on
tin
ue
d
SL
Ord
er
Fam
ily
Sci
entif
ic N
ame
Eng
lish
Nam
e Lo
cal N
ame
c
III
No
el
l el
l 1
l
3
II
I i6
1
lc
el
l c
--c~ ~~
C
II
I 0
ell
J
0 V
IC
Ooshy
1l
Z
o-
VI
Zel
l w
v
v
J
III
J II
Icc
el
l -v
-v
U
73
Dic
urur
s m
acro
cerc
us
Bla
ck D
rong
o F
inge
y R
N
O
74
Arta
mus
fusc
us
Ash
y W
oods
wal
low
La
tora
R
N
O
75
Cor
acin
a m
acei
La
rge
Cuc
koos
hrik
e G
udhu
ka
R
NO
76
P
eric
roco
tus
cinn
amom
eus
Sm
all M
iniv
et
S~t
Sai
li R
N
O
77
Teph
rodo
rnis
pon
dice
rianu
s C
omm
on W
oods
hrik
e R
N
O
78
Rhi
pidu
ra a
lbic
olis
W
hite
-thr
oate
d Fa
ntai
l Le
jnac
hani
R
N
O
79
Mus
cica
pida
e C
opsy
chus
sau
laris
O
rient
al M
agpi
e R
obin
D
oelD
oina
chan
i R
N
O
80
Cul
icic
apa
ceyl
onen
sis
Gre
y-he
aded
Can
ary
Fly
catc
her
Fut
futi
R
NO
81
S
axic
olac
apra
ta
Pie
d B
usnc
hat
R
NO
82
C
haim
arro
rnis
leuc
ocep
halu
s W
hite
-cap
ped
Wat
er R
edst
art
M
83
Cyo
rnis
tick
ellia
e T
icke
lls B
lue
Fly
catc
her
M
84
Eum
yias
thal
assi
fa
Ver
dite
r F
lyca
tche
r M
85
Fi
cedu
la p
arva
R
ed-t
hroa
ted
Fly
catc
her
Lalb
ook
Cho
tok
M
86
Lusc
inia
cal
iope
S
iber
ian
Rub
yThr
oat
M
87
Lusc
inia
sve
cica
B
luet
hroa
t M
88
M
ontic
ola
solit
ariu
s B
lock
Roc
k Th
rush
M
89
S
axic
ola
torq
uata
C
omm
on S
tone
chat
M
90
Tu
rdus
uni
colo
r T
icke
lls T
hrus
h M
91
Zo
othe
ra c
itrin
e O
rang
e-he
aded
Thr
ush
M
92
Stu
rnid
ae
Acr
idot
here
s ci
nere
us
Whi
te-v
ente
d M
yna
R
DD
93
A
crid
othe
res
fusc
us
Jung
le M
yna
Jhut
i Sha
lik
R
NO
94
A
crid
othe
res
trist
is
Com
mon
Myn
a B
hat S
halik
R
N
O
95
Stu
rnus
con
tra
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Refere
Brandis D 1906lndian Trees Periodical Experts Book agency Delhi 767 pp
FAO 1988 Land Resources Approsal of Bangladesh for Agricultural Development Agroecolo(( I Regions ofBangladesh BGD81035 Technical Report 2570 pp
Heining RL 1925 Lists ofplants ofChittagong Collectorate and Hill Tracts Darjeeling India 84 pp
Nishat A Huq SMlmamul Barua Suvashis P Reza Ali AHM Khan Moniruzzaman A5 (eds)
2002 Bio-ecological Zones ofBangladeshIUCN Bangladesh Country Office 141 pp
Prain D 1903 Bengal plants Vol 1 amp2 Calcutta
1 I
- cover amp back
- Untitled
-
b roduced in hole or in part and in any from for The materials In this publication may e rep I f m the copyright holder provided
fi middotthout speCia permission ro educational or non-pro It purposes WI d IUCN Bangladesh would appreciate receiving a proper acknowledgement of the source IS ma e copy of any publication which uses this document as a source
hmiddot b k d the presentation of the material do not The designation of geographical entities In t IS OOth an t of IUCN concerning the legal status of
f ion whatsoever on e par imply the expresslon 0 any OPfl~ d t tion or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or any country territory area or 0 ItS a minis ra
boundaries
This publication may not be resold or used formiddot any other commercial purpose without the prior
written permission of IUCN Bangladesh
IUCN Bangladesh Country Office published by
IUCN The World Conservation Union
copy 2004IUCN -The World Conservation Union Copyright
Reproduction of this publication for educational or ~ther non- commercial purposes is authorized without prior written permission from the copyright holder provided the source is fully acknowledged
ChoudhuryJ K Biswas S Rlslam SM RahmanOand Uddin S N Citation (2004) Biodiversity of Rajeshpur Sal Forest Comilla IUCN Bangladesh
Country Office Dhaka Bangladesh iv+ 21 PP
Junaid K Choudhury Compilation and Editing M Khairul Alam Shekhar R Biswas
984-32-1995-8ISBN
Shekhar R Biswas and Sheikh Asaduzzaman Cover Design and Layout
Junaid K ChoudhuryPhotographs
Rico PrintersPrinted by
IUCN -The World Conservation Union Available from
Bangladesh Country Office House 11 Road 138 Gulshan-1 Dhaka- 1212 Bangladesh Tel 880-2-9890395 9890423 Fax 880-2-9892854 E-mail infoiucnbdorg
Foreword
In Bangladesh as elsewhere in the third world the process of ecosystem destruction and the resultant environmental damage have been escalating alarminingly in the recent years The destruction of natural ecosystems goes hand in hand with drastic reduction of biodiversity which in the long term hampers the quality of life as we as economic development As an obligation under the CBD and for better management of the biodiversity resources Bangladesh is now preparing its National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan A bottom-up approach has been strictly resorted to during the preparation of the plan People from different part of the country volunteered opinons their neighbouring ecosystems about with their corresponding biodiversity Since the plan will be based on peoples perceptions of opinion ground truithing is considered a must for verify the feedbackmiddotrecived Thus it has been decided that ecosystem survey within few representative ecosystem need to be conducted Since the study is expected to focus on the complex issue of ecosystem status the study team members were selected from different fields of specialization who possessed sufficient experience of working in the natural ecosystems The study was confined within the following disturbed but ecologically important natural ecosystems of Bangladesh
Shatchari Habiganj A site of importance since the area still carries the remnants some important indigenous flora and fauna
Jafiong Sylhet This ecosystem of fresh water streams is settled stone bed which is being destroyed due to large-scale stone quarrying A seriously degraded site
Ratargul Sylhet It is a fresh water wetland ecosystem This site may be the largest Patipata growing habitat that also had groves of Hijal and Koroch trees Over extraction and mismanagement have affected the ecosystem most adversely The area has been suffering increasing exposure to visitors lately
iii I
Tilagarh Sylhet This is a small forest patch located suburbs Sylhet divisional head quarters
Rajeshpur Comilla This is the southern most habitat of natural Sal in the Indian sub-continent Most of the natural Sal forest has disappeared Only remnants are visible now
Dulahazara Safari Park Coxs Bazar The area has recently been delineated and declared as a Protected Area by the Forest Department in an attempt towards the conservation of its habitat and the resident wild animals This site is also known as the natural home of Dipterocarpus spp in Bangladesh
These are considered as one of the richest ecosystem category as regards biodiversity in Bangladesh Most of such diversities are not known to the outsiders and not at all well documented Moreover with the increasing population and the passage of time biodiversities are depleting at a rapid rate Most of these valuable national resources have already vanished from their sites of origin and many more are in various stages of extinction
It is expected that the findings of this study will help readers understand the dynamics of the diverse natural ecosystems in general and the trends of the biodiversity there Moreover the findings of the study will also provide ample food for thought for the planners while theyve formulating biodiversity conservation andor resource management plans and development policies The findings of this study will also serve as a baseline for the scientists development workers and students affording insights about the ecosystem
Dhaka Ainun Nishat May 2004 Country Representative
IUCN Bangladesh Country Office
iv I
Table of Con ents
Page No
1 Background
2 Methodology
3 Physiography and climate 3
4 Bio-zone 4
5 Existing ecosystem 5
6 Flora 5
7 Fauna 6
8 NTFPs 7
9 Economic values 7
10 Existing management of the ecosystem 7
11 Human interventions 7
12 EXisting trend 7
13 Land use pattern 8
14 Community livelihood 8
15 Threats to the ecosystem 8
16 Potentials of the ecosystem 9
17 Recommendations 9
1 Background
The small natural patch of Sal (Shorea robusta) at Rajeshpur under Comilla Social Forestry Division is the southern most natural habitat of Sal Though the growing stock is not good but is important because of its natural occurrence and eco-tourism services to the city dwellers of Comilla FD has developed some basic facilities for the visitors and has thus become an attraction to the one-day holyday makers The site is located at about 30 Km on the South South-East of Comilla town One can drive down this site and is usually treated as a picnic spot Administrative location of the site is under upazilla Chouddagram and district Comilla
INDEX TO ADJOINING THANAS
lOJO E
Legend forest Area Ksect]
BeefDepressed Area ~
lITIHillHillocks ~
FENI Map ofRajeshplI ~II I
This area is a small patch of degraded natural sal forest in the District of Com ilia At pr 111 1Iii is gradually gaining importance as a pick nick spot for the Comilla city dwellers
Comilla Forest Division was created in 1962 Before that this area was under the conlrol nl Chittagong Forest Division This area has been notified under section 4 of Forest ACl I97 I d
proposed Reserved Forest in year 1958 vide notification nu mber 1809 Fro dated 0 toh r ) 1958 Proclamation under section 6 of the Forest Act has been issued on October 29 I ~nr covering an area of 39628 acres Though the reservation process is on going as per the x i ~ til1(
rules and norms the Com ilia Forest Division is managing it as Reserved Forest In the Plt r lh importance of this forest was not realized as it is being felt today under the growing dern and for recreational sites and present concept of eco-tourism
2 Methodology
The study have been broadly divided into three parts viz collection of secondary information collection of primary information and finally data interpretation and report writing
--- 1
Step 1 Collection of secondary information
Available information the maps and relevant information about the selected study sites were collected as far as possible
Step 2 Collection of primary information
Floral diversity
We visited the ecosystem During these visits the flora found in the ecosystem were observed and noted This technique is chosen after consideration of feasibility of working in the natural forest economy and availability of time as described by Ray (1993) Their relative abundances were estimated while walking through the given ecosystem The heights of the top canopy were noted The forest management and related forestry aspects were noted Trees were identified and any specialized character or peculiarities of the vegetation were noted For proper identification of the species specimens have been collected and these materials are pressed so that herbarium sheets may be prepared and the species are properly identified later The soil water regime aspects GPS and related things were observed and noted The trees were identified following Heining (1925) Brandis (1906) and Prain (1903) Taxonomic literatures were consulted for correct nomenclature of the taxa
Faunal diversity
Data collection was based on the direct animal observation in the field However where the animal is not immediately available or it was difficult to locate or trace observations were made on foot print trailing tracks burrows nest animal holes carves on the tree trunks or fruits made by the animals etc For obtaining a better idea of the existing nocturnal faunal population with respect to species and abundance some observations were taken during early parts of the night Some observations were taken during the early hours of the morning and during the sunset times (evening hours) especially to note the bird species and their abundance Some affords were made to see the snakes if any Flying birds were also taken into account Besides local people were interviewed to ascertain the existence and to assess the states the animals In addition other techniques like photo flashing spot lighting sound tracking etc were used where necessary Uses of binoculars were made when necessary Animals were identified up to species level Standard field books field manuals notebooks were used for the identification process The species which were not possible to identify in the field brought with proper labeling for its subsequent identification
Ecosystem in general
Detailed discussions were held with the local forest staff officials neighboring community and experienced persons for obtaining information about the ecosystem especially to identify the threats and potentials With the help and assistance of the local forest staff and officials a few of the local old well conversant and knowledgeable personnel living in and around the ecosystem were invited for discussion
2 I
Collection of secondary information
Collection of primary information
Literature review
Field visit
Discussion
bullbullbullbullbullbullbull bullbullbullbullbullbullbull
Background
Maps
History
Bio-zone findings
Physiography and climate
Human interventions
Potentialities
Floral diversity
Faunal diversity
Ecosystem status
Threats
Economic value
Human intervention
Potentialities
Data analysis
Ecosystem survey activities outline
3 Physiography and climate
The topography of the site is raised flat land th r adjoining lands are paddy fields wherein m t~1 ved s ~gh undulations here and there The site in general is roughly above ~O teet f degtSh y ram e nce IS grown by puddling the soil The
rom e mean sea level
3 I
The soil of the site that we visited is reddish in color since it has some iron ores The soil is very hard when dry and become very soft and sticky when wet We have estimated from the vegetation over there that this soil is more acidic then that we normally encounter in our agricultural fields Since the locals remove most of the liters from forest floor for use as fuel the soil has tremendous shortage of humusThe soil fertility looks to be very low
The area in general has a few small canals but none has the perennial stream flow This speaks of the poor water regime that this area in general experiences The site under the forest being small in size do not have any impact on the water regime but there is microclimatic impact of the tree cover at the site The temperature inside the forest is lower than its surrounding More over since the stocking is poor and since the major cover is composed of deciduous species its contribution towards the water regime is of no notable significance
The climate is tropical in general The average rainfall ranges between 2030 and 2290 mm and the temperature is maximum 33degC and minimum 10degC The nearest weather station is at Comilla According to the Statistical Year Book 1999 at this station (Comilla) the average annual rainfall is 2079 mm the maximum monthly average temperature is 33degC in July and the minimum monthly average temperature is 117degC in January The humidity is highest in July (90) and lowest in February (77)The rainfall however is not well distributed through out the
year
4 Biozone According to Nishat et al (2002) this area is under the Bio-Ecological Zone - 9c It has been designated as Lalmai-Tipperah Hills According to Bangladesh agro ecological zoning (FAO 1988) this site is under Region 22 designated as Northern and Eastern Piedmont Plains These areas are supposed to be subjected to more of flash floods The texture of the soil in general is supposed to be sandy loam to silty clay and more acidic than the adjoining
ecological zones
According to the Bio-Ecological Zone of Bangladesh published by IUCN this area has been designated as Zone 9c under the name Lalmai-Tipperah Hills The expected floral and faunal composition in this zone is expected to be as
under
Flora Trees Sal (Shorea robusta) Sonalu (Cassia fistula) Kanthal (Artocarpus heterophyllus)Taal (Borassus flabellifer) Shrubs and herbs Bhant (Clerodendrum viscosum) Assam Lata (Mikania scandens) Shothi (Curcuma zeodaria) Motkila
(Glycosmis arboreal
FaunaMammals Indian porcupine (Hystrix indica) Rufous-tailed hare (Lepus nigricollis) Indian false vampire (Megaderma
lyra) Indian pygmy pipistrelle (Pipistrellus mimus) BirdsWhite-rumped Shama (Copsychus malabaricus) Lesser necklaced laughing thrush (Garrulax moniliger) Reptiles Cantors kukri snake (Oygodon cyclurus) Common wolf snake (Lycodon aulicus) Indian eyed turtle (Morenia
petersi)middot _ Amphibians Bull frog (Hopobatrachus tigerinus) Cricket frog (Limnonectes limnocharis)
4 I
5 Existing Ecosystem
T~e site that we ~isited may be treated as on ecosystem The growing stock of degraded sal is t e top canop~ ~I~ce a couple years back the FD has started to under plant cane in between the sa~The adJomlng comm~~ity often collects the liters of dry sal leaves Virtually there was no un ergrowt~ when we VISited the site in the month of March During monsoon eriods however these sites get some undergrowth ofvarious mixed species p
Among the he~baceous taxa Ageratum conyzoides Axonopus compressus Borrerria his ida Chrysopogon aCiculatus Desmodium heterophylum and Leucas lavandulifolia are more com~on ~h~bs ~~monIY obse~ved mcl~des Clerodendrum viscosum Eupatorium odoratum Flacourti In I~a 0 arrhena antldysentenca Ixora acuminata Melastoma melabatrhicum Microcos panJc~ata Psychotna calocarpa Randia dumetorum and Zizyphus rugosa Som I b seen In the forest t f h h e c 1m ers are ou 0 w IC Hemldesmus in dicus Ichnocarpus frutescens and Smilax
~~cr~carp~ a~~ ver~ common Plantation of Kajubadam (Anacardium occidantalis) Akasmoni theaf~~e~t~ncu I ormls) and Mangium (Acacia mangium) has done successfully in some part of
Th~ fo~est i~ well protected fro~ illegal felling and encroachment The plantations of Acacia aur~culIforlsal~d A manglUm raise as participatory plantation by Forest Department are being mhamtalme we Now the FD is also raising plantations of Rattan (Calumus guruba) underneath t e sa
6 Flora
~~ forest is ~f ~e~id~ous type dominated by only Sal (Shorea robusta) The forest is less diverse 40 caTnopy elg to the forest ranges from 15-20 m and canopy coverage is apprOXimately
0 70 rees are mainly result of regeneration of coppice from old trees and therefore most of the trees are not straight but deformed The mode of regeneration is not good and most of the saplings are suffering from dieback In the past there were other tree species mixed with Sal The undergrowth of the forest is very poor Only few shrubs and herbs are found and they have
-
Effect ofrepeated burning on Shorea seedling
been suffering from drought and low fertility of the soil Rajashpur Sal forest with an area of ca 587 ha is the largest chunk of natural Sal forest in Com ilia
The important tree species of Rajeshpur forest are Shorea robusta Acacia auriculiformis A mangium and Anacardium occidentalis Fruit yielding plants such as Ananas comosus Artocarpus heterophyffus Garcinia cowa Mangifera indica and Syzygium cumini have been encountered in adjoining localities Some species of plants that are used by the locals for medicine viz Eupatorium odoratum Hemidesmus indicus Holarrhena antidysenterica and Mikania scandensl have been encountered during our survey A total of 84 species were recorded from this forest and its surroundings of which 30 species are either introduced or plated A list of the species that we have found during this survey on March 92004 is given in Table 1
7 Fauna
A total of 6 (2955) amphibians 40 (19704) reptiles 128 (63054) birds and 29 (140285) mammals have been recorded in Rajeshpur
Hoplobatrachus tigerinus has included in appendix II of CITES Schedule Several species of forest and hill snakes are existing in Rajeshpur because of its close location to the Indian Tripura (alotes versicolor Varanus bengalensis Gekko gecko Mabuya carinata are widely distributed in that area (oluber mucosus and Naja naja are included in the appendix II of CITES Schedule whilst Varanus bengalensis and Varanus ffavescens in appendix I Under the family Bataguridae 3 species of turtle such as Black Pond Turtle (Geocfamys hamiltonii) Median Roofed Turtle (Kachuga tentoria) and Indian Black Turtle (Melanochelys trijuga) are locally endangered species Globally vulnerable Indian Eyed Turtle (Morenia peters) and Median Roofed Turtle (Kachuga tentoria) have been recorded
Presence of 10 species of doves and pigeons were very important Orthotomus sutorius Bradypterus luteoventris Hippolais caigat and Phylfoscopus affinis were observed in the bushy area 35 (27343) species of birds are migratory and 93 (72657) are resident Of the total 128 species of birds 8 species representing the order Piciformes 1 for Upupiformes 5 for Coraciiformes 13 for Cucuiformes 2 Psittaciformes 1 for Apodiformes 7 for Strigiformes 8 for Cuculiformes 1 for Apodiformes 6 for Strigiformes 10 for Columbiformes 1 Gruiformes 23 Cicoriiiformes and 65 species for Passeriformes 1 species of Leporidae (Hystrix indica) and 1 of Hystricid (Lepus nigricoffis) have been recorded there and both of this species are treated as globally endangered
Under primates of the class MammaliaMacaca assamensis and Macaca mulatta are the globally vulnerable and lower risk animal respectively Mus booduga Mus musculus and Rattus rattus are widely distributed
The list of Amphibians Reptiles Birds and Mammals found at the site are given Table 234 and 5 respectively
6 I
8NTFPs
The major gro~h over the area is degraded Sal Recently cane has been planted underneath These are growing well In near future the cane is expected to be a good NTFP for the area in questIon
9 Economic values
Though the direct value of the tree growth is not that high but its intangible values are enormous especially as a site of outing to the city dwellers of Comilla In the district of Comilla this is an important and most conspicuous site for recreation It is attracting more and
Sal forest patch at Rajeshpurmore people every day It has a hIgh value In the context of environment as well
10 Existing Management of the Ecosystem
At present the main thrust is protection Some under planting of cane has been under taken No harvest IS done now A small patch near the beat office has a plantation of Cashue Nut These are sold In auction for collecting the nuts
11 Human Interventions
This sie has a growth of degraded Sallri the past it had good vegetative cover whkh included the thl~k under growth That habitat used to harbor a number of wild lives in abundance These have dIsappeared with time due to pouching and loss of habitat At present under the serious shortage of fuel wood in and around the area the local people around this forest very often come in~o this small patch of forest and collect fuel wood They often cut down the branches and at tIme even trees ColI~ction of leaves that fall on the ground by sweeping is a regular f~ature Thus the forest floor IS completely devoid of any litter Human pressure is definitely very hIgh
12 Existing trends
The prevailing trend in the area is two fold The local people come in to collect leaves branches and tIme even tre~s despIte the watching and guarding by the FD officials in force The city dwellers from ComIlia come here for rest recreation and sight seeing
7 I
13 Land Use Pattern This forest has a large number of small fragmented pieces of agricultural land These agricultural lands are intermingled with the fragmented forest patchesThere village nearby
Thus this area has all the common land-use practices such as agriculture forestry pond fisheries orchards housing etc that are commonly noticed in Bangladesh
14Community Livelihood The adjoining communities are mostly agricultural Along wit~ the farming acti~ities some of the people run petty businesses They have horticultural plants In and around their
rIWamp~~~
Peoples collecting follen leaves from the forest floor a common scenario at the sal forests
homesteads Some have small ponds which they use for growing fish in a very small scale Recently as the visitors have started to visit the site these community are gradually getting
involved in selling small local cottage products as well
15Threats to Ecosystem The most serious threat to the given ecosystem is the human interference in form of the collection of fuel wood including the leaves Almost every year these are fire hazards in this forest patch Some time the local community intentionally lit the fire in the hope to have a
better growth of grassy vegetation
8 I
16 Potentials of Ecosystem
This given patch of forest is small and cannot be managed for harvesting forest produces such as wood etc But because of its vicinity to the urban area this has a very high potential of serving as recreation site The major management goal should be to develop the site in such a manner so that it attracts wild lives especially the birds This site possesses high potential to attract birds of various species The prospect of eco-tourism is quite high
17 Recommendations
This site should be taken up for eco-tourism and necessary facilities required for the purpose may be inculcated The local people should be involved in the whole process so that they get a feeling of ownership to this forest and they can understand that conservation of these sites will bring in benefits to them on a sustainable basis Government should take up programs to develop this forest as an eco-tourism site
Co-management under a participatory concept coupled with the enforcement of law should be the target so that the eco-tourism can flourish in this site
Table 1 List of plant species recorded from Rajeshpur Sal Forest Comilla
SI No Species Family Habit Occurrence
l Acacia auriculiformis Mimosaceae Tree Planted
2 Amangium Mimosaceae Tree Planted
3 Adhatoda vasica Acanthaceae Shrub Cultivated
4 Ageratum conyzoides Asteraceae Herb Common
5 Albizia lebbeck Mimosaceae Tree Planted
6 Aprocera Mimosaceae Tree Planted
7 Alstonia scholaria Apocynaceae Thee Common
8 Ammania baccifera Lythraceae Herb Not very common
9 Anacardium occidentale Anacardiaceae Tree Planted
10 Ananas comosus Bromeliaceae Herb Cultivated
11 Aporosa dioica Euphorbiaceae Tree Not very common
12 Aquilaria agallocha Thymeliaceae Tree Planted
13 Artocarpus heterophyllus Moraceae Tree Planted
14 Averrhoa carambola Averrhoaceae Tree Planted
15 Axonopus compress us Poaceae Herb Common
16 Bombax ceiba Bombacaceae Tree Planted Table continued
--l 9
51 No Species Family Habit OccurrenceHabit OccurrenceFamilySINo Species 52 Leucas lavandulifolia Lamiaceae Herb Common
Poaceae Grass Planted 17 Bambusa baJcooa 53 Mangifera indica Anacardiaceae Tree Planted
Grass Planted 18 Bambusa polymorpha Poaceae 54 Melastoma malabathricum Melastomaceae Shrub Very common
Grass Planted 55 Merremia umbellata Convolvulaceae Climber CommonBambusa tulda Poaceae
Pal mae Tree Common 56 Microcos paniculata Tiliaceae Tree Very common 19
20 Borassus flabellifer Herb Common 57 Mikania scandens Asteraceae Herb Very common Rubiaceae21 Borreria hispida
58 Mimosa pudica Mimosaceae Herb CommonShrub CommonCaesalpinaceae22 Caesalpinia crista 59 Morinda angustifolia Rubiaceae S hrub Not very common
Climber PlantedPalmae23 Calamus guruba 60 Nelsonia canescens Acanthaceae Herb Common Tree Not very common Lecythidaceae24 Careya arborea 61 Oxalis corniculata Oxalidaceae Herb Common Tree Planted
Chikrassia tabularis Meliaceae 62 Phoenix sylvestris Palmae Tree Planted Herb Very common
25 Poaceae 63 Phyllanthus embelica Euphorbiaceae Tree Planted26 Chrysopogon aciculatus
Shrub Common 64 Psidium guajava Myrtaceae Tree PlantedVerbenaceaeClerodendrum viscosum 27 65 Psychotria calocarpa Rubiaceae Shrub CommonHerb CommonCommelinaceae28 Commelina benghalensis 66 Pteris vittata Pteridaceae Fern CommonClimber Planted
29 Daemonorops jenkinsiana Arecaceae 67 Randia dumetorum Rubiaceae Shrub Common
Tree CommonFabaceaeDalbergia stipulacea 30 68 Rumex maritimus Polyonaceae Herb Not common Climber Not very ommon Dilleniaceae3l Delima sarmentosa 69 Rungia pectinata Acanthaceae Herb Common Tree Planted
32 Delonix regia Caesalpinialteae 70 Samanea saman Mimosaceae Tree Planted
Fabaceae Herb Common 71 Scoparia dulcis Scrophulariaceae Herb Common33 Desmodium heterophyllum Herb Common 72 Shorea robusta Dipterocarpaceae Tree DominantPoaceae34 Digittaria sanguinalis
73 Smilax macrophylla Smilacaceae Climber CommonClimber CommonDioscoreaceae35 Dioscorea pentaphylla 74 Swietenia mahagoni Meliaceae Tree PlantedTree PlantedDipterocarpaceae36 Dipterocarpus turbinatus 75 Syzygium cumini Myrtaceae Tree Planted
Polipodiaceae Epiphyte Common 37 Drynaia quercifolia 76 Syzygium fruticosum Myrtaceae Tree Common
Tree Not very common Fabaceae38 Erythrina variegata 77 Tabebuia rosea Bignoniaceae Tree Planted Tree Planted
39 Eucalyptus camaldulensis Myrtaceae 78 Tabernaemontana divaricata Apocynaceae Shrub Common
Asteraceae Shrub Very common 79 Tamarindus indicus Caesalpinaceae Tree Planted40 Eupatorium odoratum Tree Planted 80 Terminalia belerica Combretaceae Tree PlantedMoraceae41 Ficus lachooka
81 T chebula Combretaceae Tree PlantedShrub CommonFlacourtiaceae42 Flacourtia indica 82 Urena lobata Malvaceae Herb Common
Guttiferae Tree Common 43 Garcinia cowa 83 Viscum orientalis Loranthaceae Parasite Common
Guttiferae Tree Rare 44 G lancaefolia 84 Zizyphus rugosa Rhamnaceae Shrub Common
Herb CommonAsteraceae45 Grangea madaraspatana
Asclepiadaceae Climber Common 46 Hemidesmus indicus
Shrub CommonApocynaceae
Tree Planted 47 Holarrhena antidysenterica
Dipterocarpaceae 48 Hopea odorata
49 Jchnocarpus frutescens Apocynaceae Climber Common
Shrub Very common Rubiaceae Shrub Very common
50 Ixora acuminata Rubiaceae
Shrub Common 50 Ixora acuminata
Rubiaceae51 Ixora parviflora Table continued
10 I
l ~
Tabl
e 2
Am
ph
ibia
ns
of R
ajes
hp
ur
stu
dy
area
SL
Ord
er
Fam
ily
Sci
entif
ic N
ame
Eng
lish
Nam
e Lo
cal N
ame
~
N~
~ ~
III
-C
C
~
IV
~
2 ~
-5 a
I 0
CJ
0 V
IzC
gt
zC
gt
VI
u u~
w
I _
uIII
_ II
I u
I
u
1
An
ura
B
ufo
nid
ae
B
ufo
mel
anos
tictu
s C
om
mo
n T
oad
Ku
no
Ban
g N
O
2
Mic
roh
ylid
ae
M
icro
hyla
orn
ata
Orn
ate
Mic
roh
ylid
C
heen
a B
ang
VU
3
Ran
idae
E
uphl
yict
is c
yano
phly
ctis
S
kip
pe
r F
rog
Ko
tko
ti B
ang
NO
4
Hop
loba
trac
hus
tiger
inus
B
ull F
rog
Kol
a B
ang
NO
II
5
Lim
none
ctes
lim
noch
aris
C
rick
et
Fro
g Jh
i-jh
i Ban
g N
O
6
Rh
aco
ph
ori
da
P
olyp
edat
es m
acul
atus
M
acu
late
d T
ree
Fro
g G
echo
Ban
g N
O
Tabl
e 3
Rep
tiles
of R
ajes
hpur
stu
dy a
rea
SL
Ord
er
Fam
ily
Sci
entif
ic N
ame
Eng
lish
Nam
e Lo
cal N
ame
~
No
~
~
II
I -
Cc
II
I IV
C
gt--g
gt-1i
~
0 Ci
0
VI
Z
Cgt
Z
Cgt
VI
u
u
w
I _
uIII
I
uIII_
u
1
Tes
tudi
nes
Bat
agur
idae
G
eocJ
amys
ham
ilton
ii B
lack
po
nd
tu
rtle
K
alo
Kas
im
EN
LR
2
Kac
huga
tect
a In
dian
Roo
fed
Tur
tle
Kor
i K
aitta
N
O
3
Kac
huga
tent
oria
M
edia
n R
oofe
d T
urtle
M
ajha
ri K
aitta
EN
VU
4
Mel
anoc
hely
s tr
ijuga
In
dian
Bla
ckT
urtle
K
asim
EN
LR
5
Mor
enia
pet
ers
Indi
an E
yed
Tur
tle
Hal
dey
Kai
tta
VU
VU
6
Lace
rtili
a T
estu
dini
dae
Man
ouria
em
ys
Asi
an G
iant
Tor
tise
Pah
ari K
sim
CR
7
Gek
koni
dae
Gek
ko g
ecko
W
all L
izar
d T
okkh
ak
VU
8
Hem
idac
tylu
s br
ooki
i H
ouse
Liz
ard
Tik
tiki
NO
Tab
le c
on
tinu
ed
SL
Ord
er
Fam
ily
Sci
entif
ic N
ame
Eng
lish
Nam
e Lo
cal N
ame
cN
o
III
IV
IV
C
III
5
iii
CC
c
IV
c
gt-c
III
2 ~
u a
I 0
CJ
0 V
I Z
Cgt
Z
Cgt
V
I w
u
u
_ u
I II
I
I_ u III
9
U
H
emid
acty
lus
fkav
iviri
dis
Co
mm
on
Hou
se L
izar
d 10
T
iktik
iA
gam
idae
N
OC
alot
es v
ersi
colo
r C
om
mo
n G
arde
n Li
zard
11
R
okto
-cho
sha
Sci
ncid
ae
NO
Mab
uya
carin
ata
Com
mon
Ski
nk
12
Var
anid
ae
Var
anus
ben
gale
nsis
B
enga
l Mo
nit
or
Anj
on
NO
13
G
ui S
hap
VU
Vara
nus
fJav
esce
ns
Yel
low
Mo
nit
or
14
Sho
na G
ui
Ser
pent
es
Typ
hlop
idae
EN
Ram
phot
yphl
ops
bram
inus
C
omm
on W
orm
Sna
ke15
D
um
ukh
a S
hap
NO
Typh
lops
por
rect
us S
lend
er
Wor
m S
nake
16
Du
mu
kha
Sha
p D
DC
olub
rida
e A
haet
ulJa
nas
utus
C
omm
on V
ine
Sna
ke17
La
odog
a S
hap
VU
Aha
etul
Ja p
rasi
na
Sho
rt-n
osed
Vin
e S
nake
18
Laod
oga
Sha
p D
DA
mph
iesm
a st
olat
a S
trip
ped
Kee
lbac
k 19
D
ora
Sha
p N
OA
ltret
ium
sch
isto
sum
O
live
Kee
lbac
k 20
M
aitt
a S
hap
NO
Chy
sope
lea
orna
te
Orn
ate
Fly
ing
Sna
ke21
K
alna
gini
EN
Col
uber
muc
osus
R
at S
nake
22
Dar
ajD
endr
elap
his
pict
us
VU
II
Pai
nted
Bro
nzeb
ack
Tree
Sna
ke23
G
echo
Sha
p VU
Den
drel
aphi
s tri
stis
C
om
mo
n B
ronz
ebac
k Tr
ee S
nake
24
Bet
Anc
hora
VU
Ela
phe
hele
na
Com
mon
Tri
nket
Sna
ke25
D
udhr
aj
ENE
laph
e ra
diat
a C
oppe
r H
ead
Tri
nket
Sna
ke
26
Dud
hraj
EN
Enh
ydris
enh
ydris
C
om
mo
n S
moo
th W
ater
Sna
ke27
P
aina
Sha
p N
OLy
eodo
n au
licus
C
om
mo
n W
olf
Sna
ke28
G
harg
inni
Sha
p V
UO
ligod
on a
lboc
inct
us
Whi
te-b
arre
d K
ukri
Sna
ke
29
DD
Olig
odon
arn
ensi
s C
omm
on K
ukri
Sna
ke
30
DD
Olig
odon
cin
ereu
s B
lack
-bar
red
Kuk
ri S
nake
31
DD
Olig
odon
theo
bald
i M
anda
lay
Kuk
ri S
nake
32
D
DPa
reas
mon
tical
u A
ssam
Sna
il E
ater
33
S
ham
uk-K
hor
DD
Psa
mm
odyn
aste
s pu
lver
ulen
tus
Mo
ckV
ipe
r34
P
ahar
i Sha
p D
DX
enoc
hrop
his
pisc
ator
C
heck
ered
Kee
lbac
k 35
D
hora
Sha
pE
lapi
dae
NO
Bun
garu
s ca
erul
eus
Com
mon
Kra
it 36
K
al K
eote
y EN
Bun
garu
s fa
scia
tus
Ban
ded
Kra
it 37
S
hank
ini S
hap
ENN
aja
kaou
thia
M
on
oce
llate
Cob
ra
38
Gok
hra
Sha
p VU
Naj
anaj
a B
inoc
ella
te C
obra
39
K
hoia
Gok
hra
ENV
iper
idae
1
1Tr
imer
esur
us a
lbol
abris
B
ambo
o P
it V
iper
40
J~
Vip
era
russ
ellii
Rus
sells
Vip
er
DD
C
hand
robo
ra
CR
Tabl
e 3
Bird
s o
f Raj
eshp
ur s
tudy
are
a l~
SL
Ord
er
Fam
ily
Sci
entif
ic N
ame
Eng
lish
Nam
e Lo
cal N
ame
~
III
III
No
C
5
C
iU
c-
g
III
C
gt-
0gt
-~
v -- C
-
II
I a
lO
1)
0
V
C
zg
zO
l
V
middotiii
wu
u~ ~
)
)
cIII
_u
_
u
U
1
Pic
iform
es
Pic
idae
C
eeu
s br
ochy
urus
R
ufou
s W
oodp
ecke
r La
lche
y K
atht
hokr
a R
N
O
2
Den
droc
opos
mac
ei
Fulv
ous-
bres
ted
Woo
dpec
ker
Pakr
a K
atht
hokr
a R
N
O
3
Den
droc
opo
sm
ahre
ttens
is
Yel
low
-fron
ted
Pie
d W
oodp
ecke
r Pa
kra
Kat
htho
kra
R
DO
4
ly
nx to
rqui
lla
Eur
asia
n W
ryne
ck
Met
ho K
atht
hokr
a M
5
D
inop
ium
java
nens
e C
omm
on F
lam
ebac
k R
N
O
6
Din
opiu
m b
engh
aen
se
Bla
ck-r
umpe
d Fl
ameb
ack
Kat
hokr
a R
N
O
7
Meg
alai
mid
ae
Meg
aai
ma
haem
acep
hala
C
oppe
rsm
ith B
arbe
t C
hoto
Bas
anta
Bau
ri R
N
O
8
Meg
aai
ma
inea
te
Line
ated
Bar
bet
Gur
khod
Beg
hbou
R
N
O
9
Upu
pifo
rmes
U
pupi
dae
Upu
pa e
pops
C
omm
on H
oopo
e H
udhu
d5
0lai
man
Pak
hi
R
NO
10
Cor
aciif
orm
es
Cor
aciid
ae
Cor
acia
s be
ngha
ens
is
Indi
an R
olle
r N
ilkan
tha
R
NO
11
Alc
edin
idae
A
lced
o at
this
C
omm
on K
ingf
ishe
r C
hoto
Maa
chra
nga
R
NO
12
H
alcy
on s
myr
nens
is
Whi
teth
roat
ed K
ingf
ishe
r M
aach
rang
a R
N
O
13
Meg
acer
ye
ugu
bris
P
ied
Kin
gfis
her
R
DO
14
M
erop
idae
M
erop
s or
ient
alis
G
reen
Bee
eate
r S
uich
ora
Ban
spat
i R
N
O
15
Cuc
ulifo
rmes
C
ucul
idae
C
acom
antis
mer
ulin
us
Plai
ntiv
e cu
ckoo
C
hata
kiS
orgo
m
R
NO
16
Cuc
uus
sat
urat
us
Orie
ntal
Cuc
koo
M
17
Cen
trip
odid
ae
Cen
tropu
s si
nens
is
Gre
ater
Cou
cal
Kan
akua
Cou
cal
R
NO
18
Ca
mat
or ja
cobi
nus
Pie
d C
ucko
o P
apiy
a R
N
O
19
Cuc
uus
mic
ropt
erus
lndi
an
Cuc
koo
Bou
-Kat
ha-K
ao P
akhi
R
N
O
20
Eud
ynam
ys sc
pa
cea
Asi
an C
ucko
o K
okil
Ku
kil
R
NO
2l
H
iero
cocc
yx v
ariu
s C
omm
on H
awk
Cuc
koo
Cho
khg
elo
Pakh
i R
N
O
22
Phae
nico
phae
us tr
istis
G
reen
-bill
ed M
alko
ha
Sab
uj K
okil
R
NO
23
Apo
difo
rmes
A
podi
dae
Cyp
siur
us b
aa
siens
is
Asi
an P
alm
Sw
ift
Nak
kati
R
NO
24
Stri
gifo
rmes
T
yton
idae
Ty
toa
ba
Bar
n O
wl
Laxm
i Pen
cha
R
NO
Tab
le c
ontin
ued
SL
Ord
er
Fam
ily
Sci
entif
ic N
ame
Eng
lish
Nam
e Lo
cal N
ame
~
No
II
I II
I
C
5
C
0
1 ]
III
~
cgt
shy~
vC
0
gt-
V
III
alO
i3
0
C
zOl
zO
l
V
middotiii
Wu~ u~
~II
I
)
)
c
_
u
_u
U
25
Stri
gida
e A
then
e br
oma
Spo
tted
Ow
let
Khu
rule
y Pe
ncha
R
N
O
26
Bub
o be
nga
ensi
s R
ock
Eag
le O
wl
Hut
um P
ench
a R
N
O
27
Ket
upa
zey
onen
sis
Bro
wn
Fish
Ow
l B
hutu
m P
ench
a R
VU
28
N
inox
scu
tua
ta
Bro
wn
Haw
k O
wl
Kup
okh
R
NO
29
Cap
rimul
gida
e C
aprim
ugu
s m
acru
rus
Larg
e-ta
iled
Nig
ht ja
r R
atch
ara
R
NO
30
Col
umbi
form
es C
olum
bida
e C
olum
ba i
via
Roc
k P
igeo
n J
alal
i Kab
utor
R
N
O
31
Duc
ua
aene
a G
reen
Im
peria
l Pig
eon
Dhu
mko
l R
D
O32
S
trept
ope
ia c
hin
ensis
S
potte
d D
ove
Tila
Ghu
ghu
R
NO
33
Stre
ptop
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dec
aoct
a E
uras
ian
Col
lare
d D
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Raj G
hugh
uD
hoba
l R
N
O
Ghu
ghu
34
Stre
ptop
eia
tran
queb
aric
a R
ed C
olla
red
Dov
e La
l Ghu
ghu
Jon
gla
R
NO
G
hugh
u35
Tr
eron
api
caud
a Pi
n-ta
iled
Gre
en P
igeo
n H
oria
lH
orik
ol
R
CR36
T
rero
n bi
cinc
ta
Ora
nge-
brea
sted
Gre
en P
igeo
n H
oria
lH
orik
ol
R
NO
37
Trer
on p
hoen
icop
tera
Y
ello
w-f
oote
d G
reen
Pig
eon
Hor
iallB
otko
l R
N
O38
Tr
eron
pom
pado
ra
Pom
pado
ur G
reen
Pig
eon
Cho
to H
oria
l R
N
O
39
Stre
ptop
elia
orie
ntal
is
Orie
ntal
Tur
tle D
ove
Ghu
ghu
M39
S
trept
ope
ia o
rient
ais
O
rient
al T
urtle
Dov
e G
hugh
u M
40
Gru
iform
es
Ral
lidae
A
mau
rorn
is p
hoen
icur
us
Whi
te-b
reas
ted
Wat
erhe
n D
ahuk
R
N
O
41
Cic
oniif
orm
es
Jaca
nida
e B
ronz
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ing
ed Jlt
can
a R
o
42
Cha
radr
iidae
R
ed-I
middotta tt1~
Lap
(
o lt
=
43
Acc
ipltr
idae
44
~
-r
-$
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_
~__~
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bull _
45
~2--
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c
46
~-~
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l~
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O
rder
Fa
mily
S
cien
tific
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47
Milv
us m
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Bla
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ite
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bon
Chi
l R
N
O
48
Circ
us c
yane
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Hen
Har
rier
M
49
Pan
dion
ha
iaet
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Osp
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ho B
aaj
M
50
Falc
onid
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Falc
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icqu
