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Biology 210Chapter 5 Tissues

By Jack BagwellEdited by John McGill

Based on the outlines by Beth WyattLast Updated: August 28, 2007

Tissues

• Tissues are groups of cells working together to achieve a common function

• Histology is the study of tissues.• Matrix

– Intercellular (between cells)– nonliving material

• Types of tissues include– Epithelial– Connective – Muscle– Nervous

Tissues: 2 Types of Epithelial

• Two types of epithelial tissues– Membranous

• Forms Membranes That Cover and Line the Body– Membrane That Covers the Body’s Surface - Skin– Membranes That Line the Body

» Membranes That Line Closed Body Cavities (Thoracic, Abdominal)

» Membranes That Line Vessels (Blood and Lymphatic Vessels)

» Membranes That Line Systems That Open to the Outside (Respiratory, Digestive, Urinary, Reproductive)

– Glandular• Forms Glands

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Tissues: Functions

• Functions of Epithelial Tissues– ME, Protection – protects the body surface and cavities

(skin)– ME, Sensory functions – contains specialized structures that

play a sensory role (eye, ear, etc.)– GE, Secretion – glandular epithelium secretes hormones,

mucous, digestive juices and sweat– ME, Absorption – allows for absorption of nutrients from the

intestines (small intestine)– ME, Excretion – kidney epithelium makes urine excretion

possible

Epithelial Tissues – Generalizations

• 1. LITTLE MATRIX, CELLS TIGHTLY PACKED– -P. Membranes Modified to Hold Cells Together

• 2. AVASCULAR– -Epi Tissues Are Without Blood Vessels, Get Oxygen, Nutrients by

Diffusion From Blood Vessels in Underlying Connective Tissues• 3. FREQUENT CELL REPRODUCTION

– -The Cells in Epi Tissues Frequently Reproduce by Mitosis– -Reason: Epi Tissues Cover/Line, Subjected to Constant Wear and

Tear • 4. MEMBRANOUS TYPE JOINED TO CONNECTIVE TISSUE (BELOW)

BY BASEMENT MEMBRANE– -A Basement Membrane “Glues” Membranous Epithelium to Underlying

Connective Tissue

Epithelial Tissue-Classification

PREVIEW• Classification by shape of cell

– Squamous – flat and platelike scaly– Cuboidal – cubelike and have more cytoplasm than the

squamous– Columnar – higher than they are wide and appear cylindrical– Pseudostratified columnar – only one layer of oddly shaped

columnar cells– Transitional

• Classification by layers of cells– Simple – one layer– Stratified – multiple layers– Pseudostratified – appear to be layered

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Epithelial Tissue

Epithelial Tissue

• Classification by shape of cell– Squamous – flat and platelike scaly– Cuboidal – cubelike and have more cytoplasm than the

squamous– Columnar – higher than they are wide and appear cylindrical– Pseudostratified columnar – only one layer of oddly shaped

columnar cells– Transitional

• Classification by layers of cells– Simple – one layer– Stratified – multiple layers– Pseudostratified – appear to be layered

Simple Squamous

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Epithelial Tissue

• Classification by shape of cell– Squamous – flat and platelike scaly– Cuboidal – cubelike and have more cytoplasm than the

squamous– Columnar – higher than they are wide and appear cylindrical– Pseudostratified columnar – only one layer of oddly shaped

columnar cells– Transitional

• Classification by layers of cells– Simple – one layer– Stratified – multiple layers– Pseudostratified – appear to be layered

Stratified Squamous Keratinized

Epithelial Tissue

• Classification by shape of cell– Squamous – flat and platelike scaly– Cuboidal – cubelike and have more cytoplasm than the

squamous– Columnar – higher than they are wide and appear cylindrical– Pseudostratified columnar – only one layer of oddly shaped

columnar cells– Transitional

• Classification by layers of cells– Simple – one layer– Stratified – multiple layers– Pseudostratified – appear to be layered

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Stratified Squamous

Nonkeratinized

Epithelial Tissue

• Classification by shape of cell– Squamous – flat and platelike scaly– Cuboidal – cubelike and have more cytoplasm than the

squamous– Columnar – higher than they are wide and appear cylindrical– Pseudostratified columnar – only one layer of oddly shaped

columnar cells– Transitional

• Classification by layers of cells– Simple – one layer– Stratified – multiple layers– Pseudostratified – appear to be layered

Columnar Epithelium

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Epithelial Tissue

• Classification by shape of cell– Squamous – flat and platelike scaly– Cuboidal – cubelike and have more cytoplasm than the

squamous– Columnar – higher than they are wide and appear cylindrical– Pseudostratified columnar – only one layer of oddly shaped

columnar cells– Transitional

• Classification by layers of cells– Simple – one layer– Stratified – multiple layers– Pseudostratified – appear to be layered

