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TITI.E: vacuum Pmtpinn of Tritiutn jn FII,:im JJOWPr ]{cnctcm~;*

.-—Cdt:)v-0

1 h~ lo~ Aluum :icm,hhc l..JlIuI.IIttIy rr(mti..:,i 111.11IIT 111111

lI;lIur II IRIII!IIV III;* mticlo m wurb. 111:1lorrn+tJ II IIF1.V II. I n.i

~)i,:p~ 01 :lIm IJ.S. [),:l)ii:lfr~l!f Or L !!yw

VACUUMPUMPING OF TRITIUM IN FUSION POWER REACTORS

Don O. CoffinLos Alamos Scientific Laboratory

University of CaliforniaLos Alamos, New Mexico 87545

Charl~s R. WalY.hersGrumman Aerospace Corporation

I!ethpage, New York 11714

Sulmnary

The high vacuum pumping requirements of Fuqimreactors are well enough defined to identify sev?ralcarldidate vacuum pump designs. The most promisingapproach in cryogznic pumping, becaus~ sta~sd orcompound cryopanels are capable of producing highsp~ci.fic pumping spQ@!ds for both h.?liurn nnd hydrogeni80topes. Compound cryopumps of three dif[t’rentd~signs will be tested with deuterium-tritium (Yi’)mixtures under simulated fusion reactor conditions atthe Tritium Systems Tnst Assmhly (TSTA) now beingconstructed nt the Los Alamos Sci~ntific Laboratory

(LAS1.). !I%9 first of tll-~~ pllmp~ is alr~!ady illoperation, and +.ts preliminllry p-rfocm:~nce ispresmted. The 911p~orti!l’; va;~ll~m fncili?y n?c~:=a-vr) :,:, ;,~,’:>.~,J...? Yn”:g-l%~’:’+jOil Pi’lli!:.$Y Ci””/rl~l!,’l”J* ~ : ,.1,1,<,

.

.I:!:;cribd. ‘M+ n.?::t $-”:(>,~*L-•~,L~ [1 of hl.j; 1)11 Jj’st”’:ilVacullrn pumps may include non-cryo~?n ic ~:

conventional-c ryogmic hybrid systems, S7’”lPYL11 (I!“

which ace disc.IssPd.

Requirements

l%- nrnhlem- mmmn~;mtm~ u.n:+h h:-h . . . . . . ..- -. .- !...

The problmns aqeociated with high vacuum pucipingof fusitn devices are well documented: pulsedop; :~ation at very high pumping speeds; handlingmjxtu~~s of both radioactive t~itium and helium int.h? exliauat stream; maintenance difficulties arisingfrom inaccessibility and njat~rial activation. At thrLASL Tritium Systams Test Asaembiy (TSTA), all the

principal 11.~rdware req’Jir,?d [cc fui?l procc.s:;in~; in D’i’-burning reac?ors will be tested and qualified. Amonjjthe ftitictions iuclucl?d at l’STA are removal of hnliumand othmr i.::lpuri?;=s. i; ,:lll>ic ::~:,rlrnt”ion) D“I: l.li~:j II::,‘i)’:1:,:’1 11.,?:: :: I 0::,(11-1 i “ “ rl>il.i[dr 211L! :1 L!; h “v.ic~l,!in;~la.l:]lr.~:, Jnd vncuum ;lump rl?~pn-ration. TO b! a:c:’ p:--ahl~ for fugion applications, TSTA high vacuum pumps~.i,:.-;~ iii> ~at the Eol’luwirJq r-?q~liro!nen:s:

o Provid~ hiR5?st pumping apeds;

IJ Pump mixtuc-?s O; i)f, h+lium, cind plt..machamber impu:it-ies;

o Produce ba9* pres:iures of 10 ntorr or lCSS;o Be unaffected by pulsc+d gas loads and bri~f

excursions to pressL1r~s of 1 mrorr.

(

(ARegen.

) LA L DESIGN%?egan. (D) BNL DESIGN

an

C) LLLD&

ADDITION (ji-V,ALVF

Fig. 1. Compound cry Opuinp dnsigna(LN2 ourfacca Mot uhoun).

ttv=sepump9 has been procured by IASL and ia alreadyoperational; the other two pumps will be fabricar~dand suppli~d to LASL by llrookhav~n National Laboratory(BNL) and by Lawrenc.= Livcrrore L~boratory (LLL).Design ~~:.l~li]g sp~=dj ICIC [,!! Ih= i“S-f,l16 n3 s-l for d:wterium and ,.5-5c:J0W ‘;:;helium. D+3ign c3paciti=s for th~s~ same gas>9 ar~ zr.o’103 a:l~ f).? T.,>le r.> :.wr!~-.nly.