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Red
-nec
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on
Tur
mut
i R
D
D
LR
51
Falc
o tin
nunc
ulus
C
omm
on K
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l M
52
P
hala
croc
orac
idae
P
hala
croc
orax
nig
er
Littl
e C
orm
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t P
aan-
kow
ri R
N
O
53
Ard
eida
e A
rdeo
la g
rayi
i Ind
ian
Pon
d H
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K
ani B
okK
ana
Bok
R
N
O
54
Bub
ulcu
s ib
is
Cat
tle E
gret
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o-bo
k R
N
O
55
But
orid
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triat
us
Littl
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gret
C
hoto
Bok
R
N
O
56
Dup
etor
fav
icol
is
Bla
ck B
itter
n K
alo
Bok
R
D
D
57
Ixob
rych
us m
inut
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Littl
e B
itter
n K
hude
y B
ok
R
DD
58
Ixob
rych
us s
inen
sis
Yel
low
Bitt
ern
Hol
dey
Bok
R
N
O
59
Mes
opho
yx in
term
edia
In
term
edia
te E
gret
M
aijla
Bok
R
N
O
60
Nyc
ticor
ax n
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lack
-cro
wne
d N
ight
Her
on
Waa
klN
ishi
Bok
R
N
O
61
Sco
lopa
cida
e A
ctiti
s hy
pole
ucos
C
omm
on S
andp
iper
M
62
Gal
inag
o ga
lina
go
Fant
ail S
nipe
K
ada-
khoc
ha
M
63
Gal
linag
o st
enur
a P
inta
il S
nipe
K
ada-
khoc
ha
M
64
P
asse
rifor
mes
Lan
iidae
La
nius
sch
ach
Long
-tai
led
Shr
ike
Bag
haT
iki
R
NO
65
Lani
us c
rista
tus
Bro
wn
Shr
ike
Bad
ami K
osha
i Pak
hi
M
66
Lani
us te
phro
notu
s G
reyb
acke
d S
hrik
e K
osha
i Pak
hi
M
67
Cor
vida
e C
orvu
s m
acro
rhyn
chos
Ju
ngle
Cro
w
Dan
r Ka
k R
N
O
68
Cor
vus
sple
nden
s H
ouse
Cro
w
Pat
i Kak
lKau
a R
N
O
69
Den
droc
itta
vaga
bund
a R
ufus
Tre
epie
H
anric
hach
aK
utum
R
N
O
70
Aeg
ithin
a tip
hia
Com
mon
lora
T
owfik
Fat
ikja
l R
N
O
71
Orio
lus
xant
hom
us
Bla
ck-h
eade
d O
riole
H
olde
y P
akhi
R
N
O
72
Dic
ruru
s ae
neus
B
ronz
ed D
rong
o C
hoto
Fin
gey
R
NO
Tab
le c
on
tin
ue
d
SL
Ord
er
Fam
ily
Sci
entif
ic N
ame
Eng
lish
Nam
e Lo
cal N
ame
c
III
No
el
l el
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l w
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el
l -v
-v
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73
Dic
urur
s m
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cerc
us
Bla
ck D
rong
o F
inge
y R
N
O
74
Arta
mus
fusc
us
Ash
y W
oods
wal
low
La
tora
R
N
O
75
Cor
acin
a m
acei
La
rge
Cuc
koos
hrik
e G
udhu
ka
R
NO
76
P
eric
roco
tus
cinn
amom
eus
Sm
all M
iniv
et
S~t
Sai
li R
N
O
77
Teph
rodo
rnis
pon
dice
rianu
s C
omm
on W
oods
hrik
e R
N
O
78
Rhi
pidu
ra a
lbic
olis
W
hite
-thr
oate
d Fa
ntai
l Le
jnac
hani
R
N
O
79
Mus
cica
pida
e C
opsy
chus
sau
laris
O
rient
al M
agpi
e R
obin
D
oelD
oina
chan
i R
N
O
80
Cul
icic
apa
ceyl
onen
sis
Gre
y-he
aded
Can
ary
Fly
catc
her
Fut
futi
R
NO
81
S
axic
olac
apra
ta
Pie
d B
usnc
hat
R
NO
82
C
haim
arro
rnis
leuc
ocep
halu
s W
hite
-cap
ped
Wat
er R
edst
art
M
83
Cyo
rnis
tick
ellia
e T
icke
lls B
lue
Fly
catc
her
M
84
Eum
yias
thal
assi
fa
Ver
dite
r F
lyca
tche
r M
85
Fi
cedu
la p
arva
R
ed-t
hroa
ted
Fly
catc
her
Lalb
ook
Cho
tok
M
86
Lusc
inia
cal
iope
S
iber
ian
Rub
yThr
oat
M
87
Lusc
inia
sve
cica
B
luet
hroa
t M
88
M
ontic
ola
solit
ariu
s B
lock
Roc
k Th
rush
M
89
S
axic
ola
torq
uata
C
omm
on S
tone
chat
M
90
Tu
rdus
uni
colo
r T
icke
lls T
hrus
h M
91
Zo
othe
ra c
itrin
e O
rang
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Thr
ush
M
92
Stu
rnid
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Acr
idot
here
s ci
nere
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Whi
te-v
ente
d M
yna
R
DD
93
A
crid
othe
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fusc
us
Jung
le M
yna
Jhut
i Sha
lik
R
NO
94
A
crid
othe
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trist
is
Com
mon
Myn
a B
hat S
halik
R
N
O
95
Stu
rnus
con
tra
Asi
an P
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Sta~
ling
G
obre
y S
halik
Gu
Shal
ik
R
~O
96
Stu
rnus
mal
abar
icus
C
hest
nut-
taile
d S
tarli
ng
Kat
h S
halik
R
97
Hiru
ndin
idae
H
irund
o da
uric
a R
ed-r
umpe
d S
wal
low
A
babi
l 98
H
irund
o ru
stic
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arn
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allo
w
Aba
bil
99
Par
idae
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rus
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or
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atT
it
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- z=
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SL
Ord
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Fam
ily
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entif
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ame
Eng
lish
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cal N
ame
r
II
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CI
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100
P
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s B
lack
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ded
Bul
bul
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o B
ulbu
l R
N
O
101
P
ycno
notid
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Pyc
nono
tus
cafe
r R
ed-v
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d B
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B
ulbu
li R
N
O
102
P
ycno
notu
sjoc
osus
R
ed-w
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Bul
bul
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ahi B
ulbu
li R
N
O
103
Z
oste
ropi
dae
Zost
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s pa
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rosu
s O
rient
al W
hite
-eye
S
het-
ankh
i R
N
O
104
S
ylvi
idae
A
lcip
pe p
Oio
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B
row
n-ch
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d Fu
lvet
ta
R
NO
lO
S
Dum
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hyp
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ny-b
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d B
abbl
er
R
DD
10
6
Mal
acoc
incl
a ab
botti
A
bbot
s B
abbl
er
R
NO
10
7
Meg
auru
s pa
lust
ris
Stri
ated
Gra
ssbi
rd
R
DD
10
8
Ort
hoto
mus
sut
oriu
s C
omm
on T
ailo
rbird
T
untu
nilT
uni
R
NO
10
9
Turd
oide
s ca
udat
us
Com
mon
Bab
bler
R
D
D
110
Tu
rdoi
des
earle
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triat
ed B
abbl
er
R
NO
11
1
Acr
ocep
halu
s du
met
orum
B
lyth
s R
eed
War
bler
M
11
2
Bra
dypt
erus
lute
oven
tris
Bro
wn
Bush
War
bler
M
lB
H
ippo
lais
cal
igat
a B
oote
d W
arbl
er
M
114
P
hyllo
scop
us a
ffini
s T
icke
lls L
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arbl
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M
115
A
laud
idae
A
laud
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lgul
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rient
al S
kyla
rk
Bha
rat P
akhi
R
N
O
116
M
irafr
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sam
ica
Rufo
us-w
inge
d B
ushl
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rat P
akhi
R
N
O
117
N
ecta
riniid
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Nec
tarin
ia a
siat
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Pur
ple
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bird
N
iltu
nilM
adhu
ch u
sh ki
R
N
O
118
N
ecta
rinia
zey
loni
ca
Pur
ple-
rum
ped
Sun
bird
M
outu
shi
R
NO
11
9
Dic
aeum
ery
thro
rhyn
chos
P
ale-
bille
d F
low
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F
uljh
uri
R
NO
12
0
Pass
erid
ae
Lonc
hura
mal
abar
ica
Indi
an S
ilver
bill
R
NO
12
1
Lonc
hura
pun
ctul
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Sca
ly-b
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ted
Mun
ia
Tila
Mun
ia
R
NO
12
2
Pass
er d
omes
ticus
H
ouse
Spa
rrow
C
haru
i R
N
O
123
P
oce
us p
hilip
pinu
s B
ayaW
eave
r B
abui
Bao
i R
N
O
124
M
otac
illa
mad
eras
pate
nsis
W
hite
-bro
wed
Wag
tail
Pakr
a K
honj
an
R
NO
12
5
Ant
hus
hodg
soni
i O
live-
back
ed P
ipit
M
126
A
nthu
s ru
fulu
s P
addy
field
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it M
12
7
Mot
acill
a al
ba
Whi
te W
agta
il M
12
8
Mot
acill
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Wag
tail
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njan
M
Tab
le 4
Mam
mal
s o
f Raj
eshp
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tud
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SL
Ord
er
Fam
ily
Sci
entif
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ame
Eng
lish
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e Lo
cal N
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r
No
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cus
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k S
hrew
C
hika
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2
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ropt
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Pte
ropo
dida
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tero
pus
giga
nteu
s Fl
ying
Fox
B
adur
N
O
3
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settu
sle
sche
naul
ti Fu
lvou
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Ko
la B
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D
D
4
Meg
ader
mat
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M
egad
erm
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ra
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Vam
pier
D
aini
Bad
ur
NO
5
V
espe
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onid
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Ept
esic
us p
achy
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Th
ick-
eare
d B
at
DD
6
H
espe
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tick
elli
Tic
kells
Bat
D
D
7
Pip
istre
llus
coro
man
dra
Indi
an P
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trelle
N
O
8
Pip
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mim
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Indi
an P
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y P
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trelle
N
O
9
Prim
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C
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pith
ecid
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Mac
aca
assa
men
sis
Ass
ames
e M
acaq
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Ash
ami B
anor
D
D
VU
10
Mac
aca
mul
atta
R
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acaq
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or
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LR
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C
arni
vora
C
anid
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Can
is a
ureu
s Ja
ckal
Pa
ti S
hial
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12
Vu
lpes
ben
gale
nsis
B
enga
l Fox
K
hek
Shi
al
VU
DD
13
Fe
lidae
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lis c
haus
Ju
ngle
Cat
Ba
n B
iral
EN
II 14
P
riona
iluru
s vi
verr
inus
Fi
shin
g C
at
Mec
ho B
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H
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stid
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Her
pest
es a
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S
mal
l Ind
ian
Mon
goos
e B
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NO
16
H
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stes
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ongo
ose
Bara
Ben
ji VU
17
M
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lidae
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tra lu
tra
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tter
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18
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Refere
Brandis D 1906lndian Trees Periodical Experts Book agency Delhi 767 pp
FAO 1988 Land Resources Approsal of Bangladesh for Agricultural Development Agroecolo(( I Regions ofBangladesh BGD81035 Technical Report 2570 pp
Heining RL 1925 Lists ofplants ofChittagong Collectorate and Hill Tracts Darjeeling India 84 pp
Nishat A Huq SMlmamul Barua Suvashis P Reza Ali AHM Khan Moniruzzaman A5 (eds)
2002 Bio-ecological Zones ofBangladeshIUCN Bangladesh Country Office 141 pp
Prain D 1903 Bengal plants Vol 1 amp2 Calcutta
1 I
- cover amp back
- Untitled
-
Tilagarh Sylhet This is a small forest patch located suburbs Sylhet divisional head quarters
Rajeshpur Comilla This is the southern most habitat of natural Sal in the Indian sub-continent Most of the natural Sal forest has disappeared Only remnants are visible now
Dulahazara Safari Park Coxs Bazar The area has recently been delineated and declared as a Protected Area by the Forest Department in an attempt towards the conservation of its habitat and the resident wild animals This site is also known as the natural home of Dipterocarpus spp in Bangladesh
These are considered as one of the richest ecosystem category as regards biodiversity in Bangladesh Most of such diversities are not known to the outsiders and not at all well documented Moreover with the increasing population and the passage of time biodiversities are depleting at a rapid rate Most of these valuable national resources have already vanished from their sites of origin and many more are in various stages of extinction
It is expected that the findings of this study will help readers understand the dynamics of the diverse natural ecosystems in general and the trends of the biodiversity there Moreover the findings of the study will also provide ample food for thought for the planners while theyve formulating biodiversity conservation andor resource management plans and development policies The findings of this study will also serve as a baseline for the scientists development workers and students affording insights about the ecosystem
Dhaka Ainun Nishat May 2004 Country Representative
IUCN Bangladesh Country Office
iv I
Table of Con ents
Page No
1 Background
2 Methodology
3 Physiography and climate 3
4 Bio-zone 4
5 Existing ecosystem 5
6 Flora 5
7 Fauna 6
8 NTFPs 7
9 Economic values 7
10 Existing management of the ecosystem 7
11 Human interventions 7
12 EXisting trend 7
13 Land use pattern 8
14 Community livelihood 8
15 Threats to the ecosystem 8
16 Potentials of the ecosystem 9
17 Recommendations 9
1 Background
The small natural patch of Sal (Shorea robusta) at Rajeshpur under Comilla Social Forestry Division is the southern most natural habitat of Sal Though the growing stock is not good but is important because of its natural occurrence and eco-tourism services to the city dwellers of Comilla FD has developed some basic facilities for the visitors and has thus become an attraction to the one-day holyday makers The site is located at about 30 Km on the South South-East of Comilla town One can drive down this site and is usually treated as a picnic spot Administrative location of the site is under upazilla Chouddagram and district Comilla
INDEX TO ADJOINING THANAS
lOJO E
Legend forest Area Ksect]
BeefDepressed Area ~
lITIHillHillocks ~
FENI Map ofRajeshplI ~II I
This area is a small patch of degraded natural sal forest in the District of Com ilia At pr 111 1Iii is gradually gaining importance as a pick nick spot for the Comilla city dwellers
Comilla Forest Division was created in 1962 Before that this area was under the conlrol nl Chittagong Forest Division This area has been notified under section 4 of Forest ACl I97 I d
proposed Reserved Forest in year 1958 vide notification nu mber 1809 Fro dated 0 toh r ) 1958 Proclamation under section 6 of the Forest Act has been issued on October 29 I ~nr covering an area of 39628 acres Though the reservation process is on going as per the x i ~ til1(
rules and norms the Com ilia Forest Division is managing it as Reserved Forest In the Plt r lh importance of this forest was not realized as it is being felt today under the growing dern and for recreational sites and present concept of eco-tourism
2 Methodology
The study have been broadly divided into three parts viz collection of secondary information collection of primary information and finally data interpretation and report writing
--- 1
Step 1 Collection of secondary information
Available information the maps and relevant information about the selected study sites were collected as far as possible
Step 2 Collection of primary information
Floral diversity
We visited the ecosystem During these visits the flora found in the ecosystem were observed and noted This technique is chosen after consideration of feasibility of working in the natural forest economy and availability of time as described by Ray (1993) Their relative abundances were estimated while walking through the given ecosystem The heights of the top canopy were noted The forest management and related forestry aspects were noted Trees were identified and any specialized character or peculiarities of the vegetation were noted For proper identification of the species specimens have been collected and these materials are pressed so that herbarium sheets may be prepared and the species are properly identified later The soil water regime aspects GPS and related things were observed and noted The trees were identified following Heining (1925) Brandis (1906) and Prain (1903) Taxonomic literatures were consulted for correct nomenclature of the taxa
Faunal diversity
Data collection was based on the direct animal observation in the field However where the animal is not immediately available or it was difficult to locate or trace observations were made on foot print trailing tracks burrows nest animal holes carves on the tree trunks or fruits made by the animals etc For obtaining a better idea of the existing nocturnal faunal population with respect to species and abundance some observations were taken during early parts of the night Some observations were taken during the early hours of the morning and during the sunset times (evening hours) especially to note the bird species and their abundance Some affords were made to see the snakes if any Flying birds were also taken into account Besides local people were interviewed to ascertain the existence and to assess the states the animals In addition other techniques like photo flashing spot lighting sound tracking etc were used where necessary Uses of binoculars were made when necessary Animals were identified up to species level Standard field books field manuals notebooks were used for the identification process The species which were not possible to identify in the field brought with proper labeling for its subsequent identification
Ecosystem in general
Detailed discussions were held with the local forest staff officials neighboring community and experienced persons for obtaining information about the ecosystem especially to identify the threats and potentials With the help and assistance of the local forest staff and officials a few of the local old well conversant and knowledgeable personnel living in and around the ecosystem were invited for discussion
2 I
Collection of secondary information
Collection of primary information
Literature review
Field visit
Discussion
bullbullbullbullbullbullbull bullbullbullbullbullbullbull
Background
Maps
History
Bio-zone findings
Physiography and climate
Human interventions
Potentialities
Floral diversity
Faunal diversity
Ecosystem status
Threats
Economic value
Human intervention
Potentialities
Data analysis
Ecosystem survey activities outline
3 Physiography and climate
The topography of the site is raised flat land th r adjoining lands are paddy fields wherein m t~1 ved s ~gh undulations here and there The site in general is roughly above ~O teet f degtSh y ram e nce IS grown by puddling the soil The
rom e mean sea level
3 I
The soil of the site that we visited is reddish in color since it has some iron ores The soil is very hard when dry and become very soft and sticky when wet We have estimated from the vegetation over there that this soil is more acidic then that we normally encounter in our agricultural fields Since the locals remove most of the liters from forest floor for use as fuel the soil has tremendous shortage of humusThe soil fertility looks to be very low
The area in general has a few small canals but none has the perennial stream flow This speaks of the poor water regime that this area in general experiences The site under the forest being small in size do not have any impact on the water regime but there is microclimatic impact of the tree cover at the site The temperature inside the forest is lower than its surrounding More over since the stocking is poor and since the major cover is composed of deciduous species its contribution towards the water regime is of no notable significance
The climate is tropical in general The average rainfall ranges between 2030 and 2290 mm and the temperature is maximum 33degC and minimum 10degC The nearest weather station is at Comilla According to the Statistical Year Book 1999 at this station (Comilla) the average annual rainfall is 2079 mm the maximum monthly average temperature is 33degC in July and the minimum monthly average temperature is 117degC in January The humidity is highest in July (90) and lowest in February (77)The rainfall however is not well distributed through out the
year
4 Biozone According to Nishat et al (2002) this area is under the Bio-Ecological Zone - 9c It has been designated as Lalmai-Tipperah Hills According to Bangladesh agro ecological zoning (FAO 1988) this site is under Region 22 designated as Northern and Eastern Piedmont Plains These areas are supposed to be subjected to more of flash floods The texture of the soil in general is supposed to be sandy loam to silty clay and more acidic than the adjoining
ecological zones
According to the Bio-Ecological Zone of Bangladesh published by IUCN this area has been designated as Zone 9c under the name Lalmai-Tipperah Hills The expected floral and faunal composition in this zone is expected to be as
under
Flora Trees Sal (Shorea robusta) Sonalu (Cassia fistula) Kanthal (Artocarpus heterophyllus)Taal (Borassus flabellifer) Shrubs and herbs Bhant (Clerodendrum viscosum) Assam Lata (Mikania scandens) Shothi (Curcuma zeodaria) Motkila
(Glycosmis arboreal
FaunaMammals Indian porcupine (Hystrix indica) Rufous-tailed hare (Lepus nigricollis) Indian false vampire (Megaderma
lyra) Indian pygmy pipistrelle (Pipistrellus mimus) BirdsWhite-rumped Shama (Copsychus malabaricus) Lesser necklaced laughing thrush (Garrulax moniliger) Reptiles Cantors kukri snake (Oygodon cyclurus) Common wolf snake (Lycodon aulicus) Indian eyed turtle (Morenia
petersi)middot _ Amphibians Bull frog (Hopobatrachus tigerinus) Cricket frog (Limnonectes limnocharis)
4 I
5 Existing Ecosystem
T~e site that we ~isited may be treated as on ecosystem The growing stock of degraded sal is t e top canop~ ~I~ce a couple years back the FD has started to under plant cane in between the sa~The adJomlng comm~~ity often collects the liters of dry sal leaves Virtually there was no un ergrowt~ when we VISited the site in the month of March During monsoon eriods however these sites get some undergrowth ofvarious mixed species p
Among the he~baceous taxa Ageratum conyzoides Axonopus compressus Borrerria his ida Chrysopogon aCiculatus Desmodium heterophylum and Leucas lavandulifolia are more com~on ~h~bs ~~monIY obse~ved mcl~des Clerodendrum viscosum Eupatorium odoratum Flacourti In I~a 0 arrhena antldysentenca Ixora acuminata Melastoma melabatrhicum Microcos panJc~ata Psychotna calocarpa Randia dumetorum and Zizyphus rugosa Som I b seen In the forest t f h h e c 1m ers are ou 0 w IC Hemldesmus in dicus Ichnocarpus frutescens and Smilax
~~cr~carp~ a~~ ver~ common Plantation of Kajubadam (Anacardium occidantalis) Akasmoni theaf~~e~t~ncu I ormls) and Mangium (Acacia mangium) has done successfully in some part of
Th~ fo~est i~ well protected fro~ illegal felling and encroachment The plantations of Acacia aur~culIforlsal~d A manglUm raise as participatory plantation by Forest Department are being mhamtalme we Now the FD is also raising plantations of Rattan (Calumus guruba) underneath t e sa
6 Flora
~~ forest is ~f ~e~id~ous type dominated by only Sal (Shorea robusta) The forest is less diverse 40 caTnopy elg to the forest ranges from 15-20 m and canopy coverage is apprOXimately
0 70 rees are mainly result of regeneration of coppice from old trees and therefore most of the trees are not straight but deformed The mode of regeneration is not good and most of the saplings are suffering from dieback In the past there were other tree species mixed with Sal The undergrowth of the forest is very poor Only few shrubs and herbs are found and they have
-
Effect ofrepeated burning on Shorea seedling
been suffering from drought and low fertility of the soil Rajashpur Sal forest with an area of ca 587 ha is the largest chunk of natural Sal forest in Com ilia
The important tree species of Rajeshpur forest are Shorea robusta Acacia auriculiformis A mangium and Anacardium occidentalis Fruit yielding plants such as Ananas comosus Artocarpus heterophyffus Garcinia cowa Mangifera indica and Syzygium cumini have been encountered in adjoining localities Some species of plants that are used by the locals for medicine viz Eupatorium odoratum Hemidesmus indicus Holarrhena antidysenterica and Mikania scandensl have been encountered during our survey A total of 84 species were recorded from this forest and its surroundings of which 30 species are either introduced or plated A list of the species that we have found during this survey on March 92004 is given in Table 1
7 Fauna
A total of 6 (2955) amphibians 40 (19704) reptiles 128 (63054) birds and 29 (140285) mammals have been recorded in Rajeshpur
Hoplobatrachus tigerinus has included in appendix II of CITES Schedule Several species of forest and hill snakes are existing in Rajeshpur because of its close location to the Indian Tripura (alotes versicolor Varanus bengalensis Gekko gecko Mabuya carinata are widely distributed in that area (oluber mucosus and Naja naja are included in the appendix II of CITES Schedule whilst Varanus bengalensis and Varanus ffavescens in appendix I Under the family Bataguridae 3 species of turtle such as Black Pond Turtle (Geocfamys hamiltonii) Median Roofed Turtle (Kachuga tentoria) and Indian Black Turtle (Melanochelys trijuga) are locally endangered species Globally vulnerable Indian Eyed Turtle (Morenia peters) and Median Roofed Turtle (Kachuga tentoria) have been recorded
Presence of 10 species of doves and pigeons were very important Orthotomus sutorius Bradypterus luteoventris Hippolais caigat and Phylfoscopus affinis were observed in the bushy area 35 (27343) species of birds are migratory and 93 (72657) are resident Of the total 128 species of birds 8 species representing the order Piciformes 1 for Upupiformes 5 for Coraciiformes 13 for Cucuiformes 2 Psittaciformes 1 for Apodiformes 7 for Strigiformes 8 for Cuculiformes 1 for Apodiformes 6 for Strigiformes 10 for Columbiformes 1 Gruiformes 23 Cicoriiiformes and 65 species for Passeriformes 1 species of Leporidae (Hystrix indica) and 1 of Hystricid (Lepus nigricoffis) have been recorded there and both of this species are treated as globally endangered
Under primates of the class MammaliaMacaca assamensis and Macaca mulatta are the globally vulnerable and lower risk animal respectively Mus booduga Mus musculus and Rattus rattus are widely distributed
The list of Amphibians Reptiles Birds and Mammals found at the site are given Table 234 and 5 respectively
6 I
8NTFPs
The major gro~h over the area is degraded Sal Recently cane has been planted underneath These are growing well In near future the cane is expected to be a good NTFP for the area in questIon
9 Economic values
Though the direct value of the tree growth is not that high but its intangible values are enormous especially as a site of outing to the city dwellers of Comilla In the district of Comilla this is an important and most conspicuous site for recreation It is attracting more and
Sal forest patch at Rajeshpurmore people every day It has a hIgh value In the context of environment as well
10 Existing Management of the Ecosystem
At present the main thrust is protection Some under planting of cane has been under taken No harvest IS done now A small patch near the beat office has a plantation of Cashue Nut These are sold In auction for collecting the nuts
11 Human Interventions
This sie has a growth of degraded Sallri the past it had good vegetative cover whkh included the thl~k under growth That habitat used to harbor a number of wild lives in abundance These have dIsappeared with time due to pouching and loss of habitat At present under the serious shortage of fuel wood in and around the area the local people around this forest very often come in~o this small patch of forest and collect fuel wood They often cut down the branches and at tIme even trees ColI~ction of leaves that fall on the ground by sweeping is a regular f~ature Thus the forest floor IS completely devoid of any litter Human pressure is definitely very hIgh
12 Existing trends
The prevailing trend in the area is two fold The local people come in to collect leaves branches and tIme even tre~s despIte the watching and guarding by the FD officials in force The city dwellers from ComIlia come here for rest recreation and sight seeing
7 I
13 Land Use Pattern This forest has a large number of small fragmented pieces of agricultural land These agricultural lands are intermingled with the fragmented forest patchesThere village nearby
Thus this area has all the common land-use practices such as agriculture forestry pond fisheries orchards housing etc that are commonly noticed in Bangladesh
14Community Livelihood The adjoining communities are mostly agricultural Along wit~ the farming acti~ities some of the people run petty businesses They have horticultural plants In and around their
rIWamp~~~
Peoples collecting follen leaves from the forest floor a common scenario at the sal forests
homesteads Some have small ponds which they use for growing fish in a very small scale Recently as the visitors have started to visit the site these community are gradually getting
involved in selling small local cottage products as well
15Threats to Ecosystem The most serious threat to the given ecosystem is the human interference in form of the collection of fuel wood including the leaves Almost every year these are fire hazards in this forest patch Some time the local community intentionally lit the fire in the hope to have a
better growth of grassy vegetation
8 I
16 Potentials of Ecosystem
This given patch of forest is small and cannot be managed for harvesting forest produces such as wood etc But because of its vicinity to the urban area this has a very high potential of serving as recreation site The major management goal should be to develop the site in such a manner so that it attracts wild lives especially the birds This site possesses high potential to attract birds of various species The prospect of eco-tourism is quite high
17 Recommendations
This site should be taken up for eco-tourism and necessary facilities required for the purpose may be inculcated The local people should be involved in the whole process so that they get a feeling of ownership to this forest and they can understand that conservation of these sites will bring in benefits to them on a sustainable basis Government should take up programs to develop this forest as an eco-tourism site
Co-management under a participatory concept coupled with the enforcement of law should be the target so that the eco-tourism can flourish in this site
Table 1 List of plant species recorded from Rajeshpur Sal Forest Comilla
SI No Species Family Habit Occurrence
l Acacia auriculiformis Mimosaceae Tree Planted
2 Amangium Mimosaceae Tree Planted
3 Adhatoda vasica Acanthaceae Shrub Cultivated
4 Ageratum conyzoides Asteraceae Herb Common
5 Albizia lebbeck Mimosaceae Tree Planted
6 Aprocera Mimosaceae Tree Planted
7 Alstonia scholaria Apocynaceae Thee Common
8 Ammania baccifera Lythraceae Herb Not very common
9 Anacardium occidentale Anacardiaceae Tree Planted
10 Ananas comosus Bromeliaceae Herb Cultivated
11 Aporosa dioica Euphorbiaceae Tree Not very common
12 Aquilaria agallocha Thymeliaceae Tree Planted
13 Artocarpus heterophyllus Moraceae Tree Planted
14 Averrhoa carambola Averrhoaceae Tree Planted
15 Axonopus compress us Poaceae Herb Common
16 Bombax ceiba Bombacaceae Tree Planted Table continued
--l 9
51 No Species Family Habit OccurrenceHabit OccurrenceFamilySINo Species 52 Leucas lavandulifolia Lamiaceae Herb Common
Poaceae Grass Planted 17 Bambusa baJcooa 53 Mangifera indica Anacardiaceae Tree Planted
Grass Planted 18 Bambusa polymorpha Poaceae 54 Melastoma malabathricum Melastomaceae Shrub Very common
Grass Planted 55 Merremia umbellata Convolvulaceae Climber CommonBambusa tulda Poaceae
Pal mae Tree Common 56 Microcos paniculata Tiliaceae Tree Very common 19
20 Borassus flabellifer Herb Common 57 Mikania scandens Asteraceae Herb Very common Rubiaceae21 Borreria hispida
58 Mimosa pudica Mimosaceae Herb CommonShrub CommonCaesalpinaceae22 Caesalpinia crista 59 Morinda angustifolia Rubiaceae S hrub Not very common
Climber PlantedPalmae23 Calamus guruba 60 Nelsonia canescens Acanthaceae Herb Common Tree Not very common Lecythidaceae24 Careya arborea 61 Oxalis corniculata Oxalidaceae Herb Common Tree Planted
Chikrassia tabularis Meliaceae 62 Phoenix sylvestris Palmae Tree Planted Herb Very common
25 Poaceae 63 Phyllanthus embelica Euphorbiaceae Tree Planted26 Chrysopogon aciculatus
Shrub Common 64 Psidium guajava Myrtaceae Tree PlantedVerbenaceaeClerodendrum viscosum 27 65 Psychotria calocarpa Rubiaceae Shrub CommonHerb CommonCommelinaceae28 Commelina benghalensis 66 Pteris vittata Pteridaceae Fern CommonClimber Planted
29 Daemonorops jenkinsiana Arecaceae 67 Randia dumetorum Rubiaceae Shrub Common
Tree CommonFabaceaeDalbergia stipulacea 30 68 Rumex maritimus Polyonaceae Herb Not common Climber Not very ommon Dilleniaceae3l Delima sarmentosa 69 Rungia pectinata Acanthaceae Herb Common Tree Planted
32 Delonix regia Caesalpinialteae 70 Samanea saman Mimosaceae Tree Planted
Fabaceae Herb Common 71 Scoparia dulcis Scrophulariaceae Herb Common33 Desmodium heterophyllum Herb Common 72 Shorea robusta Dipterocarpaceae Tree DominantPoaceae34 Digittaria sanguinalis
73 Smilax macrophylla Smilacaceae Climber CommonClimber CommonDioscoreaceae35 Dioscorea pentaphylla 74 Swietenia mahagoni Meliaceae Tree PlantedTree PlantedDipterocarpaceae36 Dipterocarpus turbinatus 75 Syzygium cumini Myrtaceae Tree Planted
Polipodiaceae Epiphyte Common 37 Drynaia quercifolia 76 Syzygium fruticosum Myrtaceae Tree Common
Tree Not very common Fabaceae38 Erythrina variegata 77 Tabebuia rosea Bignoniaceae Tree Planted Tree Planted
39 Eucalyptus camaldulensis Myrtaceae 78 Tabernaemontana divaricata Apocynaceae Shrub Common
Asteraceae Shrub Very common 79 Tamarindus indicus Caesalpinaceae Tree Planted40 Eupatorium odoratum Tree Planted 80 Terminalia belerica Combretaceae Tree PlantedMoraceae41 Ficus lachooka
81 T chebula Combretaceae Tree PlantedShrub CommonFlacourtiaceae42 Flacourtia indica 82 Urena lobata Malvaceae Herb Common
Guttiferae Tree Common 43 Garcinia cowa 83 Viscum orientalis Loranthaceae Parasite Common
Guttiferae Tree Rare 44 G lancaefolia 84 Zizyphus rugosa Rhamnaceae Shrub Common
Herb CommonAsteraceae45 Grangea madaraspatana
Asclepiadaceae Climber Common 46 Hemidesmus indicus
Shrub CommonApocynaceae
Tree Planted 47 Holarrhena antidysenterica
Dipterocarpaceae 48 Hopea odorata
49 Jchnocarpus frutescens Apocynaceae Climber Common
Shrub Very common Rubiaceae Shrub Very common
50 Ixora acuminata Rubiaceae
Shrub Common 50 Ixora acuminata
Rubiaceae51 Ixora parviflora Table continued
10 I
l ~
Tabl
e 2
Am
ph
ibia
ns
of R
ajes
hp
ur
stu
dy
area
SL
Ord
er
Fam
ily
Sci
entif
ic N
ame
Eng
lish
Nam
e Lo
cal N
ame
~
N~
~ ~
III
-C
C
~
IV
~
2 ~
-5 a
I 0
CJ
0 V
IzC
gt
zC
gt
VI
u u~
w
I _
uIII
_ II
I u
I
u
1
An
ura
B
ufo
nid
ae
B
ufo
mel
anos
tictu
s C
om
mo
n T
oad
Ku
no
Ban
g N
O
2
Mic
roh
ylid
ae
M
icro
hyla
orn
ata
Orn
ate
Mic
roh
ylid
C
heen
a B
ang
VU
3
Ran
idae
E
uphl
yict
is c
yano
phly
ctis
S
kip
pe
r F
rog
Ko
tko
ti B
ang
NO
4
Hop
loba
trac
hus
tiger
inus
B
ull F
rog
Kol
a B
ang
NO
II
5
Lim
none
ctes
lim
noch
aris
C
rick
et
Fro
g Jh
i-jh
i Ban
g N
O
6
Rh
aco
ph
ori
da
P
olyp
edat
es m
acul
atus
M
acu
late
d T
ree
Fro
g G
echo
Ban
g N
O
Tabl
e 3
Rep
tiles
of R
ajes
hpur
stu
dy a
rea
SL
Ord
er
Fam
ily
Sci
entif
ic N
ame
Eng
lish
Nam
e Lo
cal N
ame
~
No
~
~
II
I -
Cc
II
I IV
C
gt--g
gt-1i
~
0 Ci
0
VI
Z
Cgt
Z
Cgt
VI
u
u
w
I _
uIII
I
uIII_
u
1
Tes
tudi
nes
Bat
agur
idae
G
eocJ
amys
ham
ilton
ii B
lack
po
nd
tu
rtle
K
alo
Kas
im
EN
LR
2
Kac
huga
tect
a In
dian
Roo
fed
Tur
tle
Kor
i K
aitta
N
O
3
Kac
huga
tent
oria
M
edia
n R
oofe
d T
urtle
M
ajha
ri K
aitta
EN
VU
4
Mel
anoc
hely
s tr
ijuga
In
dian
Bla
ckT
urtle
K
asim
EN
LR
5
Mor
enia
pet
ers
Indi
an E
yed
Tur
tle
Hal
dey
Kai
tta
VU
VU
6
Lace
rtili
a T
estu
dini
dae
Man
ouria
em
ys
Asi
an G
iant
Tor
tise
Pah
ari K
sim
CR
7
Gek
koni
dae
Gek
ko g
ecko
W
all L
izar
d T
okkh
ak
VU
8
Hem
idac
tylu
s br
ooki
i H
ouse
Liz
ard
Tik
tiki
NO
Tab
le c
on
tinu
ed
SL
Ord
er
Fam
ily
Sci
entif
ic N
ame
Eng
lish
Nam
e Lo
cal N
ame
cN
o
III
IV
IV
C
III
5
iii
CC
c
IV
c
gt-c
III
2 ~
u a
I 0
CJ
0 V
I Z
Cgt
Z
Cgt
V
I w
u
u
_ u
I II
I
I_ u III
9
U
H
emid
acty
lus
fkav
iviri
dis
Co
mm
on
Hou
se L
izar
d 10
T
iktik
iA
gam
idae
N
OC
alot
es v
ersi
colo
r C
om
mo
n G
arde
n Li
zard
11
R
okto
-cho
sha
Sci
ncid
ae
NO
Mab
uya
carin
ata
Com
mon
Ski
nk
12
Var
anid
ae
Var
anus
ben
gale
nsis
B
enga
l Mo
nit
or
Anj
on
NO
13
G
ui S
hap
VU
Vara
nus
fJav
esce
ns
Yel
low
Mo
nit
or
14
Sho
na G