Transitional Epithelium

Epithelial Tissue

• Classification by shape of cell– Squamous – flat and platelike scaly– Cuboidal – cubelike and have more cytoplasm than the

squamous– Columnar – higher than they are wide and appear cylindrical– Pseudostratified columnar – only one layer of oddly shaped

columnar cells– Transitional

• Classification by layers of cells– Simple – one layer– Stratified – multiple layers– Pseudostratified – appear to be layered

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Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar Epithelium

Ciliated Epithelium

Epithelial Tissue

• Classification by shape of cell– Squamous – flat and platelike scaly– Cuboidal – cubelike and have more cytoplasm than the

squamous– Columnar – higher than they are wide and appear cylindrical– Pseudostratified columnar – only one layer of oddly shaped

columnar cells– Transitional

• Classification by layers of cells– Simple – one layer– Stratified – multiple layers– Pseudostratified – appear to be layered

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Cuboidal Epithelial Cells

Epithelial Tissue Names

1. SIMPLE SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM2. SIMPLE CUBOIDAL EPITHELIUM3. SIMPLE COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM

-Often Has Special Features: Goblet Cells, Cilia, Microvilli4. PSEUDOSTRATIFIED COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM

-Special Features Include Goblet Cells and Cilia5. STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM (KERATINIZED)

-Cells Contain Keratin 6. STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM (NONKERATINIZED)

-Cells Lack Keratin7. STRATIFIED CUBOIDAL EPITHELIUM8. STRATIFIED COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM9. STRATIFIED TRANSITIONAL EPITHELIUM

Glandular Epithelium• Two Types

– Endocrine glands – discharge secretions directly into blood stream (SEE NEXT SLIDE)

• Pituitary gland– Exocrine glands – discharge

secretions into ducts• Sweat glands

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Endocrine Glands

Classification of Exocrine Glands

• Structural Classification of exocrine glands– Tubular – tube-like– Alveolar – sac-like– Tuboalveolar—both– Simple – have 1 duct leading to the surface– Compound – have two or more ducts leading to the surface

Classification of Exocrine Glands

• Functional Classification of exocrine Glands– Apocrine glands – secretory products are collected in the tip of the cell

and the tip of the cell pinches off• Mammary glands

– Holocrine glands – secretory products are collected within the cell and then the cell literally bursts

• Sebaceous glands (oil glands)– Merocrine glands – secretory products are secreted through the cell

membrane; most exocrine glands are of this type• Salivary glandshttp://www.lab.anhb.uwa.edu.au/mb140/CorePages/Epithelia/Epithel.htm#Classification

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Connective Tissue Functions

1. CONNECTS-Tissue to Tissue: CT Lies B/T Epithelial and

Muscle-Organ to Organ: Ligaments Connect Bone to

Bone; Tendons Connect Muscle to Bone• 2. SUPPORTS

– -Bone Tissue Forms Bones• 3. TRANSPORTS

– -Blood• 4. PROTECTS

– -Blood WBC’S

GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS

• MOST WIDESPREAD AND VARIED OF TISSUES– In/Around Most Organs– Exists in Many Forms

• MUCH MATRIX WITH FEWER CELLS– Matrix Predominates, Cells Widespread (Opposite From Epithelial Tissue)

• MATRIX OFTEN CONTAINS PROTEIN FIBERS (COLLAGENOUS, RETICULAR, AND/OR ELASTIC)

– Protein Fibers Produced By Cells in the CT– Most Common Protein Fibers– Collagenous: White, Strong– Reticular: Delicate, Present in Networks– Elastic: Stretchy

• MATRIX AND FIBERS (IF PRESENT) DETERMINE THE UNIQUENESS OF EACH TYPE OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE

– CT’s Are Diverse B/C Matrix and Fibers in Each Type of CT Are Diverse– Examples:

• Matrix May Be Hard (as in Bone)• Gel-Like (as in Cartilage)• Liquid (as in Blood)• Protein Fibers: CT May Contain Just Collagenous Fibers

Connective Tissue

• Fibrous Tissues—protein fibers predominate– Loose (Areolar) – ordinary connective tissue; between

tissues and organs• Superficial fascia

– Adipose tissue – contains predominantly fat cells• Found under the skin and as padding around organs

– Reticular tissue – forms the framework of the spleen, lymph nodes, and bone marrow

• Functions in support of soft tissue (Contains Reticular Fibers, Forms Framework of Many Organs of the Lymphatic System)

– Dense fibrous tissue – fibers packed densely in the matrix; connection and support

• Tendons (muscle to bone) and Ligaments (bone to bone)

