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UNIT ‐I S G O

CHAPTER – 2BIOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION

DIVERSITY IN THE LIVING WORLD

BIOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION2.1 KINGDOM MONERA2 2 KINGDOM PROTISTA2.2 KINGDOM PROTISTA2.3 KINGDOM FUNGI2.4 KINGDOM PLANTAE2.5 KINGDOM ANIMALIA2.6 VIRUSES, VIROIDS & LICHENS

Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012

WHAT IS CLASSIFICATION?S C SS C O ?

Anything which is grouped into convenient y g g pcategory based on easily observablecharacters.

Arrangement of organized information onthe basis of similarities.


WHAT IS BIOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION?

It is the systematic grouping of organisms.y g p g gIt is also called biosystematics.

Biosystematics deals with the identification,nomenclature & classification of organisms based on their similarities & differences.


DIFFERENT SYSTEMS OF CLASSIFICATIONDIFFERENT SYSTEMS OF CLASSIFICATION

1) ARTIFICIAL SYSTEMS1) ARTIFICIAL SYSTEMS2) NATURAL SYSTEMS3) PHYLOGENETIC SYSTEMS (CLADISTICS)3) ( )


1. ARTIFICIAL SYSTEMS:

It is a system of classification based on oneor two easily recognizable characters.or two easily recognizable characters.Example: Theophrastus (370‐300 BC)classified plants into:p• Trees• Shrubs• Undershrubs• Herbs


Example 2:pAristotle (384‐322 BC) classified animalsinto:• Enaima (Animals with red blood)• Anaima (Animals without red blood)• Ovipary (Egg laying)• Vivipary (Giving birth to young ones)


2 NATURAL SYSTEM OF CLASSIFICATION2. NATURAL SYSTEM OF CLASSIFICATION

It is a system of classification based onIt is a system of classification based onnatural similarities of vegetative & floralcharacterscharacters.Example: George Bentham & Joseph DaltonHooker classified plants into:Hooker classified plants into:• Cryptogams (non flowering plants)• Phanerogams (seed bearing plants)

Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012Phanerogams (seed bearing plants)

3. PHYLOGENETIC SYSTEM (CLADISTICS)

It is a system of classification based onevolutionary & genetic relationship oforganisms in addition to natural characters.Example: Adolf Engler & Karl PrantleExample: Adolf Engler & Karl Prantleclassified bacteria & all plants under 14divisions. The 14th divisions is Embryophytadivisions. The 14 divisions is Embryophytasiphanogama that includes gymnosperms &angiosperms.

Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012g p

KINGDOM SYSTEMS OF CLASSIFICATION

TWO KINGDOM SYSTEM: (CAROLUS LINNAEUS 1758)(CAROLUS LINNAEUS‐1758)

• KINGDOM PLANTAE: It includes Bacteria,Mycoplasma fungi & photosynthetic plantsMycoplasma, fungi & photosynthetic plants.

• KINGDOM ANIMALIA: It includes• KINGDOM ANIMALIA: It includesunicellular & multicellular animals.


THREE KINGDOM SYSTEM:(ERNEST HAECKEL‐1866)(ERNEST HAECKEL 1866)

• KINGDOM PROTISTA: It includesunicellular & colonial eukaryotes such asybacteria, algae, fungi & protozoans.• KINGDOM PLANTAE: It includesmulticellular photosynthetic plants.• KINGDOM ANIMALIA: It includesmulticellular animals.


FOUR KINGDOM SYSTEM:(COPELAND‐1956)(COPELAND 1956)

• KINGDOM MONERA: It includes unicellular or filamentous prokaryotes such as Bacteria,

l & b t imycoplasma & cyanobacteria.• KINGDOM PROTISTA: It includes unicellular eukaryotes.y

• KINGDOM PLANTAE: Multicellular autotrophic eukaryotes

• KINGDOM ANIMALIA: Multicellular heterotrophic eukaryotes


FIVE KINGDOM SYSTEM:(R H WHITTAKER‐1969)

Classification based on:• Complexity of cell structure ‐ prokaryote or eukaryote

• Complexity of organisms body –unicellular or multicellular

• Mode of nutrition –Autotrophic or Heterotrophic


• Major ecological role – Producer, Consumer, j g , ,Decomposer

• Phylogenetic relationship – simple to complex


PROKARYOTE:• Incipient nucleus

EUKARYOTE:• True nucleus• Incipient nucleus

• nucleoid has only DNA• May have plasmid

• True nucleus• Chromatin has DNA & histonesMay have plasmid

• Absence of membrane bound cell organelles

• plasmid absent• Presence of membrane g

• 70S ribosomesExample: Bacteria,

bound cell organelles• 70S & 80S ribosomes p

Nostoc, Mycoplasma. presentExample: Higher plants & animals

Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012& animals

FIVE KINGDOM SYSTEM CLASSIFICATIONOF R H WHITTAKER:OF R H WHITTAKER:KINGDOM MONERAKINGDOM PROTISTAKINGDOM PROTISTAKINGDOM FUNGI (MYCOTA)KINGDOM PLANTAE (METAPHYTA)KINGDOM PLANTAE (METAPHYTA)KINGDOM ANIMALIA (METAZOA)