ui
Ser
pent
es
Typ
hlop
idae
EN
Ram
phot
yphl
ops
bram
inus
C
omm
on W
orm
Sna
ke15
D
um
ukh
a S
hap
NO
Typh
lops
por
rect
us S
lend
er
Wor
m S
nake
16
Du
mu
kha
Sha
p D
DC
olub
rida
e A
haet
ulJa
nas
utus
C
omm
on V
ine
Sna
ke17
La
odog
a S
hap
VU
Aha
etul
Ja p
rasi
na
Sho
rt-n
osed
Vin
e S
nake
18
Laod
oga
Sha
p D
DA
mph
iesm
a st
olat
a S
trip
ped
Kee
lbac
k 19
D
ora
Sha
p N
OA
ltret
ium
sch
isto
sum
O
live
Kee
lbac
k 20
M
aitt
a S
hap
NO
Chy
sope
lea
orna
te
Orn
ate
Fly
ing
Sna
ke21
K
alna
gini
EN
Col
uber
muc
osus
R
at S
nake
22
Dar
ajD
endr
elap
his
pict
us
VU
II
Pai
nted
Bro
nzeb
ack
Tree
Sna
ke23
G
echo
Sha
p VU
Den
drel
aphi
s tri
stis
C
om
mo
n B
ronz
ebac
k Tr
ee S
nake
24
Bet
Anc
hora
VU
Ela
phe
hele
na
Com
mon
Tri
nket
Sna
ke25
D
udhr
aj
ENE
laph
e ra
diat
a C
oppe
r H
ead
Tri
nket
Sna
ke
26
Dud
hraj
EN
Enh
ydris
enh
ydris
C
om
mo
n S
moo
th W
ater
Sna
ke27
P
aina
Sha
p N
OLy
eodo
n au
licus
C
om
mo
n W
olf
Sna
ke28
G
harg
inni
Sha
p V
UO
ligod
on a
lboc
inct
us
Whi
te-b
arre
d K
ukri
Sna
ke
29
DD
Olig
odon
arn
ensi
s C
omm
on K
ukri
Sna
ke
30
DD
Olig
odon
cin
ereu
s B
lack
-bar
red
Kuk
ri S
nake
31
DD
Olig
odon
theo
bald
i M
anda
lay
Kuk
ri S
nake
32
D
DPa
reas
mon
tical
u A
ssam
Sna
il E
ater
33
S
ham
uk-K
hor
DD
Psa
mm
odyn
aste
s pu
lver
ulen
tus
Mo
ckV
ipe
r34
P
ahar
i Sha
p D
DX
enoc
hrop
his
pisc
ator
C
heck
ered
Kee
lbac
k 35
D
hora
Sha
pE
lapi
dae
NO
Bun
garu
s ca
erul
eus
Com
mon
Kra
it 36
K
al K
eote
y EN
Bun
garu
s fa
scia
tus
Ban
ded
Kra
it 37
S
hank
ini S
hap
ENN
aja
kaou
thia
M
on
oce
llate
Cob
ra
38
Gok
hra
Sha
p VU
Naj
anaj
a B
inoc
ella
te C
obra
39
K
hoia
Gok
hra
ENV
iper
idae
1
1Tr
imer
esur
us a
lbol
abris
B
ambo
o P
it V
iper
40
J~
Vip
era
russ
ellii
Rus
sells
Vip
er
DD
C
hand
robo
ra
CR
Tabl
e 3
Bird
s o
f Raj
eshp
ur s
tudy
are
a l~
SL
Ord
er
Fam
ily
Sci
entif
ic N
ame
Eng
lish
Nam
e Lo
cal N
ame
~
III
III
No
C
5
C
iU
c-
g
III
C
gt-
0gt
-~
v -- C
-
II
I a
lO
1)
0
V
C
zg
zO
l
V
middotiii
wu
u~ ~
)
)
cIII
_u
_
u
U
1
Pic
iform
es
Pic
idae
C
eeu
s br
ochy
urus
R
ufou
s W
oodp
ecke
r La
lche
y K
atht
hokr
a R
N
O
2
Den
droc
opos
mac
ei
Fulv
ous-
bres
ted
Woo
dpec
ker
Pakr
a K
atht
hokr
a R
N
O
3
Den
droc
opo
sm
ahre
ttens
is
Yel
low
-fron
ted
Pie
d W
oodp
ecke
r Pa
kra
Kat
htho
kra
R
DO
4
ly
nx to
rqui
lla
Eur
asia
n W
ryne
ck
Met
ho K
atht
hokr
a M
5
D
inop
ium
java
nens
e C
omm
on F
lam
ebac
k R
N
O
6
Din
opiu
m b
engh
aen
se
Bla
ck-r
umpe
d Fl
ameb
ack
Kat
hokr
a R
N
O
7
Meg
alai
mid
ae
Meg
aai
ma
haem
acep
hala
C
oppe
rsm
ith B
arbe
t C
hoto
Bas
anta
Bau
ri R
N
O
8
Meg
aai
ma
inea
te
Line
ated
Bar
bet
Gur
khod
Beg
hbou
R
N
O
9
Upu
pifo
rmes
U
pupi
dae
Upu
pa e
pops
C
omm
on H
oopo
e H
udhu
d5
0lai
man
Pak
hi
R
NO
10
Cor
aciif
orm
es
Cor
aciid
ae
Cor
acia
s be
ngha
ens
is
Indi
an R
olle
r N
ilkan
tha
R
NO
11
Alc
edin
idae
A
lced
o at
this
C
omm
on K
ingf
ishe
r C
hoto
Maa
chra
nga
R
NO
12
H
alcy
on s
myr
nens
is
Whi
teth
roat
ed K
ingf
ishe
r M
aach
rang
a R
N
O
13
Meg
acer
ye
ugu
bris
P
ied
Kin
gfis
her
R
DO
14
M
erop
idae
M
erop
s or
ient
alis
G
reen
Bee
eate
r S
uich
ora
Ban
spat
i R
N
O
15
Cuc
ulifo
rmes
C
ucul
idae
C
acom
antis
mer
ulin
us
Plai
ntiv
e cu
ckoo
C
hata
kiS
orgo
m
R
NO
16
Cuc
uus
sat
urat
us
Orie
ntal
Cuc
koo
M
17
Cen
trip
odid
ae
Cen
tropu
s si
nens
is
Gre
ater
Cou
cal
Kan
akua
Cou
cal
R
NO
18
Ca
mat
or ja
cobi
nus
Pie
d C
ucko
o P
apiy
a R
N
O
19
Cuc
uus
mic
ropt
erus
lndi
an
Cuc
koo
Bou
-Kat
ha-K
ao P
akhi
R
N
O
20
Eud
ynam
ys sc
pa
cea
Asi
an C
ucko
o K
okil
Ku
kil
R
NO
2l
H
iero
cocc
yx v
ariu
s C
omm
on H
awk
Cuc
koo
Cho
khg
elo
Pakh
i R
N
O
22
Phae
nico
phae
us tr
istis
G
reen
-bill
ed M
alko
ha
Sab
uj K
okil
R
NO
23
Apo
difo
rmes
A
podi
dae
Cyp
siur
us b
aa
siens
is
Asi
an P
alm
Sw
ift
Nak
kati
R
NO
24
Stri
gifo
rmes
T
yton
idae
Ty
toa
ba
Bar
n O
wl
Laxm
i Pen
cha
R
NO
Tab
le c
ontin
ued
SL
Ord
er
Fam
ily
Sci
entif
ic N
ame
Eng
lish
Nam
e Lo
cal N
ame
~
No
II
I II
I
C
5
C
0
1 ]
III
~
cgt
shy~
vC
0
gt-
V
III
alO
i3
0
C
zOl
zO
l
V
middotiii
Wu~ u~
~II
I
)
)
c
_
u
_u
U
25
Stri
gida
e A
then
e br
oma
Spo
tted
Ow
let
Khu
rule
y Pe
ncha
R
N
O
26
Bub
o be
nga
ensi
s R
ock
Eag
le O
wl
Hut
um P
ench
a R
N
O
27
Ket
upa
zey
onen
sis
Bro
wn
Fish
Ow
l B
hutu
m P
ench
a R
VU
28
N
inox
scu
tua
ta
Bro
wn
Haw
k O
wl
Kup
okh
R
NO
29
Cap
rimul
gida
e C
aprim
ugu
s m
acru
rus
Larg
e-ta
iled
Nig
ht ja
r R
atch
ara
R
NO
30
Col
umbi
form
es C
olum
bida
e C
olum
ba i
via
Roc
k P
igeo
n J
alal
i Kab
utor
R
N
O
31
Duc
ua
aene
a G
reen
Im
peria
l Pig
eon
Dhu
mko
l R
D
O32
S
trept
ope
ia c
hin
ensis
S
potte
d D
ove
Tila
Ghu
ghu
R
NO
33
Stre
ptop
eia
dec
aoct
a E
uras
ian
Col
lare
d D
ove
Raj G
hugh
uD
hoba
l R
N
O
Ghu
ghu
34
Stre
ptop
eia
tran
queb
aric
a R
ed C
olla
red
Dov
e La
l Ghu
ghu
Jon
gla
R
NO
G
hugh
u35
Tr
eron
api
caud
a Pi
n-ta
iled
Gre
en P
igeo
n H
oria
lH
orik
ol
R
CR36
T
rero
n bi
cinc
ta
Ora
nge-
brea
sted
Gre
en P
igeo
n H
oria
lH
orik
ol
R
NO
37
Trer
on p
hoen
icop
tera
Y
ello
w-f
oote
d G
reen
Pig
eon
Hor
iallB
otko
l R
N
O38
Tr
eron
pom
pado
ra
Pom
pado
ur G
reen
Pig
eon
Cho
to H
oria
l R
N
O
39
Stre
ptop
elia
orie
ntal
is
Orie
ntal
Tur
tle D
ove
Ghu
ghu
M39
S
trept
ope
ia o
rient
ais
O
rient
al T
urtle
Dov
e G
hugh
u M
40
Gru
iform
es
Ral
lidae
A
mau
rorn
is p
hoen
icur
us
Whi
te-b
reas
ted
Wat
erhe
n D
ahuk
R
N
O
41
Cic
oniif
orm
es
Jaca
nida
e B
ronz
e-w
ing
ed Jlt
can
a R
o
42
Cha
radr
iidae
R
ed-I
middotta tt1~
Lap
(
o lt
=
43
Acc
ipltr
idae
44
~
-r
-$
-
_
~__~
-
bull _
45
~2--
--
c
46
~-~
~
Ju
l~
cSL
O
rder
Fa
mily
S
cien
tific
Nam
e E
nglis
h N
ame
Loca
l Nam
e II
I el
lel
lN
o
1l
3
III
i6
1l
c
ell
cc
gt
c ~~
II
I
el
l co
0
J
0 V
I
1l
Z
o-
Zo
-V
I w
v
v
el
l J
ill
cc
-v
2a
u
47
Milv
us m
igra
ns
Bla
ck K
ite
Bhu
bon
Chi
l R
N
O
48
Circ
us c
yane
us
Hen
Har
rier
M
49
Pan
dion
ha
iaet
us
Osp
rey
Mec
ho B
aaj
M
50
Falc
onid
ae
Falc
o ch
icqu
era
Red
-nec
ked
Falc
on
Tur
mut
i R
D
D
LR
51
Falc
o tin
nunc
ulus
C
omm
on K
estre
l M
52
P
hala
croc
orac
idae
P
hala
croc
orax
nig
er
Littl
e C
orm
oran
t P
aan-
kow
ri R
N
O
53
Ard
eida
e A
rdeo
la g
rayi
i Ind
ian
Pon
d H
eron
K
ani B
okK
ana
Bok
R
N
O
54
Bub
ulcu
s ib
is
Cat
tle E
gret
G
o-bo
k R
N
O
55
But
orid
es s
triat
us
Littl
e E
gret
C
hoto
Bok
R
N
O
56
Dup
etor
fav
icol
is
Bla
ck B
itter
n K
alo
Bok
R
D
D
57
Ixob
rych
us m
inut
us
Littl
e B
itter
n K
hude
y B
ok
R
DD
58
Ixob
rych
us s
inen
sis
Yel
low
Bitt
ern
Hol
dey
Bok
R
N
O
59
Mes
opho
yx in
term
edia
In
term
edia
te E
gret
M
aijla
Bok
R
N
O
60
Nyc
ticor
ax n
ictic
orax
B
lack
-cro
wne
d N
ight
Her
on
Waa
klN
ishi
Bok
R
N
O
61
Sco
lopa
cida
e A
ctiti
s hy
pole
ucos
C
omm
on S
andp
iper
M
62
Gal
inag
o ga
lina
go
Fant
ail S
nipe
K
ada-
khoc
ha
M
63
Gal
linag
o st
enur
a P
inta
il S
nipe
K
ada-
khoc
ha
M
64
P
asse
rifor
mes
Lan
iidae
La
nius
sch
ach
Long
-tai
led
Shr
ike
Bag
haT
iki
R
NO
65
Lani
us c
rista
tus
Bro
wn
Shr
ike
Bad
ami K
osha
i Pak
hi
M
66
Lani
us te
phro
notu
s G
reyb
acke
d S
hrik
e K
osha
i Pak
hi
M
67
Cor
vida
e C
orvu
s m
acro
rhyn
chos
Ju
ngle
Cro
w
Dan
r Ka
k R
N
O
68
Cor
vus
sple
nden
s H
ouse
Cro
w
Pat
i Kak
lKau
a R
N
O
69
Den
droc
itta
vaga
bund
a R
ufus
Tre
epie
H
anric
hach
aK
utum
R
N
O
70
Aeg
ithin
a tip
hia
Com
mon
lora
T
owfik
Fat
ikja
l R
N
O
71
Orio
lus
xant
hom
us
Bla
ck-h
eade
d O
riole
H
olde
y P
akhi
R
N
O
72
Dic
ruru
s ae
neus
B
ronz
ed D
rong
o C
hoto
Fin
gey
R
NO
Tab
le c
on
tin
ue
d
SL
Ord
er
Fam
ily
Sci
entif
ic N
ame
Eng
lish
Nam
e Lo
cal N
ame
c
III
No
el
l el
l 1
l
3
II
I i6
1
lc
el
l c
--c~ ~~
C
II
I 0
ell
J
0 V
IC
Ooshy
1l
Z
o-
VI
Zel
l w
v
v
J
III
J II
Icc
el
l -v
-v
U
73
Dic
urur
s m
acro
cerc
us
Bla
ck D
rong
o F
inge
y R
N
O
74
Arta
mus
fusc
us
Ash
y W
oods
wal
low
La
tora
R
N
O
75
Cor
acin
a m
acei
La
rge
Cuc
koos
hrik
e G
udhu
ka
R
NO
76
P
eric
roco
tus
cinn
amom
eus
Sm
all M
iniv
et
S~t
Sai
li R
N
O
77
Teph
rodo
rnis
pon
dice
rianu
s C
omm
on W
oods
hrik
e R
N
O
78
Rhi
pidu
ra a
lbic
olis
W
hite
-thr
oate
d Fa
ntai
l Le
jnac
hani
R
N
O
79
Mus
cica
pida
e C
opsy
chus
sau
laris
O
rient
al M
agpi
e R
obin
D
oelD
oina
chan
i R
N
O
80
Cul
icic
apa
ceyl
onen
sis
Gre
y-he
aded
Can
ary
Fly
catc
her
Fut
futi
R
NO
81
S
axic
olac
apra
ta
Pie
d B
usnc
hat
R
NO
82
C
haim
arro
rnis
leuc
ocep
halu
s W
hite
-cap
ped
Wat
er R
edst
art
M
83
Cyo
rnis
tick
ellia
e T
icke
lls B
lue
Fly
catc
her
M
84
Eum
yias
thal
assi
fa
Ver
dite
r F
lyca
tche
r M
85
Fi
cedu
la p
arva
R
ed-t
hroa
ted
Fly
catc
her
Lalb
ook
Cho
tok
M
86
Lusc
inia
cal
iope
S
iber
ian
Rub
yThr
oat
M
87
Lusc
inia
sve
cica
B
luet
hroa
t M
88
M
ontic
ola
solit
ariu
s B
lock
Roc
k Th
rush
M
89
S
axic
ola
torq
uata
C
omm
on S
tone
chat
M
90
Tu
rdus
uni
colo
r T
icke
lls T
hrus
h M
91
Zo
othe
ra c
itrin
e O
rang
e-he
aded
Thr
ush
M
92
Stu
rnid
ae
Acr
idot
here
s ci
nere
us
Whi
te-v
ente
d M
yna
R
DD
93
A
crid
othe
res
fusc
us
Jung
le M
yna
Jhut
i Sha
lik
R
NO
94
A
crid
othe
res
trist
is
Com
mon
Myn
a B
hat S
halik
R
N
O
95
Stu
rnus
con
tra
Asi
an P
ied
Sta~
ling
G
obre
y S
halik
Gu
Shal
ik
R
~O
96
Stu
rnus
mal
abar
icus
C
hest
nut-
taile
d S
tarli
ng
Kat
h S
halik
R
97
Hiru
ndin
idae
H
irund
o da
uric
a R
ed-r
umpe
d S
wal
low
A
babi
l 98
H
irund
o ru
stic
a B
arn
Sw
allo
w
Aba
bil
99
Par
idae
Pa
rus
maj
or
Gre
atT
it
J~
- z=
~ -
--
~_
--la
SL
Ord
er
Fam
ily
Sci
entif
ic N
ame
Eng
lish
Nam
e Lo
cal N
ame
r
II
No
CI
I CI
I t
l
3
tl
C
c
CII
0
gt-
r
cgt
shyC
- CII
iO -
V
I v a
l 0
cI
0 t
l Z
Cl
ZC
l V
I ii
i v~ v~
UJ
IshyCI
I
a
-v
-v
U
100
P
ycno
notu
s ar
ticep
s B
lack
-hea
ded
Bul
bul
Kal
o B
ulbu
l R
N
O
101
P
ycno
notid
ae
Pyc
nono
tus
cafe
r R
ed-v
ente
d B
ulbu
B
ulbu
li R
N
O
102
P
ycno
notu
sjoc
osus
R
ed-w
hisk
ered
Bul
bul
Sip
ahi B
ulbu
li R
N
O
103
Z
oste
ropi
dae
Zost
erop
s pa
lpeb
rosu
s O
rient
al W
hite
-eye
S
het-
ankh
i R
N
O
104
S
ylvi
idae
A
lcip
pe p
Oio
icep
hala
B
row
n-ch
eeke
d Fu
lvet
ta
R
NO
lO
S
Dum
etia
hyp
eryt
hra
Taw
ny-b
ellie
d B
abbl
er
R
DD
10
6
Mal
acoc
incl
a ab
botti
A
bbot
s B
abbl
er
R
NO
10
7
Meg
auru
s pa
lust
ris
Stri
ated
Gra
ssbi
rd
R
DD
10
8
Ort
hoto
mus
sut
oriu
s C
omm
on T
ailo
rbird
T
untu
nilT
uni
R
NO
10
9
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oide
s ca
udat
us
Com
mon
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bler
R
D
D
110
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rdoi
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abbl
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NO
11
1
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orum
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lyth
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eed
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bler
M
11
2
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erus
lute
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M
lB
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114
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ffini
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icke
lls L
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115
A
laud
idae
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laud
a gu
lgul
a O
rient
al S
kyla
rk
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rat P
akhi
R
N
O
116
M
irafr
a as
sam
ica
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us-w
inge
d B
ushl
ark
Bha
rat P
akhi
R
N
O
117
N
ecta
riniid
ae
Nec
tarin
ia a
siat
ica
Pur
ple
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bird
N
iltu
nilM
adhu
ch u
sh ki
R
N
O
118
N
ecta
rinia
zey
loni
ca
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ple-
rum
ped
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bird
M
outu
shi
R
NO
11
9
Dic
aeum
ery
thro
rhyn
chos
P
ale-
bille
d F
low
erpe
cker
F
uljh
uri
R
NO
12
0
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Lonc
hura
mal
abar
ica
Indi
an S
ilver
bill
R
NO
12
1
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hura
pun
ctul
ata
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ly-b
reas
ted
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ia
Tila
Mun
ia
R
NO
12
2
Pass
er d
omes
ticus
H
ouse
Spa
rrow
C
haru
i R
N
O
123
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oce
us p
hilip
pinu
s B
ayaW
eave
r B
abui
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i R
N
O
124
M
otac
illa
mad
eras
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nsis
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tail
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a K
honj
an
R
NO
12
5
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hus
hodg
soni
i O
live-
back
ed P
ipit
M
126
A
nthu
s ru
fulu
s P
addy
field
Pip
it M
12
7
Mot
acill
a al
ba
Whi
te W
agta
il M
12
8
Mot
acill
a ci
nere
a G
rey
Wag
tail
Kho
njan
M
Tab
le 4
Mam
mal
s o
f Raj
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ea
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Ord
er
Fam
ily
Sci
entif
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ame
Eng
lish
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No
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ctiv
ora
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icid
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cus
mur
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G
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Mus
k S
hrew
C
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N
O
2
Chi
ropt
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dida
e P
tero
pus
giga
nteu
s Fl
ying
Fox
B
adur
N
O
3
Rou
settu
sle
sche
naul
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lvou
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Bat
Ko
la B
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D
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4
Meg
ader
mat
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M
egad
erm
a ly
ra
False
Vam
pier
D
aini
Bad
ur
NO
5
V
espe
rtili
onid
ae
Ept
esic
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achy
otis
Th
ick-
eare
d B
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DD
6
H
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ropt
enus
tick
elli
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kells
Bat
D
D
7
Pip
istre
llus
coro
man
dra
Indi
an P
ipis
trelle
N
O
8
Pip
istre
llus
mim
us
Indi
an P
igm
y P
ipis
trelle
N
O
9
Prim
ates
C
erco
pith
ecid
ae
Mac
aca
assa
men
sis
Ass
ames
e M
acaq
ue
Ash
ami B
anor
D
D
VU
10
Mac
aca
mul
atta
R
hesu
s M
acaq
ue
Ban
or
VU
LR
1l
C
arni
vora
C
anid
ae
Can
is a
ureu
s Ja
ckal
Pa
ti S
hial
VU
12
Vu
lpes
ben
gale
nsis
B
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K
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Shi
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VU
DD
13
Fe
lidae
Fe
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Ju
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Cat
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EN
II 14
P
riona
iluru
s vi
verr
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Fi
shin
g C
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Mec
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EN
LR
II 15
H
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stid
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Her
pest
es a
urop
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S
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Mon
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NO
16
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17
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20 I
Refere
Brandis D 1906lndian Trees Periodical Experts Book agency Delhi 767 pp
FAO 1988 Land Resources Approsal of Bangladesh for Agricultural Development Agroecolo(( I Regions ofBangladesh BGD81035 Technical Report 2570 pp
Heining RL 1925 Lists ofplants ofChittagong Collectorate and Hill Tracts Darjeeling India 84 pp
Nishat A Huq SMlmamul Barua Suvashis P Reza Ali AHM Khan Moniruzzaman A5 (eds)
2002 Bio-ecological Zones ofBangladeshIUCN Bangladesh Country Office 141 pp
Prain D 1903 Bengal plants Vol 1 amp2 Calcutta
1 I
- cover amp back
- Untitled
-
1 Background
The small natural patch of Sal (Shorea robusta) at Rajeshpur under Comilla Social Forestry Division is the southern most natural habitat of Sal Though the growing stock is not good but is important because of its natural occurrence and eco-tourism services to the city dwellers of Comilla FD has developed some basic facilities for the visitors and has thus become an attraction to the one-day holyday makers The site is located at about 30 Km on the South South-East of Comilla town One can drive down this site and is usually treated as a picnic spot Administrative location of the site is under upazilla Chouddagram and district Comilla
INDEX TO ADJOINING THANAS
lOJO E
Legend forest Area Ksect]
BeefDepressed Area ~
lITIHillHillocks ~
FENI Map ofRajeshplI ~II I
This area is a small patch of degraded natural sal forest in the District of Com ilia At pr 111 1Iii is gradually gaining importance as a pick nick spot for the Comilla city dwellers
Comilla Forest Division was created in 1962 Before that this area was under the conlrol nl Chittagong Forest Division This area has been notified under section 4 of Forest ACl I97 I d
proposed Reserved Forest in year 1958 vide notification nu mber 1809 Fro dated 0 toh r ) 1958 Proclamation under section 6 of the Forest Act has been issued on October 29 I ~nr covering an area of 39628 acres Though the reservation process is on going as per the x i ~ til1(
rules and norms the Com ilia Forest Division is managing it as Reserved Forest In the Plt r lh importance of this forest was not realized as it is being felt today under the growing dern and for recreational sites and present concept of eco-tourism
2 Methodology
The study have been broadly divided into three parts viz collection of secondary information collection of primary information and finally data interpretation and report writing
--- 1
Step 1 Collection of secondary information
Available information the maps and relevant information about the selected study sites were collected as far as possible
Step 2 Collection of primary information
Floral diversity
We visited the ecosystem During these visits the flora found in the ecosystem were observed and noted This technique is chosen after consideration of feasibility of working in the natural forest economy and availability of time as described by Ray (1993) Their relative abundances were estimated while walking through the given ecosystem The heights of the top canopy were noted The forest management and related forestry aspects were noted Trees were identified and any specialized character or peculiarities of the vegetation were noted For proper identification of the species specimens have been collected and these materials are pressed so that herbarium sheets may be prepared and the species are properly identified later The soil water regime aspects GPS and related things were observed and noted The trees were identified following Heining (1925) Brandis (1906) and Prain (1903) Taxonomic literatures were consulted for correct nomenclature of the taxa
Faunal diversity
Data collection was based on the direct animal observation in the field However where the animal is not immediately available or it was difficult to locate or trace observations were made on foot print trailing tracks burrows nest animal holes carves on the tree trunks or fruits made by the animals etc For obtaining a better idea of the existing nocturnal faunal population with respect to species and abundance some observations were taken during early parts of the night Some observations were taken during the early hours of the morning and during the sunset times (evening hours) especially to note the bird species and their abundance Some affords were made to see the snakes if any Flying birds were also taken into account Besides local people were interviewed to ascertain the existence and to assess the states the animals In addition other techniques like photo flashing spot lighting sound tracking etc were used where necessary Uses of binoculars were made when necessary Animals were identified up to species level Standard field books field manuals notebooks were used for the identification process The species which were not possible to identify in the field brought with proper labeling for its subsequent identification
Ecosystem in general
Detailed discussions were held with the local forest staff officials neighboring community and experienced persons for obtaining information about the ecosystem especially to identify the threats and potentials With the help and assistance of the local forest staff and officials a few of the local old well conversant and knowledgeable personnel living in and around the ecosystem were invited for discussion
2 I
Collection of secondary information
Collection of primary information
Literature review
Field visit
Discussion
bullbullbullbullbullbullbull bullbullbullbullbullbullbull
Background
Maps
History
Bio-zone findings
Physiography and climate
Human interventions
Potentialities
Floral diversity
Faunal diversity
Ecosystem status
Threats
Economic value
Human intervention
Potentialities
Data analysis
Ecosystem survey activities outline
3 Physiography and climate
The topography of the site is raised flat land th r adjoining lands are paddy fields wherein m t~1 ved s ~gh undulations here and there The site in general is roughly above ~O teet f degtSh y ram e nce IS grown by puddling the soil The
rom e mean sea level
3 I
The soil of the site that we visited is reddish in color since it has some iron ores The soil is very hard when dry and become very soft and sticky when wet We have estimated from the vegetation over there that this soil is more acidic then that we normally encounter in our agricultural fields Since the locals remove most of the liters from forest floor for use as fuel the soil has tremendous shortage of humusThe soil fertility looks to be very low
The area in general has a few small canals but none has the perennial stream flow This speaks of the poor water regime that this area in general experiences The site under the forest being small in size do not have any impact on the water regime but there is microclimatic impact of the tree cover at the site The temperature inside the forest is lower than its surrounding More over since the stocking is poor and since the major cover is composed of deciduous species its contribution towards the water regime is of no notable significance
The climate is tropical in general The average rainfall ranges between 2030 and 2290 mm and the temperature is maximum 33degC and minimum 10degC The nearest weather station is at Comilla According to the Statistical Year Book 1999 at this station (Comilla) the average annual rainfall is 2079 mm the maximum monthly average temperature is 33degC in July and the minimum monthly average temperature is 117degC in January The humidity is highest in July (90) and lowest in February (77)The rainfall however is not well distributed through out the
year
4 Biozone According to Nishat et al (2002) this area is under the Bio-Ecological Zone - 9c It has been designated as Lalmai-Tipperah Hills According to Bangladesh agro ecological zoning (FAO 1988) this site is under Region 22 designated as Northern and Eastern Piedmont Plains These areas are supposed to be subjected to more of flash floods The texture of the soil in general is supposed to be sandy loam to silty clay and more acidic than the adjoining
ecological zones
According to the Bio-Ecological Zone of Bangladesh published by IUCN this area has been designated as Zone 9c under the name Lalmai-Tipperah Hills The expected floral and faunal composition in this zone is expected to be as
under
Flora Trees Sal (Shorea robusta) Sonalu (Cassia fistula) Kanthal (Artocarpus heterophyllus)Taal (Borassus flabellifer) Shrubs and herbs Bhant (Clerodendrum viscosum) Assam Lata (Mikania scandens) Shothi (Curcuma zeodaria) Motkila
(Glycosmis arboreal
FaunaMammals Indian porcupine (Hystrix indica) Rufous-tailed hare (Lepus nigricollis) Indian false vampire (Megaderma
lyra) Indian pygmy pipistrelle (Pipistrellus mimus) BirdsWhite-rumped Shama (Copsychus malabaricus) Lesser necklaced laughing thrush (Garrulax moniliger) Reptiles Cantors kukri snake (Oygodon cyclurus) Common wolf snake (Lycodon aulicus) Indian eyed turtle (Morenia
petersi)middot _ Amphibians Bull frog (Hopobatrachus tigerinus) Cricket frog (Limnonectes limnocharis)
4 I
5 Existing Ecosystem
T~e site that we ~isited may be treated as on ecosystem The growing stock of degraded sal is t e top canop~ ~I~ce a couple years back the FD has started to under plant cane in between the sa~The adJomlng comm~~ity often collects the liters of dry sal leaves Virtually there was no un ergrowt~ when we VISited the site in the month of March During monsoon eriods however these sites get some undergrowth ofvarious mixed species p
Among the he~baceous taxa Ageratum conyzoides Axonopus compressus Borrerria his ida Chrysopogon aCiculatus Desmodium heterophylum and Leucas lavandulifolia are more com~on ~h~bs ~~monIY obse~ved mcl~des Clerodendrum viscosum Eupatorium odoratum Flacourti In I~a 0 arrhena antldysentenca Ixora acuminata Melastoma melabatrhicum Microcos panJc~ata Psychotna calocarpa Randia dumetorum and Zizyphus rugosa Som I b seen In the forest t f h h e c 1m ers are ou 0 w IC Hemldesmus in dicus Ichnocarpus frutescens and Smilax
~~cr~carp~ a~~ ver~ common Plantation of Kajubadam (Anacardium occidantalis) Akasmoni theaf~~e~t~ncu I ormls) and Mangium (Acacia mangium) has done successfully in some part of
Th~ fo~est i~ well protected fro~ illegal felling and encroachment The plantations of Acacia aur~culIforlsal~d A manglUm raise as participatory plantation by Forest Department are being mhamtalme we Now the FD is also raising plantations of Rattan (Calumus guruba) underneath t e sa
6 Flora
~~ forest is ~f ~e~id~ous type dominated by only Sal (Shorea robusta) The forest is less diverse 40 caTnopy elg to the forest ranges from 15-20 m and canopy coverage is apprOXimately
0 70 rees are mainly result of regeneration of coppice from old trees and therefore most of the trees are not straight but deformed The mode of regeneration is not good and most of the saplings are suffering from dieback In the past there were other tree species mixed with Sal The undergrowth of the forest is very poor Only few shrubs and herbs are found and they have
-
Effect ofrepeated burning on Shorea seedling
been suffering from drought and low fertility of the soil Rajashpur Sal forest with an area of ca 587 ha is the largest chunk of natural Sal forest in Com ilia
The important tree species of Rajeshpur forest are Shorea robusta Acacia auriculiformis A mangium and Anacardium occidentalis Fruit yielding plants such as Ananas comosus Artocarpus heterophyffus Garcinia cowa Mangifera indica and Syzygium cumini have been encountered in adjoining localities Some species of plants that are used by the locals for medicine viz Eupatorium odoratum Hemidesmus indicus Holarrhena antidysenterica and Mikania scandensl have been encountered during our survey A total of 84 species were recorded from this forest and its surroundings of which 30 species are either introduced or plated A list of the species that we have found during this survey on March 92004 is given in Table 1
7 Fauna
A total of 6 (2955) amphibians 40 (19704) reptiles 128 (63054) birds and 29 (140285) mammals have been recorded in Rajeshpur
Hoplobatrachus tigerinus has included in appendix II of CITES Schedule Several species of forest and hill snakes are existing in Rajeshpur because of its close location to the Indian Tripura (alotes versicolor Varanus bengalensis Gekko gecko Mabuya carinata are widely distributed in that area (oluber mucosus and Naja naja are included in the appendix II of CITES Schedule whilst Varanus bengalensis and Varanus ffavescens in appendix I Under the family Bataguridae 3 species of turtle such as Black Pond Turtle (Geocfamys hamiltonii) Median Roofed Turtle (Kachuga tentoria) and Indian Black Turtle (Melanochelys trijuga) are locally endangered species Globally vulnerable Indian Eyed Turtle (Morenia peters) and Median Roofed Turtle (Kachuga tentoria) have been recorded
Presence of 10 species of doves and pigeons were very important Orthotomus sutorius Bradypterus luteoventris Hippolais caigat and Phylfoscopus affinis were observed in the bushy area 35 (27343) species of birds are migratory and 93 (72657) are resident Of the total 128 species of birds 8 species representing the order Piciformes 1 for Upupiformes 5 for Coraciiformes 13 for Cucuiformes 2 Psittaciformes 1 for Apodiformes 7 for Strigiformes 8 for Cuculiformes 1 for Apodiformes 6 for Strigiformes 10 for Columbiformes 1 Gruiformes 23 Cicoriiiformes and 65 species for Passeriformes 1 species of Leporidae (Hystrix indica) and 1 of Hystricid (Lepus nigricoffis) have been recorded there and both of this species are treated as globally endangered
Under primates of the class MammaliaMacaca assamensis and Macaca mulatta are the globally vulnerable and lower risk animal respectively Mus booduga Mus musculus and Rattus rattus are widely distributed
The list of Amphibians Reptiles Birds and Mammals found at the site are given Table 234 and 5 respectively
6 I
8NTFPs
The major gro~h over the area is degraded Sal Recently cane has been planted underneath These are growing well In near future the cane is expected to be a good NTFP for the area in questIon
9 Economic values
Though the direct value of the tree growth is not that high but its intangible values are enormous especially as a site of outing to the city dwellers of Comilla In the district of Comilla this is an important and most conspicuous site for recreation It is attracting more and
Sal forest patch at Rajeshpurmore people every day It has a hIgh value In the context of environment as well
10 Existing Management of the Ecosystem
At present the main thrust is protection Some under planting of cane has been under taken No harvest IS done now A small patch near the beat office has a plantation of Cashue Nut These are sold In auction for collecting the nuts
11 Human Interventions
This sie has a growth of degraded Sallri the past it had good vegetative cover whkh included the thl~k under growth That habitat used to harbor a number of wild lives in abundance These have dIsappeared with time due to pouching and loss of habitat At present under the serious shortage of fuel wood in and around the area the local people around this forest very often come in~o this small patch of forest and collect fuel wood They often cut down the branches and at tIme even trees ColI~ction of leaves that fall on the ground by sweeping is a regular f~ature Thus the forest floor IS completely devoid of any litter Human pressure is definitely very hIgh
12 Existing trends
The prevailing trend in the area is two fold The local people come in to collect leaves branches and tIme even tre~s despIte the watching and guarding by the FD officials in force The city dwellers from ComIlia come here for rest recreation and sight seeing
7 I
13 Land Use Pattern This forest has a large number of small fragmented pieces of agricultural land These agricultural lands are intermingled with the fragmented forest patchesThere village nearby
Thus this area has all the common land-use practices such as agriculture forestry pond fisheries orchards housing etc that are commonly noticed in Bangladesh
14Community Livelihood The adjoining communities are mostly agricultural Along wit~ the farming acti~ities some of the people run petty businesses They have horticultural plants In and around their
rIWamp~~~
Peoples collecting follen leaves from the forest floor a common scenario at the sal forests
homesteads Some have small ponds which they use for growing fish in a very small scale Recently as the visitors have started to visit the site these community are gradually getting
involved in selling small local cottage products as well
15Threats to Ecosystem The most serious threat to the given ecosystem is the human interference in form of the collection of fuel wood including the leaves Almost every year these are fire hazards in this forest patch Some time the local community intentionally lit the fire in the hope to have a
better growth of grassy vegetation
8 I
16 Potentials of Ecosystem
This given patch of forest is small and cannot be managed for harvesting forest produces such as wood etc But because of its vicinity to the urban area this has a very high potential of serving as recreation site The major management goal should be to develop the site in such a manner so that it attracts wild lives especially the birds This site possesses high potential to attract birds of various species The prospect of eco-tourism is quite high
17 Recommendations
This site should be taken up for eco-tourism and necessary facilities required for the purpose may be inculcated The local people should be involved in the whole process so that they get a feeling of ownership to this forest and they can understand that conservation of these sites will bring in benefits to them on a sustainable basis Government should take up programs to develop this forest as an eco-tourism site
Co-management under a participatory concept coupled with the enforcement of law should be the target so that the eco-tourism can flourish in this site
Table 1 List of plant species recorded from Rajeshpur Sal Forest Comilla
SI No Species Family Habit Occurrence
l Acacia auriculiformis Mimosaceae Tree Planted
2 Amangium Mimosaceae Tree Planted
3 Adhatoda vasica Acanthaceae Shrub Cultivated
4 Ageratum conyzoides Asteraceae Herb Common
5 Albizia lebbeck Mimosaceae Tree Planted
6 Aprocera Mimosaceae Tree Planted
7 Alstonia scholaria Apocynaceae Thee Common
8 Ammania baccifera Lythraceae Herb Not very common
9 Anacardium occidentale Anacardiaceae Tree Planted
10 Ananas comosus Bromeliaceae Herb Cultivated
11 Aporosa dioica Euphorbiaceae Tree Not very common
12 Aquilaria agallocha Thymeliaceae Tree Planted
13 Artocarpus heterophyllus Moraceae Tree Planted
14 Averrhoa carambola Averrhoaceae Tree Planted
15 Axonopus compress us Poaceae Herb Common
16 Bombax ceiba Bombacaceae Tree Planted Table continued
--l 9
51 No Species Family Habit OccurrenceHabit OccurrenceFamilySINo Species 52 Leucas lavandulifolia Lamiaceae Herb Common
Poaceae Grass Planted 17 Bambusa baJcooa 53 Mangifera indica Anacardiaceae Tree Planted
Grass Planted 18 Bambusa polymorpha Poaceae 54 Melastoma malabathricum Melastomaceae Shrub Very common
Grass Planted 55 Merremia umbellata Convolvulaceae Climber CommonBambusa tulda Poaceae
Pal mae Tree Common 56 Microcos paniculata Tiliaceae Tree Very common 19
20 Borassus flabellifer Herb Common 57 Mikania scandens Asteraceae Herb Very common Rubiaceae21 Borreria hispida
58 Mimosa pudica Mimosaceae Herb CommonShrub CommonCaesalpinaceae22 Caesalpinia crista 59 Morinda angustifolia Rubiaceae S hrub Not very common
Climber PlantedPalmae23 Calamus guruba 60 Nelsonia canescens Acanthaceae Herb Common Tree Not very common Lecythidaceae24 Careya arborea 61 Oxalis corniculata Oxalidaceae Herb Common Tree Planted
Chikrassia tabularis Meliaceae 62 Phoenix sylvestris Palmae Tree Planted Herb Very common
25 Poaceae 63 Phyllanthus embelica Euphorbiaceae Tree Planted26 Chrysopogon aciculatus
Shrub Common 64 Psidium guajava Myrtaceae Tree PlantedVerbenaceaeClerodendrum viscosum 27 65 Psychotria calocarpa Rubiaceae Shrub CommonHerb CommonCommelinaceae28 Commelina benghalensis 66 Pteris vittata Pteridaceae Fern CommonClimber Planted
29 Daemonorops jenkinsiana Arecaceae 67 Randia dumetorum Rubiaceae Shrub Common
Tree CommonFabaceaeDalbergia stipulacea 30 68 Rumex maritimus Polyonaceae Herb Not common Climber Not very ommon Dilleniaceae3l Delima sarmentosa 69 Rungia pectinata Acanthaceae Herb Common Tree Planted
32 Delonix regia Caesalpinialteae 70 Samanea saman Mimosaceae Tree Planted
Fabaceae Herb Common 71 Scoparia dulcis Scrophulariaceae Herb Common33 Desmodium heterophyllum Herb Common 72 Shorea robusta Dipterocarpaceae Tree DominantPoaceae34 Digittaria sanguinalis
73 Smilax macrophylla Smilacaceae Climber CommonClimber CommonDioscoreaceae35 Dioscorea pentaphylla 74 Swietenia mahagoni Meliaceae Tree PlantedTree PlantedDipterocarpaceae36 Dipterocarpus turbinatus 75 Syzygium cumini Myrtaceae Tree Planted
Polipodiaceae Epiphyte Common 37 Drynaia quercifolia 76 Syzygium fruticosum Myrtaceae Tree Common
Tree Not very common Fabaceae38 Erythrina variegata 77 Tabebuia rosea Bignoniaceae Tree Planted Tree Planted
39 Eucalyptus camaldulensis Myrtaceae 78 Tabernaemontana divaricata Apocynaceae Shrub Common
Asteraceae Shrub Very common 79 Tamarindus indicus Caesalpinaceae Tree Planted40 Eupatorium odoratum Tree Planted 80 Terminalia belerica Combretaceae Tree PlantedMoraceae41 Ficus lachooka
81 T chebula Combretaceae Tree PlantedShrub CommonFlacourtiaceae42 Flacourtia indica 82 Urena lobata Malvaceae Herb Common
Guttiferae Tree Common 43 Garcinia cowa 83 Viscum orientalis Loranthaceae Parasite Common
Guttiferae Tree Rare 44 G lancaefolia 84 Zizyphus rugosa Rhamnaceae Shrub Common
Herb CommonAsteraceae45 Grangea madaraspatana
Asclepiadaceae Climber Common 46 Hemidesmus indicus
Shrub CommonApocynaceae
Tree Planted 47 Holarrhena antidysenterica
Dipterocarpaceae 48 Hopea odorata
49 Jchnocarpus frutescens Apocynaceae Climber Common
Shrub Very common Rubiaceae Shrub Very common
50 Ixora acuminata Rubiaceae
Shrub Common 50 Ixora acuminata
Rubiaceae51 Ixora parviflora Table continued
10 I
l ~
Tabl
e 2
Am
ph
ibia
ns
of R
ajes
hp
ur
stu
dy
area
SL
Ord
er
Fam
ily
Sci
entif
ic N
ame
Eng
lish
Nam
e Lo
cal N
ame
~
N~
~ ~
III
-C
C
~
IV
~
2 ~
-5 a
I 0
CJ
0 V
IzC
gt
zC
gt
VI
u u~
w
I _
uIII
_ II
I u
I
u
1
An
ura
B
ufo
nid
ae
B
ufo
mel
anos
tictu
s C
om
mo
n T
oad
Ku
no
Ban
g N
O
2
Mic
roh
ylid
ae
M
icro