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Areolar Connective Tissue

Superficial Fascia

Connective Tissue

• Fibrous Tissues—protein fibers predominate– Loose (Areolar) – ordinary connective tissue; between

tissues and organs• Superficial fascia

– Adipose tissue – contains predominantly fat cells• Found under the skin and as padding around organs

– Reticular tissue – forms the framework of the spleen, lymph nodes, and bone marrow

• Functions in support of soft tissue (Contains Reticular Fibers, Forms Framework of Many Organs of the Lymphatic System)

– Dense fibrous tissue – fibers packed densely in the matrix; connection and support

• Tendons (muscle to bone) and Ligaments (bone to bone)

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Adipose Tissue

Fat Storage Areas

CAT FAT

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Connective Tissue

• Fibrous Tissues—protein fibers predominate– Loose (Areolar) – ordinary connective tissue; between

tissues and organs• Superficial fascia

– Adipose tissue – contains predominantly fat cells• Found under the skin and as padding around organs

– Reticular tissue – forms the framework of the spleen, lymph nodes, and bone marrow

• Functions in support of soft tissue (Contains Reticular Fibers, Forms Framework of Many Organs of the Lymphatic System)

– Dense fibrous tissue – fibers packed densely in the matrix; connection and support

• Tendons (muscle to bone) and Ligaments (bone to bone)

RETICULAR TISSUE

Connective Tissue

• Fibrous Tissues—protein fibers predominate– Loose (Areolar) – ordinary connective tissue; between

tissues and organs• Superficial fascia

– Adipose tissue – contains predominantly fat cells• Found under the skin and as padding around organs

– Reticular tissue – forms the framework of the spleen, lymph nodes, and bone marrow

• Functions in support of soft tissue (Contains Reticular Fibers, Forms Framework of Many Organs of the Lymphatic System)

– Dense fibrous tissue – fibers packed densely in the matrix; connection and support

• Tendons (muscle to bone) and Ligaments (bone to bone)

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Dense Fibrous (Regular) Connective Tissue

Tendon Ligament

Bone

• The most highly specialized of the connective tissue.

• Very hard due to high mineral composition.• Mainly for support and protection.• Cells

– Osteocytes – mature bone cells

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Bone Tissue

Connective Tissue-Bone

Cartilage• There is only 1 cell type present: chondrocytes• Gel-like matrix• Cartilage is avascular; nutrients much reach the areas

by diffusion (damaged cartilage heals slowly)– Hyaline cartilage – Shiny, Most Prevalent

• Nasal septum, cover bone articulations, larynx, tracheal & bronchial rings.

– Fibrocartilage - Strongest, Predominace of Collagenous Fibers

• Vertebral disks, symphysis pubis – Elastic cartilage-Stretchy, Predominace of Elastic

Fibers• External ear, eustachian tube

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Hyaline Cartilage

HYLAINE CARTILAGE

• Cartilage is covered by connective tissue, fibrous perichondrium (FPch)• Chondrogenic cells (ChL) are deep to the FPch• The outer-most (surface) layer of hyaline cartilage consists of active matrix-producing chondroblasts (ChB)• The cell becomes surrounded by matrix and then is located in a small "room" or lacuna (Lac), surrounded by matrix• Lacuna(e) Cartilage cells found deeper in the tissue may have given rise to "cell nests" (CN), and these cells are now less metabolically active and so

are referred to as chondrocytes (ChC).

Cartilage• There is only 1 cell type present: chondrocytes• Gel-like matrix• Cartilage is avascular; nutrients much reach the areas

by diffusion (damaged cartilage heals slowly)– Hyaline cartilage – Shiny, Most Prevalent

• Nasal septum, cover bone articulations, larynx, tracheal & bronchial rings.

– Fibrocartilage - Strongest, Predominace of Collagenous Fibers

• Vertebral disks, symphysis pubis – Elastic cartilage-Stretchy, Predominace of Elastic

Fibers• External ear, eustachian tube

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Fibrocartilage

Fibrocartilage from an intervertebral disk

• Distinguished by very scattered, infrequent chondrocytes (tiny dark nuclei)

• Collagen fibers running in the matrix.

Cartilage• There is only 1 cell type present: chondrocytes• Gel-like matrix• Cartilage is avascular; nutrients much reach the areas

by diffusion (damaged cartilage heals slowly)– Hyaline cartilage – Shiny, Most Prevalent

• Nasal septum, cover bone articulations, larynx, tracheal & bronchial rings.