KINGDOMMONERA: (Characteristics)Unicellular or filamentous prokaryotesUnicellular or filamentous prokaryotesOmni present (air, soil, hot springs, deserts, deepsea, snow & as parasites), p )Cell wall is composed of polysaccharides & aminoacids(peptido glycons ormurein)Autotrophic (photo & chemosynthetic) &heterotrophic (saprophytic & parasitic)R d b i l & lReproduce by vegetative, asexual & sexualmethods


MAJOR GROUPS OF MONERA: A h b t i M th H l h l 1. Archaebacteria: Methanogens, Halophyles, thermoacidophyles

2 Eubacteria: Vibrio mycobacteria2. Eubacteria: Vibrio, mycobacteria3. Cyanobacteria: Nostoc, Anabena

Methanogen Vibrio Nostoc Anabena


KINGDOM PROTISTA: (Characteristics)Unicellular eukaryotesUnicellular eukaryotes.Fresh water, marine or parasitic forms.Cell wall is usually absent if present it is Cell wall is usually absent, if present it is impregnated with silica (diatoms).Photosynthetic or non photosynthetic.y p yLocomotory structure may be cilia, flagella, pseudopodia or absent.Reproduce by sexual & asexual methods.


MAJOR GROUPS OF KINGDOM PROTISTA:1 CHRYSOPHYTA: Diatom Pinnularia1. CHRYSOPHYTA: Diatom, Pinnularia

2 DINOFLAGELLATES:2. DINOFLAGELLATES:Gonyaulax, Noctiluca


3. EUGLENOIDS: Euglena, Peranema

4. SLIME MOULDS:

Physaram Stemonitis, y ,


5. PROTOZOA: Amoeba

Paramoecium Trypanosoma Plasmodium


KINGDOM FUNGI: (Characteristics)Unicellular or multicellular eukaryotesUnicellular or multicellular eukaryotesAchlorophyllus heterotrophsSome are parasites (Puccinia) saprophytes (Yeast Some are parasites (Puccinia), saprophytes (Yeast, Agaricus), Symbionts (Parmelia in lichens) & associated in the roots of higher plants (mycorrhiza)The thalloid plant body is called myceliumMycelium is made up of tubular thread like hyphae


C ll ll h hitiCell wall has chitin.They reproduce by the following methods:V t ti (f t ti fi i b ddi )‐ Vegetative (fragmentation, fission, budding)

‐ Asexual ( sporangiospores, conidia )Sexual ( Plasmogamy & Karyogamy & meiosis ‐ Sexual ( Plasmogamy & Karyogamy & meiosis resulting in the formation of haploid spores like oospore, ascospore & basidiospore)p , p p )


MAJOR GROUPS OF KINGDOM FUNGI:1 PHYCOMYCETES: Mucor Rhizopus1. PHYCOMYCETES: Mucor Rhizopus

2 ASCOMYCETES (SAC FUNGI):2. ASCOMYCETES (SAC FUNGI):Pencillium Yeast


3. BASIDIOMYCETES (CLUB FUNGI): Agaricus Pucciniag

4. DEUTEROMYCETES (FUNGI IMPERFECTI):Cercospora AlternariaCercospora Alternaria


The following are not mentioned in theThe following are not mentioned in theR. H. Whittaker five kingdom system ofclassification. classification. • PRIONS• VIROIDS• VIRUSES &• LICHENS


PRIONS: These are intracellular, infectiousprotein particles that cause disease inprotein particles that cause disease inanimals. They were discovered by StanleyPrusiner (1970) Prusiner (1970). DISEASES:Scrapie in sheepsScrapie in sheepsKuru in Malaysian tribesCreutzfeldt‐Jacob disease (CJD)Creutzfeldt Jacob disease (CJD)Bovine spongiform encephalopathy


VIROIDS: These are intracellular infectioussingle stranded RNA particles that causesingle stranded RNA particles that causediseases in plants.They were discovered by TO Diener (1971)They were discovered by T.O Diener (1971).DISEASES:Potato spindle tuberPotato spindle tuberCitrus exocortisCucumber pale fruitCucumber pale fruitTomato bunchy top


VIRUSES: These are intracellular,,infectious, poisonous nucleoproteinshaving DNA or RNA as genetic material.g gThese are obligate parasites that do nothave cellular structure. They werediscovered by Ivanowski (1892).


Example: TMV HIV T4 bacteriophage

DISEASES: Tobacco mosaic bananaDISEASES: Tobacco mosaic, bananabunchy top, rabies, brain fever & AIDS


LICHENS: These are symbiotic associationbetween algae & fungi. The algaecomponent is called phycobiont( hi ) & f l i ll d(autotrophic) & fungal component is calledmycobiont (heterotrophic).Li h d ll ti i di tLichens are good pollution indicators.Example:P li Cl d iParmelia Cladonia


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