hyla
orn
ata
Orn
ate
Mic
roh
ylid
C
heen
a B
ang
VU
3
Ran
idae
E
uphl
yict
is c
yano
phly
ctis
S
kip
pe
r F
rog
Ko
tko
ti B
ang
NO
4
Hop
loba
trac
hus
tiger
inus
B
ull F
rog
Kol
a B
ang
NO
II
5
Lim
none
ctes
lim
noch
aris
C
rick
et
Fro
g Jh
i-jh
i Ban
g N
O
6
Rh
aco
ph
ori
da
P
olyp
edat
es m
acul
atus
M
acu
late
d T
ree
Fro
g G
echo
Ban
g N
O
Tabl
e 3
Rep
tiles
of R
ajes
hpur
stu
dy a
rea
SL
Ord
er
Fam
ily
Sci
entif
ic N
ame
Eng
lish
Nam
e Lo
cal N
ame
~
No
~
~
II
I -
Cc
II
I IV
C
gt--g
gt-1i
~
0 Ci
0
VI
Z
Cgt
Z
Cgt
VI
u
u
w
I _
uIII
I
uIII_
u
1
Tes
tudi
nes
Bat
agur
idae
G
eocJ
amys
ham
ilton
ii B
lack
po
nd
tu
rtle
K
alo
Kas
im
EN
LR
2
Kac
huga
tect
a In
dian
Roo
fed
Tur
tle
Kor
i K
aitta
N
O
3
Kac
huga
tent
oria
M
edia
n R
oofe
d T
urtle
M
ajha
ri K
aitta
EN
VU
4
Mel
anoc
hely
s tr
ijuga
In
dian
Bla
ckT
urtle
K
asim
EN
LR
5
Mor
enia
pet
ers
Indi
an E
yed
Tur
tle
Hal
dey
Kai
tta
VU
VU
6
Lace
rtili
a T
estu
dini
dae
Man
ouria
em
ys
Asi
an G
iant
Tor
tise
Pah
ari K
sim
CR
7
Gek
koni
dae
Gek
ko g
ecko
W
all L
izar
d T
okkh
ak
VU
8
Hem
idac
tylu
s br
ooki
i H
ouse
Liz
ard
Tik
tiki
NO
Tab
le c
on
tinu
ed
SL
Ord
er
Fam
ily
Sci
entif
ic N
ame
Eng
lish
Nam
e Lo
cal N
ame
cN
o
III
IV
IV
C
III
5
iii
CC
c
IV
c
gt-c
III
2 ~
u a
I 0
CJ
0 V
I Z
Cgt
Z
Cgt
V
I w
u
u
_ u
I II
I
I_ u III
9
U
H
emid
acty
lus
fkav
iviri
dis
Co
mm
on
Hou
se L
izar
d 10
T
iktik
iA
gam
idae
N
OC
alot
es v
ersi
colo
r C
om
mo
n G
arde
n Li
zard
11
R
okto
-cho
sha
Sci
ncid
ae
NO
Mab
uya
carin
ata
Com
mon
Ski
nk
12
Var
anid
ae
Var
anus
ben
gale
nsis
B
enga
l Mo
nit
or
Anj
on
NO
13
G
ui S
hap
VU
Vara
nus
fJav
esce
ns
Yel
low
Mo
nit
or
14
Sho
na G
ui
Ser
pent
es
Typ
hlop
idae
EN
Ram
phot
yphl
ops
bram
inus
C
omm
on W
orm
Sna
ke15
D
um
ukh
a S
hap
NO
Typh
lops
por
rect
us S
lend
er
Wor
m S
nake
16
Du
mu
kha
Sha
p D
DC
olub
rida
e A
haet
ulJa
nas
utus
C
omm
on V
ine
Sna
ke17
La
odog
a S
hap
VU
Aha
etul
Ja p
rasi
na
Sho
rt-n
osed
Vin
e S
nake
18
Laod
oga
Sha
p D
DA
mph
iesm
a st
olat
a S
trip
ped
Kee
lbac
k 19
D
ora
Sha
p N
OA
ltret
ium
sch
isto
sum
O
live
Kee
lbac
k 20
M
aitt
a S
hap
NO
Chy
sope
lea
orna
te
Orn
ate
Fly
ing
Sna
ke21
K
alna
gini
EN
Col
uber
muc
osus
R
at S
nake
22
Dar
ajD
endr
elap
his
pict
us
VU
II
Pai
nted
Bro
nzeb
ack
Tree
Sna
ke23
G
echo
Sha
p VU
Den
drel
aphi
s tri
stis
C
om
mo
n B
ronz
ebac
k Tr
ee S
nake
24
Bet
Anc
hora
VU
Ela
phe
hele
na
Com
mon
Tri
nket
Sna
ke25
D
udhr
aj
ENE
laph
e ra
diat
a C
oppe
r H
ead
Tri
nket
Sna
ke
26
Dud
hraj
EN
Enh
ydris
enh
ydris
C
om
mo
n S
moo
th W
ater
Sna
ke27
P
aina
Sha
p N
OLy
eodo
n au
licus
C
om
mo
n W
olf
Sna
ke28
G
harg
inni
Sha
p V
UO
ligod
on a
lboc
inct
us
Whi
te-b
arre
d K
ukri
Sna
ke
29
DD
Olig
odon
arn
ensi
s C
omm
on K
ukri
Sna
ke
30
DD
Olig
odon
cin
ereu
s B
lack
-bar
red
Kuk
ri S
nake
31
DD
Olig
odon
theo
bald
i M
anda
lay
Kuk
ri S
nake
32
D
DPa
reas
mon
tical
u A
ssam
Sna
il E
ater
33
S
ham
uk-K
hor
DD
Psa
mm
odyn
aste
s pu
lver
ulen
tus
Mo
ckV
ipe
r34
P
ahar
i Sha
p D
DX
enoc
hrop
his
pisc
ator
C
heck
ered
Kee
lbac
k 35
D
hora
Sha
pE
lapi
dae
NO
Bun
garu
s ca
erul
eus
Com
mon
Kra
it 36
K
al K
eote
y EN
Bun
garu
s fa
scia
tus
Ban
ded
Kra
it 37
S
hank
ini S
hap
ENN
aja
kaou
thia
M
on
oce
llate
Cob
ra
38
Gok
hra
Sha
p VU
Naj
anaj
a B
inoc
ella
te C
obra
39
K
hoia
Gok
hra
ENV
iper
idae
1
1Tr
imer
esur
us a
lbol
abris
B
ambo
o P
it V
iper
40
J~
Vip
era
russ
ellii
Rus
sells
Vip
er
DD
C
hand
robo
ra
CR
Tabl
e 3
Bird
s o
f Raj
eshp
ur s
tudy
are
a l~
SL
Ord
er
Fam
ily
Sci
entif
ic N
ame
Eng
lish
Nam
e Lo
cal N
ame
~
III
III
No
C
5
C
iU
c-
g
III
C
gt-
0gt
-~
v -- C
-
II
I a
lO
1)
0
V
C
zg
zO
l
V
middotiii
wu
u~ ~
)
)
cIII
_u
_
u
U
1
Pic
iform
es
Pic
idae
C
eeu
s br
ochy
urus
R
ufou
s W
oodp
ecke
r La
lche
y K
atht
hokr
a R
N
O
2
Den
droc
opos
mac
ei
Fulv
ous-
bres
ted
Woo
dpec
ker
Pakr
a K
atht
hokr
a R
N
O
3
Den
droc
opo
sm
ahre
ttens
is
Yel
low
-fron
ted
Pie
d W
oodp
ecke
r Pa
kra
Kat
htho
kra
R
DO
4
ly
nx to
rqui
lla
Eur
asia
n W
ryne
ck
Met
ho K
atht
hokr
a M
5
D
inop
ium
java
nens
e C
omm
on F
lam
ebac
k R
N
O
6
Din
opiu
m b
engh
aen
se
Bla
ck-r
umpe
d Fl
ameb
ack
Kat
hokr
a R
N
O
7
Meg
alai
mid
ae
Meg
aai
ma
haem
acep
hala
C
oppe
rsm
ith B
arbe
t C
hoto
Bas
anta
Bau
ri R
N
O
8
Meg
aai
ma
inea
te
Line
ated
Bar
bet
Gur
khod
Beg
hbou
R
N
O
9
Upu
pifo
rmes
U
pupi
dae
Upu
pa e
pops
C
omm
on H
oopo
e H
udhu
d5
0lai
man
Pak
hi
R
NO
10
Cor
aciif
orm
es
Cor
aciid
ae
Cor
acia
s be
ngha
ens
is
Indi
an R
olle
r N
ilkan
tha
R
NO
11
Alc
edin
idae
A
lced
o at
this
C
omm
on K
ingf
ishe
r C
hoto
Maa
chra
nga
R
NO
12
H
alcy
on s
myr
nens
is
Whi
teth
roat
ed K
ingf
ishe
r M
aach
rang
a R
N
O
13
Meg
acer
ye
ugu
bris
P
ied
Kin
gfis
her
R
DO
14
M
erop
idae
M
erop
s or
ient
alis
G
reen
Bee
eate
r S
uich
ora
Ban
spat
i R
N
O
15
Cuc
ulifo
rmes
C
ucul
idae
C
acom
antis
mer
ulin
us
Plai
ntiv
e cu
ckoo
C
hata
kiS
orgo
m
R
NO
16
Cuc
uus
sat
urat
us
Orie
ntal
Cuc
koo
M
17
Cen
trip
odid
ae
Cen
tropu
s si
nens
is
Gre
ater
Cou
cal
Kan
akua
Cou
cal
R
NO
18
Ca
mat
or ja
cobi
nus
Pie
d C
ucko
o P
apiy
a R
N
O
19
Cuc
uus
mic
ropt
erus
lndi
an
Cuc
koo
Bou
-Kat
ha-K
ao P
akhi
R
N
O
20
Eud
ynam
ys sc
pa
cea
Asi
an C
ucko
o K
okil
Ku
kil
R
NO
2l
H
iero
cocc
yx v
ariu
s C
omm
on H
awk
Cuc
koo
Cho
khg
elo
Pakh
i R
N
O
22
Phae
nico
phae
us tr
istis
G
reen
-bill
ed M
alko
ha
Sab
uj K
okil
R
NO
23
Apo
difo
rmes
A
podi
dae
Cyp
siur
us b
aa
siens
is
Asi
an P
alm
Sw
ift
Nak
kati
R
NO
24
Stri
gifo
rmes
T
yton
idae
Ty
toa
ba
Bar
n O
wl
Laxm
i Pen
cha
R
NO
Tab
le c
ontin
ued
SL
Ord
er
Fam
ily
Sci
entif
ic N
ame
Eng
lish
Nam
e Lo
cal N
ame
~
No
II
I II
I
C
5
C
0
1 ]
III
~
cgt
shy~
vC
0
gt-
V
III
alO
i3
0
C
zOl
zO
l
V
middotiii
Wu~ u~
~II
I
)
)
c
_
u
_u
U
25
Stri
gida
e A
then
e br
oma
Spo
tted
Ow
let
Khu
rule
y Pe
ncha
R
N
O
26
Bub
o be
nga
ensi
s R
ock
Eag
le O
wl
Hut
um P
ench
a R
N
O
27
Ket
upa
zey
onen
sis
Bro
wn
Fish
Ow
l B
hutu
m P
ench
a R
VU
28
N
inox
scu
tua
ta
Bro
wn
Haw
k O
wl
Kup
okh
R
NO
29
Cap
rimul
gida
e C
aprim
ugu
s m
acru
rus
Larg
e-ta
iled
Nig
ht ja
r R
atch
ara
R
NO
30
Col
umbi
form
es C
olum
bida
e C
olum
ba i
via
Roc
k P
igeo
n J
alal
i Kab
utor
R
N
O
31
Duc
ua
aene
a G
reen
Im
peria
l Pig
eon
Dhu
mko
l R
D
O32
S
trept
ope
ia c
hin
ensis
S
potte
d D
ove
Tila
Ghu
ghu
R
NO
33
Stre
ptop
eia
dec
aoct
a E
uras
ian
Col
lare
d D
ove
Raj G
hugh
uD
hoba
l R
N
O
Ghu
ghu
34
Stre
ptop
eia
tran
queb
aric
a R
ed C
olla
red
Dov
e La
l Ghu
ghu
Jon
gla
R
NO
G
hugh
u35
Tr
eron
api
caud
a Pi
n-ta
iled
Gre
en P
igeo
n H
oria
lH
orik
ol
R
CR36
T
rero
n bi
cinc
ta
Ora
nge-
brea
sted
Gre
en P
igeo
n H
oria
lH
orik
ol
R
NO
37
Trer
on p
hoen
icop
tera
Y
ello
w-f
oote
d G
reen
Pig
eon
Hor
iallB
otko
l R
N
O38
Tr
eron
pom
pado
ra
Pom
pado
ur G
reen
Pig
eon
Cho
to H
oria
l R
N
O
39
Stre
ptop
elia
orie
ntal
is
Orie
ntal
Tur
tle D
ove
Ghu
ghu
M39
S
trept
ope
ia o
rient
ais
O
rient
al T
urtle
Dov
e G
hugh
u M
40
Gru
iform
es
Ral
lidae
A
mau
rorn
is p
hoen
icur
us
Whi
te-b
reas
ted
Wat
erhe
n D
ahuk
R
N
O
41
Cic
oniif
orm
es
Jaca
nida
e B
ronz
e-w
ing
ed Jlt
can
a R
o
42
Cha
radr
iidae
R
ed-I
middotta tt1~
Lap
(
o lt
=
43
Acc
ipltr
idae
44
~
-r
-$
-
_
~__~
-
bull _
45
~2--
--
c
46
~-~
~
Ju
l~
cSL
O
rder
Fa
mily
S
cien
tific
Nam
e E
nglis
h N
ame
Loca
l Nam
e II
I el
lel
lN
o
1l
3
III
i6
1l
c
ell
cc
gt
c ~~
II
I
el
l co
0
J
0 V
I
1l
Z
o-
Zo
-V
I w
v
v
el
l J
ill
cc
-v
2a
u
47
Milv
us m
igra
ns
Bla
ck K
ite
Bhu
bon
Chi
l R
N
O
48
Circ
us c
yane
us
Hen
Har
rier
M
49
Pan
dion
ha
iaet
us
Osp
rey
Mec
ho B
aaj
M
50
Falc
onid
ae
Falc
o ch
icqu
era
Red
-nec
ked
Falc
on
Tur
mut
i R
D
D
LR
51
Falc
o tin
nunc
ulus
C
omm
on K
estre
l M
52
P
hala
croc
orac
idae
P
hala
croc
orax
nig
er
Littl
e C
orm
oran
t P
aan-
kow
ri R
N
O
53
Ard
eida
e A
rdeo
la g
rayi
i Ind
ian
Pon
d H
eron
K
ani B
okK
ana
Bok
R
N
O
54
Bub
ulcu
s ib
is
Cat
tle E
gret
G
o-bo
k R
N
O
55
But
orid
es s
triat
us
Littl
e E
gret
C
hoto
Bok
R
N
O
56
Dup
etor
fav
icol
is
Bla
ck B
itter
n K
alo
Bok
R
D
D
57
Ixob
rych
us m
inut
us
Littl
e B
itter
n K
hude
y B
ok
R
DD
58
Ixob
rych
us s
inen
sis
Yel
low
Bitt
ern
Hol
dey
Bok
R
N
O
59
Mes
opho
yx in
term
edia
In
term
edia
te E
gret
M
aijla
Bok
R
N
O
60
Nyc
ticor
ax n
ictic
orax
B
lack
-cro
wne
d N
ight
Her
on
Waa
klN
ishi
Bok
R
N
O
61
Sco
lopa
cida
e A
ctiti
s hy
pole
ucos
C
omm
on S
andp
iper
M
62
Gal
inag
o ga
lina
go
Fant
ail S
nipe
K
ada-
khoc
ha
M
63
Gal
linag
o st
enur
a P
inta
il S
nipe
K
ada-
khoc
ha
M
64
P
asse
rifor
mes
Lan
iidae
La
nius
sch
ach
Long
-tai
led
Shr
ike
Bag
haT
iki
R
NO
65
Lani
us c
rista
tus
Bro
wn
Shr
ike
Bad
ami K
osha
i Pak
hi
M
66
Lani
us te
phro
notu
s G
reyb
acke
d S
hrik
e K
osha
i Pak
hi
M
67
Cor
vida
e C
orvu
s m
acro
rhyn
chos
Ju
ngle
Cro
w
Dan
r Ka
k R
N
O
68
Cor
vus
sple
nden
s H
ouse
Cro
w
Pat
i Kak
lKau
a R
N
O
69
Den
droc
itta
vaga
bund
a R
ufus
Tre
epie
H
anric
hach
aK
utum
R
N
O
70
Aeg
ithin
a tip
hia
Com
mon
lora
T
owfik
Fat
ikja
l R
N
O
71
Orio
lus
xant
hom
us
Bla
ck-h
eade
d O
riole
H
olde
y P
akhi
R
N
O
72
Dic
ruru
s ae
neus
B
ronz
ed D
rong
o C
hoto
Fin
gey
R
NO
Tab
le c
on
tin
ue
d
SL
Ord
er
Fam
ily
Sci
entif
ic N
ame
Eng
lish
Nam
e Lo
cal N
ame
c
III
No
el
l el
l 1
l
3
II
I i6
1
lc
el
l c
--c~ ~~
C
II
I 0
ell
J
0 V
IC
Ooshy
1l
Z
o-
VI
Zel
l w
v
v
J
III
J II
Icc
el
l -v
-v
U
73
Dic
urur
s m
acro
cerc
us
Bla
ck D
rong
o F
inge
y R
N
O
74
Arta
mus
fusc
us
Ash
y W
oods
wal
low
La
tora
R
N
O
75
Cor
acin
a m
acei
La
rge
Cuc
koos
hrik
e G
udhu
ka
R
NO
76
P
eric
roco
tus
cinn
amom
eus
Sm
all M
iniv
et
S~t
Sai
li R
N
O
77
Teph
rodo
rnis
pon
dice
rianu
s C
omm
on W
oods
hrik
e R
N
O
78
Rhi
pidu
ra a
lbic
olis
W
hite
-thr
oate
d Fa
ntai
l Le
jnac
hani
R
N
O
79
Mus
cica
pida
e C
opsy
chus
sau
laris
O
rient
al M
agpi
e R
obin
D
oelD
oina
chan
i R
N
O
80
Cul
icic
apa
ceyl
onen
sis
Gre
y-he
aded
Can
ary
Fly
catc
her
Fut
futi
R
NO
81
S
axic
olac
apra
ta
Pie
d B
usnc
hat
R
NO
82
C
haim
arro
rnis
leuc
ocep
halu
s W
hite
-cap
ped
Wat
er R
edst
art
M
83
Cyo
rnis
tick
ellia
e T
icke
lls B
lue
Fly
catc
her
M
84
Eum
yias
thal
assi
fa
Ver
dite
r F
lyca
tche
r M
85
Fi
cedu
la p
arva
R
ed-t
hroa
ted
Fly
catc
her
Lalb
ook
Cho
tok
M
86
Lusc
inia
cal
iope
S
iber
ian
Rub
yThr
oat
M
87
Lusc
inia
sve
cica
B
luet
hroa
t M
88
M
ontic
ola
solit
ariu
s B
lock
Roc
k Th
rush
M
89
S
axic
ola
torq
uata
C
omm
on S
tone
chat
M
90
Tu
rdus
uni
colo
r T
icke
lls T
hrus
h M
91
Zo
othe
ra c
itrin
e O
rang
e-he
aded
Thr
ush
M
92
Stu
rnid
ae
Acr
idot
here
s ci
nere
us
Whi
te-v
ente
d M
yna
R
DD
93
A
crid
othe
res
fusc
us
Jung
le M
yna
Jhut
i Sha
lik
R
NO
94
A
crid
othe
res
trist
is
Com
mon
Myn
a B
hat S
halik
R
N
O
95
Stu
rnus
con
tra
Asi
an P
ied
Sta~
ling
G
obre
y S
halik
Gu
Shal
ik
R
~O
96
Stu
rnus
mal
abar
icus
C
hest
nut-
taile
d S
tarli
ng
Kat
h S
halik
R
97
Hiru
ndin
idae
H
irund
o da
uric
a R
ed-r
umpe
d S
wal
low
A
babi
l 98
H
irund
o ru
stic
a B
arn
Sw
allo
w
Aba
bil
99
Par
idae
Pa
rus
maj
or
Gre
atT
it
J~
- z=
~ -
--
~_
--la
SL
Ord
er
Fam
ily
Sci
entif
ic N
ame
Eng
lish
Nam
e Lo
cal N
ame
r
II
No
CI
I CI
I t
l
3
tl
C
c
CII
0
gt-
r
cgt
shyC
- CII
iO -
V
I v a
l 0
cI
0 t
l Z
Cl
ZC
l V
I ii
i v~ v~
UJ
IshyCI
I
a
-v
-v
U
100
P
ycno
notu
s ar
ticep
s B
lack
-hea
ded
Bul
bul
Kal
o B
ulbu
l R
N
O
101
P
ycno
notid
ae
Pyc
nono
tus
cafe
r R
ed-v
ente
d B
ulbu
B
ulbu
li R
N
O
102
P
ycno
notu
sjoc
osus
R
ed-w
hisk
ered
Bul
bul
Sip
ahi B
ulbu
li R
N
O
103
Z
oste
ropi
dae
Zost
erop
s pa
lpeb
rosu
s O
rient
al W
hite
-eye
S
het-
ankh
i R
N
O
104
S
ylvi
idae
A
lcip
pe p
Oio
icep
hala
B
row
n-ch
eeke
d Fu
lvet
ta
R
NO
lO
S
Dum
etia
hyp
eryt
hra
Taw
ny-b
ellie
d B
abbl
er
R
DD
10
6
Mal
acoc
incl
a ab
botti
A
bbot
s B
abbl
er
R
NO
10
7
Meg
auru
s pa
lust
ris
Stri
ated
Gra
ssbi
rd
R
DD
10
8
Ort
hoto
mus
sut
oriu
s C
omm
on T
ailo
rbird
T
untu
nilT
uni
R
NO
10
9
Turd
oide
s ca
udat
us
Com
mon
Bab
bler
R
D
D
110
Tu
rdoi
des
earle
i S
triat
ed B
abbl
er
R
NO
11
1
Acr
ocep
halu
s du
met
orum
B
lyth
s R
eed
War
bler
M
11
2
Bra
dypt
erus
lute
oven
tris
Bro
wn
Bush
War
bler
M
lB
H
ippo
lais
cal
igat
a B
oote
d W
arbl
er
M
114
P
hyllo
scop
us a
ffini
s T
icke
lls L
eaf W
arbl
er
M
115
A
laud
idae
A
laud
a gu
lgul
a O
rient
al S
kyla
rk
Bha
rat P
akhi
R
N
O
116
M
irafr
a as
sam
ica
Rufo
us-w
inge
d B
ushl
ark
Bha
rat P
akhi
R
N
O
117
N
ecta
riniid
ae
Nec
tarin
ia a
siat
ica
Pur
ple
Sun
bird
N
iltu
nilM
adhu
ch u
sh ki
R
N
O
118
N
ecta
rinia
zey
loni
ca
Pur
ple-
rum
ped
Sun
bird
M
outu
shi
R
NO
11
9
Dic
aeum
ery
thro
rhyn
chos
P
ale-
bille
d F
low
erpe
cker
F
uljh
uri
R
NO
12
0
Pass
erid
ae
Lonc
hura
mal
abar
ica
Indi
an S
ilver
bill
R
NO
12
1
Lonc
hura
pun
ctul
ata
Sca
ly-b
reas
ted
Mun
ia
Tila
Mun
ia
R
NO
12
2
Pass
er d
omes
ticus
H
ouse
Spa
rrow
C
haru
i R
N
O
123
P
oce
us p
hilip
pinu
s B
ayaW
eave
r B
abui
Bao
i R
N
O
124
M
otac
illa
mad
eras
pate
nsis
W
hite
-bro
wed
Wag
tail
Pakr
a K
honj
an
R
NO
12
5
Ant
hus
hodg
soni
i O
live-
back
ed P
ipit
M
126
A
nthu
s ru
fulu
s P
addy
field
Pip
it M
12
7
Mot
acill
a al
ba
Whi
te W
agta
il M
12
8
Mot
acill
a ci
nere
a G
rey
Wag
tail
Kho
njan
M
Tab
le 4
Mam
mal
s o
f Raj
eshp
ur s
tud
y ar
ea
SL
Ord
er
Fam
ily
Sci
entif
ic N
ame
Eng
lish
Nam
e Lo
cal N
ame
r
No
I
I CI
I CI
I t
l 3
t
liO
C
CII
cgt
-r
~~
v a
lO
cI
0 V
I Z
Cl
zg
V
I U
Jv~
V
Ishy
-v
-v
U
1
Inse
ctiv
ora
Sor
icid
ae
Sun
cus
mur
inus
G
rey
Mus
k S
hrew
C
hika
N
O
2
Chi
ropt
era
Pte
ropo
dida
e P
tero
pus
giga
nteu
s Fl
ying
Fox
B
adur
N
O
3
Rou
settu
sle
sche
naul
ti Fu
lvou
s F
ruit
Bat
Ko
la B
adur
D
D
4
Meg
ader
mat
idae
M
egad
erm
a ly
ra
False
Vam
pier
D
aini
Bad
ur
NO
5
V
espe
rtili
onid
ae
Ept
esic
us p
achy
otis
Th
ick-
eare
d B
at
DD
6
H
espe
ropt
enus
tick
elli
Tic
kells
Bat
D
D
7
Pip
istre
llus
coro
man
dra
Indi
an P
ipis
trelle
N
O
8
Pip
istre
llus
mim
us
Indi
an P
igm
y P
ipis
trelle
N
O
9
Prim
ates
C
erco
pith
ecid
ae
Mac
aca
assa
men
sis
Ass
ames
e M
acaq
ue
Ash
ami B
anor
D
D
VU
10
Mac
aca
mul
atta
R
hesu
s M
acaq
ue
Ban
or
VU
LR
1l
C
arni
vora
C
anid
ae
Can
is a
ureu
s Ja
ckal
Pa
ti S
hial
VU
12
Vu
lpes
ben
gale
nsis
B
enga
l Fox
K
hek
Shi
al
VU
DD
13
Fe
lidae
Fe
lis c
haus
Ju
ngle
Cat
Ba
n B
iral
EN
II 14
P
riona
iluru
s vi
verr
inus
Fi
shin
g C
at
Mec
ho B
iral
EN
LR
II 15
H
erpe
stid
ae
Her
pest
es a
urop
unct
atus
S
mal
l Ind
ian
Mon
goos
e B
enji
NO
16
H
erpe
stes
edw
ards
i C
omm
on M
ongo
ose
Bara
Ben
ji VU
17
M
uste
lidae
Lu
tra lu
tra
C
omm
on O
tter
Ud
CR
18
Viv
errid
ae
Par
adox
urus
her
map
hrod
itvs
Com
mon
Pal
m a
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ndhc
Gltl
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tal
i= ~2
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20 I
Refere
Brandis D 1906lndian Trees Periodical Experts Book agency Delhi 767 pp
FAO 1988 Land Resources Approsal of Bangladesh for Agricultural Development Agroecolo(( I Regions ofBangladesh BGD81035 Technical Report 2570 pp
Heining RL 1925 Lists ofplants ofChittagong Collectorate and Hill Tracts Darjeeling India 84 pp
Nishat A Huq SMlmamul Barua Suvashis P Reza Ali AHM Khan Moniruzzaman A5 (eds)
2002 Bio-ecological Zones ofBangladeshIUCN Bangladesh Country Office 141 pp
Prain D 1903 Bengal plants Vol 1 amp2 Calcutta
1 I
- cover amp back
- Untitled
-
Step 1 Collection of secondary information
Available information the maps and relevant information about the selected study sites were collected as far as possible
Step 2 Collection of primary information
Floral diversity
We visited the ecosystem During these visits the flora found in the ecosystem were observed and noted This technique is chosen after consideration of feasibility of working in the natural forest economy and availability of time as described by Ray (1993) Their relative abundances were estimated while walking through the given ecosystem The heights of the top canopy were noted The forest management and related forestry aspects were noted Trees were identified and any specialized character or peculiarities of the vegetation were noted For proper identification of the species specimens have been collected and these materials are pressed so that herbarium sheets may be prepared and the species are properly identified later The soil water regime aspects GPS and related things were observed and noted The trees were identified following Heining (1925) Brandis (1906) and Prain (1903) Taxonomic literatures were consulted for correct nomenclature of the taxa
Faunal diversity
Data collection was based on the direct animal observation in the field However where the animal is not immediately available or it was difficult to locate or trace observations were made on foot print trailing tracks burrows nest animal holes carves on the tree trunks or fruits made by the animals etc For obtaining a better idea of the existing nocturnal faunal population with respect to species and abundance some observations were taken during early parts of the night Some observations were taken during the early hours of the morning and during the sunset times (evening hours) especially to note the bird species and their abundance Some affords were made to see the snakes if any Flying birds were also taken into account Besides local people were interviewed to ascertain the existence and to assess the states the animals In addition other techniques like photo flashing spot lighting sound tracking etc were used where necessary Uses of binoculars were made when necessary Animals were identified up to species level Standard field books field manuals notebooks were used for the identification process The species which were not possible to identify in the field brought with proper labeling for its subsequent identification
Ecosystem in general
Detailed discussions were held with the local forest staff officials neighboring community and experienced persons for obtaining information about the ecosystem especially to identify the threats and potentials With the help and assistance of the local forest staff and officials a few of the local old well conversant and knowledgeable personnel living in and around the ecosystem were invited for discussion
2 I
Collection of secondary information
Collection of primary information
Literature review
Field visit
Discussion
bullbullbullbullbullbullbull bullbullbullbullbullbullbull
Background
Maps
History
Bio-zone findings
Physiography and climate
Human interventions
Potentialities
Floral diversity
Faunal diversity
Ecosystem status
Threats
Economic value
Human intervention
Potentialities
Data analysis
Ecosystem survey activities outline
3 Physiography and climate
The topography of the site is raised flat land th r adjoining lands are paddy fields wherein m t~1 ved s ~gh undulations here and there The site in general is roughly above ~O teet f degtSh y ram e nce IS grown by puddling the soil The
rom e mean sea level
3 I
The soil of the site that we visited is reddish in color since it has some iron ores The soil is very hard when dry and become very soft and sticky when wet We have estimated from the vegetation over there that this soil is more acidic then that we normally encounter in our agricultural fields Since the locals remove most of the liters from forest floor for use as fuel the soil has tremendous shortage of humusThe soil fertility looks to be very low
The area in general has a few small canals but none has the perennial stream flow This speaks of the poor water regime that this area in general experiences The site under the forest being small in size do not have any impact on the water regime but there is microclimatic impact of the tree cover at the site The temperature inside the forest is lower than its surrounding More over since the stocking is poor and since the major cover is composed of deciduous species its contribution towards the water regime is of no notable significance
The climate is tropical in general The average rainfall ranges between 2030 and 2290 mm and the temperature is maximum 33degC and minimum 10degC The nearest weather station is at Comilla According to the Statistical Year Book 1999 at this station (Comilla) the average annual rainfall is 2079 mm the maximum monthly average temperature is 33degC in July and the minimum monthly average temperature is 117degC in January The humidity is highest in July (90) and lowest in February (77)The rainfall however is not well distributed through out the
year
4 Biozone According to Nishat et al (2002) this area is under the Bio-Ecological Zone - 9c It has been designated as Lalmai-Tipperah Hills According to Bangladesh agro ecological zoning (FAO 1988) this site is under Region 22 designated as Northern and Eastern Piedmont Plains These areas are supposed to be subjected to more of flash floods The texture of the soil in general is supposed to be sandy loam to silty clay and more acidic than the adjoining
ecological zones
According to the Bio-Ecological Zone of Bangladesh published by IUCN this area has been designated as Zone 9c under the name Lalmai-Tipperah Hills The expected floral and faunal composition in this zone is expected to be as
under
Flora Trees Sal (Shorea robusta) Sonalu (Cassia fistula) Kanthal (Artocarpus heterophyllus)Taal (Borassus flabellifer) Shrubs and herbs Bhant (Clerodendrum viscosum) Assam Lata (Mikania scandens) Shothi (Curcuma zeodaria) Motkila
(Glycosmis arboreal
FaunaMammals Indian porcupine (Hystrix indica) Rufous-tailed hare (Lepus nigricollis) Indian false vampire (Megaderma
lyra) Indian pygmy pipistrelle (Pipistrellus mimus) BirdsWhite-rumped Shama (Copsychus malabaricus) Lesser necklaced laughing thrush (Garrulax moniliger) Reptiles Cantors kukri snake (Oygodon cyclurus) Common wolf snake (Lycodon aulicus) Indian eyed turtle (Morenia
petersi)middot _ Amphibians Bull frog (Hopobatrachus tigerinus) Cricket frog (Limnonectes limnocharis)
4 I
5 Existing Ecosystem
T~e site that we ~isited may be treated as on ecosystem The growing stock of degraded sal is t e top canop~ ~I~ce a couple years back the FD has started to under plant cane in between the sa~The adJomlng comm~~ity often collects the liters of dry sal leaves Virtually there was no un ergrowt~ when we VISited the site in the month of March During monsoon eriods however these sites get some undergrowth ofvarious mixed species p
Among the he~baceous taxa Ageratum conyzoides Axonopus compressus Borrerria his ida Chrysopogon aCiculatus Desmodium heterophylum and Leucas lavandulifolia are more com~on ~h~bs ~~monIY obse~ved mcl~des Clerodendrum viscosum Eupatorium odoratum Flacourti In I~a 0 arrhena antldysentenca Ixora acuminata Melastoma melabatrhicum Microcos panJc~ata Psychotna calocarpa Randia dumetorum and Zizyphus rugosa Som I b seen In the forest t f h h e c 1m ers are ou 0 w IC Hemldesmus in dicus Ichnocarpus frutescens and Smilax
~~cr~carp~ a~~ ver~ common Plantation of Kajubadam (Anacardium occidantalis) Akasmoni theaf~~e~t~ncu I ormls) and Mangium (Acacia mangium) has done successfully in some part of
Th~ fo~est i~ well protected fro~ illegal felling and encroachment The plantations of Acacia aur~culIforlsal~d A manglUm raise as participatory plantation by Forest Department are being mhamtalme we Now the FD is also raising plantations of Rattan (Calumus guruba) underneath t e sa
6 Flora
~~ forest is ~f ~e~id~ous type dominated by only Sal (Shorea robusta) The forest is less diverse 40 caTnopy elg to the forest ranges from 15-20 m and canopy coverage is apprOXimately
0 70 rees are mainly result of regeneration of coppice from old trees and therefore most of the trees are not straight but deformed The mode of regeneration is not good and most of the saplings are suffering from dieback In the past there were other tree species mixed with Sal The undergrowth of the forest is very poor Only few shrubs and herbs are found and they have
-
Effect ofrepeated burning on Shorea seedling
been suffering from drought and low fertility of the soil Rajashpur Sal forest with an area of ca 587 ha is the largest chunk of natural Sal forest in Com ilia
The important tree species of Rajeshpur forest are Shorea robusta Acacia auriculiformis A mangium and Anacardium occidentalis Fruit yielding plants such as Ananas comosus Artocarpus heterophyffus Garcinia cowa Mangifera indica and Syzygium cumini have been encountered in adjoining localities Some species of plants that are used by the locals for medicine viz Eupatorium odoratum Hemidesmus indicus Holarrhena antidysenterica and Mikania scandensl have been encountered during our survey A total of 84 species were recorded from this forest and its surroundings of which 30 species are either introduced or plated A list of the species that we have found during this survey on March 92004 is given in Table 1
7 Fauna
A total of 6 (2955) amphibians 40 (19704) reptiles 128 (63054) birds and 29 (140285) mammals have been recorded in Rajeshpur
Hoplobatrachus tigerinus has included in appendix II of CITES Schedule Several species of forest and hill snakes are existing in Rajeshpur because of its close location to the Indian Tripura (alotes versicolor Varanus bengalensis Gekko gecko Mabuya carinata are widely distributed in that area (oluber mucosus and Naja naja are included in the appendix II of CITES Schedule whilst Varanus bengalensis and Varanus ffavescens in appendix I Under the family Bataguridae 3 species of turtle such as Black Pond Turtle (Geocfamys hamiltonii) Median Roofed Turtle (Kachuga tentoria) and Indian Black Turtle (Melanochelys trijuga) are locally endangered species Globally vulnerable Indian Eyed Turtle (Morenia peters) and Median Roofed Turtle (Kachuga tentoria) have been recorded
Presence of 10 species of doves and pigeons were very important Orthotomus sutorius Bradypterus luteoventris Hippolais caigat and Phylfoscopus affinis were observed in the bushy area 35 (27343) species of birds are migratory and 93 (72657) are resident Of the total 128 species of birds 8 species representing the order Piciformes 1 for Upupiformes 5 for Coraciiformes 13 for Cucuiformes 2 Psittaciformes 1 for Apodiformes 7 for Strigiformes 8 for Cuculiformes 1 for Apodiformes 6 for Strigiformes 10 for Columbiformes 1 Gruiformes 23 Cicoriiiformes and 65 species for Passeriformes 1 species of Leporidae (Hystrix indica) and 1 of Hystricid (Lepus nigricoffis) have been recorded there and both of this species are treated as globally endangered
Under primates of the class MammaliaMacaca assamensis and Macaca mulatta are the globally vulnerable and lower risk animal respectively Mus booduga Mus musculus and Rattus rattus are widely distributed
The list of Amphibians Reptiles Birds and Mammals found at the site are given Table 234 and 5 respectively
6 I
8NTFPs
The major gro~h over the area is degraded Sal Recently cane has been planted underneath These are growing well In near future the cane is expected to be a good NTFP for the area in questIon
9 Economic values
Though the direct value of the tree growth is not that high but its intangible values are enormous especially as a site of outing to the city dwellers of Comilla In the district of Comilla this is an important and most conspicuous site for recreation It is attracting more and
Sal forest patch at Rajeshpurmore people every day It has a hIgh value In the context of environment as well
10 Existing Management of the Ecosystem
At present the main thrust is protection Some under planting of cane has been under taken No harvest IS done now A small patch near the beat office has a plantation of Cashue Nut These are sold In auction for collecting the nuts
11 Human Interventions
This sie has a growth of degraded Sallri the past it had good vegetative cover whkh included the thl~k under growth That habitat used to harbor a number of wild lives in abundance These have dIsappeared with time due to pouching and loss of habitat At present under the serious shortage of fuel wood in and around the area the local people around this forest very often come in~o this small patch of forest and collect fuel wood They often cut down the branches and at tIme even trees ColI~ction of leaves that fall on the ground by sweeping is a regular f~ature Thus the forest floor IS completely devoid of any litter Human pressure is definitely very hIgh
12 Existing trends
The prevailing trend in the area is two fold The local people come in to collect leaves branches and tIme even tre~s despIte the watching and guarding by the FD officials in force The city dwellers from ComIlia come here for rest recreation and sight seeing
7 I
13 Land Use Pattern This forest has a large number of small fragmented pieces of agricultural land These agricultural lands are intermingled with the fragmented forest patchesThere village nearby
Thus this area has all the common land-use practices such as agriculture forestry pond fisheries orchards housing etc that are commonly noticed in Bangladesh
14Community Livelihood The adjoining communities are mostly agricultural Along wit~ the farming acti~ities some of the people run petty businesses They have horticultural plants In and around their
rIWamp~~~
Peoples collecting follen leaves from the forest floor a common scenario at the sal forests
homesteads Some have small ponds which they use for growing fish in a very small scale Recently as the visitors have started to visit the site these community are gradually getting
involved in selling small local cottage products as well
15Threats to Ecosystem The most serious threat to the given ecosystem is the human interference in form of the collection of fuel wood including the leaves Almost every year these are fire hazards in this forest patch Some time the local community intentionally lit the fire in the hope to have a
better growth of grassy vegetation
8 I
16 Potentials of Ecosystem
This given patch of forest is small and cannot be managed for harvesting forest produces such as wood etc But because of its vicinity to the urban area this has a very high potential of serving as recreation site The major management goal should be to develop the site in such a manner so that it attracts wild lives especially the birds This site possesses high potential to attract birds of various species The prospect of eco-tourism is quite high
17 Recommendations
This site should be taken up for eco-tourism and necessary facilities required for the purpose may be inculcated The local people should be involved in the whole process so that they get a feeling of ownership to this forest and they can understand that conservation of these sites will bring in benefits to them on a sustainable basis Government should take up programs to develop this forest as an eco-tourism site
Co-management under a participatory concept coupled with the enforcement of law should be the target so that the eco-tourism can flourish in this site
Table 1 List of plant species recorded from Rajeshpur Sal Forest Comilla
SI No Species Family Habit Occurrence
l Acacia auriculiformis Mimosaceae Tree Planted
2 Amangium Mimosaceae Tree Planted
3 Adhatoda vasica Acanthaceae Shrub Cultivated
4 Ageratum conyzoides Asteraceae Herb Common
5 Albizia lebbeck Mimosaceae Tree Planted
6 Aprocera Mimosaceae Tree Planted
7 Alstonia scholaria Apocynaceae Thee Common
8 Ammania baccifera Lythraceae Herb Not very common
9 Anacardium occidentale Anacardiaceae Tree Planted
10 Ananas comosus Bromeliaceae Herb Cultivated
11 Aporosa dioica Euphorbiaceae Tree Not very common
12 Aquilaria agallocha Thymeliaceae Tree Planted
13 Artocarpus heterophyllus Moraceae Tree Planted
14 Averrhoa carambola Averrhoaceae Tree Planted
15 Axonopus compress us Poaceae Herb Common
16 Bombax ceiba Bombacaceae Tree Planted Table continued
--l 9
51 No Species Family Habit OccurrenceHabit OccurrenceFamilySINo Species 52 Leucas lavandulifolia Lamiaceae Herb Common
Poaceae Grass Planted 17 Bambusa baJcooa 53 Mangifera indica Anacardiaceae Tree Planted
Grass Planted 18 Bambusa polymorpha Poaceae 54 Melastoma malabathricum Melastomaceae Shrub Very common
Grass Planted 55 Merremia umbellata Convolvulaceae Climber CommonBambusa tulda Poaceae
Pal mae Tree Common 56 Microcos paniculata Tiliaceae Tree Very common 19
20 Borassus flabellifer Herb Common 57 Mikania scandens Asteraceae Herb Very common Rubiaceae21 Borreria hispida
58 Mimosa pudica Mimosaceae Herb CommonShrub CommonCaesalpinaceae22 Caesalpinia crista 59 Morinda angustifolia Rubiaceae S hrub Not very common
Climber PlantedPalmae23 Calamus guruba 60 Nelsonia canescens Acanthaceae Herb Common Tree Not very common Lecythidaceae24 Careya arborea 61 Oxalis corniculata Oxalidaceae Herb Common Tree Planted
Chikrassia tabularis Meliaceae 62 Phoenix sylvestris Palmae Tree Planted Herb Very common
25 Poaceae 63 Phyllanthus embelica Euphorbiaceae Tree Planted26 Chrysopogon aciculatus
Shrub Common 64 Psidium guajava Myrtaceae Tree PlantedVerbenaceaeClerodendrum viscosum 27 65 Psychotria calocarpa Rubiaceae Shrub CommonHerb CommonCommelinaceae28 Commelina benghalensis 66 Pteris vittata Pteridaceae Fern CommonClimber Planted
29 Daemonorops jenkinsiana Arecaceae 67 Randia dumetorum Rubiaceae Shrub Common
Tree CommonFabaceaeDalbergia stipulacea 30 68 Rumex maritimus Polyonaceae Herb Not common Climber Not very ommon Dilleniaceae3l Delima sarmentosa 69 Rungia pectinata Acanthaceae Herb Common Tree Planted
32 Delonix regia Caesalpinialteae 70 Samanea saman Mimosaceae Tree Planted
Fabaceae Herb Common 71 Scoparia dulcis Scrophulariaceae Herb Common33 Desmodium heterophyllum Herb Common 72 Shorea robusta Dipterocarpaceae Tree DominantPoaceae34 Digittaria sanguinalis
73 Smilax macrophylla Smilacaceae Climber CommonClimber CommonDioscoreaceae35 Dioscorea pentaphylla 74 Swietenia mahagoni Meliaceae Tree PlantedTree PlantedDipterocarpaceae36 Dipterocarpus turbinatus 75 Syzygium cumini Myrtaceae Tree Planted
Polipodiaceae Epiphyte Common 37 Drynaia quercifolia 76 Syzygium fruticosum Myrtaceae Tree Common
Tree Not very common Fabaceae38 Erythrina variegata 77 Tabebuia rosea Bignoniaceae Tree Planted Tree Planted
39 Eucalyptus camaldulensis Myrtaceae 78 Tabernaemontana divaricata Apocynaceae Shrub Common
Asteraceae Shrub Very common 79 Tamarindus indicus Caesalpinaceae Tree Planted40 Eupatorium odoratum Tree Planted 80 Terminalia belerica Combretaceae Tree PlantedMoraceae41 Ficus lachooka
81 T chebula Combretaceae Tree PlantedShrub CommonFlacourtiaceae42 Flacourtia indica 82 Urena lobata Malvaceae Herb Common
Guttiferae Tree Common 43 Garcinia cowa 83 Viscum orientalis Loranthaceae Parasite Common
Guttiferae Tree Rare 44 G lancaefolia 84 Zizyphus rugosa Rhamnaceae Shrub Common
Herb CommonAsteraceae45 Grangea madaraspatana
Asclepiadaceae Climber Common 46 Hemidesmus indicus
Shrub CommonApocynaceae
Tree Planted 47 Holarrhena antidysenterica
Dipterocarpaceae 48 Hopea odorata
49 Jchnocarpus frutescens Apocynaceae Climber Common
Shrub Very common Rubiaceae Shrub Very common
50 Ixora acuminata Rubiaceae
Shrub Common 50 Ixora acuminata
Rubiaceae51 Ixora parviflora Table continued
10 I
l ~
Tabl
e 2
Am
ph
ibia
ns
of R
ajes
hp
ur
stu
dy
area
SL
Ord
er
Fam
ily
Sci
entif
ic N
ame
Eng
lish
Nam
e Lo
cal N
ame
~
N~
~ ~
III
-C
C
~
IV
~
2 ~
-5 a
I 0
CJ
0 V
IzC
gt
zC
gt
VI
u u~
w
I _
uIII
_ II
I u
I
u
1
An
ura
B
ufo
nid
ae
B
ufo
mel
anos
tictu
s C
om
mo
n T
oad
Ku
no
Ban
g N
O
2
Mic
roh
ylid
ae
M
icro
hyla
orn
ata
Orn
ate
Mic
roh
ylid
C
heen
a B
ang
VU
3
Ran
idae
E
uphl
yict
is c
yano
phly
ctis
S
kip
pe
r F
rog
Ko
tko
ti B
ang
NO
4
Hop
loba
trac
hus
tiger
inus
B
ull F
rog
Kol
a B
ang
NO
II
5
Lim
none
ctes
lim
noch
aris
C
rick
et
Fro
g Jh
i-jh
i Ban
g N
O
6
Rh
aco
ph
ori
da
P
olyp
edat
es m
acul
atus
M
acu
late
d T
ree
Fro
g G
echo
Ban
g N
O
Tabl
e 3
Rep
tiles
of R
ajes
hpur
stu
dy a
rea
SL
Ord
er
Fam
ily
Sci
entif
ic N
ame
Eng
lish
Nam
e Lo
cal N
ame
~
No
~
~
II
I -
Cc
II
I IV
C
gt--g
gt-1i
~
0 Ci
0
VI
Z
Cgt
Z
Cgt
VI
u
u
w
I _
uIII
I
uIII_
u
1
Tes
tudi
nes
Bat
agur
idae
G
eocJ
amys
ham
ilton
ii B
lack
po
nd
tu
rtle
K
alo
Kas
im
EN
LR
2
Kac
huga
tect
a In
dian
Roo
fed
Tur
tle
Kor
i K
aitta
N
O
3
Kac
huga
tent
oria
M
edia
n R
oofe
d T
urtle
M
ajha
ri K
aitta
EN
VU
4
Mel
anoc
hely
s tr
ijuga
In
dian
Bla
ckT
urtle
K
asim
EN
LR
5
Mor
enia
pet
ers
Indi
an E
yed
Tur
tle
Hal
dey
Kai
tta
VU
VU
6
Lace
rtili
a T
estu
dini
dae
Man
ouria
em
ys
Asi
an G
iant
Tor
tise
Pah
ari K
sim
CR
7
Gek
koni
dae
Gek
ko g
ecko
W
all L
izar
d T
okkh
ak
VU
8
Hem
idac
tylu
s br
ooki
i H
ouse
Liz
ard
Tik
tiki
NO
Tab
le c
on
tinu
ed
SL
Ord
er
Fam
ily
Sci
entif
ic N
ame
Eng
lish
Nam
e Lo
cal N
ame
cN
o
III
IV
IV
C
III
5
iii
CC
c
IV
c
gt-c
III
2 ~
u a
I 0
CJ
0 V
I Z
Cgt
Z
Cgt
V
I w
u
u
_ u
I II
I
I_ u III
9
U
H
emid
acty
lus
fkav
iviri
dis
Co
mm
on
Hou
se L
izar
d 10
T
iktik
iA
gam
idae
N
OC
alot
es v
ersi
colo
r C
om
mo
n G
arde
n Li
zard
11
R
okto
-cho
sha
Sci
ncid
ae
NO
Mab
uya
carin
ata
Com
mon
Ski
nk
12
Var
anid
ae
Var
anus
ben
gale
nsis
B
enga
l Mo
nit
or
Anj
on
NO
13
G
ui S
hap
VU
Vara
nus
fJav
esce
ns
Yel
low
Mo
nit
or
14
Sho
na G
ui
Ser
pent
es
Typ
hlop
idae
EN
Ram
phot
yphl
ops
bram
inus
C
omm
on W
orm
Sna
ke15
D
um
ukh
a S
hap
NO
Typh
lops
por
rect
us S
lend
er
Wor
m S
nake
16
Du
mu
kha
Sha
p D
DC
olub
rida
e A
haet
ulJa
nas
utus
C
omm
on V
ine
Sna
ke17
La
odog
a S
hap
VU
Aha
etul
Ja p
rasi
na
Sho
rt-n
osed
Vin
e S
nake
18
Laod
oga
Sha
p D
DA
mph
iesm
a st
olat
a S
trip
ped
Kee
lbac
k 19
D
ora
Sha
p N
OA
ltret
ium
sch
isto
sum
O
live
Kee
lbac
k 20
M
aitt
a S
hap
NO
Chy
sope
lea
orna
te
Orn
ate
Fly
ing
Sna
ke21
K
alna
gini
EN
Col
uber
muc
osus
R
at S
nake
22
Dar
ajD
endr
elap
his
pict
us
VU
II
Pai
nted
Bro
nzeb
ack
Tree
Sna
ke23
G
echo
Sha
p VU
Den
drel
aphi
s tri
stis
C
om
mo
n B
ronz
ebac
k Tr
ee S
nake
24
Bet
Anc
hora
VU
Ela
phe
hele
na
Com
mon
Tri
nket
Sna
ke25
D
udhr
aj
ENE
laph
e ra
diat
a C
oppe
r H
ead
Tri
nket
Sna
ke
26
Dud
hraj
EN
Enh
ydris
enh
ydris
C
om
mo
n S
moo
th W
ater
Sna
ke27
P
aina
Sha
p N
OLy
eodo
n au
licus
C
om
mo
n W
olf
Sna
ke28
G
harg
inni
Sha
p V
UO
ligod
on a
lboc
inct
us
Whi
te-b
arre
d K
ukri
Sna
ke
29
DD
Olig
odon
arn
ensi
s C
omm
on K
ukri
Sna
ke
30
DD
Olig
odon
cin
ereu
s B
lack
-bar
red
Kuk
ri S
nake
31
DD
Olig
odon
theo
bald
i M
anda
lay
Kuk
ri S