– Fibrocartilage - Strongest, Predominace of Collagenous Fibers

• Vertebral disks, symphysis pubis– Elastic cartilage-Stretchy, Predominace of Elastic

Fibers• External ear, eustachian tube

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Elastic Cartilage

ELASTIC CARTILAGE

• The stain for elastin brings out the dense bundles of elastin

Blood

• Liquid connective tissue.• Cell types

– Erythrocytes – red blood cells

– Leukocytes – white blood cells

– Thrombocytes - platelets

Red Blood Cells

White blood cell

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Blood Tissue

Muscle Tissue• Mainly for movement• Types of Muscle Cells

– Skeletal muscle• attached to bones; voluntary muscles;• Location: Composes Skeletal Muscles • Striated: "Cross Striations" (Stripes)• Voluntary: Under Conscious (Willed) Control

– Smooth muscle – found in organs; involuntary• Nonstriated: No "Cross Striations,"Looks Smooth Under Microscope)• Visceral: Located in the Viscera (Hollow Organs in Many Systems (i.e.,

Cardiovascular, Respiratory, Digestive, Urinary, and Reproductive)• Involuntary: Not Under Conscious Control

– Cardiac muscle – makes up the walls of the heart• Location: Composes the Wall of the Heart• Striated Like Skeletal Muscle Tissue• Involuntary Like Smooth Muscle Tissue

Skeletal Muscle Tissue

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Muscle Tissue• Mainly for movement• Types of Muscle Cells

– Skeletal muscle• attached to bones; voluntary muscles;• Location: Composes Skeletal Muscles • Striated: "Cross Striations" (Stripes)• Voluntary: Under Conscious (Willed) Control

– Smooth muscle – found in organs; involuntary• Nonstriated: No "Cross Striations,"Looks Smooth Under Microscope)• Visceral: Located in the Viscera (Hollow Organs in Many Systems (i.e.,

Cardiovascular, Respiratory, Digestive, Urinary, and Reproductive)• Involuntary: Not Under Conscious Control

– Cardiac muscle – makes up the walls of the heart• Location: Composes the Wall of the Heart• Striated Like Skeletal Muscle Tissue• Involuntary Like Smooth Muscle Tissue

Smooth Muscle Tissue

Muscle Tissue• Mainly for movement• Types of Muscle Cells

– Skeletal muscle• attached to bones; voluntary muscles;• Location: Composes Skeletal Muscles • Striated: "Cross Striations" (Stripes)• Voluntary: Under Conscious (Willed) Control

– Smooth muscle – found in organs; involuntary• Nonstriated: No "Cross Striations,"Looks Smooth Under Microscope)• Visceral: Located in the Viscera (Hollow Organs in Many Systems (i.e.,

Cardiovascular, Respiratory, Digestive, Urinary, and Reproductive)• Involuntary: Not Under Conscious Control

– Cardiac muscle – makes up the walls of the heart• Location: Composes the Wall of the Heart• Striated Like Skeletal Muscle Tissue• Involuntary Like Smooth Muscle Tissue

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Cardiac Muscle Tissue

Nervous Tissue

• Rapidly regulate and integrate the activities of the different parts of the body.

• Types of cells– Neurons – conducting units of the system– Neuroglia – special connecting and supporting

cells

Neuron cell body

Nervous Tissue

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TISSUE REPAIR

• Tissues Have Varying Capacities to Repair Themselves– Epithelial and Connective Tissues have the

Greatest Capacity to Repair Themselves– Muscle and Nervous Tissues have a Limited

Capacity for Repair– Damaged Tissue Regenerates (Repairs) or is

Replaced by Scar Tissue• Regeneration: Growth of New Functional Tissue• Scar Tissue: Growth of Fibrous Connective Tissue

(Occurs When the Injury is Large and Deep)

Body Membranes

• Thin sheetlike structures. They cover and protect the body surface, line body cavities, and the surfaces of body organs

• A. EPITHELIAL MEMBRANES– Composed of membranous

epithelium– Most common type of body

membrane– 3 kinds

• Cutaneous – skin• Serous – organs• Mucous – lines openings

Body Membranes•1. Cutaneous membranes –composed of epithelial sheets; SKIN

•2. Serous membranes – 2 layers; epithelial sheet and connective tissue sheet

–Parietal portion – lines body cavity

–Visceral portion – covers organs

–Pleura – Serous membranes of the thoracic cavity

»Pleurisy – painful inflammation of the pleura

–Peritoneum – Serous membranes of the abdominal cavity

»Peritonitis – possible when appendix bursts

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• 3. MUCOUS MEMBRANES– Line Body Systems that Open to the Exterior

(Respiratory, Digestive, Urinary, Reproductive)

– Secrete Mucous (Thick, Provides Protection)

CONNECTIVE TISSUE MEMBRANES:

• SYNOVIAL MEMBRANES – Composed of Connective

Tissue– Example: Synovial

Membranes – Location: Line Joints– Secretes Synovial Fluid

(Lubrication)