nake
32
D
DPa
reas
mon
tical
u A
ssam
Sna
il E
ater
33
S
ham
uk-K
hor
DD
Psa
mm
odyn
aste
s pu
lver
ulen
tus
Mo
ckV
ipe
r34
P
ahar
i Sha
p D
DX
enoc
hrop
his
pisc
ator
C
heck
ered
Kee
lbac
k 35
D
hora
Sha
pE
lapi
dae
NO
Bun
garu
s ca
erul
eus
Com
mon
Kra
it 36
K
al K
eote
y EN
Bun
garu
s fa
scia
tus
Ban
ded
Kra
it 37
S
hank
ini S
hap
ENN
aja
kaou
thia
M
on
oce
llate
Cob
ra
38
Gok
hra
Sha
p VU
Naj
anaj
a B
inoc
ella
te C
obra
39
K
hoia
Gok
hra
ENV
iper
idae
1
1Tr
imer
esur
us a
lbol
abris
B
ambo
o P
it V
iper
40
J~
Vip
era
russ
ellii
Rus
sells
Vip
er
DD
C
hand
robo
ra
CR
Tabl
e 3
Bird
s o
f Raj
eshp
ur s
tudy
are
a l~
SL
Ord
er
Fam
ily
Sci
entif
ic N
ame
Eng
lish
Nam
e Lo
cal N
ame
~
III
III
No
C
5
C
iU
c-
g
III
C
gt-
0gt
-~
v -- C
-
II
I a
lO
1)
0
V
C
zg
zO
l
V
middotiii
wu
u~ ~
)
)
cIII
_u
_
u
U
1
Pic
iform
es
Pic
idae
C
eeu
s br
ochy
urus
R
ufou
s W
oodp
ecke
r La
lche
y K
atht
hokr
a R
N
O
2
Den
droc
opos
mac
ei
Fulv
ous-
bres
ted
Woo
dpec
ker
Pakr
a K
atht
hokr
a R
N
O
3
Den
droc
opo
sm
ahre
ttens
is
Yel
low
-fron
ted
Pie
d W
oodp
ecke
r Pa
kra
Kat
htho
kra
R
DO
4
ly
nx to
rqui
lla
Eur
asia
n W
ryne
ck
Met
ho K
atht
hokr
a M
5
D
inop
ium
java
nens
e C
omm
on F
lam
ebac
k R
N
O
6
Din
opiu
m b
engh
aen
se
Bla
ck-r
umpe
d Fl
ameb
ack
Kat
hokr
a R
N
O
7
Meg
alai
mid
ae
Meg
aai
ma
haem
acep
hala
C
oppe
rsm
ith B
arbe
t C
hoto
Bas
anta
Bau
ri R
N
O
8
Meg
aai
ma
inea
te
Line
ated
Bar
bet
Gur
khod
Beg
hbou
R
N
O
9
Upu
pifo
rmes
U
pupi
dae
Upu
pa e
pops
C
omm
on H
oopo
e H
udhu
d5
0lai
man
Pak
hi
R
NO
10
Cor
aciif
orm
es
Cor
aciid
ae
Cor
acia
s be
ngha
ens
is
Indi
an R
olle
r N
ilkan
tha
R
NO
11
Alc
edin
idae
A
lced
o at
this
C
omm
on K
ingf
ishe
r C
hoto
Maa
chra
nga
R
NO
12
H
alcy
on s
myr
nens
is
Whi
teth
roat
ed K
ingf
ishe
r M
aach
rang
a R
N
O
13
Meg
acer
ye
ugu
bris
P
ied
Kin
gfis
her
R
DO
14
M
erop
idae
M
erop
s or
ient
alis
G
reen
Bee
eate
r S
uich
ora
Ban
spat
i R
N
O
15
Cuc
ulifo
rmes
C
ucul
idae
C
acom
antis
mer
ulin
us
Plai
ntiv
e cu
ckoo
C
hata
kiS
orgo
m
R
NO
16
Cuc
uus
sat
urat
us
Orie
ntal
Cuc
koo
M
17
Cen
trip
odid
ae
Cen
tropu
s si
nens
is
Gre
ater
Cou
cal
Kan
akua
Cou
cal
R
NO
18
Ca
mat
or ja
cobi
nus
Pie
d C
ucko
o P
apiy
a R
N
O
19
Cuc
uus
mic
ropt
erus
lndi
an
Cuc
koo
Bou
-Kat
ha-K
ao P
akhi
R
N
O
20
Eud
ynam
ys sc
pa
cea
Asi
an C
ucko
o K
okil
Ku
kil
R
NO
2l
H
iero
cocc
yx v
ariu
s C
omm
on H
awk
Cuc
koo
Cho
khg
elo
Pakh
i R
N
O
22
Phae
nico
phae
us tr
istis
G
reen
-bill
ed M
alko
ha
Sab
uj K
okil
R
NO
23
Apo
difo
rmes
A
podi
dae
Cyp
siur
us b
aa
siens
is
Asi
an P
alm
Sw
ift
Nak
kati
R
NO
24
Stri
gifo
rmes
T
yton
idae
Ty
toa
ba
Bar
n O
wl
Laxm
i Pen
cha
R
NO
Tab
le c
ontin
ued
SL
Ord
er
Fam
ily
Sci
entif
ic N
ame
Eng
lish
Nam
e Lo
cal N
ame
~
No
II
I II
I
C
5
C
0
1 ]
III
~
cgt
shy~
vC
0
gt-
V
III
alO
i3
0
C
zOl
zO
l
V
middotiii
Wu~ u~
~II
I
)
)
c
_
u
_u
U
25
Stri
gida
e A
then
e br
oma
Spo
tted
Ow
let
Khu
rule
y Pe
ncha
R
N
O
26
Bub
o be
nga
ensi
s R
ock
Eag
le O
wl
Hut
um P
ench
a R
N
O
27
Ket
upa
zey
onen
sis
Bro
wn
Fish
Ow
l B
hutu
m P
ench
a R
VU
28
N
inox
scu
tua
ta
Bro
wn
Haw
k O
wl
Kup
okh
R
NO
29
Cap
rimul
gida
e C
aprim
ugu
s m
acru
rus
Larg
e-ta
iled
Nig
ht ja
r R
atch
ara
R
NO
30
Col
umbi
form
es C
olum
bida
e C
olum
ba i
via
Roc
k P
igeo
n J
alal
i Kab
utor
R
N
O
31
Duc
ua
aene
a G
reen
Im
peria
l Pig
eon
Dhu
mko
l R
D
O32
S
trept
ope
ia c
hin
ensis
S
potte
d D
ove
Tila
Ghu
ghu
R
NO
33
Stre
ptop
eia
dec
aoct
a E
uras
ian
Col
lare
d D
ove
Raj G
hugh
uD
hoba
l R
N
O
Ghu
ghu
34
Stre
ptop
eia
tran
queb
aric
a R
ed C
olla
red
Dov
e La
l Ghu
ghu
Jon
gla
R
NO
G
hugh
u35
Tr
eron
api
caud
a Pi
n-ta
iled
Gre
en P
igeo
n H
oria
lH
orik
ol
R
CR36
T
rero
n bi
cinc
ta
Ora
nge-
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37
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39
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53
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R
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65
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66
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67
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68
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71
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R
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72
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74
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R
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75
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R
NO
76
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78
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R
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79
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80
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R
NO
81
S
axic
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R
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82
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83
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84
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86
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88
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95
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101
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117
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118
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123
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R
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12
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back
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126
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nthu
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Tab
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mal
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man
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8
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9
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20 I
Refere
Brandis D 1906lndian Trees Periodical Experts Book agency Delhi 767 pp
FAO 1988 Land Resources Approsal of Bangladesh for Agricultural Development Agroecolo(( I Regions ofBangladesh BGD81035 Technical Report 2570 pp
Heining RL 1925 Lists ofplants ofChittagong Collectorate and Hill Tracts Darjeeling India 84 pp
Nishat A Huq SMlmamul Barua Suvashis P Reza Ali AHM Khan Moniruzzaman A5 (eds)
2002 Bio-ecological Zones ofBangladeshIUCN Bangladesh Country Office 141 pp
Prain D 1903 Bengal plants Vol 1 amp2 Calcutta
1 I
- cover amp back
- Untitled
-
The soil of the site that we visited is reddish in color since it has some iron ores The soil is very hard when dry and become very soft and sticky when wet We have estimated from the vegetation over there that this soil is more acidic then that we normally encounter in our agricultural fields Since the locals remove most of the liters from forest floor for use as fuel the soil has tremendous shortage of humusThe soil fertility looks to be very low
The area in general has a few small canals but none has the perennial stream flow This speaks of the poor water regime that this area in general experiences The site under the forest being small in size do not have any impact on the water regime but there is microclimatic impact of the tree cover at the site The temperature inside the forest is lower than its surrounding More over since the stocking is poor and since the major cover is composed of deciduous species its contribution towards the water regime is of no notable significance
The climate is tropical in general The average rainfall ranges between 2030 and 2290 mm and the temperature is maximum 33degC and minimum 10degC The nearest weather station is at Comilla According to the Statistical Year Book 1999 at this station (Comilla) the average annual rainfall is 2079 mm the maximum monthly average temperature is 33degC in July and the minimum monthly average temperature is 117degC in January The humidity is highest in July (90) and lowest in February (77)The rainfall however is not well distributed through out the
year
4 Biozone According to Nishat et al (2002) this area is under the Bio-Ecological Zone - 9c It has been designated as Lalmai-Tipperah Hills According to Bangladesh agro ecological zoning (FAO 1988) this site is under Region 22 designated as Northern and Eastern Piedmont Plains These areas are supposed to be subjected to more of flash floods The texture of the soil in general is supposed to be sandy loam to silty clay and more acidic than the adjoining
ecological zones
According to the Bio-Ecological Zone of Bangladesh published by IUCN this area has been designated as Zone 9c under the name Lalmai-Tipperah Hills The expected floral and faunal composition in this zone is expected to be as
under
Flora Trees Sal (Shorea robusta) Sonalu (Cassia fistula) Kanthal (Artocarpus heterophyllus)Taal (Borassus flabellifer) Shrubs and herbs Bhant (Clerodendrum viscosum) Assam Lata (Mikania scandens) Shothi (Curcuma zeodaria) Motkila
(Glycosmis arboreal
FaunaMammals Indian porcupine (Hystrix indica) Rufous-tailed hare (Lepus nigricollis) Indian false vampire (Megaderma
lyra) Indian pygmy pipistrelle (Pipistrellus mimus) BirdsWhite-rumped Shama (Copsychus malabaricus) Lesser necklaced laughing thrush (Garrulax moniliger) Reptiles Cantors kukri snake (Oygodon cyclurus) Common wolf snake (Lycodon aulicus) Indian eyed turtle (Morenia
petersi)middot _ Amphibians Bull frog (Hopobatrachus tigerinus) Cricket frog (Limnonectes limnocharis)
4 I
5 Existing Ecosystem
T~e site that we ~isited may be treated as on ecosystem The growing stock of degraded sal is t e top canop~ ~I~ce a couple years back the FD has started to under plant cane in between the sa~The adJomlng comm~~ity often collects the liters of dry sal leaves Virtually there was no un ergrowt~ when we VISited the site in the month of March During monsoon eriods however these sites get some undergrowth ofvarious mixed species p
Among the he~baceous taxa Ageratum conyzoides Axonopus compressus Borrerria his ida Chrysopogon aCiculatus Desmodium heterophylum and Leucas lavandulifolia are more com~on ~h~bs ~~monIY obse~ved mcl~des Clerodendrum viscosum Eupatorium odoratum Flacourti In I~a 0 arrhena antldysentenca Ixora acuminata Melastoma melabatrhicum Microcos panJc~ata Psychotna calocarpa Randia dumetorum and Zizyphus rugosa Som I b seen In the forest t f h h e c 1m ers are ou 0 w IC Hemldesmus in dicus Ichnocarpus frutescens and Smilax
~~cr~carp~ a~~ ver~ common Plantation of Kajubadam (Anacardium occidantalis) Akasmoni theaf~~e~t~ncu I ormls) and Mangium (Acacia mangium) has done successfully in some part of
Th~ fo~est i~ well protected fro~ illegal felling and encroachment The plantations of Acacia aur~culIforlsal~d A manglUm raise as participatory plantation by Forest Department are being mhamtalme we Now the FD is also raising plantations of Rattan (Calumus guruba) underneath t e sa
6 Flora
~~ forest is ~f ~e~id~ous type dominated by only Sal (Shorea robusta) The forest is less diverse 40 caTnopy elg to the forest ranges from 15-20 m and canopy coverage is apprOXimately
0 70 rees are mainly result of regeneration of coppice from old trees and therefore most of the trees are not straight but deformed The mode of regeneration is not good and most of the saplings are suffering from dieback In the past there were other tree species mixed with Sal The undergrowth of the forest is very poor Only few shrubs and herbs are found and they have
-
Effect ofrepeated burning on Shorea seedling
been suffering from drought and low fertility of the soil Rajashpur Sal forest with an area of ca 587 ha is the largest chunk of natural Sal forest in Com ilia
The important tree species of Rajeshpur forest are Shorea robusta Acacia auriculiformis A mangium and Anacardium occidentalis Fruit yielding plants such as Ananas comosus Artocarpus heterophyffus Garcinia cowa Mangifera indica and Syzygium cumini have been encountered in adjoining localities Some species of plants that are used by the locals for medicine viz Eupatorium odoratum Hemidesmus indicus Holarrhena antidysenterica and Mikania scandensl have been encountered during our survey A total of 84 species were recorded from this forest and its surroundings of which 30 species are either introduced or plated A list of the species that we have found during this survey on March 92004 is given in Table 1
7 Fauna
A total of 6 (2955) amphibians 40 (19704) reptiles 128 (63054) birds and 29 (140285) mammals have been recorded in Rajeshpur
Hoplobatrachus tigerinus has included in appendix II of CITES Schedule Several species of forest and hill snakes are existing in Rajeshpur because of its close location to the Indian Tripura (alotes versicolor Varanus bengalensis Gekko gecko Mabuya carinata are widely distributed in that area (oluber mucosus and Naja naja are included in the appendix II of CITES Schedule whilst Varanus bengalensis and Varanus ffavescens in appendix I Under the family Bataguridae 3 species of turtle such as Black Pond Turtle (Geocfamys hamiltonii) Median Roofed Turtle (Kachuga tentoria) and Indian Black Turtle (Melanochelys trijuga) are locally endangered species Globally vulnerable Indian Eyed Turtle (Morenia peters) and Median Roofed Turtle (Kachuga tentoria) have been recorded
Presence of 10 species of doves and pigeons were very important Orthotomus sutorius Bradypterus luteoventris Hippolais caigat and Phylfoscopus affinis were observed in the bushy area 35 (27343) species of birds are migratory and 93 (72657) are resident Of the total 128 species of birds 8 species representing the order Piciformes 1 for Upupiformes 5 for Coraciiformes 13 for Cucuiformes 2 Psittaciformes 1 for Apodiformes 7 for Strigiformes 8 for Cuculiformes 1 for Apodiformes 6 for Strigiformes 10 for Columbiformes 1 Gruiformes 23 Cicoriiiformes and 65 species for Passeriformes 1 species of Leporidae (Hystrix indica) and 1 of Hystricid (Lepus nigricoffis) have been recorded there and both of this species are treated as globally endangered
Under primates of the class MammaliaMacaca assamensis and Macaca mulatta are the globally vulnerable and lower risk animal respectively Mus booduga Mus musculus and Rattus rattus are widely distributed
The list of Amphibians Reptiles Birds and Mammals found at the site are given Table 234 and 5 respectively
6 I
8NTFPs
The major gro~h over the area is degraded Sal Recently cane has been planted underneath These are growing well In near future the cane is expected to be a good NTFP for the area in questIon
9 Economic values
Though the direct value of the tree growth is not that high but its intangible values are enormous especially as a site of outing to the city dwellers of Comilla In the district of Comilla this is an important and most conspicuous site for recreation It is attracting more and
Sal forest patch at Rajeshpurmore people every day It has a hIgh value In the context of environment as well
10 Existing Management of the Ecosystem
At present the main thrust is protection Some under planting of cane has been under taken No harvest IS done now A small patch near the beat office has a plantation of Cashue Nut These are sold In auction for collecting the nuts
11 Human Interventions
This sie has a growth of degraded Sallri the past it had good vegetative cover whkh included the thl~k under growth That habitat used to harbor a number of wild lives in abundance These have dIsappeared with time due to pouching and loss of habitat At present under the serious shortage of fuel wood in and around the area the local people around this forest very often come in~o this small patch of forest and collect fuel wood They often cut down the branches and at tIme even trees ColI~ction of leaves that fall on the ground by sweeping is a regular f~ature Thus the forest floor IS completely devoid of any litter Human pressure is definitely very hIgh
12 Existing trends
The prevailing trend in the area is two fold The local people come in to collect leaves branches and tIme even tre~s despIte the watching and guarding by the FD officials in force The city dwellers from ComIlia come here for rest recreation and sight seeing
7 I
13 Land Use Pattern This forest has a large number of small fragmented pieces of agricultural land These agricultural lands are intermingled with the fragmented forest patchesThere village nearby
Thus this area has all the common land-use practices such as agriculture forestry pond fisheries orchards housing etc that are commonly noticed in Bangladesh
14Community Livelihood The adjoining communities are mostly agricultural Along wit~ the farming acti~ities some of the people run petty businesses They have horticultural plants In and around their
rIWamp~~~
Peoples collecting follen leaves from the forest floor a common scenario at the sal forests
homesteads Some have small ponds which they use for growing fish in a very small scale Recently as the visitors have started to visit the site these community are gradually getting
involved in selling small local cottage products as well
15Threats to Ecosystem The most serious threat to the given ecosystem is the human interference in form of the collection of fuel wood including the leaves Almost every year these are fire hazards in this forest patch Some time the local community intentionally lit the fire in the hope to have a
better growth of grassy vegetation
8 I
16 Potentials of Ecosystem
This given patch of forest is small and cannot be managed for harvesting forest produces such as wood etc But because of its vicinity to the urban area this has a very high potential of serving as recreation site The major management goal should be to develop the site in such a manner so that it attracts wild lives especially the birds This site possesses high potential to attract birds of various species The prospect of eco-tourism is quite high
17 Recommendations
This site should be taken up for eco-tourism and necessary facilities required for the purpose may be inculcated The local people should be involved in the whole process so that they get a feeling of ownership to this forest and they can understand that conservation of these sites will bring in benefits to them on a sustainable basis Government should take up programs to develop this forest as an eco-tourism site
Co-management under a participatory concept coupled with the enforcement of law should be the target so that the eco-tourism can flourish in this site
Table 1 List of plant species recorded from Rajeshpur Sal Forest Comilla
SI No Species Family Habit Occurrence
l Acacia auriculiformis Mimosaceae Tree Planted
2 Amangium Mimosaceae Tree Planted
3 Adhatoda vasica Acanthaceae Shrub Cultivated
4 Ageratum conyzoides Asteraceae Herb Common
5 Albizia lebbeck Mimosaceae Tree Planted
6 Aprocera Mimosaceae Tree Planted
7 Alstonia scholaria Apocynaceae Thee Common
8 Ammania baccifera Lythraceae Herb Not very common
9 Anacardium occidentale Anacardiaceae Tree Planted
10 Ananas comosus Bromeliaceae Herb Cultivated
11 Aporosa dioica Euphorbiaceae Tree Not very common
12 Aquilaria agallocha Thymeliaceae Tree Planted
13 Artocarpus heterophyllus Moraceae Tree Planted
14 Averrhoa carambola Averrhoaceae Tree Planted
15 Axonopus compress us Poaceae Herb Common
16 Bombax ceiba Bombacaceae Tree Planted Table continued
--l 9
51 No Species Family Habit OccurrenceHabit OccurrenceFamilySINo Species 52 Leucas lavandulifolia Lamiaceae Herb Common
Poaceae Grass Planted 17 Bambusa baJcooa 53 Mangifera indica Anacardiaceae Tree Planted
Grass Planted 18 Bambusa polymorpha Poaceae 54 Melastoma malabathricum Melastomaceae Shrub Very common
Grass Planted 55 Merremia umbellata Convolvulaceae Climber CommonBambusa tulda Poaceae
Pal mae Tree Common 56 Microcos paniculata Tiliaceae Tree Very common 19
20 Borassus flabellifer Herb Common 57 Mikania scandens Asteraceae Herb Very common Rubiaceae21 Borreria hispida
58 Mimosa pudica Mimosaceae Herb CommonShrub CommonCaesalpinaceae22 Caesalpinia crista 59 Morinda angustifolia Rubiaceae S hrub Not very common
Climber PlantedPalmae23 Calamus guruba 60 Nelsonia canescens Acanthaceae Herb Common Tree Not very common Lecythidaceae24 Careya arborea 61 Oxalis corniculata Oxalidaceae Herb Common Tree Planted
Chikrassia tabularis Meliaceae 62 Phoenix sylvestris Palmae Tree Planted Herb Very common
25 Poaceae 63 Phyllanthus embelica Euphorbiaceae Tree Planted26 Chrysopogon aciculatus
Shrub Common 64 Psidium guajava Myrtaceae Tree PlantedVerbenaceaeClerodendrum viscosum 27 65 Psychotria calocarpa Rubiaceae Shrub CommonHerb CommonCommelinaceae28 Commelina benghalensis 66 Pteris vittata Pteridaceae Fern CommonClimber Planted
29 Daemonorops jenkinsiana Arecaceae 67 Randia dumetorum Rubiaceae Shrub Common
Tree CommonFabaceaeDalbergia stipulacea 30 68 Rumex maritimus Polyonaceae Herb Not common Climber Not very ommon Dilleniaceae3l Delima sarmentosa 69 Rungia pectinata Acanthaceae Herb Common Tree Planted
32 Delonix regia Caesalpinialteae 70 Samanea saman Mimosaceae Tree Planted
Fabaceae Herb Common 71 Scoparia dulcis Scrophulariaceae Herb Common33 Desmodium heterophyllum Herb Common 72 Shorea robusta Dipterocarpaceae Tree DominantPoaceae34 Digittaria sanguinalis
73 Smilax macrophylla Smilacaceae Climber CommonClimber CommonDioscoreaceae35 Dioscorea pentaphylla 74 Swietenia mahagoni Meliaceae Tree PlantedTree PlantedDipterocarpaceae36 Dipterocarpus turbinatus 75 Syzygium cumini Myrtaceae Tree Planted
Polipodiaceae Epiphyte Common 37 Drynaia quercifolia 76 Syzygium fruticosum Myrtaceae Tree Common
Tree Not very common Fabaceae38 Erythrina variegata 77 Tabebuia rosea Bignoniaceae Tree Planted Tree Planted
39 Eucalyptus camaldulensis Myrtaceae 78 Tabernaemontana divaricata Apocynaceae Shrub Common
Asteraceae Shrub Very common 79 Tamarindus indicus Caesalpinaceae Tree Planted40 Eupatorium odoratum Tree Planted 80 Terminalia belerica Combretaceae Tree PlantedMoraceae41 Ficus lachooka
81 T chebula Combretaceae Tree PlantedShrub CommonFlacourtiaceae42 Flacourtia indica 82 Urena lobata Malvaceae Herb Common
Guttiferae Tree Common 43 Garcinia cowa 83 Viscum orientalis Loranthaceae Parasite Common
Guttiferae Tree Rare 44 G lancaefolia 84 Zizyphus rugosa Rhamnaceae Shrub Common
Herb CommonAsteraceae45 Grangea madaraspatana
Asclepiadaceae Climber Common 46 Hemidesmus indicus
Shrub CommonApocynaceae
Tree Planted 47 Holarrhena antidysenterica
Dipterocarpaceae 48 Hopea odorata
49 Jchnocarpus frutescens Apocynaceae Climber Common
Shrub Very common Rubiaceae Shrub Very common
50 Ixora acuminata Rubiaceae
Shrub Common 50 Ixora acuminata
Rubiaceae51 Ixora parviflora Table continued
10 I
l ~
Tabl
e 2
Am
ph
ibia
ns
of R
ajes
hp
ur
stu
dy
area
SL
Ord
er
Fam
ily
Sci
entif
ic N
ame
Eng
lish
Nam
e Lo
cal N
ame
~
N~
~ ~
III
-C
C
~
IV
~
2 ~
-5 a
I 0
CJ
0 V
IzC
gt
zC
gt
VI
u u~
w
I _
uIII
_ II
I u
I
u
1
An
ura
B
ufo
nid
ae
B
ufo
mel
anos
tictu
s C
om
mo
n T
oad
Ku
no
Ban
g N
O
2
Mic
roh
ylid
ae
M
icro
hyla
orn
ata
Orn
ate
Mic
roh
ylid
C
heen
a B
ang
VU
3
Ran
idae
E
uphl
yict
is c
yano
phly
ctis
S
kip
pe
r F
rog
Ko
tko
ti B
ang
NO
4
Hop
loba
trac
hus
tiger
inus
B
ull F
rog
Kol
a B
ang
NO
II
5
Lim
none
ctes
lim
noch
aris
C
rick
et
Fro
g Jh
i-jh
i Ban
g N
O
6
Rh
aco
ph
ori
da
P
olyp
edat
es m
acul
atus
M
acu
late
d T
ree
Fro
g G
echo
Ban
g N
O
Tabl
e 3
Rep
tiles
of R
ajes
hpur
stu
dy a
rea
SL
Ord
er
Fam
ily
Sci
entif
ic N
ame
Eng
lish
Nam
e Lo
cal N
ame
~
No
~
~
II
I -
Cc
II
I IV
C
gt--g
gt-1i
~
0 Ci
0
VI
Z
Cgt
Z
Cgt
VI
u
u
w
I _
uIII
I
uIII_
u
1
Tes
tudi
nes
Bat
agur
idae
G
eocJ
amys
ham
ilton
ii B
lack
po
nd
tu
rtle
K
alo
Kas
im
EN
LR
2
Kac
huga
tect
a In
dian
Roo
fed
Tur
tle
Kor
i K
aitta
N
O
3
Kac
huga
tent
oria
M
edia
n R
oofe
d T
urtle
M
ajha
ri K
aitta
EN
VU
4
Mel
anoc
hely
s tr
ijuga
In
dian
Bla
ckT
urtle
K
asim
EN
LR
5
Mor
enia
pet
ers
Indi
an E
yed
Tur
tle
Hal
dey
Kai
tta
VU
VU
6
Lace
rtili
a T
estu
dini
dae
Man
ouria
em
ys
Asi
an G
iant
Tor
tise
Pah
ari K
sim
CR
7
Gek
koni
dae
Gek
ko g
ecko
W
all L
izar
d T
okkh
ak
VU
8
Hem
idac
tylu
s br
ooki
i H
ouse
Liz
ard
Tik
tiki
NO
Tab
le c
on
tinu
ed
SL
Ord
er
Fam
ily
Sci
entif
ic N
ame
Eng
lish
Nam
e Lo
cal N
ame
cN
o
III
IV
IV
C
III
5
iii
CC
c
IV
c
gt-c
III
2 ~
u a
I 0
CJ
0 V
I Z
Cgt
Z
Cgt
V
I w
u
u
_ u
I II
I
I_ u III
9
U
H
emid
acty
lus
fkav
iviri
dis
Co
mm
on
Hou
se L
izar
d 10
T
iktik
iA
gam
idae
N
OC
alot
es v
ersi
colo
r C
om
mo
n G
arde
n Li
zard
11
R
okto
-cho
sha
Sci
ncid
ae
NO
Mab
uya
carin
ata
Com
mon
Ski
nk
12
Var
anid
ae
Var
anus
ben
gale
nsis
B
enga
l Mo
nit
or
Anj
on
NO
13
G
ui S
hap
VU
Vara
nus
fJav
esce
ns
Yel
low
Mo
nit
or
14
Sho
na G
ui
Ser
pent
es
Typ
hlop
idae
EN
Ram
phot
yphl
ops
bram
inus
C
omm
on W
orm
Sna
ke15
D
um
ukh
a S
hap
NO
Typh
lops
por
rect
us S
lend
er
Wor
m S
nake
16
Du
mu
kha
Sha
p D
DC
olub
rida
e A
haet
ulJa
nas
utus
C
omm
on V
ine
Sna
ke17
La
odog
a S
hap
VU
Aha
etul
Ja p
rasi
na
Sho
rt-n
osed
Vin
e S
nake
18
Laod
oga
Sha
p D
DA
mph
iesm
a st
olat
a S
trip
ped
Kee
lbac
k 19
D
ora
Sha
p N
OA
ltret
ium
sch
isto
sum
O
live
Kee
lbac
k 20
M
aitt
a S
hap
NO
Chy
sope
lea
orna
te
Orn
ate
Fly
ing
Sna
ke21
K
alna
gini
EN
Col
uber
muc
osus
R
at S
nake
22
Dar
ajD
endr
elap
his
pict
us
VU
II
Pai
nted
Bro
nzeb
ack
Tree
Sna
ke23
G
echo
Sha
p VU
Den
drel
aphi
s tri
stis
C
om
mo
n B
ronz
ebac
k Tr
ee S
nake
24
Bet
Anc
hora
VU
Ela
phe
hele
na
Com
mon
Tri
nket
Sna
ke25
D
udhr
aj
ENE
laph
e ra
diat
a C
oppe
r H
ead
Tri
nket
Sna
ke
26
Dud
hraj
EN
Enh
ydris
enh
ydris
C
om
mo
n S
moo
th W
ater
Sna
ke27
P
aina
Sha
p N
OLy
eodo
n au
licus
C
om
mo
n W
olf
Sna
ke28
G
harg
inni
Sha
p V
UO
ligod
on a
lboc
inct
us
Whi
te-b
arre
d K
ukri
Sna
ke
29
DD
Olig
odon
arn
ensi
s C
omm
on K
ukri
Sna
ke
30
DD
Olig
odon
cin
ereu
s B
lack
-bar
red
Kuk
ri S
nake
31
DD
Olig
odon
theo
bald
i M
anda
lay
Kuk
ri S
nake
32
D
DPa
reas
mon
tical
u A
ssam
Sna
il E
ater
33
S
ham
uk-K
hor
DD
Psa
mm
odyn
aste
s pu
lver
ulen
tus
Mo
ckV
ipe
r34
P
ahar
i Sha
p D
DX
enoc
hrop
his
pisc
ator
C
heck
ered
Kee
lbac
k 35
D
hora
Sha
pE
lapi
dae
NO
Bun
garu
s ca
erul
eus
Com
mon
Kra
it 36
K
al K
eote
y EN
Bun
garu
s fa
scia
tus
Ban
ded
Kra
it 37
S
hank
ini S
hap
ENN
aja
kaou
thia
M
on
oce
llate
Cob
ra
38
Gok
hra
Sha
p VU
Naj
anaj
a B
inoc
ella
te C
obra
39
K
hoia
Gok
hra
ENV
iper
idae
1
1Tr
imer
esur
us a
lbol
abris
B
ambo
o P
it V
iper
40
J~
Vip
era
russ
ellii
Rus
sells
Vip
er
DD
C
hand
robo
ra
CR
Tabl
e 3
Bird
s o
f Raj
eshp
ur s
tudy
are
a l~
SL
Ord
er
Fam
ily
Sci
entif
ic N
ame
Eng
lish
Nam
e Lo
cal N
ame
~
III
III
No
C
5
C
iU
c-
g
III
C
gt-
0gt
-~
v -- C
-
II
I a
lO
1)
0
V
C
zg
zO
l
V
middotiii
wu
u~ ~
)
)
cIII
_u
_
u
U
1
Pic
iform
es
Pic
idae
C
eeu
s br
ochy
urus
R
ufou
s W
oodp
ecke
r La
lche
y K
atht
hokr
a R
N
O
2
Den
droc
opos
mac
ei
Fulv
ous-
bres
ted
Woo
dpec
ker
Pakr
a K
atht
hokr
a R
N
O
3
Den
droc
opo
sm
ahre
ttens
is
Yel
low
-fron
ted
Pie
d W
oodp
ecke
r Pa
kra
Kat
htho
kra
R
DO
4
ly
nx to
rqui
lla
Eur
asia
n W
ryne
ck
Met
ho K
atht
hokr
a M
5
D
inop
ium
java
nens
e C
omm
on F
lam
ebac
k R
N
O
6
Din
opiu
m b
engh
aen
se
Bla
ck-r
umpe
d Fl
ameb
ack
Kat
hokr
a R
N
O
7
Meg
alai
mid
ae
Meg
aai
ma
haem
acep
hala
C
oppe
rsm
ith B
arbe
t C
hoto
Bas
anta
Bau
ri R
N
O
8
Meg
aai
ma
inea
te
Line
ated
Bar
bet
Gur
khod
Beg
hbou
R
N
O
9
Upu
pifo
rmes
U
pupi
dae
Upu
pa e
pops
C
omm
on H
oopo
e H
udhu
d5
0lai
man
Pak
hi
R
NO
10
Cor
aciif
orm
es
Cor
aciid
ae
Cor
acia
s be
ngha
ens
is
Indi
an R
olle
r N
ilkan
tha
R
NO
11
Alc
edin
idae
A
lced
o at
this
C
omm
on K
ingf
ishe
r C
hoto
Maa
chra
nga
R
NO
12
H
alcy
on s
myr
nens
is
Whi
teth
roat
ed K
ingf
ishe
r M
aach
rang
a R
N
O
13
Meg
acer
ye
ugu
bris
P
ied
Kin
gfis
her
R
DO
14
M
erop
idae
M
erop
s or
ient
alis
G
reen
Bee
eate
r S
uich
ora
Ban
spat
i R
N
O
15
Cuc
ulifo
rmes
C
ucul
idae
C
acom
antis
mer
ulin
us
Plai
ntiv
e cu
ckoo
C
hata
kiS
orgo
m
R
NO
16
Cuc
uus
sat
urat
us
Orie
ntal
Cuc
koo
M
17
Cen
trip
odid
ae
Cen
tropu
s si
nens
is
Gre
ater
Cou
cal
Kan
akua
Cou
cal
R
NO
18
Ca
mat
or ja
cobi
nus
Pie
d C
ucko
o P
apiy
a R
N
O
19
Cuc
uus
mic
ropt
erus
lndi
an
Cuc
koo
Bou
-Kat
ha-K
ao P
akhi
R
N
O
20
Eud
ynam
ys sc
pa
cea
Asi
an C
ucko
o K
okil
Ku
kil
R
NO
2l
H
iero
cocc
yx v
ariu
s C
omm
on H
awk
Cuc
koo
Cho
khg
elo
Pakh
i R
N
O
22
Phae
nico
phae
us tr
istis
G
reen
-bill
ed M
alko
ha
Sab
uj K
okil
R
NO
23
Apo
difo
rmes
A
podi
dae
Cyp
siur
us b
aa
siens
is
Asi
an P
alm
Sw
ift
Nak
kati
R
NO
24
Stri
gifo
rmes
T
yton
idae
Ty
toa
ba
Bar
n O
wl
Laxm
i Pen
cha
R
NO
Tab
le c
ontin
ued
SL
Ord
er
Fam
ily
Sci
entif
ic N
ame
Eng
lish
Nam
e Lo
cal N
ame
~
No
II
I II
I
C
5
C
0
1 ]
III
~
cgt
shy~
vC
0
gt-
V
III
alO
i3
0
C
zOl
zO
l
V
middotiii
Wu~ u~
~II
I
)
)
c
_
u
_u
U
25
Stri
gida
e A
then
e br
oma
Spo
tted
Ow
let
Khu
rule
y Pe
ncha
R
N
O
26
Bub
o be
nga
ensi
s R
ock
Eag
le O
wl
Hut
um P
ench
a R
N
O
27
Ket
upa
zey
onen
sis
Bro
wn
Fish
Ow
l B
hutu
m P
ench
a R
VU
28
N
inox
scu
tua
ta
Bro
wn
Haw
k O
wl
Kup
okh
R
NO
29
Cap
rimul
gida
e C
aprim
ugu
s m
acru
rus
Larg
e-ta
iled
Nig
ht ja
r R
atch
ara
R
NO
30
Col
umbi
form
es C
olum
bida
e C
olum
ba i
via
Roc
k P
igeo
n J
alal
i Kab
utor
R
N
O
31
Duc
ua
aene
a G
reen
Im
peria
l Pig
eon
Dhu
mko
l R
D
O32
S
trept
ope
ia c
hin
ensis
S
potte
d D
ove
Tila
Ghu
ghu
R
NO
33
Stre
ptop
eia
dec
aoct
a E
uras
ian
Col
lare
d D
ove
Raj G
hugh
uD
hoba
l R
N
O
Ghu
ghu
34
Stre
ptop
eia
tran
queb
aric
a R
ed C
olla
red
Dov
e La
l Ghu
ghu
Jon
gla
R
NO
G
hugh
u35
Tr
eron
api
caud
a Pi
n-ta
iled
Gre
en P
igeo
n H
oria
lH
orik
ol
R
CR36
T
rero
n bi
cinc
ta
Ora
nge-
brea
sted
Gre
en P
igeo
n H
oria
lH
orik
ol
R
NO
37
Trer
on p
hoen
icop
tera
Y
ello
w-f
oote
d G
reen
Pig
eon
Hor
iallB
otko
l R
N
O38
Tr
eron
pom
pado
ra
Pom
pado
ur G
reen
Pig
eon
Cho
to H
oria
l R
N
O
39
Stre
ptop
elia
orie
ntal
is
Orie
ntal
Tur
tle D
ove
Ghu
ghu
M39
S
trept
ope
ia o
rient
ais
O
rient
al T
urtle
Dov
e G
hugh
u M
40
Gru
iform
es
Ral
lidae
A
mau
rorn
is p
hoen
icur
us
Whi
te-b
reas
ted
Wat
erhe
n D
ahuk
R
N
O
41
Cic
oniif
orm
es
Jaca
nida
e B
ronz
e-w
ing
ed Jlt
can
a R
o
42
Cha
radr
iidae
R
ed-I
middotta tt1~
Lap
(
o lt
=
43
Acc
ipltr
idae
44
~
-r
-$
-
_
~__~
-
bull _
45
~2--
--
c
46
~-~
~
Ju
l~
cSL
O
rder
Fa
mily
S
cien
tific
Nam
e E
nglis
h N
ame
Loca
l Nam
e II
I el
lel
lN
o
1l
3
III
i6
1l
c
ell
cc
gt
c ~~
II
I
el
l co
0
J
0 V
I
1l
Z
o-
Zo
-V
I w
v
v
el
l J
ill
cc
-v
2a
u
47
Milv
us m
igra
ns
Bla
ck K
ite
Bhu
bon
Chi
l R
N
O
48
Circ
us c
yane
us
Hen
Har
rier
M
49
Pan
dion
ha
iaet
us
Osp
rey
Mec
ho B
aaj
M
50
Falc
onid
ae
Falc
o ch
icqu
era
Red
-nec
ked
Falc
on
Tur
mut
i R
D
D
LR
51
Falc
o tin
nunc
ulus
C
omm
on K
estre
l M
52
P
hala
croc
orac
idae
P
hala
croc
orax
nig
er
Littl
e C
orm
oran
t P
aan-
kow
ri R
N
O
53
Ard
eida
e A
rdeo
la g
rayi
i Ind
ian
Pon
d H
eron
K
ani B
okK
ana
Bok
R
N
O
54
Bub
ulcu
s ib
is
Cat
tle E
gret
G
o-bo
k R
N
O
55
But
orid
es s
triat
us
Littl
e E
gret
C
hoto
Bok
R
N
O
56
Dup
etor
fav
icol
is
Bla
ck B
itter
n K
alo
Bok
R
D
D
57
Ixob
rych
us m
inut
us
Littl
e B
itter
n K
hude
y B
ok
R
DD
58
Ixob
rych
us s
inen
sis
Yel
low
Bitt
ern
Hol
dey
Bok
R
N
O
59
Mes
opho
yx in
term
edia
In
term
edia
te E
gret
M
aijla
Bok
R
N
O
60
Nyc
ticor
ax n
ictic
orax
B
lack
-cro
wne
d N
ight
Her
on
Waa
klN
ishi
Bok
R
N
O
61
Sco
lopa
cida
e A
ctiti
s hy
pole
ucos
C
omm
on S
andp
iper
M
62
Gal
inag
o ga
lina
go
Fant
ail S
nipe
K
ada-
khoc
ha
M
63
Gal
linag
o st
enur
a P
inta
il S
nipe
K
ada-
khoc
ha
M
64
P
asse
rifor
mes
Lan
iidae
La
nius
sch
ach
Long
-tai
led
Shr
ike
Bag
haT
iki
R
NO
65
Lani
us c
rista
tus
Bro
wn
Shr
ike
Bad
ami K
osha
i Pak
hi
M
66
Lani
us te
phro
notu
s G
reyb
acke
d S
hrik
e K
osha
i Pak
hi
M
67
Cor
vida
e C
orvu
s m
acro
rhyn
chos
Ju
ngle
Cro
w
Dan
r Ka
k R
N
O
68
Cor
vus
sple
nden
s H
ouse
Cro
w
Pat
i Kak
lKau
a R
N
O
69
Den
droc
itta
vaga
bund
a R
ufus
Tre
epie
H
anric
hach
aK
utum
R
N
O
70
Aeg
ithin
a tip
hia
Com
mon
lora
T
owfik
Fat
ikja
l R
N
O
71
Orio
lus
xant
hom
us
Bla
ck-h
eade
d O
riole
H
olde
y P
akhi
R
N
O
72
Dic
ruru
s ae
neus
B
ronz
ed D
rong
o C
hoto
Fin
gey
R
NO
Tab
le c
on
tin
ue
d
SL
Ord
er
Fam
ily
Sci
entif
ic N
ame
Eng
lish
Nam
e Lo
cal N
ame
c
III
No
el
l el
l 1
l
3
II
I i6
1
lc
el
l c
--c~ ~~
C
II
I 0
ell
J
0 V
IC
Ooshy
1l
Z
o-
VI
Zel
l w
v
v
J
III
J II
Icc
el
l -v
-v
U
73
Dic
urur
s m
acro
cerc
us
Bla
ck D
rong
o F
inge
y R
N
O
74
Arta
mus
fusc
us
Ash
y W
oods
wal
low
La
tora
R
N
O
75
Cor
acin
a m
acei
La
rge
Cuc
koos
hrik
e G
udhu
ka
R
NO
76
P
eric
roco
tus
cinn
amom
eus
Sm
all M
iniv
et
S~t
Sai
li R
N
O
77
Teph
rodo
rnis
pon
dice
rianu
s C
omm
on W
oods
hrik
e R
N
O
78
Rhi
pidu
ra a
lbic
olis
W
hite
-thr
oate
d Fa
ntai
l Le
jnac
hani
R
N
O
79
Mus
cica
pida
e C
opsy
chus
sau
laris
O
rient
al M
agpi
e R
obin
D
oelD
oina
chan
i R
N
O
80
Cul
icic
apa
ceyl
onen
sis
Gre
y-he
aded
Can
ary
Fly
catc
her
Fut
futi
R
NO
81
S
axic
olac
apra
ta
Pie
d B
usnc
hat
R
NO
82
C
haim
arro
rnis
leuc
ocep
halu
s W
hite
-cap
ped
Wat
er R
edst
art
M
83
Cyo
rnis
tick
ellia
e T
icke
lls B
lue
Fly
catc
her
M
84
Eum
yias
thal
assi
fa
Ver
dite
r F
lyca
tche
r M
85
Fi
cedu
la p
arva
R
ed-t
hroa
ted
Fly
catc
her
Lalb
ook
Cho
tok
M
86
Lusc
inia
cal
iope
S
iber
ian
Rub
yThr
oat
M
87
Lusc
inia
sve
cica
B
luet
hroa
t M
88
M
ontic
ola
solit
ariu
s B
lock
Roc
k Th
rush
M
89
S
axic
ola
torq
uata
C
omm
on S
tone
chat
M
90
Tu
rdus
uni
colo
r T
icke
lls T
hrus
h M
91
Zo
othe
ra c
itrin
e O
rang
e-he
aded
Thr
ush
M
92
Stu
rnid
ae
Acr
idot
here
s ci
nere
us
Whi
te-v
ente
d M
yna
R
DD
93
A
crid
othe
res
fusc
us
Jung
le M
yna
Jhut
i Sha
lik
R
NO
94
A
crid
othe
res
trist
is
Com
mon
Myn
a B
hat S
halik
R
N
O
95
Stu
rnus
con
tra
Asi
an P
ied
Sta~
ling
G
obre
y S
halik
Gu
Shal
ik
R
~O
96
Stu
rnus
mal
abar
icus
C
hest
nut-
taile
d S
tarli
ng
Kat
h S
halik
R
97
Hiru
ndin
idae
H
irund
o da
uric
a R
ed-r
umpe
d S
wal
low
A
babi
l 98
H
irund
o ru
stic
a B
arn
Sw
allo
w
Aba
bil
99
Par
idae
Pa
rus
maj
or
Gre
atT
it
J~
- z=
~ -
--
~_
--la
SL
Ord
er
Fam
ily
Sci
entif
ic N
ame
Eng
lish
Nam
e Lo
cal N
ame
r
II
No
CI
I CI
I t
l
3
tl
C
c
CII
0
gt-
r
cgt
shyC
- CII
iO -
V
I v a
l 0
cI
0 t
l Z
Cl
ZC
l V
I ii
i v~ v~
UJ
IshyCI
I
a
-v
-v
U
100
P
ycno
notu
s ar
ticep
s B
lack
-hea
ded
Bul
bul
Kal
o B
ulbu
l R
N
O
101
P
ycno
notid
ae
Pyc
nono
tus
cafe
r R
ed-v
ente
d B
ulbu
B
ulbu
li R
N
O
102
P
ycno
notu
sjoc
osus
R
ed-w
hisk
ered
Bul
bul
Sip
ahi B
ulbu
li R
N
O
103
Z
oste
ropi
dae
Zost
erop
s pa
lpeb
rosu
s O
rient
al W
hite
-eye
S
het-
ankh
i R
N
O
104
S
ylvi
idae
A
lcip
pe p
Oio
icep
hala
B
row
n-ch
eeke
d Fu
lvet
ta
R
NO
lO
S
Dum
etia
hyp
eryt
hra
Taw
ny-b
ellie
d B
abbl
er
R
DD
10
6
Mal
acoc
incl
a ab
botti
A
bbot
s B
abbl
er
R
NO
10
7
Meg
auru
s pa
lust
ris
Stri
ated
Gra
ssbi
rd
R
DD
10
8
Ort
hoto
mus
sut
oriu
s C
omm
on T
ailo
rbird
T
untu
nilT
uni
R
NO
10
9
Turd
oide
s ca
udat
us
Com
mon
Bab
bler
R
D
D
110
Tu
rdoi
des
earle
i S
triat
ed B
abbl
er
R
NO
11
1
Acr
ocep
halu
s du
met
orum
B
lyth
s R
eed
War
bler
M
11
2
Bra
dypt
erus
lute
oven
tris
Bro
wn
Bush
War
bler
M
lB
H
ippo
lais
cal
igat
a B
oote
d W
arbl
er
M
114
P
hyllo
scop
us a
ffini
s T
icke
lls L
eaf W
arbl
er
M
115
A
laud
idae
A
laud
a gu
lgul
a O
rient
al S
kyla
rk
Bha
rat P
akhi
R
N
O
116
M
irafr
a as
sam
ica
Rufo
us-w
inge
d B
ushl
ark
Bha
rat P
akhi
R
N
O
117
N
ecta
riniid
ae
Nec
tarin
ia a
siat
ica
Pur
ple
Sun
bird
N
iltu
nilM
adhu
ch u
sh ki
R
N
O
118
N
ecta
rinia
zey
loni
ca
Pur
ple-
rum
ped
Sun
bird
M
outu
shi
R
NO
11
9
Dic
aeum
ery
thro
rhyn
chos
P
ale-
bille
d F
low
erpe
cker
F
uljh
uri
R
NO
12
0
Pass
erid
ae
Lonc
hura
mal
abar
ica
Indi
an S
ilver
bill
R
NO
12
1
Lonc
hura
pun
ctul
ata
Sca
ly-b
reas
ted
Mun
ia
Tila
Mun
ia
R
NO
12
2
Pass
er d
omes
ticus
H
ouse
Spa
rrow
C
haru
i R
N
O
123
P
oce
us p
hilip
pinu
s B
ayaW
eave
r B
abui
Bao
i R
N
O
124
M
otac
illa
mad
eras
pate
nsis
W
hite
-bro
wed
Wag
tail
Pakr
a K
honj
an
R
NO
12
5
Ant
hus
hodg
soni
i O
live-
back
ed P
ipit
M
126
A
nthu
s ru
fulu
s P
addy
field
Pip
it M
12
7
Mot
acill
a al
ba
Whi
te W
agta
il M
12
8
Mot
acill
a ci
nere
a G
rey
Wag
tail
Kho
njan
M
Tab
le 4
Mam
mal
s o
f Raj
eshp
ur s
tud
y ar
ea
SL
Ord
er
Fam
ily
Sci
entif
ic N
ame
Eng
lish
Nam
e Lo
cal N
ame
r
No
I
I CI
I CI
I t
l 3
t
liO
C
CII
cgt
-r
~~
v a
lO
cI
0 V
I Z
Cl
zg
V
I U
Jv~
V
Ishy
-v
-v
U
1
Inse
ctiv
ora
Sor
icid
ae
Sun
cus
mur
inus
G
rey
Mus
k S
hrew
C
hika
N
O
2
Chi
ropt
era
Pte
ropo
dida
e P
tero
pus
giga
nteu
s Fl
ying
Fox
B
adur
N
O
3
Rou
settu
sle
sche
naul
ti Fu
lvou
s F
ruit
Bat
Ko
la B
adur
D
D
4
Meg
ader
mat
idae
M
egad
erm
a ly
ra
False
Vam
pier
D
aini
Bad
ur
NO
5
V
espe
rtili
onid
ae
Ept
esic
us p
achy
otis
Th
ick-
eare
d B
at
DD
6
H
espe
ropt
enus
tick
elli
Tic
kells
Bat
D
D
7
Pip
istre
llus
coro
man
dra
Indi
an P
ipis
trelle
N
O
8
Pip
istre
llus
mim
us
Indi
an P
igm
y P
ipis
trelle
N
O
9
Prim
ates
C
erco
pith
ecid
ae
Mac
aca
assa
men
sis
Ass
ames
e M
acaq
ue
Ash
ami B
anor
D
D
VU
10
Mac
aca
mul
atta
R
hesu
s M
acaq
ue
Ban
or
VU
LR
1l
C
arni
vora
C
anid
ae
Can
is a
ureu
s Ja
ckal
Pa
ti S
hial
VU
12
Vu
lpes
ben
gale
nsis
B
enga
l Fox
K
hek
Shi
al
VU
DD
13
Fe
lidae
Fe
lis c
haus
Ju
ngle
Cat
Ba
n B
iral
EN
II 14
P
riona
iluru
s vi
verr
inus
Fi
shin
g C
at
Mec
ho B
iral
EN
LR
II 15
H
erpe
stid
ae
Her
pest
es a
urop
unct
atus
S
mal
l Ind
ian
Mon
goos
e B
enji
NO
16
H
erpe
stes
edw
ards
i C
omm
on M
ongo
ose
Bara
Ben
ji VU
17
M
uste
lidae
Lu
tra lu
tra
C
omm
on O
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20 I
Refere
Brandis D 1906lndian Trees Periodical Experts Book agency Delhi 767 pp
FAO 1988 Land Resources Approsal of Bangladesh for Agricultural Development Agroecolo(( I Regions ofBangladesh BGD81035 Technical Report 2570 pp
Heining RL 1925 Lists ofplants ofChittagong Collectorate and Hill Tracts Darjeeling India 84 pp
Nishat A Huq SMlmamul Barua Suvashis P Reza Ali AHM Khan Moniruzzaman A5 (eds)
2002 Bio-ecological Zones ofBangladeshIUCN Bangladesh Country Office 141 pp
Prain D 1903 Bengal plants Vol 1 amp2 Calcutta
1 I
- cover amp back
- Untitled
-
been suffering from drought and low fertility of the soil Rajashpur Sal forest with an area of ca 587 ha is the largest chunk of natural Sal forest in Com ilia
The important tree species of Rajeshpur forest are Shorea robusta Acacia auriculiformis A mangium and Anacardium occidentalis Fruit yielding plants such as Ananas comosus Artocarpus heterophyffus Garcinia cowa Mangifera indica and Syzygium cumini have been encountered in adjoining localities Some species of plants that are used by the locals for medicine viz Eupatorium odoratum Hemidesmus indicus Holarrhena antidysenterica and Mikania scandensl have been encountered during our survey A total of 84 species were recorded from this forest and its surroundings of which 30 species are either introduced or plated A list of the species that we have found during this survey on March 92004 is given in Table 1
7 Fauna
A total of 6 (2955) amphibians 40 (19704) reptiles 128 (63054) birds and 29 (140285) mammals have been recorded in Rajeshpur
Hoplobatrachus tigerinus has included in appendix II of CITES Schedule Several species of forest and hill snakes are existing in Rajeshpur because of its close location to the Indian Tripura (alotes versicolor Varanus bengalensis Gekko gecko Mabuya carinata are widely distributed in that area (oluber mucosus and Naja naja are included in the appendix II of CITES Schedule whilst Varanus bengalensis and Varanus ffavescens in appendix I Under the family Bataguridae 3 species of turtle such as Black Pond Turtle (Geocfamys hamiltonii) Median Roofed Turtle (Kachuga tentoria) and Indian Black Turtle (Melanochelys trijuga) are locally endangered species Globally vulnerable Indian Eyed Turtle (Morenia peters) and Median Roofed Turtle (Kachuga tentoria) have been recorded
Presence of 10 species of doves and pigeons were very important Orthotomus sutorius Bradypterus luteoventris Hippolais caigat and Phylfoscopus affinis were observed in the bushy area 35 (27343) species of birds are migratory and 93 (72657) are resident Of the total 128 species of birds 8 species representing the order Piciformes 1 for Upupiformes 5 for Coraciiformes 13 for Cucuiformes 2 Psittaciformes 1 for Apodiformes 7 for Strigiformes 8 for Cuculiformes 1 for Apodiformes 6 for Strigiformes 10 for Columbiformes 1 Gruiformes 23 Cicoriiiformes and 65 species for Passeriformes 1 species of Leporidae (Hystrix indica) and 1 of Hystricid (Lepus nigricoffis) have been recorded there and both of this species are treated as globally endangered
Under primates of the class MammaliaMacaca assamensis and Macaca mulatta are the globally vulnerable and lower risk animal respectively Mus booduga Mus musculus and Rattus rattus are widely distributed
The list of Amphibians Reptiles Birds and Mammals found at the site are given Table 234 and 5 respectively
6 I
8NTFPs
The major gro~h over the area is degraded Sal Recently cane has been planted underneath These are growing well In near future the cane is expected to be a good NTFP for the area in questIon
9 Economic values
Though the direct value of the tree growth is not that high but its intangible values are enormous especially as a site of outing to the city dwellers of Comilla In the district of Comilla this is an important and most conspicuous site for recreation It is attracting more and
Sal forest patch at Rajeshpurmore people every day It has a hIgh value In the context of environment as well
10 Existing Management of the Ecosystem
At present the main thrust is protection Some under planting of cane has been under taken No harvest IS done now A small patch near the beat office has a plantation of Cashue Nut These are sold In auction for collecting the nuts
11 Human Interventions
This sie has a growth of degraded Sallri the past it had good vegetative cover whkh included the thl~k under growth That habitat used to harbor a number of wild lives in abundance These have dIsappeared with time due to pouching and loss of habitat At present under the serious shortage of fuel wood in and around the area the local people around this forest very often come in~o this small patch of forest and collect fuel wood They often cut down the branches and at tIme even trees ColI~ction of leaves that fall on the ground by sweeping is a regular f~ature Thus the forest floor IS completely devoid of any litter Human pressure is definitely very hIgh
12 Existing trends
The prevailing trend in the area is two fold The local people come in to collect leaves branches and tIme even tre~s despIte the watching and guarding by the FD officials in force The city dwellers from ComIlia come here for rest recreation and sight seeing
7 I
13 Land Use Pattern This forest has a large number of small fragmented pieces of agricultural land These agricultural lands are intermingled with the fragmented forest patchesThere village nearby
Thus this area has all the common land-use practices such as agriculture forestry pond fisheries orchards housing etc that are commonly noticed in Bangladesh
14Community Livelihood The adjoining communities are mostly agricultural Along wit~ the farming acti~ities some of the people run petty businesses They have horticultural plants In and around their
rIWamp~~~
Peoples collecting follen leaves from the forest floor a common scenario at the sal forests
homesteads Some have small ponds which they use for growing fish in a very small scale Recently as the visitors have started to visit the site these community are gradually getting
involved in selling small local cottage products as well
15Threats to Ecosystem The most serious threat to the given ecosystem is the human interference in form of the collection of fuel wood including the leaves Almost every year these are fire hazards in this forest patch Some time the local community intentionally lit the fire in the hope to have a
better growth of grassy vegetation
8 I
16 Potentials of Ecosystem
This given patch of forest is small and cannot be managed for harvesting forest produces such as wood etc But because of its vicinity to the urban area this has a very high potential of serving as recreation site The major management goal should be to develop the site in such a manner so that it attracts wild lives especially the birds This site possesses high potential to attract birds of various species The prospect of eco-tourism is quite high
17 Recommendations
This site should be taken up for eco-tourism and necessary facilities required for the purpose may be inculcated The local people should be involved in the whole process so that they get a feeling of ownership to this forest and they can understand that conservation of these sites will bring in benefits to them on a sustainable basis Government should take up programs to develop this forest as an eco-tourism site
Co-management under a participatory concept coupled with the enforcement of law should be the target so that the eco-tourism can flourish in this site
Table 1 List of plant species recorded from Rajeshpur Sal Forest Comilla
SI No Species Family Habit Occurrence
l Acacia auriculiformis Mimosaceae Tree Planted
2 Amangium Mimosaceae Tree Planted
3 Adhatoda vasica Acanthaceae Shrub Cultivated
4 Ageratum conyzoides Asteraceae Herb Common
5 Albizia lebbeck Mimosaceae Tree Planted
6 Aprocera Mimosaceae Tree Planted
7 Alstonia scholaria Apocynaceae Thee Common
8 Ammania baccifera Lythraceae Herb Not very common
9 Anacardium occidentale Anacardiaceae Tree Planted
10 Ananas comosus Bromeliaceae Herb Cultivated
11 Aporosa dioica Euphorbiaceae Tree Not very common
12 Aquilaria agallocha Thymeliaceae Tree Planted
13 Artocarpus heterophyllus Moraceae Tree Planted
14 Averrhoa carambola Averrhoaceae Tree Planted
15 Axonopus compress us Poaceae Herb Common
16 Bombax ceiba Bombacaceae Tree Planted Table continued
--l 9
51 No Species Family Habit OccurrenceHabit OccurrenceFamilySINo Species 52 Leucas lavandulifolia Lamiaceae Herb Common
Poaceae Grass Planted 17 Bambusa baJcooa 53 Mangifera indica Anacardiaceae Tree Planted
Grass Planted 18 Bambusa polymorpha Poaceae 54 Melastoma malabathricum Melastomaceae Shrub Very common
Grass Planted 55 Merremia umbellata Convolvulaceae Climber CommonBambusa tulda Poaceae
Pal mae Tree Common 56 Microcos paniculata Tiliaceae Tree Very common 19
20 Borassus flabellifer Herb Common 57 Mikania scandens Asteraceae Herb Very common Rubiaceae21 Borreria hispida
58 Mimosa pudica Mimosaceae Herb CommonShrub CommonCaesalpinaceae22 Caesalpinia crista 59 Morinda angustifolia Rubiaceae S hrub Not very common
Climber PlantedPalmae23 Calamus guruba 60 Nelsonia canescens Acanthaceae Herb Common Tree Not very common Lecythidaceae24 Careya arborea 61 Oxalis corniculata Oxalidaceae Herb Common Tree Planted
Chikrassia tabularis Meliaceae 62 Phoenix sylvestris Palmae Tree Planted Herb Very common
25 Poaceae 63 Phyllanthus embelica Euphorbiaceae Tree Planted26 Chrysopogon aciculatus
Shrub Common 64 Psidium guajava Myrtaceae Tree PlantedVerbenaceaeClerodendrum viscosum 27 65 Psychotria calocarpa Rubiaceae Shrub CommonHerb CommonCommelinaceae28 Commelina benghalensis 66 Pteris vittata Pteridaceae Fern CommonClimber Planted
29 Daemonorops jenkinsiana Arecaceae 67 Randia dumetorum Rubiaceae Shrub Common
Tree CommonFabaceaeDalbergia stipulacea 30 68 Rumex maritimus Polyonaceae Herb Not common Climber Not very ommon Dilleniaceae3l Delima sarmentosa 69 Rungia pectinata Acanthaceae Herb Common Tree Planted
32 Delonix regia Caesalpinialteae 70 Samanea saman Mimosaceae Tree Planted
Fabaceae Herb Common 71 Scoparia dulcis Scrophulariaceae Herb Common33 Desmodium heterophyllum Herb Common 72 Shorea robusta Dipterocarpaceae Tree DominantPoaceae34 Digittaria sanguinalis
73 Smilax macrophylla Smilacaceae Climber CommonClimber CommonDioscoreaceae35 Dioscorea pentaphylla 74 Swietenia mahagoni Meliaceae Tree PlantedTree PlantedDipterocarpaceae36 Dipterocarpus turbinatus 75 Syzygium cumini Myrtaceae Tree Planted
Polipodiaceae Epiphyte Common 37 Drynaia quercifolia 76 Syzygium fruticosum Myrtaceae Tree Common
Tree Not very common Fabaceae38 Erythrina variegata 77 Tabebuia rosea Bignoniaceae Tree Planted Tree Planted
39 Eucalyptus camaldulensis Myrtaceae 78 Tabernaemontana divaricata Apocynaceae Shrub Common
Asteraceae Shrub Very common 79 Tamarindus indicus Caesalpinaceae Tree Planted40 Eupatorium odoratum Tree Planted 80 Terminalia belerica Combretaceae Tree PlantedMoraceae41 Ficus lachooka
81 T chebula Combretaceae Tree PlantedShrub CommonFlacourtiaceae42 Flacourtia indica 82 Urena lobata Malvaceae Herb Common
Guttiferae Tree Common 43 Garcinia cowa 83 Viscum orientalis Loranthaceae Parasite Common
Guttiferae Tree Rare 44 G lancaefolia 84 Zizyphus rugosa Rhamnaceae Shrub Common
Herb CommonAsteraceae45 Grangea madaraspatana
Asclepiadaceae Climber Common 46 Hemidesmus indicus
Shrub CommonApocynaceae
Tree Planted 47 Holarrhena antidysenterica
Dipterocarpaceae 48 Hopea odorata
49 Jchnocarpus frutescens Apocynaceae Climber Common
Shrub Very common Rubiaceae Shrub Very common
50 Ixora acuminata Rubiaceae
Shrub Common 50 Ixora acuminata
Rubiaceae51 Ixora parviflora Table continued
10 I
l ~
Tabl
e 2
Am
ph
ibia
ns
of R
ajes
hp
ur
stu
dy
area
SL
Ord
er
Fam
ily
Sci
entif
ic N
ame
Eng
lish
Nam
e Lo
cal N
ame
~
N~
~ ~
III
-C
C
~
IV
~
2 ~
-5 a
I 0
CJ
0 V
IzC
gt
zC
gt
VI
u u~
w
I _
uIII
_ II
I u
I
u
1
An
ura
B
ufo
nid
ae
B
ufo
mel
anos
tictu
s C
om
mo
n T
oad
Ku
no
Ban
g N
O
2
Mic
roh
ylid
ae
M
icro
hyla
orn
ata
Orn
ate
Mic
roh
ylid
C
heen
a B
ang
VU
3
Ran
idae
E
uphl
yict
is c
yano
phly
ctis
S
kip
pe
r F
rog
Ko
tko
ti B
ang
NO
4
Hop
loba
trac
hus
tiger
inus
B
ull F
rog
Kol
a B
ang
NO
II
5
Lim
none
ctes
lim
noch
aris
C
rick
et
Fro
g Jh
i-jh
i Ban
g N
O
6
Rh
aco
ph
ori
da
P
olyp
edat
es m
acul
atus
M
acu
late
d T
ree
Fro
g G
echo
Ban
g N
O
Tabl
e 3
Rep
tiles
of R
ajes
hpur
stu
dy a
rea
SL
Ord
er
Fam
ily
Sci
entif
ic N
ame
Eng
lish
Nam
e Lo
cal N
ame
~
No
~
~
II
I -
Cc
II
I IV
C
gt--g
gt-1i
~
0 Ci
0
VI
Z
Cgt
Z
Cgt
VI
u
u
w
I _
uIII
I
uIII_
u
1
Tes
tudi
nes
Bat
agur
idae
G
eocJ
amys
ham
ilton
ii B
lack
po
nd
tu
rtle
K
alo
Kas
im
EN
LR
2
Kac
huga
tect
a In
dian
Roo
fed
Tur
tle
Kor
i K
aitta
N
O
3
Kac
huga
tent
oria
M
edia
n R
oofe
d T
urtle
M
ajha
ri K
aitta
EN
VU
4
Mel
anoc
hely
s tr
ijuga
In
dian
Bla
ckT
urtle
K
asim
EN
LR
5
Mor
enia
pet
ers
Indi
an E
yed
Tur
tle
Hal
dey
Kai
tta
VU
VU
6
Lace
rtili
a T
estu
dini
dae
Man
ouria
em
ys
Asi
an G
iant
Tor
tise
Pah
ari K
sim
CR
7
Gek
koni
dae
Gek
ko g
ecko
W
all L
izar
d T
okkh
ak
VU
8
Hem
idac
tylu
s br
ooki
i H
ouse
Liz
ard
Tik
tiki
NO
Tab
le c
on
tinu
ed
SL
Ord
er
Fam
ily
Sci
entif
ic N
ame
Eng
lish
Nam
e Lo
cal N
ame
cN
o
III
IV
IV
C
III
5
iii
CC
c
IV
c
gt-c
III
2 ~
u a
I 0
CJ
0 V
I Z
Cgt
Z
Cgt
V
I w
u
u
_ u
I II
I
I_ u III
9
U
H
emid
acty
lus
fkav
iviri
dis
Co
mm
on
Hou
se L
izar
d 10
T
iktik
iA
gam
idae
N
OC
alot
es v
ersi
colo
r C
om
mo
n G
arde
n Li
zard
11
R
okto
-cho
sha
Sci
ncid
ae
NO
Mab
uya
carin
ata
Com
mon
Ski
nk
12
Var
anid
ae
Var
anus
ben
gale
nsis
B
enga
l Mo
nit
or
Anj
on
NO
13
G
ui S
hap
VU
Vara
nus
fJav
esce
ns
Yel
low
Mo
nit
or
14
Sho
na G
ui
Ser
pent
es
Typ
hlop
idae
EN
Ram
phot
yphl
ops
bram
inus
C
omm
on W
orm
Sna
ke15
D
um
ukh
a S
hap
NO
Typh
lops
por
rect
us S
lend
er
Wor
m S
nake
16
Du
mu
kha
Sha
p D
DC
olub
rida
e A
haet
ulJa
nas
utus
C
omm
on V
ine
Sna
ke17
La
odog
a S
hap
VU
Aha
etul
Ja p
rasi
na
Sho
rt-n
osed
Vin
e S
nake
18
Laod
oga
Sha
p D
DA
mph
iesm
a st
olat
a S
trip
ped
Kee
lbac
k 19
D
ora
Sha
p N
OA
ltret
ium
sch
isto
sum
O
live
Kee
lbac
k 20
M
aitt
a S
hap
NO
Chy
sope
lea
orna
te
Orn
ate
Fly
ing
Sna
ke21
K
alna
gini
EN
Col
uber
muc
osus
R
at S
nake
22
Dar
ajD
endr
elap
his
pict
us
VU
II
Pai
nted
Bro
nzeb
ack
Tree
Sna
ke23
G
echo
Sha
p VU
Den
drel
aphi
s tri
stis
C
om
mo
n B
ronz
ebac
k Tr
ee S
nake
24
Bet
Anc
hora
VU
Ela
phe
hele
na
Com
mon
Tri
nket
Sna
ke25
D
udhr
aj
ENE
laph
e ra
diat
a C
oppe
r H
ead
Tri
nket
Sna
ke
26
Dud
hraj
EN
Enh
ydris
enh
ydris
C
om
mo
n S
moo
th W
ater
Sna
ke27
P
aina
Sha
p N
OLy
eodo
n au
licus
C
om
mo
n W
olf
Sna
ke28
G
harg
inni
Sha
p V
UO
ligod
on a
lboc
inct
us
Whi
te-b
arre
d K
ukri
Sna
ke
29
DD
Olig
odon
arn
ensi
s C
omm
on K
ukri
Sna
ke
30
DD
Olig
odon
cin
ereu
s B
lack
-bar
red
Kuk
ri S
nake
31
DD
Olig
odon
theo
bald
i M
anda
lay
Kuk
ri S
nake
32
D
DPa
reas
mon
tical
u A
ssam
Sna
il E
ater
33
S
ham
uk-K
hor
DD
Psa
mm
odyn
aste
s pu
lver
ulen
tus
Mo
ckV
ipe
r34
P
ahar
i Sha
p D
DX
enoc
hrop
his
pisc
ator
C
heck
ered
Kee
lbac
k 35
D
hora
Sha
pE
lapi
dae
NO
Bun
garu
s ca
erul
eus
Com
mon
Kra
it 36
K
al K
eote
y EN
Bun
garu
s fa
scia
tus
Ban
ded
Kra
it 37
S
hank
ini S
hap
ENN
aja
kaou
thia
M
on
oce
llate
Cob
ra
38
Gok
hra
Sha
p VU
Naj
anaj
a B
inoc
ella
te C
obra
39
K
hoia
Gok
hra
ENV
iper
idae
1
1Tr
imer
esur
us a
lbol
abris
B
ambo
o P
it V
iper
40
J~
Vip
era
russ
ellii
Rus
sells
Vip
er
DD
C
hand
robo
ra
CR
Tabl
e 3
Bird
s o
f Raj
eshp
ur s
tudy
are
a l~
SL
Ord
er
Fam
ily
Sci
entif
ic N
ame
Eng
lish
Nam
e Lo
cal N
ame
~
III
III
No
C
5
C
iU
c-
g
III
C
gt-
0gt
-~
v -- C
-
II
I a
lO
1)
0
V
C
zg
zO
l
V
middotiii
wu
u~ ~
)
)
cIII
_u
_
u
U
1
Pic
iform
es
Pic
idae
C
eeu
s br
ochy
urus
R
ufou
s W
oodp
ecke
r La
lche
y K
atht
hokr
a R
N
O
2
Den
droc
opos
mac
ei
Fulv
ous-
bres
ted
Woo
dpec
ker
Pakr
a K
atht
hokr
a R
N
O
3
Den
droc
opo
sm
ahre
ttens
is
Yel
low
-fron
ted
Pie
d W
oodp
ecke
r Pa
kra
Kat
htho
kra
R
DO
4
ly
nx to
rqui
lla
Eur
asia
n W
ryne
ck
Met
ho K
atht
hokr
a M
5
D
inop
ium
java
nens
e C
omm
on F
lam
ebac
k R
N
O
6
Din
opiu
m b
engh
aen
se
Bla
ck-r
umpe
d Fl
ameb
ack
Kat
hokr
a R
N
O
7
Meg
alai
mid
ae
Meg
aai
ma
haem
acep
hala
C
oppe
rsm
ith B
arbe
t C
hoto
Bas
anta
Bau
ri R
N
O
8
Meg
aai
ma
inea
te
Line
ated
Bar
bet
Gur
khod
Beg
hbou
R
N
O
9
Upu
pifo
rmes
U
pupi
dae
Upu
pa e
pops
C
omm
on H
oopo
e H
udhu
d5
0lai
man
Pak
hi
R
NO
10
Cor
aciif
orm
es
Cor
aciid
ae
Cor
acia
s be
ngha
ens
is
Indi
an R
olle
r N
ilkan
tha
R
NO
11
Alc
edin
idae
A
lced
o at
this
C
omm
on K
ingf
ishe
r C
hoto
Maa
chra
nga
R
NO
12
H
alcy
on s
myr
nens
is
Whi
teth
roat
ed K
ingf
ishe
r M
aach
rang
a R
N
O
13
Meg
acer
ye
ugu
bris
P
ied
Kin
gfis
her
R
DO
14
M
erop
idae
M
erop
s or
ient
alis
G
reen
Bee
eate
r S
uich
ora
Ban
spat
i R
N
O
15
Cuc
ulifo
rmes
C
ucul
idae
C
acom
antis
mer
ulin
us
Plai
ntiv
e cu
ckoo
C
hata
kiS
orgo
m
R
NO
16
Cuc
uus
sat
urat
us
Orie
ntal
Cuc
koo
M
17
Cen
trip
odid
ae
Cen
tropu
s si
nens
is
Gre
ater
Cou
cal
Kan
akua
Cou
cal
R
NO
18
Ca
mat
or ja
cobi
nus
Pie
d C
ucko
o P
apiy
a R
N
O
19
Cuc
uus
mic
ropt
erus
lndi
an
Cuc
koo
Bou
-Kat
ha-K
ao P
akhi
R
N
O
20
Eud
ynam
ys sc
pa
cea
Asi
an C
ucko
o K
okil
Ku
kil
R
NO
2l
H
iero
cocc
yx v
ariu
s C
omm
on H
awk
Cuc
koo
Cho
khg
elo
Pakh
i R
N
O
22
Phae
nico
phae
us tr
istis
G
reen
-bill
ed M
alko
ha
Sab
uj K
okil
R
NO
23
Apo
difo
rmes
A
podi
dae
Cyp
siur
us b
aa
siens
is
Asi
an P
alm
Sw
ift
Nak
kati
R
NO
24
Stri
gifo
rmes
T
yton
idae
Ty
toa
ba
Bar
n O
wl
Laxm
i Pen
cha
R
NO
Tab
le c
ontin
ued
SL
Ord
er
Fam
ily
Sci
entif
ic N
ame
Eng
lish
Nam
e Lo
cal N
ame
~
No
II
I II
I
C
5
C
0
1 ]
III
~
cgt
shy~
vC
0
gt-
V
III
alO
i3
0
C
zOl
zO
l
V
middotiii
Wu~ u~
~II
I
)
)
c
_
u
_u
U
25
Stri
gida
e A
then
e br
oma
Spo
tted
Ow
let
Khu
rule
y Pe
ncha
R
N
O
26
Bub
o be
nga
ensi
s R
ock
Eag
le O
wl
Hut
um P
ench
a R
N
O
27
Ket
upa
zey
onen
sis
Bro
wn
Fish
Ow
l B
hutu
m P
ench
a R
VU
28
N
inox
scu
tua
ta
Bro
wn
Haw
k O
wl
Kup
okh
R
NO
29
Cap
rimul
gida
e C
aprim
ugu
s m
acru
rus
Larg
e-ta
iled
Nig
ht ja
r R
atch
ara
R
NO
30
Col
umbi
form
es C
olum
bida
e C
olum
ba i
via
Roc
k P
igeo
n J
alal
i Kab
utor
R
N
O
31
Duc
ua
aene
a G
reen
Im
peria
l Pig
eon
Dhu
mko
l R
D
O32
S
trept
ope
ia c
hin
ensis
S
potte
d D
ove
Tila
Ghu
ghu
R
NO
33
Stre
ptop
eia
dec
aoct
a E
uras
ian
Col
lare
d D
ove
Raj G
hugh
uD
hoba
l R
N
O
Ghu
ghu
34
Stre
ptop
eia
tran
queb
aric
a R
ed C
olla
red
Dov
e La
l Ghu
ghu
Jon
gla
R
NO
G
hugh
u35
Tr
eron
api
caud
a Pi
n-ta
iled
Gre
en P
igeo
n H
oria
lH
orik
ol
R
CR36
T
rero
n bi
cinc
ta
Ora
nge-
brea
sted
Gre
en P
igeo
n H
oria
lH
orik
ol
R
NO
37
Trer
on p
hoen
icop
tera
Y
ello
w-f
oote
d G
reen
Pig
eon
Hor
iallB
otko
l R
N
O38
Tr
eron
pom
pado
ra
Pom
pado
ur G
reen
Pig
eon
Cho
to H
oria
l R
N
O
39
Stre
ptop
elia
orie
ntal
is
Orie
ntal
Tur
tle D
ove
Ghu
ghu
M39
S
trept
ope
ia o
rient
ais
O
rient
al T
urtle
Dov
e G
hugh
u M
40
Gru
iform
es
Ral
lidae
A
mau
rorn
is p
hoen
icur
us
Whi
te-b
reas
ted
Wat
erhe
n D
ahuk
R
N
O
41
Cic
oniif
orm
es
Jaca
nida
e B
ronz
e-w
ing
ed Jlt
can
a R
o
42
Cha
radr
iidae
R
ed-I
middotta tt1~
Lap
(
o lt
=
43
Acc
ipltr
idae
44
~
-r
-$
-
_
~__~
-
bull _
45
~2--
--
c
46
~-~
~
Ju
l~
cSL
O
rder
Fa
mily
S
cien
tific
Nam
e E
nglis
h N
ame
Loca
l Nam
e II
I el
lel
lN
o
1l
3
III
i6
1l
c
ell
cc
gt
c ~~
II
I
el
l co
0
J
0 V
I
1l
Z
o-
Zo
-V
I w
v
v
el
l J
ill
cc
-v
2a
u
47
Milv
us m
igra
ns
Bla
ck K
ite
Bhu
bon
Chi
l R
N
O
48
Circ
us c
yane
us
Hen
Har
rier
M
49
Pan
dion
ha
iaet
us
Osp
rey
Mec
ho B
aaj
M
50
Falc
onid
ae
Falc
o ch
icqu
era
Red
-nec
ked
Falc
on
Tur
mut
i R
D
D
LR
51
Falc
o tin
nunc
ulus
C
omm
on K
estre
l M
52
P
hala
croc
orac
idae
P
hala
croc
orax
nig
er
Littl
e C
orm
oran
t P
aan-
kow
ri R
N
O
53
Ard
eida
e A
rdeo
la g
rayi
i Ind
ian
Pon
d H
eron
K
ani B
okK
ana
Bok
R
N
O
54
Bub
ulcu
s ib
is
Cat
tle E
gret
G
o-bo
k R
N
O
55
But
orid
es s
triat
us
Littl
e E
gret
C
hoto
Bok
R
N
O
56
Dup
etor
fav
icol
is
Bla
ck B
itter
n K
alo
Bok
R
D
D
57
Ixob
rych
us m
inut
us
Littl
e B
itter
n K
hude
y B
ok
R
DD
58
Ixob
rych
us s
inen
sis
Yel
low
Bitt
ern
Hol
dey
Bok
R
N
O
59
Mes
opho
yx in
term
edia
In
term
edia
te E
gret
M
aijla
Bok
R
N
O
60
Nyc
ticor
ax n
ictic
orax
B
lack
-cro
wne
d N
ight
Her
on
Waa
klN
ishi
Bok
R
N
O
61
Sco
lopa
cida
e A
ctiti
s hy
pole
ucos
C
omm
on S
andp
iper
M
62
Gal
inag
o ga
lina
go
Fant
ail S
nipe
K
ada-
khoc
ha
M
63
Gal
linag
o st
enur
a P
inta
il S
nipe
K
ada-
khoc
ha
M
64
P
asse
rifor
mes
Lan
iidae
La
nius
sch
ach
Long
-tai
led
Shr
ike
Bag
haT
iki
R
NO
65
Lani
us c
rista
tus
Bro
wn
Shr
ike
Bad
ami K
osha
i Pak
hi
M
66
Lani
us te
phro
notu
s G
reyb
acke
d S
hrik
e K
osha
i Pak
hi
M
67
Cor
vida
e C
orvu
s m
acro
rhyn
chos
Ju
ngle
Cro
w
Dan
r Ka
k R
N
O
68
Cor
vus
sple
nden
s H
ouse
Cro
w
Pat
i Kak
lKau
a R
N
O
69
Den
droc
itta
vaga
bund
a R
ufus
Tre
epie
H
anric
hach
aK
utum
R
N
O
70
Aeg
ithin
a tip
hia
Com
mon
lora
T
owfik
Fat
ikja
l R
N
O
71
Orio
lus
xant
hom
us
Bla
ck-h
eade
d O
riole
H
olde
y P
akhi
R
N
O
72
Dic
ruru
s ae
neus
B
ronz
ed D
rong
o C
hoto
Fin
gey
R
NO
Tab
le c
on
tin
ue
d
SL
Ord
er
Fam
ily
Sci
entif
ic N
ame
Eng
lish
Nam
e Lo
cal N
ame
c
III
No
el
l el
l 1
l
3
II
I i6
1
lc
el
l c
--c~ ~~
C
II
I 0
ell
J
0 V
IC
Ooshy
1l
Z
o-
VI
Zel
l w
v
v
J
III
J II
Icc
el
l -v
-v
U
73
Dic
urur
s m
acro
cerc
us
Bla
ck D
rong
o F
inge
y R
N
O
74
Arta
mus
fusc
us
Ash
y W
oods
wal
low
La
tora
R
N
O
75
Cor
acin
a m
acei
La
rge
Cuc
koos
hrik
e G
udhu
ka
R
NO
76
P
eric
roco
tus
cinn
amom
eus
Sm
all M
iniv
et
S~t
Sai
li R
N
O
77
Teph
rodo
rnis
pon
dice
rianu
s C
omm
on W
oods
hrik
e R
N
O
78
Rhi
pidu
ra a
lbic
olis
W
hite
-thr
oate
d Fa
ntai
l Le
jnac
hani
R
N
O
79
Mus
cica
pida
e C
opsy
chus
sau
laris
O
rient
al M
agpi
e R
obin
D
oelD
oina
chan
i R
N
O
80
Cul
icic
apa
ceyl
onen
sis
Gre
y-he
aded
Can
ary
Fly
catc
her
Fut
futi
R
NO
81
S
axic
olac
apra
ta
Pie
d B
usnc
hat
R
NO
82
C
haim
arro
rnis
leuc
ocep
halu
s W
hite
-cap
ped
Wat
er R
edst
art
M
83
Cyo
rnis
tick
ellia
e T
icke
lls B
lue
Fly
catc
her
M
84
Eum
yias
thal
assi
fa
Ver
dite
r F
lyca
tche
r M
85
Fi
cedu
la p
arva
R
ed-t
hroa
ted
Fly
catc
her
Lalb
ook
Cho
tok
M
86
Lusc
inia
cal
iope
S
iber
ian
Rub
yThr
oat
M
87
Lusc
inia
sve
cica
B
luet
hroa
t M
88
M
ontic
ola
solit
ariu
s B
lock
Roc
k Th
rush
M
89
S
axic
ola
torq
uata
C
omm
on S
tone
chat
M
90
Tu
rdus
uni
colo
r T
icke
lls T
hrus
h M
91
Zo
othe
ra c
itrin
e O
rang
e-he
aded
Thr
ush
M
92
Stu
rnid
ae
Acr
idot
here
s ci
nere
us
Whi
te-v
ente
d M
yna
R
DD
93
A
crid
othe
res
fusc
us
Jung
le M
yna
Jhut
i Sha
lik
R
NO
94
A
crid
othe
res
trist
is
Com
mon
Myn
a B
hat S
halik
R
N
O
95
Stu
rnus
con
tra
Asi
an P
ied
Sta~
ling
G
obre
y S
halik
Gu
Shal
ik
R
~O
96
Stu
rnus
mal
abar
icus
C
hest
nut-
taile
d S
tarli
ng
Kat
h S
halik
R
97
Hiru
ndin
idae
H
irund
o da
uric
a R
ed-r
umpe
d S
wal
low
A
babi
l 98
H
irund
o ru
stic
a B
arn
Sw
allo
w
Aba
bil
99
Par
idae
Pa
rus
maj
or
Gre
atT
it
J~
- z=
~ -
--
~_
--la
SL
Ord
er
Fam
ily
Sci
entif
ic N
ame
Eng
lish
Nam
e Lo
cal N
ame
r
II
No
CI
I CI
I t
l
3
tl
C
c
CII
0
gt-
r
cgt
shyC
- CII
iO -
V
I v a
l 0
cI
0 t
l Z
Cl
ZC
l V
I ii
i v~ v~
UJ
IshyCI
I
a
-v
-v
U
100
P
ycno
notu
s ar
ticep
s B
lack
-hea
ded
Bul
bul
Kal
o B
ulbu
l R
N
O
101
P
ycno
notid
ae
Pyc
nono
tus
cafe
r R
ed-v
ente
d B
ulbu
B
ulbu
li R
N
O
102
P
ycno
notu
sjoc
osus
R
ed-w
hisk
ered
Bul
bul
Sip
ahi B
ulbu
li R
N
O
103
Z
oste
ropi
dae
Zost
erop
s pa
lpeb
rosu
s O
rient
al W
hite
-eye
S
het-
ankh
i R
N
O
104
S
ylvi
idae
A
lcip
pe p
Oio
icep
hala
B
row
n-ch
eeke
d Fu
lvet
ta
R
NO
lO
S
Dum
etia
hyp
eryt
hra
Taw
ny-b
ellie
d B
abbl
er
R
DD
10
6
Mal
acoc
incl
a ab
botti
A
bbot
s B
abbl
er
R
NO
10
7
Meg
auru
s pa
lust
ris
Stri
ated
Gra
ssbi
rd
R
DD
10
8
Ort
hoto
mus
sut
oriu
s C
omm
on T
ailo
rbird
T
untu
nilT
uni
R
NO
10
9
Turd
oide
s ca
udat
us
Com
mon
Bab
bler
R
D
D
110
Tu
rdoi
des
earle
i S
triat
ed B
abbl
er
R
NO
11
1
Acr
ocep
halu
s du
met
orum
B
lyth
s R
eed
War
bler
M
11
2
Bra
dypt
erus
lute
oven
tris
Bro
wn
Bush
War
bler
M
lB
H
ippo
lais
cal
igat
a B
oote
d W
arbl
er
M
114
P
hyllo
scop
us a
ffini
s T
icke
lls L
eaf W
arbl
er
M
115
A
laud
idae
A
laud
a gu
lgul
a O
rient
al S
kyla
rk
Bha
rat P
akhi
R
N
O
116
M
irafr
a as
sam
ica
Rufo
us-w
inge
d B
ushl
ark
Bha
rat P
akhi
R
N
O
117
N
ecta
riniid
ae
Nec
tarin
ia a
siat
ica
Pur
ple
Sun
bird
N
iltu
nilM
adhu
ch u
sh ki
R
N
O
118
N
ecta
rinia
zey
loni
ca
Pur
ple-
rum
ped
Sun
bird
M
outu
shi
R
NO
11
9
Dic
aeum
ery
thro
rhyn
chos
P
ale-
bille
d F
low
erpe
cker
F
uljh
uri
R
NO
12
0
Pass
erid
ae
Lonc
hura
mal
abar
ica
Indi
an S
ilver
bill
R
NO
12
1
Lonc
hura
pun
ctul
ata
Sca
ly-b
reas
ted
Mun
ia
Tila
Mun
ia
R
NO
12
2
Pass
er d
omes
ticus
H
ouse
Spa
rrow
C
haru
i R
N
O
123
P
oce
us p
hilip
pinu
s B
ayaW
eave
r B
abui
Bao
i R
N
O
124
M
otac
illa
mad
eras
pate
nsis
W
hite
-bro
wed
Wag
tail
Pakr
a K
honj
an
R
NO
12
5
Ant
hus
hodg
soni
i O
live-
back
ed P
ipit
M
126
A
nthu
s ru
fulu
s P
addy
field
Pip
it M
12
7
Mot
acill
a al
ba
Whi
te W
agta
il M
12
8
Mot
acill
a ci
nere
a G
rey
Wag
tail
Kho
njan
M
Tab
le 4
Mam
mal
s o
f Raj
eshp
ur s
tud
y ar
ea
SL
Ord
er
Fam
ily
Sci
entif
ic N
ame
Eng
lish
Nam
e Lo
cal N
ame
r
No
I
I CI
I CI
I t
l 3
t
liO
C
CII
cgt
-r
~~
v a
lO
cI
0 V
I Z
Cl
zg
V
I U
Jv~
V
Ishy
-v
-v
U
1
Inse
ctiv
ora
Sor
icid
ae
Sun
cus
mur
inus
G
rey
Mus
k S
hrew
C
hika
N
O
2
Chi
ropt
era
Pte
ropo
dida
e P
tero
pus
giga
nteu
s Fl
ying
Fox
B
adur
N
O
3
Rou
settu
sle
sche
naul
ti Fu
lvou
s F
ruit
Bat
Ko
la B
adur
D
D
4
Meg
ader
mat
idae
M
egad
erm
a ly
ra
False
Vam
pier
D
aini
Bad
ur
NO
5
V
espe
rtili
onid
ae
Ept
esic
us p
achy
otis
Th
ick-
eare
d B
at
DD
6
H
espe
ropt
enus
tick
elli
Tic
kells
Bat
D
D
7
Pip
istre
llus
coro
man
dra
Indi
an P
ipis
trelle
N
O
8
Pip
istre
llus
mim
us
Indi
an P
igm
y P
ipis
trelle
N
O
9
Prim
ates
C
erco
pith
ecid
ae
Mac
aca
assa
men
sis
Ass
ames
e M
acaq
ue
Ash
ami B
anor
D
D
VU
10
Mac
aca
mul
atta
R
hesu
s M
acaq
ue
Ban
or
VU
LR
1l
C
arni
vora
C
anid
ae
Can
is a
ureu
s Ja
ckal
Pa
ti S
hial
VU
12
Vu
lpes
ben
gale
nsis
B
enga
l Fox
K
hek
Shi
al
VU
DD
13
Fe
lidae
Fe
lis c
haus
Ju
ngle
Cat
Ba
n B
iral
EN
II 14
P
riona
iluru
s vi
verr
inus
Fi
shin
g C
at
Mec
ho B
iral
EN
LR
II 15
H
erpe
stid
ae
Her
pest
es a
urop
unct
atus
S
mal
l Ind
ian
Mon
goos
e B
enji
NO
16
H
erpe
stes
edw
ards
i C
omm
on M
ongo
ose
Bara
Ben
ji VU
17
M
uste
lidae
Lu
tra lu
tra
C
omm
on O
tter
Ud
CR
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Refere
Brandis D 1906lndian Trees Periodical Experts Book agency Delhi 767 pp
FAO 1988 Land Resources Approsal of Bangladesh for Agricultural Development Agroecolo(( I Regions ofBangladesh BGD81035 Technical Report 2570 pp
Heining RL 1925 Lists ofplants ofChittagong Collectorate and Hill Tracts Darjeeling India 84 pp
Nishat A Huq SMlmamul Barua Suvashis P Reza Ali AHM Khan Moniruzzaman A5 (eds)
2002 Bio-ecological Zones ofBangladeshIUCN Bangladesh Country Office 141 pp
Prain D 1903 Bengal plants Vol 1 amp2 Calcutta
1 I
- cover amp back
- Untitled
-
13 Land Use Pattern This forest has a large number of small fragmented pieces of agricultural land These agricultural lands are intermingled with the fragmented forest patchesThere village nearby
Thus this area has all the common land-use practices such as agriculture forestry pond fisheries orchards housing etc that are commonly noticed in Bangladesh
14Community Livelihood The adjoining communities are mostly agricultural Along wit~ the farming acti~ities some of the people run petty businesses They have horticultural plants In and around their
rIWamp~~~
Peoples collecting follen leaves from the forest floor a common scenario at the sal forests
homesteads Some have small ponds which they use for growing fish in a very small scale Recently as the visitors have started to visit the site these community are gradually getting
involved in selling small local cottage products as well
15Threats to Ecosystem The most serious threat to the given ecosystem is the human interference in form of the collection of fuel wood including the leaves Almost every year these are fire hazards in this forest patch Some time the local community intentionally lit the fire in the hope to have a
better growth of grassy vegetation
8 I
16 Potentials of Ecosystem
This given patch of forest is small and cannot be managed for harvesting forest produces such as wood etc But because of its vicinity to the urban area this has a very high potential of serving as recreation site The major management goal should be to develop the site in such a manner so that it attracts wild lives especially the birds This site possesses high potential to attract birds of various species The prospect of eco-tourism is quite high
17 Recommendations
This site should be taken up for eco-tourism and necessary facilities required for the purpose may be inculcated The local people should be involved in the whole process so that they get a feeling of ownership to this forest and they can understand that conservation of these sites will bring in benefits to them on a sustainable basis Government should take up programs to develop this forest as an eco-tourism site
Co-management under a participatory concept coupled with the enforcement of law should be the target so that the eco-tourism can flourish in this site
Table 1 List of plant species recorded from Rajeshpur Sal Forest Comilla
SI No Species Family Habit Occurrence
l Acacia auriculiformis Mimosaceae Tree Planted
2 Amangium Mimosaceae Tree Planted
3 Adhatoda vasica Acanthaceae Shrub Cultivated
4 Ageratum conyzoides Asteraceae Herb Common
5 Albizia lebbeck Mimosaceae Tree Planted
6 Aprocera Mimosaceae Tree Planted
7 Alstonia scholaria Apocynaceae Thee Common
8 Ammania baccifera Lythraceae Herb Not very common
9 Anacardium occidentale Anacardiaceae Tree Planted
10 Ananas comosus Bromeliaceae Herb Cultivated
11 Aporosa dioica Euphorbiaceae Tree Not very common
12 Aquilaria agallocha Thymeliaceae Tree Planted
13 Artocarpus heterophyllus Moraceae Tree Planted
14 Averrhoa carambola Averrhoaceae Tree Planted
15 Axonopus compress us Poaceae Herb Common
16 Bombax ceiba Bombacaceae Tree Planted Table continued
--l 9
51 No Species Family Habit OccurrenceHabit OccurrenceFamilySINo Species 52 Leucas lavandulifolia Lamiaceae Herb Common
Poaceae Grass Planted 17 Bambusa baJcooa 53 Mangifera indica Anacardiaceae Tree Planted
Grass Planted 18 Bambusa polymorpha Poaceae 54 Melastoma malabathricum Melastomaceae Shrub Very common
Grass Planted 55 Merremia umbellata Convolvulaceae Climber CommonBambusa tulda Poaceae
Pal mae Tree Common 56 Microcos paniculata Tiliaceae Tree Very common 19
20 Borassus flabellifer Herb Common 57 Mikania scandens Asteraceae Herb Very common Rubiaceae21 Borreria hispida
58 Mimosa pudica Mimosaceae Herb CommonShrub CommonCaesalpinaceae22 Caesalpinia crista 59 Morinda angustifolia Rubiaceae S hrub Not very common
Climber PlantedPalmae23 Calamus guruba 60 Nelsonia canescens Acanthaceae Herb Common Tree Not very common Lecythidaceae24 Careya arborea 61 Oxalis corniculata Oxalidaceae Herb Common Tree Planted
Chikrassia tabularis Meliaceae 62 Phoenix sylvestris Palmae Tree Planted Herb Very common
25 Poaceae 63 Phyllanthus embelica Euphorbiaceae Tree Planted26 Chrysopogon aciculatus
Shrub Common 64 Psidium guajava Myrtaceae Tree PlantedVerbenaceaeClerodendrum viscosum 27 65 Psychotria calocarpa Rubiaceae Shrub CommonHerb CommonCommelinaceae28 Commelina benghalensis 66 Pteris vittata Pteridaceae Fern CommonClimber Planted
29 Daemonorops jenkinsiana Arecaceae 67 Randia dumetorum Rubiaceae Shrub Common
Tree CommonFabaceaeDalbergia stipulacea 30 68 Rumex maritimus Polyonaceae Herb Not common Climber Not very ommon Dilleniaceae3l Delima sarmentosa 69 Rungia pectinata Acanthaceae Herb Common Tree Planted
32 Delonix regia Caesalpinialteae 70 Samanea saman Mimosaceae Tree Planted
Fabaceae Herb Common 71 Scoparia dulcis Scrophulariaceae Herb Common33 Desmodium heterophyllum Herb Common 72 Shorea robusta Dipterocarpaceae Tree DominantPoaceae34 Digittaria sanguinalis
73 Smilax macrophylla Smilacaceae Climber CommonClimber CommonDioscoreaceae35 Dioscorea pentaphylla 74 Swietenia mahagoni Meliaceae Tree PlantedTree PlantedDipterocarpaceae36 Dipterocarpus turbinatus 75 Syzygium cumini Myrtaceae Tree Planted
Polipodiaceae Epiphyte Common 37 Drynaia quercifolia 76 Syzygium fruticosum Myrtaceae Tree Common
Tree Not very common Fabaceae38 Erythrina variegata 77 Tabebuia rosea Bignoniaceae Tree Planted Tree Planted
39 Eucalyptus camaldulensis Myrtaceae 78 Tabernaemontana divaricata Apocynaceae Shrub Common
Asteraceae Shrub Very common 79 Tamarindus indicus Caesalpinaceae Tree Planted40 Eupatorium odoratum Tree Planted 80 Terminalia belerica Combretaceae Tree PlantedMoraceae41 Ficus lachooka
81 T chebula Combretaceae Tree PlantedShrub CommonFlacourtiaceae42 Flacourtia indica 82 Urena lobata Malvaceae Herb Common
Guttiferae Tree Common 43 Garcinia cowa 83 Viscum orientalis Loranthaceae Parasite Common
Guttiferae Tree Rare 44 G lancaefolia 84 Zizyphus rugosa Rhamnaceae Shrub Common
Herb CommonAsteraceae45 Grangea madaraspatana
Asclepiadaceae Climber Common 46 Hemidesmus indicus
Shrub CommonApocynaceae
Tree Planted 47 Holarrhena antidysenterica
Dipterocarpaceae 48 Hopea odorata
49 Jchnocarpus frutescens Apocynaceae Climber Common
Shrub Very common Rubiaceae Shrub Very common
50 Ixora acuminata Rubiaceae
Shrub Common 50 Ixora acuminata
Rubiaceae51 Ixora parviflora Table continued
10 I
l ~
Tabl
e 2
Am
ph
ibia
ns
of R
ajes
hp
ur
stu
dy
area
SL
Ord
er
Fam
ily
Sci
entif
ic N
ame
Eng
lish
Nam
e Lo
cal N
ame
~
N~
~ ~
III
-C
C
~
IV
~
2 ~
-5 a
I 0
CJ
0 V
IzC
gt
zC
gt
VI
u u~
w
I _
uIII
_ II
I u
I
u
1
An
ura
B
ufo
nid
ae
B
ufo
mel
anos
tictu
s C
om
mo
n T
oad
Ku
no
Ban
g N
O
2
Mic
roh
ylid
ae
M
icro
hyla
orn
ata
Orn
ate
Mic
roh
ylid
C
heen
a B
ang
VU
3
Ran
idae
E
uphl
yict
is c
yano
phly
ctis
S
kip
pe
r F
rog
Ko
tko
ti B
ang
NO
4
Hop
loba
trac
hus
tiger
inus
B
ull F
rog
Kol
a B
ang
NO
II
5
Lim
none
ctes
lim
noch
aris
C
rick
et
Fro
g Jh
i-jh
i Ban
g N
O
6
Rh
aco
ph
ori
da
P
olyp
edat
es m
acul
atus
M
acu
late
d T
ree
Fro
g G
echo
Ban
g N
O
Tabl
e 3
Rep
tiles
of R
ajes
hpur
stu
dy a
rea
SL
Ord
er
Fam
ily
Sci
entif
ic N
ame
Eng
lish
Nam
e Lo
cal N
ame
~
No
~
~
II
I -
Cc
II
I IV
C
gt--g
gt-1i
~
0 Ci
0
VI
Z
Cgt
Z
Cgt
VI
u
u
w
I _
uIII
I
uIII_
u
1
Tes
tudi
nes
Bat
agur
idae
G
eocJ
amys
ham
ilton
ii B
lack
po
nd
tu
rtle
K
alo
Kas
im
EN
LR
2
Kac
huga
tect
a In
dian
Roo
fed
Tur
tle
Kor
i K
aitta
N
O
3
Kac
huga
tent
oria
M
edia
n R
oofe
d T
urtle
M
ajha
ri K
aitta
EN
VU
4
Mel
anoc
hely
s tr
ijuga
In
dian
Bla
ckT
urtle
K
asim
EN
LR
5
Mor
enia
pet
ers
Indi
an E
yed
Tur
tle
Hal
dey
Kai
tta
VU
VU
6
Lace
rtili
a T
estu
dini
dae
Man
ouria
em
ys
Asi
an G
iant
Tor
tise
Pah
ari K
sim
CR
7
Gek
koni
dae
Gek
ko g
ecko
W
all L
izar
d T
okkh
ak
VU
8
Hem
idac
tylu
s br
ooki
i H
ouse
Liz
ard
Tik
tiki
NO
Tab
le c
on
tinu
ed
SL
Ord
er
Fam
ily
Sci
entif
ic N
ame
Eng
lish
Nam
e Lo
cal N
ame
cN
o
III
IV
IV
C
III
5
iii
CC
c
IV
c
gt-c
III
2 ~
u a
I 0
CJ
0 V
I Z
Cgt
Z
Cgt
V
I w
u
u
_ u
I II
I
I_ u III
9
U
H
emid
acty
lus
fkav
iviri
dis
Co
mm
on
Hou
se L
izar
d 10
T
iktik
iA
gam
idae
N
OC
alot
es v
ersi
colo
r C
om
mo
n G
arde
n Li
zard
11
R
okto
-cho
sha
Sci
ncid
ae
NO
Mab
uya
carin
ata
Com
mon
Ski
nk
12
Var
anid
ae
Var
anus
ben
gale
nsis
B
enga
l Mo
nit
or
Anj
on
NO
13
G
ui S
hap
VU
Vara
nus
fJav
esce
ns
Yel
low
Mo
nit
or
14
Sho
na G
ui
Ser
pent
es
Typ
hlop
idae
EN
Ram
phot
yphl
ops
bram
inus
C
omm
on W
orm
Sna
ke15
D
um
ukh
a S
hap
NO
Typh
lops
por
rect
us S
lend
er
Wor
m S
nake
16
Du
mu
kha
Sha
p D
DC
olub
rida
e A
haet
ulJa
nas
utus
C
omm
on V
ine
Sna
ke17
La
odog
a S
hap
VU
Aha
etul
Ja p
rasi
na
Sho
rt-n
osed
Vin
e S
nake
18
Laod
oga
Sha
p D
DA
mph
iesm
a st
olat
a S
trip
ped
Kee
lbac
k 19
D
ora
Sha
p N
OA
ltret
ium
sch
isto
sum
O
live
Kee
lbac
k 20
M
aitt
a S
hap
NO
Chy
sope
lea
orna
te
Orn
ate
Fly
ing
Sna
ke21
K
alna
gini
EN
Col
uber
muc
osus
R
at S
nake
22
Dar
ajD
endr
elap
his
pict
us
VU
II
Pai
nted
Bro
nzeb
ack
Tree
Sna
ke23
G
echo
Sha
p VU
Den
drel
aphi
s tri
stis
C
om
mo
n B
ronz
ebac
k Tr
ee S
nake
24
Bet
Anc
hora
VU
Ela
phe
hele
na
Com
mon
Tri
nket
Sna
ke25
D
udhr
aj
ENE
laph
e ra
diat
a C
oppe
r H
ead
Tri
nket
Sna
ke
26
Dud
hraj
EN
Enh
ydris
enh
ydris
C
om
mo
n S
moo
th W
ater
Sna
ke27
P
aina
Sha
p N
OLy
eodo
n au
licus
C
om
mo
n W
olf
Sna
ke28
G
harg
inni
Sha
p V
UO
ligod
on a
lboc
inct
us
Whi
te-b
arre
d K
ukri
Sna
ke
29
DD
Olig
odon
arn
ensi
s C
omm
on K
ukri
Sna
ke
30
DD
Olig
odon
cin
ereu
s B
lack
-bar
red
Kuk
ri S
nake
31
DD
Olig
odon
theo
bald
i M
anda
lay
Kuk
ri S
nake
32
D
DPa
reas
mon
tical
u A
ssam
Sna
il E
ater
33
S
ham
uk-K
hor
DD
Psa
mm
odyn
aste
s pu
lver
ulen
tus
Mo
ckV
ipe
r34
P
ahar
i Sha
p D
DX
enoc
hrop
his
pisc
ator
C
heck
ered
Kee
lbac
k 35
D
hora
Sha
pE
lapi
dae
NO
Bun
garu
s ca
erul
eus
Com
mon
Kra
it 36
K
al K
eote
y EN
Bun
garu
s fa
scia
tus
Ban
ded
Kra
it 37
S
hank
ini S
hap
ENN
aja
kaou
thia
M
on
oce
llate
Cob
ra
38
Gok
hra
Sha
p VU
Naj
anaj
a B
inoc
ella
te C
obra
39
K
hoia
Gok
hra
ENV
iper
idae
1
1Tr
imer
esur
us a
lbol
abris
B
ambo
o P
it V
iper
40
J~
Vip
era
russ
ellii
Rus
sells
Vip
er
DD
C
hand
robo
ra
CR
Tabl
e 3
Bird
s o
f Raj
eshp
ur s
tudy
are
a l~
SL
Ord
er
Fam
ily
Sci
entif
ic N
ame
Eng
lish
Nam
e Lo
cal N
ame
~
III
III
No
C
5
C
iU
c-
g
III
C
gt-
0gt
-~
v -- C
-
II
I a
lO
1)
0
V
C
zg
zO
l
V
middotiii
wu
u~ ~
)
)
cIII
_u
_
u
U
1
Pic
iform
es
Pic
idae
C
eeu
s br
ochy
urus
R
ufou
s W
oodp
ecke
r La
lche
y K
atht
hokr
a R
N
O
2
Den
droc
opos
mac
ei
Fulv
ous-
bres
ted
Woo
dpec
ker
Pakr
a K
atht
hokr
a R
N
O
3
Den
droc
opo
sm
ahre
ttens
is
Yel
low
-fron
ted
Pie
d W
oodp
ecke
r Pa
kra
Kat
htho
kra
R
DO
4
ly
nx to
rqui
lla
Eur
asia
n W
ryne
ck
Met
ho K
atht
hokr
a M
5
D
inop
ium
java
nens
e C
omm
on F
lam
ebac
k R
N
O
6
Din
opiu
m b
engh
aen
se
Bla
ck-r
umpe
d Fl
ameb
ack
Kat
hokr
a R
N
O
7
Meg
alai
mid
ae
Meg
aai
ma
haem
acep
hala
C
oppe
rsm
ith B
arbe
t C
hoto
Bas
anta
Bau
ri R
N
O
8
Meg
aai
ma
inea
te
Line
ated
Bar
bet
Gur
khod
Beg
hbou
R
N
O
9
Upu
pifo
rmes
U
pupi
dae
Upu
pa e
pops
C
omm
on H
oopo
e H
udhu
d5
0lai
man
Pak
hi
R
NO
10
Cor
aciif
orm
es
Cor
aciid
ae
Cor
acia
s be
ngha
ens
is
Indi
an R
olle
r N
ilkan
tha
R
NO
11
Alc
edin
idae
A
lced
o at
this
C
omm
on K
ingf
ishe
r C
hoto
Maa
chra
nga
R
NO
12
H
alcy
on s
myr
nens
is
Whi
teth
roat
ed K
ingf
ishe
r M
aach
rang
a R
N
O
13
Meg
acer
ye
ugu
bris
P
ied
Kin
gfis
her
R
DO
14
M
erop
idae
M
erop
s or
ient
alis
G
reen
Bee
eate
r S
uich
ora
Ban
spat
i R
N
O
15
Cuc
ulifo
rmes
C
ucul
idae
C
acom
antis
mer
ulin
us
Plai
ntiv
e cu
ckoo
C
hata
kiS
orgo
m
R
NO
16
Cuc
uus
sat
urat
us
Orie
ntal
Cuc
koo
M
17
Cen
trip
odid
ae
Cen
tropu
s si
nens
is
Gre
ater
Cou
cal
Kan
akua
Cou
cal
R
NO
18
Ca
mat
or ja
cobi
nus
Pie
d C
ucko
o P
apiy
a R
N
O
19
Cuc
uus
mic
ropt
erus
lndi
an
Cuc
koo
Bou
-Kat
ha-K
ao P
akhi
R
N
O
20
Eud
ynam
ys sc
pa
cea
Asi
an C
ucko
o K
okil
Ku
kil
R
NO
2l
H
iero
cocc
yx v
ariu
s C
omm
on H
awk
Cuc
koo
Cho
khg
elo
Pakh
i R
N
O
22
Phae
nico
phae
us tr
istis
G
reen
-bill
ed M
alko
ha
Sab
uj K
okil
R
NO
23
Apo
difo
rmes
A
podi
dae
Cyp
siur
us b
aa
siens
is
Asi
an P
alm
Sw
ift
Nak
kati
R
NO
24
Stri
gifo
rmes
T
yton
idae
Ty
toa
ba
Bar
n O
wl
Laxm
i Pen
cha
R
NO
Tab
le c
ontin
ued
SL
Ord
er
Fam
ily
Sci
entif
ic N
ame
Eng
lish
Nam
e Lo
cal N
ame
~
No
II
I II
I
C
5
C
0
1 ]
III
~
cgt
shy~
vC
0
gt-
V
III
alO
i3
0
C
zOl
zO
l
V
middotiii
Wu~ u~
~II
I
)
)
c
_
u
_u
U
25
Stri
gida
e A
then
e br
oma
Spo
tted
Ow
let
Khu
rule
y Pe
ncha
R
N
O
26
Bub
o be
nga
ensi
s R
ock
Eag
le O
wl
Hut
um P
ench
a R
N
O
27
Ket
upa
zey
onen
sis
Bro
wn
Fish
Ow
l B
hutu
m P
ench
a R
VU
28
N
inox
scu
tua
ta
Bro
wn
Haw
k O
wl
Kup
okh
R
NO
29
Cap
rimul
gida
e C
aprim
ugu
s m
acru
rus
Larg
e-ta
iled
Nig
ht ja
r R
atch
ara
R
NO
30
Col
umbi
form
es C
olum
bida
e C
olum
ba i
via
Roc
k P
igeo
n J
alal
i Kab
utor
R
N
O
31
Duc
ua
aene
a G
reen
Im
peria
l Pig
eon
Dhu
mko
l R
D
O32
S
trept
ope
ia c
hin
ensis
S
potte
d D
ove
Tila
Ghu
ghu
R
NO
33
Stre
ptop
eia
dec
aoct
a E
uras
ian
Col
lare
d D
ove
Raj G
hugh
uD
hoba
l R
N
O
Ghu
ghu
34
Stre
ptop
eia
tran
queb
aric
a R
ed C
olla
red
Dov
e La
l Ghu
ghu
Jon
gla
R
NO
G
hugh
u35
Tr
eron
api
caud
a Pi
n-ta
iled
Gre
en P
igeo
n H
oria
lH
orik
ol
R
CR36
T
rero
n bi
cinc
ta
Ora
nge-
brea
sted
Gre
en P
igeo
n H
oria
lH
orik
ol
R
NO
37
Trer
on p
hoen
icop
tera
Y
ello
w-f
oote
d G
reen
Pig
eon
Hor
iallB
otko
l R
N
O38
Tr
eron
pom
pado
ra
Pom
pado
ur G
reen
Pig
eon
Cho
to H
oria
l R
N
O
39
Stre
ptop
elia
orie
ntal
is
Orie
ntal
Tur
tle D
ove
Ghu
ghu
M39
S
trept
ope
ia o
rient
ais
O
rient
al T
urtle
Dov
e G
hugh
u M
40
Gru
iform
es
Ral
lidae
A
mau
rorn
is p
hoen
icur
us
Whi
te-b
reas
ted
Wat
erhe
n D
ahuk
R
N
O
41
Cic
oniif
orm
es
Jaca
nida
e B
ronz
e-w
ing
ed Jlt
can
a R
o
42
Cha
radr
iidae
R
ed-I
middotta tt1~
Lap
(
o lt
=
43
Acc
ipltr
idae
44
~
-r
-$
-
_
~__~
-
bull _
45
~2--
--
c
46
~-~
~
Ju
l~
cSL
O
rder
Fa
mily
S
cien
tific
Nam
e E
nglis
h N
ame
Loca
l Nam
e II
I el
lel
lN
o
1l
3
III
i6
1l
c
ell
cc
gt
c ~~
II
I
el
l co
0
J
0 V
I
1l
Z
o-
Zo
-V
I w
v
v
el
l J
ill
cc
-v
2a
u
47
Milv
us m
igra
ns
Bla
ck K
ite
Bhu
bon
Chi
l R
N
O
48
Circ
us c
yane
us
Hen
Har
rier
M
49
Pan
dion
ha
iaet
us
Osp
rey
Mec
ho B
aaj
M
50
Falc
onid
ae
Falc
o ch
icqu
era
Red
-nec
ked
Falc
on
Tur
mut
i R
D
D
LR
51
Falc
o tin
nunc
ulus
C
omm
on K
estre
l M
52
P
hala
croc
orac
idae
P
hala
croc
orax
nig
er
Littl
e C
orm
oran
t P
aan-
kow
ri R
N
O
53
Ard
eida
e A
rdeo
la g
rayi
i Ind
ian
Pon
d H
eron
K
ani B
okK
ana
Bok
R
N
O
54
Bub
ulcu
s ib
is
Cat
tle E
gret
G
o-bo
k R
N
O
55
But
orid
es s
triat
us
Littl
e E
gret
C
hoto
Bok
R
N
O
56
Dup
etor
fav
icol
is
Bla
ck B
itter
n K
alo
Bok
R
D
D
57
Ixob
rych
us m
inut
us
Littl
e B
itter
n K
hude
y B
ok
R
DD
58
Ixob
rych
us s
inen
sis
Yel
low
Bitt
ern
Hol
dey
Bok
R
N
O
59
Mes
opho
yx in
term
edia
In
term
edia
te E
gret
M
aijla
Bok
R
N
O
60
Nyc
ticor
ax n
ictic
orax
B
lack
-cro
wne
d N
ight
Her
on
Waa
klN
ishi
Bok
R
N
O
61
Sco
lopa
cida
e A
ctiti
s hy
pole
ucos
C
omm
on S
andp
iper
M
62
Gal
inag
o ga
lina
go
Fant
ail S
nipe
K
ada-
khoc
ha
M
63
Gal
linag
o st
enur
a P
inta
il S
nipe
K
ada-
khoc
ha
M
64
P
asse
rifor
mes
Lan
iidae
La
nius
sch
ach
Long
-tai
led
Shr
ike
Bag
haT
iki
R
NO
65
Lani
us c
rista
tus
Bro
wn
Shr
ike
Bad
ami K
osha
i Pak
hi
M
66
Lani
us te
phro
notu
s G
reyb
acke
d S
hrik
e K
osha
i Pak
hi
M
67
Cor
vida
e C
orvu
s m
acro
rhyn
chos
Ju
ngle
Cro
w
Dan
r Ka
k R
N
O
68
Cor
vus
sple
nden
s H
ouse
Cro
w
Pat
i Kak
lKau
a R
N
O
69
Den
droc
itta
vaga
bund
a R
ufus
Tre
epie
H
anric
hach
aK
utum
R
N
O
70
Aeg
ithin
a tip
hia
Com
mon
lora
T
owfik
Fat
ikja
l R
N
O
71
Orio
lus
xant
hom
us
Bla
ck-h
eade
d O
riole
H
olde
y P
akhi
R
N
O
72
Dic
ruru
s ae
neus
B
ronz
ed D
rong
o C
hoto
Fin
gey
R
NO
Tab
le c
on
tin
ue
d
SL
Ord
er
Fam
ily
Sci
entif
ic N
ame
Eng
lish
Nam
e Lo
cal N
ame
c
III
No
el
l el
l 1
l
3
II
I i6
1
lc
el
l c
--c~ ~~
C
II
I 0
ell
J
0 V
IC
Ooshy
1l
Z
o-
VI
Zel
l w
v
v
J
III
J II
Icc
el
l -v
-v
U
73
Dic
urur
s m
acro
cerc
us
Bla
ck D
rong
o F
inge
y R
N
O
74
Arta
mus
fusc
us
Ash
y W
oods
wal
low
La
tora
R
N
O
75
Cor
acin
a m
acei
La
rge
Cuc
koos
hrik
e G
udhu
ka
R
NO
76
P
eric
roco
tus
cinn
amom
eus
Sm
all M
iniv
et
S~t
Sai
li R
N
O
77
Teph
rodo
rnis
pon
dice
rianu
s C
omm
on W
oods
hrik
e R
N
O
78
Rhi
pidu
ra a
lbic
olis
W
hite
-thr
oate
d Fa
ntai
l Le
jnac
hani
R
N
O
79
Mus
cica
pida
e C
opsy
chus
sau
laris
O
rient
al M
agpi
e R
obin
D
oelD
oina
chan
i R
N
O
80
Cul
icic
apa
ceyl
onen
sis
Gre
y-he
aded
Can
ary
Fly
catc
her
Fut
futi
R
NO
81
S
axic
olac
apra
ta
Pie
d B
usnc
hat
R
NO
82
C
haim
arro
rnis
leuc
ocep
halu
s W
hite
-cap
ped
Wat
er R
edst
art
M
83
Cyo
rnis
tick
ellia
e T
icke
lls B
lue
Fly
catc
her
M
84
Eum
yias
thal
assi
fa
Ver
dite
r F
lyca
tche
r M
85
Fi
cedu
la p
arva
R
ed-t
hroa
ted
Fly
catc
her
Lalb
ook
Cho
tok
M
86
Lusc
inia
cal
iope
S
iber
ian
Rub
yThr
oat
M
87
Lusc
inia
sve
cica
B
luet
hroa
t M
88
M
ontic
ola
solit
ariu
s B
lock
Roc
k Th
rush
M
89
S
axic
ola
torq
uata
C
omm
on S
tone
chat
M
90
Tu
rdus
uni
colo
r T
icke
lls T
hrus
h M
91
Zo
othe
ra c
itrin
e O
rang
e-he
aded
Thr
ush
M
92
Stu
rnid
ae
Acr
idot
here
s ci
nere
us
Whi
te-v
ente
d M
yna
R
DD
93
A
crid
othe
res
fusc
us
Jung
le M
yna
Jhut
i Sha
lik
R
NO
94
A
crid
othe
res
trist
is
Com
mon
Myn
a B
hat S
halik
R
N
O
95
Stu
rnus
con
tra
Asi
an P
ied
Sta~
ling
G
obre
y S
halik
Gu
Shal
ik
R
~O
96
Stu
rnus
mal
abar
icus
C
hest
nut-
taile
d S
tarli
ng
Kat
h S
halik
R
97
Hiru
ndin
idae
H
irund
o da
uric
a R
ed-r
umpe
d S
wal
low
A
babi
l 98
H
irund
o ru
stic
a B
arn
Sw
allo
w
Aba
bil
99
Par
idae
Pa
rus
maj
or
Gre
atT
it
J~
- z=
~ -
--
~_
--la
SL
Ord
er
Fam
ily
Sci
entif
ic N
ame
Eng
lish
Nam
e Lo
cal N
ame
r
II
No
CI
I CI
I t
l
3
tl
C
c
CII
0
gt-
r
cgt
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iO -
V
I v a
l 0
cI
0 t
l Z
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ZC
l V
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UJ
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I
a
-v
-v
U
100
P
ycno
notu
s ar
ticep
s B
lack
-hea
ded
Bul
bul
Kal
o B
ulbu
l R
N
O
101
P
ycno
notid
ae
Pyc
nono
tus
cafe
r R
ed-v
ente
d B
ulbu
B
ulbu
li R
N
O
102
P
ycno
notu
sjoc
osus
R
ed-w
hisk
ered
Bul
bul
Sip
ahi B
ulbu
li R
N
O
103
Z
oste
ropi
dae
Zost
erop
s pa
lpeb
rosu
s O
rient
al W
hite
-eye
S
het-
ankh
i R
N
O
104
S
ylvi
idae
A
lcip
pe p
Oio
icep
hala
B
row
n-ch
eeke
d Fu
lvet
ta
R
NO
lO
S
Dum
etia
hyp
eryt
hra
Taw
ny-b
ellie
d B
abbl
er
R
DD
10
6
Mal
acoc
incl
a ab
botti
A
bbot
s B
abbl
er
R
NO
10
7
Meg
auru
s pa
lust
ris
Stri
ated
Gra
ssbi
rd
R
DD
10
8
Ort
hoto
mus
sut
oriu
s C
omm
on T
ailo
rbird
T
untu
nilT
uni
R
NO
10
9
Turd
oide
s ca
udat
us
Com
mon
Bab
bler
R
D
D
110
Tu
rdoi
des
earle
i S
triat
ed B
abbl
er
R
NO
11
1
Acr
ocep
halu
s du
met
orum
B
lyth
s R
eed
War
bler
M
11
2
Bra
dypt
erus
lute
oven
tris
Bro
wn
Bush
War
bler
M
lB
H
ippo
lais
cal
igat
a B
oote
d W
arbl
er
M
114
P
hyllo
scop
us a
ffini
s T
icke
lls L
eaf W
arbl
er
M
115
A
laud
idae
A
laud
a gu
lgul
a O
rient
al S
kyla
rk
Bha
rat P
akhi
R
N
O
116
M
irafr
a as
sam
ica
Rufo
us-w
inge
d B
ushl
ark
Bha
rat P
akhi
R
N
O
117
N
ecta
riniid
ae
Nec
tarin
ia a
siat
ica
Pur
ple
Sun
bird
N
iltu
nilM
adhu
ch u
sh ki
R
N
O
118
N
ecta
rinia
zey
loni
ca
Pur
ple-
rum
ped
Sun
bird
M
outu
shi
R
NO
11
9
Dic
aeum
ery
thro
rhyn
chos
P
ale-
bille
d F
low
erpe
cker
F
uljh
uri
R
NO
12
0
Pass
erid
ae
Lonc
hura
mal
abar
ica
Indi
an S
ilver
bill
R
NO
12
1
Lonc
hura
pun
ctul
ata
Sca
ly-b
reas
ted
Mun
ia
Tila
Mun
ia
R
NO
12
2
Pass
er d
omes
ticus
H
ouse
Spa
rrow
C
haru
i R
N
O
123
P
oce
us p
hilip
pinu
s B
ayaW
eave
r B
abui
Bao
i R
N
O
124
M
otac
illa
mad
eras
pate
nsis
W
hite
-bro
wed
Wag
tail
Pakr
a K
honj
an
R
NO
12
5
Ant
hus
hodg
soni
i O
live-
back
ed P
ipit
M
126
A
nthu
s ru
fulu
s P
addy
field
Pip
it M
12
7
Mot
acill
a al
ba
Whi
te W
agta
il M
12
8
Mot
acill
a ci
nere
a G
rey
Wag
tail
Kho
njan
M
Tab
le 4
Mam
mal
s o
f Raj
eshp
ur s
tud
y ar
ea
SL
Ord
er
Fam
ily
Sci
entif
ic N
ame
Eng
lish
Nam
e Lo
cal N
ame
r
No
I
I CI
I CI
I t
l 3
t
liO
C
CII
cgt
-r
~~
v a
lO
cI
0 V
I Z
Cl
zg
V
I U
Jv~
V
Ishy
-v
-v
U
1
Inse
ctiv
ora
Sor
icid
ae
Sun
cus
mur
inus
G
rey
Mus
k S
hrew
C
hika
N
O
2
Chi
ropt
era
Pte
ropo
dida
e P
tero
pus
giga
nteu
s Fl
ying
Fox
B
adur
N
O
3
Rou
settu
sle
sche
naul
ti Fu
lvou
s F
ruit
Bat
Ko
la B
adur
D
D
4
Meg
ader
mat
idae
M
egad
erm
a ly
ra
False
Vam
pier
D
aini
Bad
ur
NO
5
V
espe
rtili
onid
ae
Ept
esic
us p
achy
otis
Th
ick-
eare
d B
at
DD
6
H
espe
ropt
enus
tick
elli
Tic
kells
Bat
D
D
7
Pip
istre
llus
coro
man
dra
Indi
an P
ipis
trelle
N
O
8
Pip
istre
llus
mim
us
Indi
an P
igm
y P
ipis
trelle
N
O
9
Prim
ates
C
erco
pith
ecid
ae
Mac
aca
assa
men
sis
Ass
ames
e M
acaq
ue
Ash
ami B
anor
D
D
VU
10
Mac
aca
mul
atta
R
hesu
s M
acaq
ue
Ban
or
VU
LR
1l
C
arni
vora
C
anid
ae
Can
is a
ureu
s Ja
ckal
Pa
ti S
hial
VU
12
Vu
lpes
ben
gale
nsis
B
enga
l Fox
K
hek
Shi
al
VU
DD
13
Fe
lidae
Fe
lis c
haus
Ju
ngle
Cat
Ba
n B
iral
EN
II 14
P
riona
iluru
s vi
verr
inus
Fi
shin
g C
at
Mec
ho B
iral
EN
LR
II 15
H
erpe
stid
ae
Her
pest
es a
urop
unct
atus
S
mal
l Ind
ian
Mon
goos
e B
enji
NO
16
H
erpe
stes
edw
ards
i C
omm
on M
ongo
ose
Bara
Ben
ji VU
17
M
uste
lidae
Lu
tra lu
tra
C
omm
on O
tter
Ud
CR
18
Viv
errid
ae
Par
adox
urus
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map
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Com
mon
Pal
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Refere
Brandis D 1906lndian Trees Periodical Experts Book agency Delhi 767 pp
FAO 1988 Land Resources Approsal of Bangladesh for Agricultural Development Agroecolo(( I Regions ofBangladesh BGD81035 Technical Report 2570 pp
Heining RL 1925 Lists ofplants ofChittagong Collectorate and Hill Tracts Darjeeling India 84 pp
Nishat A Huq SMlmamul Barua Suvashis P Reza Ali AHM Khan Moniruzzaman A5 (eds)
2002 Bio-ecological Zones ofBangladeshIUCN Bangladesh Country Office 141 pp
Prain D 1903 Bengal plants Vol 1 amp2 Calcutta
1 I
- cover amp back
- Untitled
-
51 No Species Family Habit OccurrenceHabit OccurrenceFamilySINo Species 52 Leucas lavandulifolia Lamiaceae Herb Common
Poaceae Grass Planted 17 Bambusa baJcooa 53 Mangifera indica Anacardiaceae Tree Planted
Grass Planted 18 Bambusa polymorpha Poaceae 54 Melastoma malabathricum Melastomaceae Shrub Very common
Grass Planted 55 Merremia umbellata Convolvulaceae Climber CommonBambusa tulda Poaceae
Pal mae Tree Common 56 Microcos paniculata Tiliaceae Tree Very common 19
20 Borassus flabellifer Herb Common 57 Mikania scandens Asteraceae Herb Very common Rubiaceae21 Borreria hispida
58 Mimosa pudica Mimosaceae Herb CommonShrub CommonCaesalpinaceae22 Caesalpinia crista 59 Morinda angustifolia Rubiaceae S hrub Not very common
Climber PlantedPalmae23 Calamus guruba 60 Nelsonia canescens Acanthaceae Herb Common Tree Not very common Lecythidaceae24 Careya arborea 61 Oxalis corniculata Oxalidaceae Herb Common Tree Planted
Chikrassia tabularis Meliaceae 62 Phoenix sylvestris Palmae Tree Planted Herb Very common
25 Poaceae 63 Phyllanthus embelica Euphorbiaceae Tree Planted26 Chrysopogon aciculatus
Shrub Common 64 Psidium guajava Myrtaceae Tree PlantedVerbenaceaeClerodendrum viscosum 27 65 Psychotria calocarpa Rubiaceae Shrub CommonHerb CommonCommelinaceae28 Commelina benghalensis 66 Pteris vittata Pteridaceae Fern CommonClimber Planted
29 Daemonorops jenkinsiana Arecaceae 67 Randia dumetorum Rubiaceae Shrub Common
Tree CommonFabaceaeDalbergia stipulacea 30 68 Rumex maritimus Polyonaceae Herb Not common Climber Not very ommon Dilleniaceae3l Delima sarmentosa 69 Rungia pectinata Acanthaceae Herb Common Tree Planted
32 Delonix regia Caesalpinialteae 70 Samanea saman Mimosaceae Tree Planted
Fabaceae Herb Common 71 Scoparia dulcis Scrophulariaceae Herb Common33 Desmodium heterophyllum Herb Common 72 Shorea robusta Dipterocarpaceae Tree DominantPoaceae34 Digittaria sanguinalis
73 Smilax macrophylla Smilacaceae Climber CommonClimber CommonDioscoreaceae35 Dioscorea pentaphylla 74 Swietenia mahagoni Meliaceae Tree PlantedTree PlantedDipterocarpaceae36 Dipterocarpus turbinatus 75 Syzygium cumini Myrtaceae Tree Planted
Polipodiaceae Epiphyte Common 37 Drynaia quercifolia 76 Syzygium fruticosum Myrtaceae Tree Common
Tree Not very common Fabaceae38 Erythrina variegata 77 Tabebuia rosea Bignoniaceae Tree Planted Tree Planted
39 Eucalyptus camaldulensis Myrtaceae 78 Tabernaemontana divaricata Apocynaceae Shrub Common
Asteraceae Shrub Very common 79 Tamarindus indicus Caesalpinaceae Tree Planted40 Eupatorium odoratum Tree Planted 80 Terminalia belerica Combretaceae Tree PlantedMoraceae41 Ficus lachooka
81 T chebula Combretaceae Tree PlantedShrub CommonFlacourtiaceae42 Flacourtia indica 82 Urena lobata Malvaceae Herb Common
Guttiferae Tree Common 43 Garcinia cowa 83 Viscum orientalis Loranthaceae Parasite Common
Guttiferae Tree Rare 44 G lancaefolia 84 Zizyphus rugosa Rhamnaceae Shrub Common
Herb CommonAsteraceae45 Grangea madaraspatana
Asclepiadaceae Climber Common 46 Hemidesmus indicus
Shrub CommonApocynaceae
Tree Planted 47 Holarrhena antidysenterica
Dipterocarpaceae 48 Hopea odorata
49 Jchnocarpus frutescens Apocynaceae Climber Common
Shrub Very common Rubiaceae Shrub Very common
50 Ixora acuminata Rubiaceae
Shrub Common 50 Ixora acuminata
Rubiaceae51 Ixora parviflora Table continued
10 I
l ~
Tabl
e 2
Am
ph
ibia
ns
of R
ajes
hp
ur
stu
dy
area
SL
Ord
er
Fam
ily
Sci
entif
ic N
ame
Eng
lish
Nam
e Lo
cal N
ame
~
N~
~ ~
III
-C
C
~
IV
~
2 ~
-5 a
I 0
CJ
0 V
IzC
gt
zC
gt
VI
u u~
w
I _
uIII
_ II
I u
I
u
1
An
ura
B
ufo
nid
ae
B
ufo
mel
anos
tictu
s C
om
mo
n T
oad
Ku
no
Ban
g N
O
2
Mic
roh
ylid
ae
M
icro
hyla
orn
ata
Orn
ate
Mic
roh
ylid
C
heen
a B
ang
VU
3
Ran
idae
E
uphl
yict
is c
yano
phly
ctis
S
kip
pe
r F
rog
Ko
tko
ti B
ang
NO
4
Hop
loba
trac
hus
tiger
inus
B
ull F
rog
Kol
a B
ang
NO
II
5
Lim
none
ctes
lim
noch
aris
C
rick
et
Fro
g Jh
i-jh
i Ban
g N
O
6
Rh
aco
ph
ori
da
P
olyp
edat
es m
acul
atus
M
acu
late
d T
ree
Fro
g G
echo
Ban
g N
O
Tabl
e 3
Rep
tiles
of R
ajes
hpur
stu
dy a
rea
SL
Ord
er
Fam
ily
Sci
entif
ic N
ame
Eng
lish
Nam
e Lo
cal N
ame
~
No
~
~
II
I -
Cc
II
I IV
C
gt--g
gt-1i
~
0 Ci
0
VI
Z
Cgt
Z
Cgt
VI
u
u
w
I _
uIII
I
uIII_
u
1
Tes
tudi
nes
Bat
agur
idae
G
eocJ
amys
ham
ilton
ii B
lack
po
nd
tu
rtle
K
alo
Kas
im
EN
LR
2
Kac
huga
tect
a In
dian
Roo
fed
Tur
tle
Kor
i K
aitta
N
O
3
Kac
huga
tent
oria
M
edia
n R
oofe
d T
urtle
M
ajha
ri K
aitta
EN
VU
4
Mel
anoc
hely
s tr
ijuga
In
dian
Bla
ckT
urtle
K
asim
EN
LR
5
Mor
enia
pet
ers
Indi
an E
yed
Tur
tle
Hal
dey
Kai
tta
VU
VU
6
Lace
rtili
a T
estu
dini
dae
Man
ouria
em
ys
Asi
an G
iant
Tor
tise
Pah
ari K
sim
CR
7
Gek
koni
dae
Gek
ko g
ecko
W
all L
izar
d T
okkh
ak
VU
8
Hem
idac
tylu
s br
ooki
i H
ouse
Liz
ard
Tik
tiki
NO
Tab
le c
on
tinu
ed
SL
Ord
er
Fam
ily
Sci
entif
ic N
ame
Eng
lish
Nam
e Lo
cal N
ame
cN
o
III
IV
IV
C
III
5
iii
CC
c
IV
c
gt-c
III
2 ~
u a
I 0
CJ
0 V
I Z
Cgt
Z
Cgt
V
I w
u
u
_ u
I II
I
I_ u III
9
U
H
emid
acty
lus
fkav
iviri
dis
Co
mm
on
Hou
se L
izar
d 10
T
iktik
iA
gam
idae
N
OC
alot
es v
ersi
colo
r C
om
mo
n G
arde
n Li
zard
11
R
okto
-cho
sha
Sci
ncid
ae
NO
Mab
uya
carin
ata
Com
mon
Ski
nk
12
Var
anid
ae
Var
anus
ben
gale
nsis
B
enga
l Mo
nit
or
Anj
on
NO
13
G
ui S
hap
VU
Vara
nus
fJav
esce
ns
Yel
low
Mo
nit
or
14
Sho
na G
ui
Ser
pent
es
Typ
hlop
idae
EN
Ram
phot
yphl
ops
bram
inus
C
omm
on W
orm
Sna
ke15
D
um
ukh
a S
hap
NO
Typh
lops
por
rect
us S
lend
er
Wor
m S
nake
16
Du
mu
kha
Sha
p D
DC
olub
rida
e A
haet
ulJa
nas
utus
C
omm
on V
ine
Sna
ke17
La
odog
a S
hap
VU
Aha
etul
Ja p
rasi
na
Sho
rt-n
osed
Vin
e S
nake
18
Laod
oga
Sha
p D
DA
mph
iesm
a st
olat
a S
trip
ped
Kee
lbac
k 19
D
ora
Sha
p N
OA
ltret
ium
sch
isto
sum
O
live
Kee
lbac
k 20
M
aitt
a S
hap
NO
Chy
sope
lea
orna
te
Orn
ate
Fly
ing
Sna
ke21
K
alna
gini
EN
Col
uber
muc
osus
R
at S
nake
22
Dar
ajD
endr
elap
his
pict
us
VU
II
Pai
nted
Bro
nzeb
ack
Tree
Sna
ke23
G
echo
Sha
p VU
Den
drel
aphi
s tri
stis
C
om
mo
n B
ronz
ebac
k Tr
ee S
nake
24
Bet
Anc
hora
VU
Ela
phe
hele
na
Com
mon
Tri
nket
Sna
ke25
D
udhr
aj
ENE
laph
e ra
diat
a C
oppe
r H
ead
Tri
nket
Sna
ke
26
Dud
hraj
EN
Enh
ydris
enh
ydris
C
om
mo
n S
moo
th W
ater
Sna
ke27
P
aina
Sha
p N
OLy
eodo
n au
licus
C
om
mo
n W
olf
Sna
ke28
G
harg
inni
Sha
p V
UO
ligod
on a
lboc
inct
us
Whi
te-b
arre
d K
ukri
Sna
ke
29
DD
Olig
odon
arn
ensi
s C
omm
on K
ukri
Sna
ke
30
DD
Olig
odon
cin
ereu
s B
lack
-bar
red
Kuk
ri S
nake
31
DD
Olig
odon
theo
bald
i M
anda
lay
Kuk
ri S
nake
32
D
DPa
reas
mon
tical
u A
ssam
Sna
il E
ater
33
S
ham
uk-K
hor
DD
Psa
mm
odyn
aste
s pu
lver
ulen
tus
Mo
ckV
ipe
r34
P
ahar
i Sha
p D
DX
enoc
hrop
his
pisc
ator
C
heck
ered
Kee
lbac
k 35
D
hora
Sha
pE
lapi
dae
NO
Bun
garu
s ca
erul
eus
Com
mon
Kra
it 36
K
al K
eote
y EN
Bun
garu
s fa
scia
tus
Ban
ded
Kra
it 37
S
hank
ini S
hap
ENN
aja
kaou
thia
M
on
oce
llate
Cob
ra
38
Gok
hra
Sha
p VU
Naj
anaj
a B
inoc
ella
te C
obra
39
K
hoia
Gok
hra
ENV
iper
idae
1
1Tr
imer
esur
us a
lbol
abris
B
ambo
o P
it V
iper
40
J~
Vip
era
russ
ellii
Rus
sells
Vip
er
DD
C
hand
robo
ra
CR
Tabl
e 3
Bird
s o
f Raj
eshp
ur s
tudy
are
a l~
SL
Ord
er
Fam
ily
Sci
entif
ic N
ame
Eng
lish
Nam
e Lo
cal N
ame
~
III
III
No
C
5
C
iU
c-
g
III
C
gt-
0gt
-~
v -- C
-
II
I a
lO
1)
0
V
C
zg
zO
l
V
middotiii
wu
u~ ~
)
)
cIII
_u
_
u
U
1
Pic
iform
es
Pic
idae
C
eeu
s br
ochy
urus
R
ufou
s W
oodp
ecke
r La
lche
y K
atht
hokr
a R
N
O
2
Den
droc
opos
mac
ei
Fulv
ous-
bres
ted
Woo
dpec
ker
Pakr
a K
atht
hokr
a R
N
O
3
Den
droc
opo
sm
ahre
ttens
is
Yel
low
-fron
ted
Pie
d W
oodp
ecke
r Pa
kra
Kat
htho
kra
R
DO
4
ly
nx to
rqui
lla
Eur
asia
n W
ryne
ck
Met
ho K
atht
hokr
a M
5
D
inop
ium
java
nens
e C
omm
on F
lam
ebac
k R
N
O
6
Din
opiu
m b
engh
aen
se
Bla
ck-r
umpe
d Fl
ameb
ack
Kat
hokr
a R
N
O
7
Meg
alai
mid
ae
Meg
aai
ma
haem
acep
hala
C
oppe
rsm
ith B
arbe
t C
hoto
Bas
anta
Bau
ri R
N
O
8
Meg
aai
ma
inea
te
Line
ated
Bar
bet
Gur
khod
Beg
hbou
R
N
O
9
Upu
pifo
rmes
U
pupi
dae
Upu
pa e
pops
C
omm
on H
oopo
e H
udhu
d5
0lai
man
Pak
hi
R
NO
10
Cor
aciif
orm
es
Cor
aciid
ae
Cor
acia
s be
ngha
ens
is
Indi
an R
olle
r N
ilkan
tha
R
NO
11
Alc
edin
idae
A
lced
o at
this
C
omm
on K
ingf
ishe
r C
hoto
Maa
chra
nga
R
NO
12
H
alcy
on s
myr
nens
is
Whi
teth
roat
ed K
ingf
ishe
r M
aach
rang
a R
N
O
13
Meg
acer
ye
ugu
bris
P
ied
Kin
gfis
her
R
DO
14
M
erop
idae
M
erop
s or
ient
alis
G
reen
Bee
eate
r S
uich
ora
Ban
spat
i R
N
O
15
Cuc
ulifo
rmes
C
ucul
idae
C
acom
antis
mer
ulin
us
Plai
ntiv
e cu
ckoo
C
hata
kiS
orgo
m
R
NO
16
Cuc
uus
sat
urat
us
Orie
ntal
Cuc
koo
M
17
Cen
trip
odid
ae
Cen
tropu
s si
nens
is
Gre
ater
Cou
cal
Kan
akua
Cou
cal
R
NO
18
Ca
mat
or ja
cobi
nus
Pie
d C
ucko
o P
apiy
a R
N
O
19
Cuc
uus
mic
ropt
erus
lndi
an
Cuc
koo
Bou
-Kat
ha-K
ao P
akhi
R
N
O
20
Eud
ynam
ys sc
pa
cea
Asi
an C
ucko
o K
okil
Ku
kil
R
NO
2l
H
iero
cocc
yx v
ariu
s C
omm
on H
awk
Cuc
koo
Cho
khg
elo
Pakh
i R
N
O
22
Phae
nico
phae
us tr
istis
G
reen
-bill
ed M
alko
ha
Sab
uj K
okil
R
NO
23
Apo
difo
rmes
A
podi
dae
Cyp
siur
us b
aa
siens
is
Asi
an P
alm
Sw
ift
Nak
kati
R
NO
24
Stri
gifo
rmes
T
yton
idae
Ty
toa
ba
Bar
n O
wl
Laxm
i Pen
cha
R
NO
Tab
le c
ontin
ued
SL
Ord
er
Fam
ily
Sci
entif
ic N
ame
Eng
lish
Nam
e Lo
cal N
ame
~
No
II
I II
I
C
5
C
0
1 ]
III
~
cgt
shy~
vC
0
gt-
V
III
alO
i3
0
C
zOl
zO
l
V
middotiii
Wu~ u~
~II
I
)
)
c
_
u
_u
U
25
Stri
gida
e A
then
e br
oma
Spo
tted
Ow
let
Khu
rule
y Pe
ncha
R
N
O
26
Bub
o be
nga
ensi
s R
ock
Eag
le O
wl
Hut
um P
ench
a R
N
O
27
Ket
upa
zey
onen
sis
Bro
wn
Fish
Ow
l B
hutu
m P
ench
a R
VU
28
N
inox
scu
tua
ta
Bro
wn
Haw
k O
wl
Kup
okh
R
NO
29
Cap
rimul
gida
e C
aprim
ugu
s m
acru
rus
Larg
e-ta
iled
Nig
ht ja
r R
atch
ara
R
NO
30
Col
umbi
form
es C
olum
bida
e C
olum
ba i
via
Roc
k P
igeo
n J
alal
i Kab
utor
R
N
O
31
Duc
ua
aene
a G
reen
Im
peria
l Pig
eon
Dhu
mko
l R
D
O32
S
trept
ope
ia c
hin
ensis
S
potte
d D
ove
Tila
Ghu
ghu
R
NO
33
Stre
ptop
eia
dec
aoct
a E
uras
ian
Col
lare
d D
ove
Raj G
hugh
uD
hoba
l R
N
O
Ghu
ghu
34
Stre
ptop
eia
tran
queb
aric
a R
ed C
olla
red
Dov
e La
l Ghu
ghu
Jon
gla
R
NO
G
hugh
u35
Tr
eron
api
caud
a Pi
n-ta
iled
Gre
en P
igeo
n H
oria
lH
orik
ol
R
CR36
T
rero
n bi
cinc
ta
Ora
nge-
brea
sted
Gre
en P
igeo
n H
oria
lH
orik
ol
R
NO
37
Trer
on p
hoen
icop
tera
Y
ello
w-f
oote
d G
reen
Pig
eon
Hor
iallB
otko
l R
N
O38
Tr
eron
pom
pado
ra
Pom
pado
ur G
reen
Pig
eon
Cho
to H
oria
l R
N
O
39
Stre
ptop
elia
orie
ntal
is
Orie
ntal
Tur
tle D
ove
Ghu
ghu
M39
S
trept
ope
ia o
rient
ais
O
rient
al T
urtle
Dov
e G
hugh
u M
40
Gru
iform
es
Ral
lidae
A
mau
rorn
is p
hoen
icur
us
Whi
te-b
reas
ted
Wat
erhe
n D
ahuk
R
N
O
41
Cic
oniif
orm
es
Jaca
nida
e B
ronz
e-w
ing
ed Jlt
can
a R
o
42
Cha
radr
iidae
R
ed-I
middotta tt1~
Lap
(
o lt
=
43
Acc
ipltr
idae
44
~
-r
-$
-
_
~__~
-
bull _
45
~2--
--
c
46
~-~
~
Ju
l~
cSL
O
rder
Fa
mily
S
cien
tific
Nam
e E
nglis
h N
ame
Loca
l Nam
e II
I el
lel
lN
o
1l
3
III
i6
1l
c
ell
cc
gt
c ~~
II
I
el
l co
0
J
0 V
I
1l
Z
o-
Zo
-V
I w
v
v
el
l J
ill
cc
-v
2a
u
47
Milv
us m
igra
ns
Bla
ck K
ite
Bhu
bon
Chi
l R
N
O
48
Circ
us c
yane
us
Hen
Har
rier
M
49
Pan
dion
ha
iaet
us
Osp
rey
Mec
ho B
aaj
M
50
Falc
onid
ae
Falc
o ch
icqu
era
Red
-nec
ked
Falc
on
Tur
mut
i R
D
D
LR
51
Falc
o tin
nunc
ulus
C
omm
on K
estre
l M
52
P
hala
croc
orac
idae
P
hala
croc
orax
nig
er
Littl
e C
orm
oran
t P
aan-
kow
ri R
N
O
53
Ard
eida
e A
rdeo
la g
rayi
i Ind
ian
Pon
d H
eron
K
ani B
okK
ana
Bok
R
N
O
54
Bub
ulcu
s ib
is
Cat
tle E
gret
G
o-bo
k R
N
O
55
But
orid
es s
triat
us
Littl
e E
gret
C
hoto
Bok
R
N
O
56
Dup
etor
fav
icol
is
Bla
ck B
itter
n K
alo
Bok
R
D
D
57
Ixob
rych
us m
inut
us
Littl
e B
itter
n K
hude
y B
ok
R
DD
58
Ixob
rych
us s
inen
sis
Yel
low
Bitt
ern
Hol
dey
Bok
R
N
O
59
Mes
opho
yx in
term
edia
In
term
edia
te E
gret
M
aijla
Bok
R
N
O
60
Nyc
ticor
ax n
ictic
orax
B
lack
-cro
wne
d N
ight
Her
on
Waa
klN
ishi
Bok
R
N
O
61
Sco
lopa
cida
e A
ctiti
s hy
pole
ucos
C
omm
on S
andp
iper
M
62
Gal
inag
o ga
lina
go
Fant
ail S
nipe
K
ada-
khoc
ha
M
63
Gal
linag
o st
enur
a P
inta
il S
nipe
K
ada-
khoc
ha
M
64
P
asse
rifor
mes
Lan
iidae
La
nius
sch
ach
Long
-tai
led
Shr
ike
Bag
haT
iki
R
NO
65
Lani
us c
rista
tus
Bro
wn
Shr
ike
Bad
ami K
osha
i Pak
hi
M
66
Lani
us te
phro
notu
s G
reyb
acke
d S
hrik
e K
osha
i Pak
hi
M
67
Cor
vida
e C
orvu
s m
acro
rhyn
chos
Ju
ngle
Cro
w
Dan
r Ka
k R
N
O
68
Cor
vus
sple
nden
s H
ouse
Cro
w
Pat
i Kak
lKau
a R
N
O
69
Den
droc
itta
vaga
bund
a R
ufus
Tre
epie
H
anric
hach
aK
utum
R
N
O
70
Aeg
ithin
a tip
hia
Com
mon
lora
T
owfik
Fat
ikja
l R
N
O
71
Orio
lus
xant
hom
us
Bla
ck-h
eade
d O
riole
H
olde
y P
akhi
R
N
O
72
Dic
ruru
s ae
neus
B
ronz
ed D
rong
o C
hoto
Fin
gey
R
NO
Tab
le c
on
tin
ue
d
SL
Ord
er
Fam
ily
Sci
entif
ic N
ame
Eng
lish
Nam
e Lo
cal N
ame
c
III
No
el
l el
l 1
l
3
II
I i6
1
lc
el
l c
--c~ ~~
C
II
I 0
ell
J
0 V
IC
Ooshy
1l
Z
o-
VI
Zel
l w
v
v
J
III
J II
Icc
el
l -v
-v
U
73
Dic
urur
s m
acro
cerc
us
Bla
ck D
rong
o F
inge
y R
N
O
74
Arta
mus
fusc
us
Ash
y W
oods
wal
low
La
tora
R
N
O
75
Cor
acin
a m
acei
La
rge
Cuc
koos
hrik
e G
udhu
ka
R
NO
76
P
eric
roco
tus
cinn
amom
eus
Sm
all M
iniv
et
S~t
Sai
li R
N
O
77
Teph
rodo
rnis
pon
dice
rianu
s C
omm
on W
oods
hrik
e R
N
O
78
Rhi
pidu
ra a
lbic
olis
W
hite
-thr
oate
d Fa
ntai
l Le
jnac
hani
R
N
O
79
Mus
cica
pida
e C
opsy
chus
sau
laris
O
rient
al M
agpi
e R
obin
D
oelD
oina
chan
i R
N
O
80
Cul
icic
apa
ceyl
onen
sis
Gre
y-he
aded
Can
ary
Fly
catc
her
Fut
futi
R
NO
81
S
axic
olac
apra
ta
Pie
d B
usnc
hat
R
NO
82
C
haim
arro
rnis
leuc
ocep
halu
s W
hite
-cap
ped
Wat
er R
edst
art
M
83
Cyo
rnis
tick
ellia
e T
icke
lls B
lue
Fly
catc
her
M
84
Eum
yias
thal
assi
fa
Ver
dite
r F
lyca
tche
r M
85
Fi
cedu
la p
arva
R
ed-t
hroa
ted
Fly
catc
her
Lalb
ook
Cho
tok
M
86
Lusc
inia
cal
iope
S
iber
ian
Rub
yThr
oat
M
87
Lusc
inia
sve
cica
B
luet
hroa
t M
88
M
ontic
ola
solit
ariu
s B
lock
Roc
k Th
rush
M
89
S
axic
ola
torq
uata
C
omm
on S
tone
chat
M
90
Tu
rdus
uni
colo
r T
icke
lls T
hrus
h M
91
Zo
othe
ra c
itrin
e O
rang
e-he
aded
Thr
ush
M
92
Stu
rnid
ae
Acr
idot
here
s ci
nere
us
Whi
te-v
ente
d M
yna
R
DD
93
A
crid
othe
res
fusc
us
Jung
le M
yna
Jhut
i Sha
lik
R
NO
94
A
crid
othe
res
trist
is
Com
mon
Myn
a B
hat S
halik
R
N
O
95
Stu
rnus
con
tra
Asi
an P
ied
Sta~
ling
G
obre
y S
halik
Gu
Shal
ik
R
~O
96
Stu
rnus
mal
abar
icus
C
hest
nut-
taile
d S
tarli
ng
Kat
h S
halik
R
97
Hiru
ndin
idae
H
irund
o da
uric
a R
ed-r
umpe
d S
wal
low
A
babi
l 98
H
irund
o ru
stic
a B
arn
Sw
allo
w
Aba
bil
99
Par
idae
Pa
rus
maj
or
Gre
atT
it
J~
- z=
~ -
--
~_
--la
SL
Ord
er
Fam
ily
Sci
entif
ic N
ame
Eng
lish
Nam
e Lo
cal N
ame
r
II
No
CI
I CI
I t
l
3
tl
C
c
CII
0
gt-
r
cgt
shyC
- CII
iO -
V
I v a
l 0
cI
0 t
l Z
Cl
ZC
l V
I ii
i v~ v~
UJ
IshyCI
I
a
-v
-v
U
100
P
ycno
notu
s ar
ticep
s B
lack
-hea
ded
Bul
bul
Kal
o B
ulbu
l R
N
O
101
P
ycno
notid
ae
Pyc
nono
tus
cafe
r R
ed-v
ente
d B
ulbu
B
ulbu
li R
N
O
102
P
ycno
notu
sjoc
osus
R
ed-w
hisk
ered
Bul
bul
Sip
ahi B
ulbu
li R
N
O
103
Z
oste
ropi
dae
Zost
erop
s pa
lpeb
rosu
s O
rient
al W
hite
-eye
S
het-
ankh
i R
N
O
104
S
ylvi
idae
A
lcip
pe p
Oio
icep
hala
B
row
n-ch
eeke
d Fu
lvet
ta
R
NO
lO
S
Dum
etia
hyp
eryt
hra
Taw
ny-b
ellie
d B
abbl
er
R
DD
10
6
Mal
acoc
incl
a ab
botti
A
bbot
s B
abbl
er
R
NO
10
7
Meg
auru
s pa
lust
ris
Stri
ated
Gra
ssbi
rd
R
DD
10
8
Ort
hoto
mus
sut
oriu
s C
omm
on T
ailo
rbird
T
untu
nilT
uni
R
NO
10
9
Turd
oide
s ca
udat
us
Com
mon
Bab
bler
R
D
D
110
Tu
rdoi
des
earle
i S
triat
ed B
abbl
er
R
NO
11
1
Acr
ocep
halu
s du
met
orum
B
lyth
s R
eed
War
bler
M
11
2
Bra
dypt
erus
lute
oven
tris
Bro
wn
Bush
War
bler
M
lB
H
ippo
lais
cal
igat
a B
oote
d W
arbl
er
M
114
P
hyllo
scop
us a
ffini
s T
icke
lls L
eaf W
arbl
er
M
115
A
laud
idae
A
laud
a gu
lgul
a O
rient
al S
kyla
rk
Bha
rat P
akhi
R
N
O
116
M
irafr
a as
sam
ica
Rufo
us-w
inge
d B
ushl
ark
Bha
rat P
akhi
R
N
O
117
N
ecta
riniid
ae
Nec
tarin
ia a
siat
ica
Pur
ple
Sun
bird
N
iltu
nilM
adhu
ch u
sh ki
R
N
O
118
N
ecta
rinia
zey
loni
ca
Pur
ple-
rum
ped
Sun
bird
M
outu
shi
R
NO
11
9
Dic
aeum
ery
thro
rhyn
chos
P
ale-
bille
d F
low
erpe
cker
F
uljh
uri
R
NO
12
0
Pass
erid
ae
Lonc
hura
mal
abar
ica
Indi
an S
ilver
bill
R
NO
12
1
Lonc
hura
pun
ctul
ata
Sca
ly-b
reas
ted
Mun
ia
Tila
Mun
ia
R
NO
12
2
Pass
er d
omes
ticus
H
ouse
Spa
rrow
C
haru
i R
N
O
123
P
oce
us p
hilip
pinu
s B
ayaW
eave
r B
abui
Bao
i R
N
O
124
M
otac
illa
mad
eras
pate
nsis
W
hite
-bro
wed
Wag
tail
Pakr
a K
honj
an
R
NO
12
5
Ant
hus
hodg
soni
i O
live-
back
ed P
ipit
M
126
A
nthu
s ru
fulu
s P
addy
field
Pip
it M
12
7
Mot
acill
a al
ba
Whi
te W
agta
il M
12
8
Mot
acill
a ci
nere
a G
rey
Wag
tail
Kho
njan
M
Tab
le 4
Mam
mal
s o
f Raj
eshp
ur s
tud
y ar
ea
SL
Ord
er
Fam
ily
Sci
entif
ic N
ame
Eng
lish
Nam
e Lo
cal N
ame
r
No
I
I CI
I CI
I t
l 3
t
liO
C
CII
cgt
-r
~~
v a
lO
cI
0 V
I Z
Cl
zg
V
I U
Jv~
V
Ishy
-v
-v
U
1
Inse
ctiv
ora
Sor
icid
ae
Sun
cus
mur
inus
G
rey
Mus
k S
hrew
C
hika
N
O
2
Chi
ropt
era
Pte
ropo
dida
e P
tero
pus
giga
nteu
s Fl
ying
Fox
B
adur
N
O
3
Rou
settu
sle
sche
naul
ti Fu
lvou
s F
ruit
Bat
Ko
la B
adur
D
D
4
Meg
ader
mat
idae
M
egad
erm
a ly
ra
False
Vam
pier
D
aini
Bad
ur
NO
5
V
espe
rtili
onid
ae
Ept
esic
us p
achy
otis
Th
ick-
eare
d B
at
DD
6
H
espe
ropt
enus
tick
elli
Tic
kells
Bat
D
D
7
Pip
istre
llus
coro
man
dra
Indi
an P
ipis
trelle
N
O
8
Pip
istre
llus
mim
us
Indi
an P
igm
y P
ipis
trelle
N
O
9
Prim
ates
C
erco
pith
ecid
ae
Mac
aca
assa
men
sis
Ass
ames
e M
acaq
ue
Ash
ami B
anor
D
D
VU
10
Mac
aca
mul
atta
R
hesu
s M
acaq
ue
Ban
or
VU
LR
1l
C
arni
vora
C
anid
ae
Can
is a
ureu
s Ja
ckal
Pa
ti S
hial
VU
12
Vu
lpes
ben
gale
nsis
B
enga
l Fox
K
hek
Shi
al
VU
DD
13
Fe
lidae
Fe
lis c
haus
Ju
ngle
Cat
Ba
n B
iral
EN
II 14
P
riona
iluru
s vi
verr
inus
Fi
shin
g C
at
Mec
ho B
iral
EN
LR
II 15
H
erpe
stid
ae
Her
pest
es a
urop
unct
atus
S
mal
l Ind
ian
Mon
goos
e B
enji
NO
16
H
erpe
stes
edw
ards
i C
omm
on M
ongo
ose
Bara
Ben
ji VU
17
M
uste
lidae
Lu
tra lu
tra
C
omm
on O
tter
Ud
CR
18
Viv
errid
ae
Par
adox
urus
her
map
hrod
itvs
Com
mon
Pal
m a
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19
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Refere
Brandis D 1906lndian Trees Periodical Experts Book agency Delhi 767 pp
FAO 1988 Land Resources Approsal of Bangladesh for Agricultural Development Agroecolo(( I Regions ofBangladesh BGD81035 Technical Report 2570 pp
Heining RL 1925 Lists ofplants ofChittagong Collectorate and Hill Tracts Darjeeling India 84 pp
Nishat A Huq SMlmamul Barua Suvashis P Reza Ali AHM Khan Moniruzzaman A5 (eds)
2002 Bio-ecological Zones ofBangladeshIUCN Bangladesh Country Office 141 pp
Prain D 1903 Bengal plants Vol 1 amp2 Calcutta
1 I
- cover amp back
- Untitled
-
l ~
Tabl
e 2
Am
ph
ibia
ns
of R
ajes
hp
ur
stu
dy
area
SL
Ord
er
Fam
ily
Sci
entif
ic N
ame
Eng
lish
Nam
e Lo
cal N
ame
~
N~
~ ~
III
-C
C
~
IV
~
2 ~
-5 a
I 0
CJ
0 V
IzC
gt
zC
gt
VI
u u~
w
I _
uIII
_ II
I u
I
u
1
An
ura
B
ufo
nid
ae
B
ufo
mel
anos
tictu
s C
om
mo
n T
oad
Ku
no
Ban
g N
O
2
Mic
roh
ylid
ae
M
icro
hyla
orn
ata
Orn
ate
Mic
roh
ylid
C
heen
a B
ang
VU
3
Ran
idae
E
uphl
yict
is c
yano
phly
ctis
S
kip
pe
r F
rog
Ko
tko
ti B
ang
NO
4
Hop
loba
trac
hus
tiger
inus
B
ull F
rog
Kol
a B
ang
NO
II
5
Lim
none
ctes
lim
noch
aris
C
rick
et
Fro
g Jh
i-jh
i Ban
g N
O
6
Rh
aco
ph
ori
da
P
olyp
edat
es m
acul
atus
M
acu
late
d T
ree
Fro
g G
echo
Ban
g N
O
Tabl
e 3
Rep
tiles
of R
ajes
hpur
stu
dy a
rea
SL
Ord
er
Fam
ily
Sci
entif
ic N
ame
Eng
lish
Nam
e Lo
cal N
ame
~
No
~
~
II
I -
Cc
II
I IV
C
gt--g
gt-1i
~
0 Ci
0
VI
Z
Cgt
Z
Cgt
VI
u
u
w
I _
uIII
I
uIII_
u
1
Tes
tudi
nes
Bat
agur
idae
G
eocJ
amys
ham
ilton
ii B
lack
po
nd
tu
rtle
K
alo
Kas
im
EN
LR
2
Kac
huga
tect
a In
dian
Roo
fed
Tur
tle
Kor
i K
aitta
N
O
3
Kac
huga
tent
oria
M
edia
n R
oofe
d T
urtle
M
ajha
ri K
aitta
EN
VU
4
Mel
anoc
hely
s tr
ijuga
In
dian
Bla
ckT
urtle
K
asim
EN
LR
5
Mor
enia
pet
ers
Indi
an E
yed
Tur
tle
Hal
dey
Kai
tta
VU
VU
6
Lace
rtili
a T
estu
dini
dae
Man
ouria
em
ys
Asi
an G
iant
Tor
tise
Pah
ari K
sim
CR
7
Gek
koni
dae
Gek
ko g
ecko
W
all L
izar
d T
okkh
ak
VU
8
Hem
idac
tylu
s br
ooki
i H
ouse
Liz
ard
Tik
tiki
NO
Tab
le c
on
tinu
ed
SL
Ord
er
Fam
ily
Sci
entif
ic N
ame
Eng
lish
Nam
e Lo
cal N
ame
cN
o
III
IV
IV
C
III
5
iii
CC
c
IV
c
gt-c
III
2 ~
u a
I 0
CJ
0 V
I Z
Cgt
Z
Cgt
V
I w
u
u
_ u
I II
I
I_ u III
9
U
H
emid
acty
lus
fkav
iviri
dis
Co
mm
on
Hou
se L
izar
d 10
T
iktik
iA
gam
idae
N
OC
alot
es v
ersi
colo
r C
om
mo
n G
arde
n Li
zard
11
R
okto
-cho
sha
Sci
ncid
ae
NO
Mab
uya
carin
ata
Com
mon
Ski
nk
12
Var
anid
ae
Var
anus
ben
gale
nsis
B
enga
l Mo
nit
or
Anj
on
NO
13
G
ui S
hap
VU
Vara
nus
fJav
esce
ns
Yel
low
Mo
nit
or
14
Sho
na G
ui
Ser
pent
es
Typ
hlop
idae
EN
Ram
phot
yphl
ops
bram
inus
C
omm
on W
orm
Sna
ke15
D
um
ukh
a S
hap
NO
Typh
lops
por
rect
us S
lend
er
Wor
m S
nake
16
Du
mu
kha
Sha
p D
DC
olub
rida
e A
haet
ulJa
nas
utus
C
omm
on V
ine
Sna
ke17
La
odog
a S
hap
VU
Aha
etul
Ja p
rasi
na
Sho
rt-n
osed
Vin
e S
nake
18
Laod
oga
Sha
p D
DA
mph
iesm
a st
olat
a S
trip
ped
Kee
lbac
k 19
D
ora
Sha
p N
OA
ltret
ium
sch
isto
sum
O
live
Kee
lbac
k 20
M
aitt
a S
hap
NO
Chy
sope
lea
orna
te
Orn
ate
Fly
ing
Sna
ke21
K
alna
gini
EN
Col
uber
muc
osus
R
at S
nake
22
Dar
ajD
endr
elap
his
pict
us
VU
II
Pai
nted
Bro
nzeb
ack
Tree
Sna
ke23
G
echo
Sha
p VU
Den
drel
aphi
s tri
stis
C
om
mo
n B
ronz
ebac
k Tr
ee S
nake
24
Bet
Anc
hora
VU
Ela
phe
hele
na
Com
mon
Tri
nket
Sna
ke25
D
udhr
aj
ENE
laph
e ra
diat
a C
oppe
r H
ead
Tri
nket
Sna
ke
26
Dud
hraj
EN
Enh
ydris
enh
ydris
C
om
mo
n S
moo
th W
ater
Sna
ke27
P
aina
Sha
p N
OLy
eodo
n au
licus
C
om
mo
n W
olf
Sna
ke28
G
harg
inni
Sha
p V
UO
ligod
on a
lboc
inct
us
Whi
te-b
arre
d K
ukri
Sna
ke
29
DD
Olig
odon
arn
ensi
s C
omm
on K
ukri
Sna
ke
30
DD
Olig
odon
cin
ereu
s B
lack
-bar
red
Kuk
ri S
nake
31
DD
Olig
odon
theo
bald
i M
anda
lay
Kuk
ri S
nake
32
D
DPa
reas
mon
tical
u A
ssam
Sna
il E
ater
33
S
ham
uk-K
hor
DD
Psa
mm
odyn
aste
s pu
lver
ulen
tus
Mo
ckV
ipe
r34
P
ahar
i Sha
p D
DX
enoc
hrop
his
pisc
ator
C
heck
ered
Kee
lbac
k 35
D
hora
Sha
pE
lapi
dae
NO
Bun
garu
s ca
erul
eus
Com
mon
Kra
it 36
K
al K
eote
y EN
Bun
garu
s fa
scia
tus
Ban
ded
Kra
it 37
S
hank
ini S
hap
ENN
aja
kaou
thia
M
on
oce
llate
Cob
ra
38
Gok
hra
Sha
p VU
Naj
anaj
a B
inoc
ella
te C
obra
39
K
hoia
Gok
hra
ENV
iper
idae
1
1Tr
imer
esur
us a
lbol
abris
B
ambo
o P
it V
iper
40
J~
Vip
era
russ
ellii
Rus
sells
Vip
er
DD
C
hand
robo
ra
CR
Tabl
e 3
Bird
s o
f Raj
eshp
ur s
tudy
are
a l~
SL
Ord
er
Fam
ily
Sci
entif
ic N
ame
Eng
lish
Nam
e Lo
cal N
ame
~
III
III
No
C
5
C
iU
c-
g
III
C
gt-
0gt
-~
v -- C
-
II
I a
lO
1)
0
V
C
zg
zO
l
V
middotiii
wu
u~ ~
)
)
cIII
_u
_
u
U
1
Pic
iform
es
Pic
idae
C
eeu
s br
ochy
urus
R
ufou
s W
oodp
ecke
r La
lche
y K
atht
hokr
a R
N
O
2
Den
droc
opos
mac
ei
Fulv
ous-
bres
ted
Woo
dpec
ker
Pakr
a K
atht
hokr
a R
N
O
3
Den
droc
opo
sm
ahre
ttens
is
Yel
low
-fron
ted
Pie
d W
oodp
ecke
r Pa
kra
Kat
htho
kra
R
DO
4
ly
nx to
rqui
lla
Eur
asia
n W
ryne
ck
Met
ho K
atht
hokr
a M
5
D
inop
ium
java
nens
e C
omm
on F
lam
ebac
k R
N
O
6
Din
opiu
m b
engh
aen
se
Bla
ck-r
umpe
d Fl
ameb
ack
Kat
hokr
a R
N
O
7
Meg
alai
mid
ae
Meg
aai
ma
haem
acep
hala
C
oppe
rsm
ith B
arbe
t C
hoto
Bas
anta
Bau
ri R
N
O
8
Meg
aai
ma
inea
te
Line
ated
Bar
bet
Gur
khod
Beg
hbou
R
N
O
9
Upu
pifo
rmes
U
pupi
dae
Upu
pa e
pops
C
omm
on H
oopo
e H
udhu
d5
0lai
man
Pak
hi
R
NO
10
Cor
aciif
orm
es
Cor
aciid
ae
Cor
acia
s be
ngha
ens
is
Indi
an R
olle
r N
ilkan
tha
R
NO
11
Alc
edin
idae
A
lced
o at
this
C
omm
on K
ingf
ishe
r C
hoto
Maa
chra
nga
R
NO
12
H
alcy
on s
myr
nens
is
Whi
teth
roat
ed K
ingf
ishe
r M
aach
rang
a R
N
O
13
Meg
acer
ye
ugu
bris
P
ied
Kin
gfis
her
R
DO
14
M
erop
idae
M
erop
s or
ient
alis
G
reen
Bee
eate
r S
uich
ora
Ban
spat
i R
N
O
15
Cuc
ulifo
rmes
C
ucul
idae
C
acom
antis
mer
ulin
us
Plai
ntiv
e cu
ckoo
C
hata
kiS
orgo
m
R
NO
16
Cuc
uus
sat
urat
us
Orie
ntal
Cuc
koo
M
17
Cen
trip
odid
ae
Cen
tropu
s si
nens
is
Gre
ater
Cou
cal
Kan
akua
Cou
cal
R
NO
18
Ca
mat
or ja
cobi
nus
Pie
d C
ucko
o P
apiy
a R
N
O
19
Cuc
uus
mic
ropt
erus
lndi
an
Cuc
koo
Bou
-Kat
ha-K
ao P
akhi
R
N
O
20
Eud
ynam
ys sc
pa
cea
Asi
an C
ucko
o K
okil
Ku
kil
R
NO
2l
H
iero
cocc
yx v
ariu
s C
omm
on H
awk
Cuc
koo
Cho
khg
elo
Pakh
i R
N
O
22
Phae
nico
phae
us tr
istis
G
reen
-bill
ed M
alko
ha
Sab
uj K
okil
R
NO
23
Apo
difo
rmes
A
podi
dae
Cyp
siur
us b
aa
siens
is
Asi
an P
alm
Sw
ift
Nak
kati
R
NO
24
Stri
gifo
rmes
T
yton
idae
Ty
toa
ba
Bar
n O
wl
Laxm
i Pen
cha
R
NO
Tab
le c
ontin
ued
SL
Ord
er
Fam
ily
Sci
entif
ic N
ame
Eng
lish
Nam
e Lo
cal N
ame
~
No
II
I II
I
C
5
C
0
1 ]
III
~
cgt
shy~
vC
0
gt-
V
III
alO
i3
0
C
zOl
zO
l
V
middotiii
Wu~ u~
~II
I
)
)
c
_
u
_u
U
25
Stri
gida
e A
then
e br
oma
Spo
tted
Ow
let
Khu
rule
y Pe
ncha
R
N
O
26
Bub
o be
nga
ensi
s R
ock
Eag
le O
wl
Hut
um P
ench
a R
N
O
27
Ket
upa
zey
onen
sis
Bro
wn
Fish
Ow
l B
hutu
m P
ench
a R
VU
28
N
inox
scu
tua
ta
Bro
wn
Haw
k O
wl
Kup
okh
R
NO
29
Cap
rimul
gida
e C
aprim
ugu
s m
acru
rus
Larg
e-ta
iled
Nig
ht ja
r R
atch
ara
R
NO
30
Col
umbi
form
es C
olum
bida
e C
olum
ba i
via
Roc
k P
igeo
n J
alal
i Kab
utor
R
N
O
31
Duc
ua
aene
a G
reen
Im
peria
l Pig
eon
Dhu
mko
l R
D
O32
S
trept
ope
ia c
hin
ensis
S
potte
d D
ove
Tila
Ghu
ghu
R
NO
33
Stre
ptop
eia
dec
aoct
a E
uras
ian
Col
lare
d D
ove
Raj G
hugh
uD
hoba
l R
N
O
Ghu
ghu
34
Stre
ptop
eia
tran
queb
aric
a R
ed C
olla
red
Dov
e La
l Ghu
ghu
Jon
gla
R
NO
G
hugh
u35
Tr
eron
api
caud
a Pi
n-ta
iled
Gre
en P
igeo
n H
oria
lH
orik
ol
R
CR36
T
rero
n bi
cinc
ta
Ora
nge-
brea
sted
Gre
en P
igeo
n H
oria
lH
orik
ol
R
NO
37
Trer
on p
hoen
icop
tera
Y
ello
w-f
oote
d G
reen
Pig
eon
Hor
iallB
otko
l R
N
O38
Tr
eron
pom
pado
ra
Pom
pado
ur G
reen
Pig
eon
Cho
to H
oria
l R
N
O
39
Stre
ptop
elia
orie
ntal
is
Orie
ntal
Tur
tle D
ove
Ghu
ghu
M39
S
trept
ope
ia o
rient
ais
O
rient
al T
urtle
Dov
e G
hugh
u M
40
Gru
iform
es
Ral
lidae
A
mau
rorn
is p
hoen
icur
us
Whi
te-b
reas
ted
Wat
erhe
n D
ahuk
R
N
O
41
Cic
oniif
orm
es
Jaca
nida
e B
ronz
e-w
ing
ed Jlt
can
a R
o
42
Cha
radr
iidae
R
ed-I
middotta tt1~
Lap
(
o lt
=
43
Acc
ipltr
idae
44
~
-r
-$
-
_
~__~
-
bull _
45
~2--
--
c
46
~-~
~
Ju
l~
cSL
O
rder
Fa
mily
S
cien
tific
Nam
e E
nglis
h N
ame
Loca
l Nam
e II
I el
lel
lN
o
1l
3
III
i6
1l
c
ell
cc
gt
c ~~
II
I
el
l co
0
J
0 V
I
1l
Z
o-
Zo
-V
I w
v
v
el
l J
ill
cc
-v
2a
u
47
Milv
us m
igra
ns
Bla
ck K
ite
Bhu
bon
Chi
l R
N
O
48
Circ
us c
yane
us
Hen
Har
rier
M
49
Pan
dion
ha
iaet
us
Osp
rey
Mec
ho B
aaj
M
50
Falc
onid
ae
Falc
o ch
icqu
era
Red
-nec
ked
Falc
on
Tur
mut
i R
D
D
LR
51
Falc
o tin
nunc
ulus
C
omm
on K
estre
l M
52
P
hala
croc
orac
idae
P
hala
croc
orax
nig
er
Littl
e C
orm
oran
t P
aan-
kow
ri R
N
O
53
Ard
eida
e A
rdeo
la g
rayi
i Ind
ian
Pon
d H
eron
K
ani B
okK
ana
Bok
R
N
O
54
Bub
ulcu
s ib
is
Cat
tle E
gret
G
o-bo
k R
N
O
55
But
orid
es s
triat
us
Littl
e E
gret
C
hoto
Bok
R
N
O
56
Dup
etor
fav
icol
is
Bla
ck B
itter
n K
alo
Bok
R
D
D
57
Ixob
rych
us m
inut
us
Littl
e B
itter
n K
hude
y B
ok
R
DD
58
Ixob
rych
us s
inen
sis
Yel
low
Bitt
ern
Hol
dey
Bok
R
N
O
59
Mes
opho
yx in
term
edia
In
term
edia
te E
gret
M
aijla
Bok
R
N
O
60
Nyc
ticor
ax n
ictic
orax
B
lack
-cro
wne
d N
ight
Her
on
Waa
klN
ishi
Bok
R
N
O
61
Sco
lopa
cida
e A
ctiti
s hy
pole
ucos
C
omm
on S
andp
iper
M
62
Gal
inag
o ga
lina
go
Fant
ail S
nipe
K
ada-
khoc
ha
M
63
Gal
linag
o st
enur
a P
inta
il S
nipe
K
ada-
khoc
ha
M
64
P
asse
rifor
mes
Lan
iidae
La
nius
sch
ach
Long
-tai
led
Shr
ike
Bag
haT
iki
R
NO
65
Lani
us c
rista
tus
Bro
wn
Shr
ike
Bad
ami K
osha
i Pak
hi
M
66
Lani
us te
phro
notu
s G
reyb
acke
d S
hrik
e K
osha
i Pak
hi
M
67
Cor
vida
e C
orvu
s m
acro
rhyn
chos
Ju
ngle
Cro
w
Dan
r Ka
k R
N
O
68
Cor
vus
sple
nden
s H
ouse
Cro
w
Pat
i Kak
lKau
a R
N
O
69
Den
droc
itta
vaga
bund
a R
ufus
Tre
epie
H
anric
hach
aK
utum
R
N
O
70
Aeg
ithin
a tip
hia
Com
mon
lora
T
owfik
Fat
ikja
l R
N
O
71
Orio
lus
xant
hom
us
Bla
ck-h
eade
d O
riole
H
olde
y P
akhi
R
N
O
72
Dic
ruru
s ae
neus
B
ronz
ed D
rong
o C
hoto
Fin
gey
R
NO
Tab
le c
on
tin
ue
d
SL
Ord
er
Fam
ily
Sci
entif
ic N
ame
Eng
lish
Nam
e Lo
cal N
ame
c
III
No
el
l el
l 1
l
3
II
I i6
1
lc
el
l c
--c~ ~~
C
II
I 0
ell
J
0 V
IC
Ooshy
1l
Z
o-
VI
Zel
l w
v
v
J
III
J II
Icc
el
l -v
-v
U
73
Dic
urur
s m
acro
cerc
us
Bla
ck D
rong
o F
inge
y R
N
O
74
Arta
mus
fusc
us
Ash
y W
oods
wal
low
La
tora
R
N
O
75
Cor
acin
a m
acei
La
rge
Cuc
koos
hrik
e G
udhu
ka
R
NO
76
P
eric
roco
tus
cinn
amom
eus
Sm
all M
iniv
et
S~t
Sai
li R
N
O
77
Teph
rodo
rnis
pon
dice
rianu
s C
omm
on W
oods
hrik
e R
N
O
78
Rhi
pidu
ra a
lbic
olis
W
hite
-thr
oate
d Fa
ntai
l Le
jnac
hani
R
N
O
79
Mus
cica
pida
e C
opsy
chus
sau
laris
O
rient
al M
agpi
e R
obin
D
oelD
oina
chan
i R
N
O
80
Cul
icic
apa
ceyl
onen
sis
Gre
y-he
aded
Can
ary
Fly
catc
her
Fut
futi
R
NO
81
S
axic
olac
apra
ta
Pie
d B
usnc
hat
R
NO
82
C
haim
arro
rnis
leuc
ocep
halu
s W
hite
-cap
ped
Wat
er R
edst
art
M
83
Cyo
rnis
tick
ellia
e T
icke
lls B
lue
Fly
catc
her
M
84
Eum
yias
thal
assi
fa
Ver
dite
r F
lyca
tche
r M
85
Fi
cedu
la p
arva
R
ed-t
hroa
ted
Fly
catc
her
Lalb
ook
Cho
tok
M
86
Lusc
inia
cal
iope
S
iber
ian
Rub
yThr
oat
M
87
Lusc
inia
sve
cica
B
luet
hroa
t M
88
M
ontic
ola
solit
ariu
s B
lock
Roc
k Th
rush
M
89
S
axic
ola
torq
uata
C
omm
on S
tone
chat
M
90
Tu
rdus
uni
colo
r T
icke
lls T
hrus
h M
91
Zo
othe
ra c
itrin
e O
rang
e-he
aded
Thr
ush
M
92
Stu
rnid
ae
Acr
idot
here
s ci
nere
us
Whi
te-v
ente
d M
yna
R
DD
93
A
crid
othe
res
fusc
us
Jung
le M
yna
Jhut
i Sha
lik
R
NO
94
A
crid
othe
res
trist
is
Com
mon
Myn
a B
hat S
halik
R
N
O
95
Stu
rnus
con
tra
Asi
an P
ied
Sta~
ling
G
obre
y S
halik
Gu
Shal
ik
R
~O
96
Stu
rnus
mal
abar
icus
C
hest
nut-
taile
d S
tarli
ng
Kat
h S
halik
R
97
Hiru
ndin
idae
H
irund
o da
uric
a R
ed-r
umpe
d S
wal
low
A
babi
l 98
H
irund
o ru
stic
a B
arn
Sw
allo
w
Aba
bil
99
Par
idae
Pa
rus
maj
or
Gre
atT
it
J~
- z=
~ -
--
~_
--la
SL
Ord
er
Fam
ily
Sci
entif
ic N
ame
Eng
lish
Nam
e Lo
cal N
ame
r
II
No
CI
I CI
I t
l
3
tl
C
c
CII
0
gt-
r
cgt
shyC
- CII
iO -
V
I v a
l 0
cI
0 t
l Z
Cl
ZC
l V
I ii
i v~ v~
UJ
IshyCI
I
a
-v
-v
U
100
P
ycno
notu
s ar
ticep
s B
lack
-hea
ded
Bul
bul
Kal
o B
ulbu
l R
N
O
101
P
ycno
notid
ae
Pyc
nono
tus
cafe
r R
ed-v
ente
d B
ulbu
B
ulbu
li R
N
O
102
P
ycno
notu
sjoc
osus
R
ed-w
hisk
ered
Bul
bul
Sip
ahi B
ulbu
li R
N
O
103
Z
oste
ropi
dae
Zost
erop
s pa
lpeb
rosu
s O
rient
al W
hite
-eye
S
het-
ankh
i R
N
O
104
S
ylvi
idae
A
lcip
pe p
Oio
icep
hala
B
row
n-ch
eeke
d Fu
lvet
ta
R
NO
lO
S
Dum
etia
hyp
eryt
hra
Taw
ny-b
ellie
d B
abbl
er
R
DD
10
6
Mal
acoc
incl
a ab
botti
A
bbot
s B
abbl
er
R
NO
10
7
Meg
auru
s pa
lust
ris
Stri
ated
Gra
ssbi
rd
R
DD
10
8
Ort
hoto
mus
sut
oriu
s C
omm
on T
ailo
rbird
T
untu
nilT
uni
R
NO
10
9
Turd
oide
s ca
udat
us
Com
mon
Bab
bler
R
D
D
110
Tu
rdoi
des
earle
i S
triat
ed B
abbl
er
R
NO
11
1
Acr
ocep
halu
s du
met
orum
B
lyth
s R
eed
War
bler
M
11
2
Bra
dypt
erus
lute
oven
tris
Bro
wn
Bush
War
bler
M
lB
H
ippo
lais
cal
igat
a B
oote
d W
arbl
er
M
114
P
hyllo
scop
us a
ffini
s T
icke
lls L
eaf W
arbl
er
M
115
A
laud
idae
A
laud
a gu
lgul
a O
rient
al S
kyla
rk
Bha
rat P
akhi
R
N
O
116
M
irafr
a as
sam
ica
Rufo
us-w
inge
d B
ushl
ark
Bha
rat P
akhi
R
N
O
117
N
ecta
riniid
ae
Nec
tarin
ia a
siat
ica
Pur
ple
Sun
bird
N
iltu
nilM
adhu
ch u
sh ki
R
N
O
118
N
ecta
rinia
zey
loni
ca
Pur
ple-
rum
ped
Sun
bird
M
outu
shi
R
NO
11
9
Dic
aeum
ery
thro
rhyn
chos
P
ale-
bille
d F
low
erpe
cker
F
uljh
uri
R
NO
12
0
Pass
erid
ae
Lonc
hura
mal
abar
ica
Indi
an S
ilver
bill
R
NO
12
1
Lonc
hura
pun
ctul
ata
Sca
ly-b
reas
ted
Mun
ia
Tila
Mun
ia
R
NO
12
2
Pass
er d
omes
ticus
H
ouse
Spa
rrow
C
haru
i R
N
O
123
P
oce
us p
hilip
pinu
s B
ayaW
eave
r B
abui
Bao
i R
N
O
124
M
otac
illa
mad
eras
pate
nsis
W
hite
-bro
wed
Wag
tail
Pakr
a K
honj
an
R
NO
12
5
Ant
hus
hodg
soni
i O
live-
back
ed P
ipit
M
126
A
nthu
s ru
fulu
s P
addy
field
Pip
it M
12
7
Mot
acill
a al
ba
Whi
te W
agta
il M
12
8
Mot
acill
a ci
nere
a G
rey
Wag
tail
Kho
njan
M
Tab
le 4
Mam
mal
s o
f Raj
eshp
ur s
tud
y ar
ea
SL
Ord
er
Fam
ily
Sci
entif
ic N
ame
Eng
lish
Nam
e Lo
cal N
ame
r
No
I
I CI
I CI
I t
l 3
t
liO
C
CII
cgt
-r
~~
v a
lO
cI
0 V
I Z
Cl
zg
V
I U
Jv~
V
Ishy
-v
-v
U
1
Inse
ctiv
ora
Sor
icid
ae
Sun
cus
mur
inus
G
rey
Mus
k S
hrew
C
hika
N
O
2
Chi
ropt
era
Pte
ropo
dida
e P
tero
pus
giga
nteu
s Fl
ying
Fox
B
adur
N
O
3
Rou
settu
sle
sche
naul
ti Fu
lvou
s F
ruit
Bat
Ko
la B
adur
D
D
4
Meg
ader
mat
idae
M
egad
erm
a ly
ra
False
Vam
pier
D
aini
Bad
ur
NO
5
V
espe
rtili
onid
ae
Ept
esic
us p
achy
otis
Th
ick-
eare
d B
at
DD
6
H
espe
ropt
enus
tick
elli
Tic
kells
Bat
D
D
7
Pip
istre
llus
coro
man
dra
Indi
an P
ipis
trelle
N
O
8
Pip
istre
llus
mim
us
Indi
an P
igm
y P
ipis
trelle
N
O
9
Prim
ates
C
erco
pith
ecid
ae
Mac
aca
assa
men
sis
Ass
ames
e M
acaq
ue
Ash
ami B
anor
D
D
VU
10
Mac
aca
mul
atta
R
hesu
s M
acaq
ue
Ban
or
VU
LR
1l
C
arni
vora
C
anid
ae
Can
is a
ureu
s Ja
ckal
Pa
ti S
hial
VU
12
Vu
lpes
ben
gale
nsis
B
enga
l Fox
K
hek
Shi
al
VU
DD
13
Fe
lidae
Fe
lis c
haus
Ju
ngle
Cat
Ba
n B
iral
EN
II 14
P
riona
iluru
s vi
verr
inus
Fi
shin
g C
at
Mec
ho B
iral
EN
LR
II 15
H
erpe
stid
ae
Her
pest
es a
urop
unct
atus
S
mal
l Ind
ian
Mon
goos
e B
enji
NO
16
H
erpe
stes
edw
ards
i C
omm
on M
ongo
ose
Bara
Ben
ji VU
17
M
uste
lidae
Lu
tra lu
tra
C
omm
on O
tter
Ud
CR
18
Viv
errid
ae
Par
adox
urus
her
map
hrod
itvs
Com
mon
Pal
m a
Vet
Ga
ndhc
Gltl
kuJ
VU
19
Vmuo~~
tal
i= ~2
I
G e
20
h-
~-~P~=
~-~
-E
--=
~ --~-
---Q
-~
~-
~ ~-
_
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(JOSleJ leqol) NJnI
(JOSleJ OOOzz z z Z LJJ LJJlIspelSueg NJnI
Q E 0 0
E E cIII z 0g 2 00 ro Ol v jij c
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ltlJ c 0 J uro -~ cr (
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0 J c ~ ~III QJ 0 ~z u 2 c
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20 I
Refere
Brandis D 1906lndian Trees Periodical Experts Book agency Delhi 767 pp
FAO 1988 Land Resources Approsal of Bangladesh for Agricultural Development Agroecolo(( I Regions ofBangladesh BGD81035 Technical Report 2570 pp
Heining RL 1925 Lists ofplants ofChittagong Collectorate and Hill Tracts Darjeeling India 84 pp
Nishat A Huq SMlmamul Barua Suvashis P Reza Ali AHM Khan Moniruzzaman A5 (eds)
2002 Bio-ecological Zones ofBangladeshIUCN Bangladesh Country Office 141 pp
Prain D 1903 Bengal plants Vol 1 amp2 Calcutta
1 I
- cover amp back
- Untitled
-
Tabl
e 3
Bird
s o
f Raj
eshp
ur s
tudy
are
a l~
SL
Ord
er
Fam
ily
Sci
entif
ic N
ame
Eng
lish
Nam
e Lo
cal N
ame
~
III
III
No
C
5
C
iU
c-
g
III
C
gt-
0gt
-~
v -- C
-
II
I a
lO
1)
0
V
C
zg
zO
l
V
middotiii
wu
u~ ~
)
)
cIII
_u
_
u
U
1
Pic
iform
es
Pic
idae
C
eeu
s br
ochy
urus
R
ufou
s W
oodp
ecke
r La
lche
y K
atht
hokr
a R
N
O
2
Den
droc
opos
mac
ei
Fulv
ous-
bres
ted
Woo
dpec
ker
Pakr
a K
atht
hokr
a R
N
O
3
Den
droc
opo
sm
ahre
ttens
is
Yel
low
-fron
ted
Pie
d W
oodp
ecke
r Pa
kra
Kat
htho
kra
R
DO
4
ly
nx to
rqui
lla
Eur
asia
n W
ryne
ck
Met
ho K
atht
hokr
a M
5
D
inop
ium
java
nens
e C
omm
on F
lam
ebac
k R
N
O
6
Din
opiu
m b
engh
aen
se
Bla
ck-r
umpe
d Fl
ameb
ack
Kat
hokr
a R
N
O
7
Meg
alai
mid
ae
Meg
aai
ma
haem
acep
hala
C
oppe
rsm
ith B
arbe
t C
hoto
Bas
anta
Bau
ri R
N
O
8
Meg
aai
ma
inea
te
Line
ated
Bar
bet
Gur
khod
Beg
hbou
R
N
O
9
Upu
pifo
rmes
U
pupi
dae
Upu
pa e
pops
C
omm
on H
oopo
e H
udhu
d5
0lai
man
Pak
hi
R
NO
10
Cor
aciif
orm
es
Cor
aciid
ae
Cor
acia
s be
ngha
ens
is
Indi
an R
olle
r N
ilkan
tha
R
NO
11
Alc
edin
idae
A
lced
o at
this
C
omm
on K
ingf
ishe
r C
hoto
Maa
chra
nga
R
NO
12
H
alcy
on s
myr
nens
is
Whi
teth
roat
ed K
ingf
ishe
r M
aach
rang
a R
N
O
13
Meg
acer
ye
ugu
bris
P
ied
Kin
gfis
her
R
DO
14
M
erop
idae
M
erop
s or
ient
alis
G
reen
Bee
eate
r S
uich
ora
Ban
spat
i R
N
O
15
Cuc
ulifo
rmes
C
ucul
idae
C
acom
antis
mer
ulin
us
Plai
ntiv
e cu
ckoo
C
hata
kiS
orgo
m
R
NO
16
Cuc
uus
sat
urat
us
Orie
ntal
Cuc
koo
M
17
Cen
trip
odid
ae
Cen
tropu
s si
nens
is
Gre
ater
Cou
cal
Kan
akua
Cou
cal
R
NO
18
Ca
mat
or ja
cobi
nus
Pie
d C
ucko
o P
apiy
a R
N
O
19
Cuc
uus
mic
ropt
erus
lndi
an
Cuc
koo
Bou
-Kat
ha-K
ao P
akhi
R
N
O
20
Eud
ynam
ys sc
pa
cea
Asi
an C
ucko
o K
okil
Ku
kil
R
NO
2l
H
iero
cocc
yx v
ariu
s C
omm
on H
awk
Cuc
koo
Cho
khg
elo
Pakh
i R
N
O
22
Phae
nico
phae
us tr
istis
G
reen
-bill
ed M
alko
ha
Sab
uj K
okil
R
NO
23
Apo
difo
rmes
A
podi
dae
Cyp
siur
us b
aa
siens
is
Asi
an P
alm
Sw
ift
Nak
kati
R
NO
24
Stri
gifo
rmes
T
yton
idae
Ty
toa
ba
Bar
n O
wl
Laxm
i Pen
cha
R
NO
Tab
le c
ontin
ued
SL
Ord
er
Fam
ily
Sci
entif
ic N
ame
Eng
lish
Nam
e Lo
cal N
ame
~
No
II
I II
I
C
5
C
0
1 ]
III
~
cgt
shy~
vC
0
gt-
V
III
alO
i3
0
C
zOl
zO
l
V
middotiii
Wu~ u~
~II
I
)
)
c
_
u
_u
U
25
Stri
gida
e A
then
e br
oma
Spo
tted
Ow
let
Khu
rule
y Pe
ncha
R
N
O
26
Bub
o be
nga
ensi
s R
ock
Eag
le O
wl
Hut
um P
ench
a R
N
O
27
Ket
upa
zey
onen
sis
Bro
wn
Fish
Ow
l B
hutu
m P
ench
a R
VU
28
N
inox
scu
tua
ta
Bro
wn
Haw
k O
wl
Kup
okh
R
NO
29
Cap
rimul
gida
e C
aprim
ugu
s m
acru
rus
Larg
e-ta
iled
Nig
ht ja
r R
atch
ara
R
NO
30
Col
umbi
form
es C
olum
bida
e C
olum
ba i
via
Roc
k P
igeo
n J
alal
i Kab
utor
R
N
O
31
Duc
ua
aene
a G
reen
Im
peria
l Pig
eon
Dhu
mko
l R
D
O32
S
trept
ope
ia c
hin
ensis
S
potte
d D
ove
Tila
Ghu
ghu
R
NO
33
Stre
ptop
eia
dec
aoct
a E
uras
ian
Col
lare
d D
ove
Raj G
hugh
uD
hoba
l R
N
O
Ghu
ghu
34
Stre
ptop
eia
tran
queb
aric
a R
ed C
olla
red
Dov
e La
l Ghu
ghu
Jon
gla
R
NO
G
hugh
u35
Tr
eron
api
caud
a Pi
n-ta
iled
Gre
en P
igeo
n H
oria
lH
orik
ol
R
CR36
T
rero
n bi
cinc
ta
Ora
nge-
brea
sted
Gre
en P
igeo
n H
oria
lH
orik
ol
R
NO
37
Trer
on p
hoen
icop
tera
Y
ello
w-f
oote
d G
reen
Pig
eon
Hor
iallB
otko
l R
N
O38
Tr
eron
pom
pado
ra
Pom
pado
ur G
reen
Pig
eon
Cho
to H
oria
l R
N
O
39
Stre
ptop
elia
orie
ntal
is
Orie
ntal
Tur
tle D
ove
Ghu
ghu
M39
S
trept
ope
ia o
rient
ais
O
rient
al T
urtle
Dov
e G
hugh
u M
40
Gru
iform
es
Ral
lidae
A
mau
rorn
is p
hoen
icur
us
Whi
te-b
reas
ted
Wat
erhe
n D
ahuk
R
N
O
41
Cic
oniif
orm
es
Jaca
nida
e B
ronz
e-w
ing
ed Jlt
can
a R
o
42
Cha
radr
iidae
R
ed-I
middotta tt1~
Lap
(
o lt
=
43
Acc
ipltr
idae
44
~
-r
-$
-
_
~__~
-
bull _
45
~2--
--
c
46
~-~
~
Ju
l~
cSL
O
rder
Fa
mily
S
cien
tific
Nam
e E
nglis
h N
ame
Loca
l Nam
e II
I el
lel
lN
o
1l
3
III
i6
1l
c
ell
cc
gt
c ~~
II
I
el
l co
0
J
0 V
I
1l
Z
o-
Zo
-V
I w
v
v
el
l J
ill
cc
-v
2a
u
47
Milv
us m
igra
ns
Bla
ck K
ite
Bhu
bon
Chi
l R
N
O
48
Circ
us c
yane
us
Hen
Har
rier
M
49
Pan
dion
ha
iaet
us
Osp
rey
Mec
ho B
aaj
M
50
Falc
onid
ae
Falc
o ch
icqu
era
Red
-nec
ked
Falc
on
Tur
mut
i R
D
D
LR
51
Falc
o tin
nunc
ulus
C
omm
on K
estre
l M
52
P
hala
croc
orac
idae
P
hala
croc
orax
nig
er
Littl
e C
orm
oran
t P
aan-
kow
ri R
N
O
53
Ard
eida
e A
rdeo
la g
rayi
i Ind
ian
Pon
d H
eron
K
ani B
okK
ana
Bok
R
N
O
54
Bub
ulcu
s ib
is
Cat
tle E
gret
G
o-bo
k R
N
O
55
But
orid
es s
triat
us
Littl
e E
gret
C
hoto
Bok
R
N
O
56
Dup
etor
fav
icol
is
Bla
ck B
itter
n K
alo
Bok
R
D
D
57
Ixob
rych
us m
inut
us
Littl
e B
itter
n K
hude
y B
ok
R
DD
58
Ixob
rych
us s
inen
sis
Yel
low
Bitt
ern
Hol
dey
Bok
R
N
O
59
Mes
opho
yx in
term
edia
In
term
edia
te E
gret
M
aijla
Bok
R
N
O
60
Nyc
ticor
ax n
ictic
orax
B
lack
-cro
wne
d N
ight
Her
on
Waa
klN
ishi
Bok
R
N
O
61
Sco
lopa
cida
e A
ctiti
s hy
pole
ucos
C
omm
on S
andp
iper
M
62
Gal
inag
o ga
lina
go
Fant
ail S
nipe
K
ada-
khoc
ha
M
63
Gal
linag
o st
enur
a P
inta
il S
nipe
K
ada-
khoc
ha
M
64
P
asse
rifor
mes
Lan
iidae
La
nius
sch
ach
Long
-tai
led
Shr
ike
Bag
haT
iki
R
NO
65
Lani
us c
rista
tus
Bro
wn
Shr
ike
Bad
ami K
osha
i Pak
hi
M
66
Lani
us te
phro
notu
s G
reyb
acke
d S
hrik
e K
osha
i Pak
hi
M
67
Cor
vida
e C
orvu
s m
acro
rhyn
chos
Ju
ngle
Cro
w
Dan
r Ka
k R
N
O
68
Cor
vus
sple
nden
s H
ouse
Cro
w
Pat
i Kak
lKau
a R
N
O
69
Den
droc
itta
vaga
bund
a R
ufus
Tre
epie
H
anric
hach
aK
utum
R
N
O
70
Aeg
ithin
a tip
hia
Com
mon
lora
T
owfik
Fat
ikja
l R
N
O
71
Orio
lus
xant
hom
us
Bla
ck-h
eade
d O
riole
H
olde
y P
akhi
R
N
O
72
Dic
ruru
s ae
neus
B
ronz
ed D
rong
o C
hoto
Fin
gey
R
NO
Tab
le c
on
tin
ue
d
SL
Ord
er
Fam
ily
Sci
entif
ic N
ame
Eng
lish
Nam
e Lo
cal N
ame
c
III
No
el
l el
l 1
l
3
II
I i6
1
lc
el
l c
--c~ ~~
C
II
I 0
ell
J
0 V
IC
Ooshy
1l
Z
o-
VI
Zel
l w
v
v
J
III
J II
Icc
el
l -v
-v
U
73
Dic
urur
s m
acro
cerc
us
Bla
ck D
rong
o F
inge
y R
N
O
74
Arta
mus
fusc
us
Ash
y W
oods
wal
low
La
tora
R
N
O
75
Cor
acin
a m
acei
La
rge
Cuc
koos
hrik
e G
udhu
ka
R
NO
76
P
eric
roco
tus
cinn
amom
eus
Sm
all M
iniv
et
S~t
Sai
li R
N
O
77
Teph
rodo
rnis
pon
dice
rianu
s C
omm
on W
oods
hrik
e R
N
O
78
Rhi
pidu
ra a
lbic
olis
W
hite
-thr
oate
d Fa
ntai
l Le
jnac
hani
R
N
O
79
Mus
cica
pida
e C
opsy
chus
sau
laris
O
rient
al M
agpi
e R
obin
D
oelD
oina
chan
i R
N
O
80
Cul
icic
apa
ceyl
onen
sis
Gre
y-he
aded
Can
ary
Fly
catc
her
Fut
futi
R
NO
81
S
axic
olac
apra
ta
Pie
d B
usnc
hat
R
NO
82
C
haim
arro
rnis
leuc
ocep
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s W
hite
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ped
Wat
er R
edst
art
M
83
Cyo
rnis
tick
ellia
e T
icke
lls B
lue
Fly
catc
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M
84
Eum
yias
thal
assi
fa
Ver
dite
r F
lyca
tche
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85
Fi
cedu
la p
arva
R
ed-t
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ted
Fly
catc
her
Lalb
ook
Cho
tok
M
86
Lusc
inia
cal
iope
S
iber
ian
Rub
yThr
oat
M
87
Lusc
inia
sve
cica
B
luet
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t M
88
M
ontic
ola
solit
ariu
s B
lock
Roc
k Th
rush
M
89
S
axic
ola
torq
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C
omm
on S
tone
chat
M
90
Tu
rdus
uni
colo
r T
icke
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91
Zo
othe
ra c
itrin
e O
rang
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ush
M
92
Stu
rnid
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Acr
idot
here
s ci
nere
us
Whi
te-v
ente
d M
yna
R
DD
93
A
crid
othe
res
fusc
us
Jung
le M
yna
Jhut
i Sha
lik
R
NO
94
A
crid
othe
res
trist
is
Com
mon
Myn
a B
hat S
halik
R
N
O
95
Stu
rnus
con
tra
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an P
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ling
G
obre
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halik
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96
Stu
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mal
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C
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taile
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R
97
Hiru
ndin
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H
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uric
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wal
low
A
babi
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H
irund
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Par
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lish
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P
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Bul
bul
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o B
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N
O
101
P
ycno
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Pyc
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tus
cafe
r R
ed-v
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d B
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B
ulbu
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N
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102
P
ycno
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R
ed-w
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Bul
bul
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ahi B
ulbu
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N
O
103
Z
oste
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Zost
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s pa
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rient
al W
hite
-eye
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het-
ankh
i R
N
O
104
S
ylvi
idae
A
lcip
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Oio
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B
row
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d Fu
lvet
ta
R
NO
lO
S
Dum
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hyp
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d B
abbl
er
R
DD
10
6
Mal
acoc
incl
a ab
botti
A
bbot
s B
abbl
er
R
NO
10
7
Meg
auru
s pa
lust
ris
Stri
ated
Gra
ssbi
rd
R
DD
10
8
Ort
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mus
sut
oriu
s C
omm
on T
ailo
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T
untu
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uni
R
NO
10
9
Turd
oide
s ca
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us
Com
mon
Bab
bler
R
D
D
110
Tu
rdoi
des
earle
i S
triat
ed B
abbl
er
R
NO
11
1
Acr
ocep
halu
s du
met
orum
B
lyth
s R
eed
War
bler
M
11
2
Bra
dypt
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lute
oven
tris
Bro
wn
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War
bler
M
lB
H
ippo
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cal
igat
a B
oote
d W
arbl
er
M
114
P
hyllo
scop
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ffini
s T
icke
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arbl
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M
115
A
laud
idae
A
laud
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a O
rient
al S
kyla
rk
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rat P
akhi
R
N
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116
M
irafr
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sam
ica
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inge
d B
ushl
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rat P
akhi
R
N
O
117
N
ecta
riniid
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Nec
tarin
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siat
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Pur
ple
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bird
N
iltu
nilM
adhu
ch u
sh ki
R
N
O
118
N
ecta
rinia
zey
loni
ca
Pur
ple-
rum
ped
Sun
bird
M
outu
shi
R
NO
11
9
Dic
aeum
ery
thro
rhyn
chos
P
ale-
bille
d F
low
erpe
cker
F
uljh
uri
R
NO
12
0
Pass
erid
ae
Lonc
hura
mal
abar
ica
Indi
an S
ilver
bill
R
NO
12
1
Lonc
hura
pun
ctul
ata
Sca
ly-b
reas
ted
Mun
ia
Tila
Mun
ia
R
NO
12
2
Pass
er d
omes
ticus
H
ouse
Spa
rrow
C
haru
i R
N
O
123
P
oce
us p
hilip
pinu
s B
ayaW
eave
r B
abui
Bao
i R
N
O
124
M
otac
illa
mad
eras
pate
nsis
W
hite
-bro
wed
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tail
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a K
honj
an
R
NO
12
5
Ant
hus
hodg
soni
i O
live-
back
ed P
ipit
M
126
A
nthu
s ru
fulu
s P
addy
field
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it M
12
7
Mot
acill
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ba
Whi
te W
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il M
12
8
Mot
acill
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tail
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Tab
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Mam
mal
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Ord
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Fam
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Sci
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Eng
lish
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k S
hrew
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2
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ropo
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s Fl
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B
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3
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D
4
Meg
ader
mat
idae
M
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ra
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Vam
pier
D
aini
Bad
ur
NO
5
V
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Th
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at
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6
H
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kells
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D
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Pip
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man
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trelle
N
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8
Pip
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mim
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N
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9
Prim
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C
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pith
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men
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anor
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10
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ti S
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12
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ben
gale
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B
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al
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Fe
lidae
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haus
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Ba
n B
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II 14
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iluru
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verr
inus
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H
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stid
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Her
pest
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S
mal
l Ind
ian
Mon
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16
H
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17
M
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Refere
Brandis D 1906lndian Trees Periodical Experts Book agency Delhi 767 pp
FAO 1988 Land Resources Approsal of Bangladesh for Agricultural Development Agroecolo(( I Regions ofBangladesh BGD81035 Technical Report 2570 pp
Heining RL 1925 Lists ofplants ofChittagong Collectorate and Hill Tracts Darjeeling India 84 pp
Nishat A Huq SMlmamul Barua Suvashis P Reza Ali AHM Khan Moniruzzaman A5 (eds)
2002 Bio-ecological Zones ofBangladeshIUCN Bangladesh Country Office 141 pp
Prain D 1903 Bengal plants Vol 1 amp2 Calcutta
1 I
- cover amp back
- Untitled
-
l~
cSL
O
rder
Fa
mily
S
cien
tific
Nam
e E
nglis
h N
ame
Loca
l Nam
e II
I el
lel
lN
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3
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c
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Zo
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l J
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cc
-v
2a
u
47
Milv
us m
igra
ns
Bla
ck K
ite
Bhu
bon
Chi
l R
N
O
48
Circ
us c
yane
us
Hen
Har
rier
M
49
Pan
dion
ha
iaet
us
Osp
rey
Mec
ho B
aaj
M
50
Falc
onid
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Falc
o ch
icqu
era
Red
-nec
ked
Falc
on
Tur
mut
i R
D
D
LR
51
Falc
o tin
nunc
ulus
C
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on K
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l M
52
P
hala
croc
orac
idae
P
hala
croc
orax
nig
er
Littl
e C
orm
oran
t P
aan-
kow
ri R
N
O
53
Ard
eida
e A
rdeo
la g
rayi
i Ind
ian
Pon
d H
eron
K
ani B
okK
ana
Bok
R
N
O
54
Bub
ulcu
s ib
is
Cat
tle E
gret
G
o-bo
k R
N
O
55
But
orid
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triat
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Littl
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gret
C
hoto
Bok
R
N
O
56
Dup
etor
fav
icol
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Bla
ck B
itter
n K
alo
Bok
R
D
D
57
Ixob
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Littl
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n K
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ok
R
DD
58
Ixob
rych
us s
inen
sis
Yel
low
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Hol
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Bok
R
N
O
59
Mes
opho
yx in
term
edia
In
term
edia
te E
gret
M
aijla
Bok
R
N
O
60
Nyc
ticor
ax n
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B
lack
-cro
wne
d N
ight
Her
on
Waa
klN
ishi
Bok
R
N
O
61
Sco
lopa
cida
e A
ctiti
s hy
pole
ucos
C
omm
on S
andp
iper
M
62
Gal
inag
o ga
lina
go
Fant
ail S
nipe
K
ada-
khoc
ha
M
63
Gal
linag
o st
enur
a P
inta
il S
nipe
K
ada-
khoc
ha
M
64
P
asse
rifor
mes
Lan
iidae
La
nius
sch
ach
Long
-tai
led
Shr
ike
Bag
haT
iki
R
NO
65
Lani
us c
rista
tus
Bro
wn
Shr
ike
Bad
ami K
osha
i Pak
hi
M
66
Lani
us te
phro
notu
s G
reyb
acke
d S
hrik
e K
osha
i Pak
hi
M
67
Cor
vida
e C
orvu
s m
acro
rhyn
chos
Ju
ngle
Cro
w
Dan
r Ka
k R
N
O
68
Cor
vus
sple
nden
s H
ouse
Cro
w
Pat
i Kak
lKau
a R
N
O
69
Den
droc
itta
vaga
bund
a R
ufus
Tre
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H
anric
hach
aK
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R
N
O
70
Aeg
ithin
a tip
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Com
mon
lora
T
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Fat
ikja
l R
N
O
71
Orio
lus
xant
hom
us
Bla
ck-h
eade
d O
riole
H
olde
y P
akhi
R
N
O
72
Dic
ruru
s ae
neus
B
ronz
ed D
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hoto
Fin
gey
R
NO
Tab
le c
on
tin
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d
SL
Ord
er
Fam
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Sci
entif
ic N
ame
Eng
lish
Nam
e Lo
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-v
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73
Dic
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y R
N
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74
Arta
mus
fusc
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Ash
y W
oods
wal
low
La
tora
R
N
O
75
Cor
acin
a m
acei
La
rge
Cuc
koos
hrik
e G
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ka
R
NO
76
P
eric
roco
tus
cinn
amom
eus
Sm
all M
iniv
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S~t
Sai
li R
N
O
77
Teph
rodo
rnis
pon
dice
rianu
s C
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on W
oods
hrik
e R
N
O
78
Rhi
pidu
ra a
lbic
olis
W
hite
-thr
oate
d Fa
ntai
l Le
jnac
hani
R
N
O
79
Mus
cica
pida
e C
opsy
chus
sau
laris
O
rient
al M
agpi
e R
obin
D
oelD
oina
chan
i R
N
O
80
Cul
icic
apa
ceyl
onen
sis
Gre
y-he
aded
Can
ary
Fly
catc
her
Fut
futi
R
NO
81
S
axic
olac
apra
ta
Pie
d B
usnc
hat
R
NO
82
C
haim
arro
rnis
leuc
ocep
halu
s W
hite
-cap
ped
Wat
er R
edst
art
M
83
Cyo
rnis
tick
ellia
e T
icke
lls B
lue
Fly
catc
her
M
84
Eum
yias
thal
assi
fa
Ver
dite
r F
lyca
tche
r M
85
Fi
cedu
la p
arva
R
ed-t
hroa
ted
Fly
catc
her
Lalb
ook
Cho
tok
M
86
Lusc
inia
cal
iope
S
iber
ian
Rub
yThr
oat
M
87
Lusc
inia
sve
cica
B
luet
hroa
t M
88
M
ontic
ola
solit
ariu
s B
lock
Roc
k Th
rush
M
89
S
axic
ola
torq
uata
C
omm
on S
tone
chat
M
90
Tu
rdus
uni
colo
r T
icke
lls T
hrus
h M
91
Zo
othe
ra c
itrin
e O
rang
e-he
aded
Thr
ush
M
92
Stu
rnid
ae
Acr
idot
here
s ci
nere
us
Whi
te-v
ente
d M
yna
R
DD
93
A
crid
othe
res
fusc
us
Jung
le M
yna
Jhut
i Sha
lik
R
NO
94
A
crid
othe
res
trist
is
Com
mon
Myn
a B
hat S
halik
R
N
O
95
Stu
rnus
con
tra
Asi
an P
ied
Sta~
ling
G
obre
y S
halik
Gu
Shal
ik
R
~O
96
Stu
rnus
mal
abar
icus
C
hest
nut-
taile
d S
tarli
ng
Kat
h S
halik
R
97
Hiru
ndin
idae
H
irund
o da
uric
a R
ed-r
umpe
d S
wal
low
A
babi
l 98
H
irund
o ru
stic
a B
arn
Sw
allo
w
Aba
bil
99
Par
idae
Pa
rus
maj
or
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atT
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Ord
er
Fam
ily
Sci
entif
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lish
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e Lo
cal N
ame
r
II
No
CI
I CI
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l
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tl
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c
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a
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P
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Bul
bul
Kal
o B
ulbu
l R
N
O
101
P
ycno
notid
ae
Pyc
nono
tus
cafe
r R
ed-v
ente
d B
ulbu
B
ulbu
li R
N
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102
P
ycno
notu
sjoc
osus
R
ed-w
hisk
ered
Bul
bul
Sip
ahi B
ulbu
li R
N
O
103
Z
oste
ropi
dae
Zost
erop
s pa
lpeb
rosu
s O
rient
al W
hite
-eye
S
het-
ankh
i R
N
O
104
S
ylvi
idae
A
lcip
pe p
Oio
icep
hala
B
row
n-ch
eeke
d Fu
lvet
ta
R
NO
lO
S
Dum
etia
hyp
eryt
hra
Taw
ny-b
ellie
d B
abbl
er
R
DD
10
6
Mal
acoc
incl
a ab
botti
A
bbot
s B
abbl
er
R
NO
10
7
Meg
auru
s pa
lust
ris
Stri
ated
Gra
ssbi
rd
R
DD
10
8
Ort
hoto
mus
sut
oriu
s C
omm
on T
ailo
rbird
T
untu
nilT
uni
R
NO
10
9
Turd
oide
s ca
udat
us
Com
mon
Bab
bler
R
D
D
110
Tu
rdoi
des
earle
i S
triat
ed B
abbl
er
R
NO
11
1
Acr
ocep
halu
s du
met
orum
B
lyth
s R
eed
War
bler
M
11
2
Bra
dypt
erus
lute
oven
tris
Bro
wn
Bush
War
bler
M
lB
H
ippo
lais
cal
igat
a B
oote
d W
arbl
er
M
114
P
hyllo
scop
us a
ffini
s T
icke
lls L
eaf W
arbl
er
M
115
A
laud
idae
A
laud
a gu
lgul
a O
rient
al S
kyla
rk
Bha
rat P
akhi
R
N
O
116
M
irafr
a as
sam
ica
Rufo
us-w
inge
d B
ushl
ark
Bha
rat P
akhi
R
N
O
117
N
ecta
riniid
ae
Nec
tarin
ia a
siat
ica
Pur
ple
Sun
bird
N
iltu
nilM
adhu
ch u
sh ki
R
N
O
118
N
ecta
rinia
zey
loni
ca
Pur
ple-
rum
ped
Sun
bird
M
outu
shi
R
NO
11
9
Dic
aeum
ery
thro
rhyn
chos
P
ale-
bille
d F
low
erpe
cker
F
uljh
uri
R
NO
12
0
Pass
erid
ae
Lonc
hura
mal
abar
ica
Indi
an S
ilver
bill
R
NO
12
1
Lonc
hura
pun
ctul
ata
Sca
ly-b
reas
ted
Mun
ia
Tila
Mun
ia
R
NO
12
2
Pass
er d
omes
ticus
H
ouse
Spa
rrow
C
haru
i R
N
O
123
P
oce
us p
hilip
pinu
s B
ayaW
eave
r B
abui
Bao
i R
N
O
124
M
otac
illa
mad
eras
pate
nsis
W
hite
-bro
wed
Wag
tail
Pakr
a K
honj
an
R
NO
12
5
Ant
hus
hodg
soni
i O
live-
back
ed P
ipit
M
126
A
nthu
s ru
fulu
s P
addy
field
Pip
it M
12
7
Mot
acill
a al
ba
Whi
te W
agta
il M
12
8
Mot
acill
a ci
nere
a G
rey
Wag
tail
Kho
njan
M
Tab
le 4
Mam
mal
s o
f Raj
eshp
ur s
tud
y ar
ea
SL
Ord
er
Fam
ily
Sci
entif
ic N
ame
Eng
lish
Nam
e Lo
cal N
ame
r
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I
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Inse
ctiv
ora
Sor
icid
ae
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cus
mur
inus
G
rey
Mus
k S
hrew
C
hika
N
O
2
Chi
ropt
era
Pte
ropo
dida
e P
tero
pus
giga
nteu
s Fl
ying
Fox
B
adur
N
O
3
Rou
settu
sle
sche
naul
ti Fu
lvou
s F
ruit
Bat
Ko
la B
adur
D
D
4
Meg
ader
mat
idae
M
egad
erm
a ly
ra
False
Vam
pier
D
aini
Bad
ur
NO
5
V
espe
rtili
onid
ae
Ept
esic
us p
achy
otis
Th
ick-
eare
d B
at
DD
6
H
espe
ropt
enus
tick
elli
Tic
kells
Bat
D
D
7
Pip
istre
llus
coro
man
dra
Indi
an P
ipis
trelle
N
O
8
Pip
istre
llus
mim
us
Indi
an P
igm
y P
ipis
trelle
N
O
9
Prim
ates
C
erco
pith
ecid
ae
Mac
aca
assa
men
sis
Ass
ames
e M
acaq
ue
Ash
ami B
anor
D
D
VU
10
Mac
aca
mul
atta
R
hesu
s M
acaq
ue
Ban
or
VU
LR
1l
C
arni
vora
C
anid
ae
Can
is a
ureu
s Ja
ckal
Pa
ti S
hial
VU
12
Vu
lpes
ben
gale
nsis
B
enga
l Fox
K
hek
Shi
al
VU
DD
13
Fe
lidae
Fe
lis c
haus
Ju
ngle
Cat
Ba
n B
iral
EN
II 14
P
riona
iluru
s vi
verr
inus
Fi
shin
g C
at
Mec
ho B
iral
EN
LR
II 15
H
erpe
stid
ae
Her
pest
es a
urop
unct
atus
S
mal
l Ind
ian
Mon
goos
e B
enji
NO
16
H
erpe
stes
edw
ards
i C
omm
on M
ongo
ose
Bara
Ben
ji VU
17
M
uste
lidae
Lu
tra lu
tra
C
omm
on O
tter
Ud
CR
18
Viv
errid
ae
Par
adox
urus
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map
hrod
itvs
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mon
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m a
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20 I
Refere
Brandis D 1906lndian Trees Periodical Experts Book agency Delhi 767 pp
FAO 1988 Land Resources Approsal of Bangladesh for Agricultural Development Agroecolo(( I Regions ofBangladesh BGD81035 Technical Report 2570 pp
Heining RL 1925 Lists ofplants ofChittagong Collectorate and Hill Tracts Darjeeling India 84 pp
Nishat A Huq SMlmamul Barua Suvashis P Reza Ali AHM Khan Moniruzzaman A5 (eds)
2002 Bio-ecological Zones ofBangladeshIUCN Bangladesh Country Office 141 pp
Prain D 1903 Bengal plants Vol 1 amp2 Calcutta
1 I
- cover amp back
- Untitled
-
--la
SL
Ord
er
Fam
ily
Sci
entif
ic N
ame
Eng
lish
Nam
e Lo
cal N
ame
r
II
No
CI
I CI
I t
l
3
tl
C
c
CII
0
gt-
r
cgt
shyC
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V
I v a
l 0
cI
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l Z
Cl
ZC
l V
I ii
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UJ
IshyCI
I
a
-v
-v
U
100
P
ycno
notu
s ar
ticep
s B
lack
-hea
ded
Bul
bul
Kal
o B
ulbu
l R
N
O
101
P
ycno
notid
ae
Pyc
nono
tus
cafe
r R
ed-v
ente
d B
ulbu
B
ulbu
li R
N
O
102
P
ycno
notu
sjoc
osus
R
ed-w
hisk
ered
Bul
bul
Sip
ahi B
ulbu
li R
N
O
103
Z
oste
ropi
dae
Zost
erop
s pa
lpeb
rosu
s O
rient
al W
hite
-eye
S
het-
ankh
i R
N
O
104
S
ylvi
idae
A
lcip
pe p
Oio
icep
hala
B
row
n-ch
eeke
d Fu
lvet
ta
R
NO
lO
S
Dum
etia
hyp
eryt
hra
Taw
ny-b
ellie
d B
abbl
er
R
DD
10
6
Mal
acoc
incl
a ab
botti
A
bbot
s B
abbl
er
R
NO
10
7
Meg
auru
s pa
lust
ris
Stri
ated
Gra
ssbi
rd
R
DD
10
8
Ort
hoto
mus
sut
oriu
s C
omm
on T
ailo
rbird
T
untu
nilT
uni
R
NO
10
9
Turd
oide
s ca
udat
us
Com
mon
Bab
bler
R
D
D
110
Tu
rdoi
des
earle
i S
triat
ed B
abbl
er
R
NO
11
1
Acr
ocep
halu
s du
met
orum
B
lyth
s R
eed
War
bler
M
11
2
Bra
dypt
erus
lute
oven
tris
Bro
wn
Bush
War
bler
M
lB
H
ippo
lais
cal
igat
a B
oote
d W
arbl
er
M
114
P
hyllo
scop
us a
ffini
s T
icke
lls L
eaf W
arbl
er
M
115
A
laud
idae
A
laud
a gu
lgul
a O
rient
al S
kyla
rk
Bha
rat P
akhi
R
N
O
116
M
irafr
a as
sam
ica
Rufo
us-w
inge
d B
ushl
ark
Bha
rat P
akhi
R
N
O
117
N
ecta
riniid
ae
Nec
tarin
ia a
siat
ica
Pur
ple
Sun
bird
N
iltu
nilM
adhu
ch u
sh ki
R
N
O
118
N
ecta
rinia
zey
loni
ca
Pur
ple-
rum
ped
Sun
bird
M
outu
shi
R
NO
11
9
Dic
aeum
ery
thro
rhyn
chos
P
ale-
bille
d F
low
erpe
cker
F
uljh
uri
R
NO
12
0
Pass
erid
ae
Lonc
hura
mal
abar
ica
Indi
an S
ilver
bill
R
NO
12
1
Lonc
hura
pun
ctul
ata
Sca
ly-b
reas
ted
Mun
ia
Tila
Mun
ia
R
NO
12
2
Pass
er d
omes
ticus
H
ouse
Spa
rrow
C
haru
i R
N
O
123
P
oce
us p
hilip
pinu
s B
ayaW
eave
r B
abui
Bao
i R
N
O
124
M
otac
illa
mad
eras
pate
nsis
W
hite
-bro
wed
Wag
tail
Pakr
a K
honj
an
R
NO
12
5
Ant
hus
hodg
soni
i O
live-
back
ed P
ipit
M
126
A
nthu
s ru
fulu
s P
addy
field
Pip
it M
12
7
Mot
acill
a al
ba
Whi
te W
agta
il M
12
8
Mot
acill
a ci
nere
a G
rey
Wag
tail
Kho
njan
M
Tab
le 4
Mam
mal
s o
f Raj
eshp
ur s
tud
y ar
ea
SL
Ord
er
Fam
ily
Sci
entif
ic N
ame
Eng
lish
Nam
e Lo
cal N
ame
r
No
I
I CI
I CI
I t
l 3
t
liO
C
CII
cgt
-r
~~
v a
lO
cI
0 V
I Z
Cl
zg
V
I U
Jv~
V
Ishy
-v
-v
U
1
Inse
ctiv
ora
Sor
icid
ae
Sun
cus
mur
inus
G
rey
Mus
k S
hrew
C
hika
N
O
2
Chi
ropt
era
Pte
ropo
dida
e P
tero
pus
giga
nteu
s Fl
ying
Fox
B
adur
N
O
3
Rou
settu
sle
sche
naul
ti Fu
lvou
s F
ruit
Bat
Ko
la B
adur
D
D
4
Meg
ader
mat
idae
M
egad
erm
a ly
ra
False
Vam
pier
D
aini
Bad
ur
NO
5
V
espe
rtili
onid
ae
Ept
esic
us p
achy
otis
Th
ick-
eare
d B
at
DD
6
H
espe
ropt
enus
tick
elli
Tic
kells
Bat
D
D
7
Pip
istre
llus
coro
man
dra
Indi
an P
ipis
trelle
N
O
8
Pip
istre
llus
mim
us
Indi
an P
igm
y P
ipis
trelle
N
O
9
Prim
ates
C
erco
pith
ecid
ae
Mac
aca
assa
men
sis
Ass
ames
e M
acaq
ue
Ash
ami B
anor
D
D
VU
10
Mac
aca
mul
atta
R
hesu
s M
acaq
ue
Ban
or
VU
LR
1l
C
arni
vora
C
anid
ae
Can
is a
ureu
s Ja
ckal
Pa
ti S
hial
VU
12
Vu
lpes
ben
gale
nsis
B
enga
l Fox
K
hek
Shi
al
VU
DD
13
Fe
lidae
Fe
lis c
haus
Ju
ngle
Cat
Ba
n B
iral
EN
II 14
P
riona
iluru
s vi
verr
inus
Fi
shin
g C
at
Mec
ho B
iral
EN
LR
II 15
H
erpe
stid
ae
Her
pest
es a
urop
unct
atus
S
mal
l Ind
ian
Mon
goos
e B
enji
NO
16
H
erpe
stes
edw
ards
i C
omm
on M
ongo
ose
Bara
Ben
ji VU
17
M
uste
lidae
Lu
tra lu
tra
C
omm
on O
tter
Ud
CR
18
Viv
errid
ae
Par
adox
urus
her
map
hrod
itvs
Com
mon
Pal
m a
Vet
Ga
ndhc
Gltl
kuJ
VU
19
Vmuo~~
tal
i= ~2
I
G e
20
h-
~-~P~=
~-~
-E
--=
~ --~-
---Q
-~
~-
~ ~-
_
-
~-~~
---
i~-
c
--
---~
(JOSleJ leqol) NJnI
(JOSleJ OOOzz z z Z LJJ LJJlIspelSueg NJnI
Q E 0 0
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Q) c 0 ~ 0ltlJ cc0
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0 J c ~ ~III QJ 0 ~z u 2 c
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W E c u E cr
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E III Z v C
vQ
VI
ro c a ( E
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i 0 VI Z
20 I
Refere
Brandis D 1906lndian Trees Periodical Experts Book agency Delhi 767 pp
FAO 1988 Land Resources Approsal of Bangladesh for Agricultural Development Agroecolo(( I Regions ofBangladesh BGD81035 Technical Report 2570 pp
Heining RL 1925 Lists ofplants ofChittagong Collectorate and Hill Tracts Darjeeling India 84 pp
Nishat A Huq SMlmamul Barua Suvashis P Reza Ali AHM Khan Moniruzzaman A5 (eds)
2002 Bio-ecological Zones ofBangladeshIUCN Bangladesh Country Office 141 pp
Prain D 1903 Bengal plants Vol 1 amp2 Calcutta
1 I
- cover amp back
- Untitled
-
(JOSleJ leqol) NJnI
(JOSleJ OOOzz z z Z LJJ LJJlIspelSueg NJnI
Q E 0 0
E E cIII z 0g 2 00 ro Ol v jij c
Q) c 0 ~ 0ltlJ cc0
I 2 Z E Vl ~
ltlJ c 0 J uro -~ cr (
J ~ltlJ shy0 roQ 02 ~ 0 J cE
0 J c ~ ~III QJ 0 ~z u 2 c
0 u ~
~
c c E c ~ J J E 2C 0 00c 0 J
W E c u E cr
Q
E III Z v C
vQ
VI
ro c a ( E
Q o OlE ~o
i 0 VI Z
20 I
Refere
Brandis D 1906lndian Trees Periodical Experts Book agency Delhi 767 pp
FAO 1988 Land Resources Approsal of Bangladesh for Agricultural Development Agroecolo(( I Regions ofBangladesh BGD81035 Technical Report 2570 pp
Heining RL 1925 Lists ofplants ofChittagong Collectorate and Hill Tracts Darjeeling India 84 pp
Nishat A Huq SMlmamul Barua Suvashis P Reza Ali AHM Khan Moniruzzaman A5 (eds)
2002 Bio-ecological Zones ofBangladeshIUCN Bangladesh Country Office 141 pp
Prain D 1903 Bengal plants Vol 1 amp2 Calcutta
1 I
- cover amp back
- Untitled
-