El

of a low-malting alloy.1 TW tritium compatib~lity~nd thermal conductivity problems inherpnt in Pp@xybonded d~signa arc thus avoided. Cylindrical gmxnetryand radial flow characterize the LLL pump, Fig. l(C).After passing through the 77 K shields and 4 XDT-cryocondensing chwrons, helium is cryotrapped bycontinuous argon spray on a smoo?h 4 K surface. TMargonc which is injected through vertical spraytubes, traps one part of helium to ewry 15-30 partsof argon.z Helium reservoirs within the pump bodi~smaintain the cryo-surfaces near 4 K for both th BNLand LU cryopumps.

In each of these pumps helium is sepafat.ed fromthe other torus effluents as a consequence of thebasic pump design. If this separation is to bemaintained during panel regeneration, the heliumevolution rate rlust be carefully match~d to th;!regeneration pllmp mpeed; otherwise excessivnpressarea will Cau’-e gaseous conduction aad th?.zml

runaway. The helium is regenerated first, since itcan pass over the frozen DT on the condensing panelwithout being condensed or adaorbed. Once the heliumis deaorbed, the hniium regeneration pump may bevalved off, and the content9 of the cryoconc!enain~pa.wl i3 v~,>or%z+ and pllmp+~ a-way by n diff?re~? S.*;.of pumps at fairly high pressures. During this phaan.,.,.,.1 l~?li.llm ccv..~sorb=r mtlY? b3 %!p- “J:lrm ;-:lWJ~ti r.>.

:, .,,... ,,-,+m?t ~“~ ~: L.qfq ~wS.-If! :,1 .-;I:L,t,g on i ~ .

Valve for Sta~e Separation (Fip. l(D))..JL-.. —- ......*———

. .

Fig. 2. Valved hybrid fu~ion vacuum pump3(LN2 surfaces not sho-wn).

explosive range. If the turbo?ump has magnat ic

bearings, slight tritium leakage can even be pass~dthrough the turbopump and r~maved by the TSTA tritiumwaste treatment system. Currently availabl~ turho-pumps are too small for fusion applications, hilt

pumps a9 larga aq 10 m3 S-l, have been bllilr, s9turbopum$s s’~itabli? fox Il[?liuu may become co~,:,,?r.-cinlly available.

On- fuzth=r appcoach to staged pumping of hydrogsaisotopas and helium is s;lown in Fig. 3. m’? ailvan-tag~ of t!~is r.onFigura!”i.on is that. th- halil.m panelmay hi? r=g?nerated at “nigh pressure without thermal -1

.. -.,- ___

J [, ---”-’~ “-

ST*CK“1

QP

i..

w--C5lh!JECTOR

VOLU?JIE

co?/lPouNDCFIYC)PUiMl?

COMPOUND

rlT“’d!/

Fig. 4. ~gsA VaCUUm syat.m.

Tf;”CL ‘.’; :III:I! .1 S.{:;i J-RI-.. —----- .. _______. ._. _

General Description———

o DT gaa injectiono Torus simulator volumeo 40-cm absolut,?v+Ilveso Liquid nitr,~~,~atrapo Helium regen+zation pumpso DT re:~ene=atiun pumps.

o DT gaa injectiono Torus simulator volumeo 40-cm absolute valveso Liquid nitrogt?n trapo Heliu regsawration pumpso DT re~enerativn pumpz.

ltt~qllircm-nt Cryosnrhar (11+) (~ocomd~n’;=r (u’r)....——— — .- ._—_ —— . --.—-—.

E!!il

getter captures any trace amounto of CT evolved duringll~lium regen~rntion. Thr nelium has alr,endy b~t=nfiltered by its passage ovor the 4 K cryocond.mnsors.

~e~~nerative Pumping “Crains-. —

Separate pumps are us~d for rcgcnerat ion of thshelium cryos~rber and !)T sryocondenser panels becausetlw requirements differ: somn cnaracEcristic of bothprocesses are given in ‘l’able I.

Cryosorber Regeneration. To regenerate heliumfrom a cryosorber panel requires high helium pumpingspeeds at. pressures below gas coacluction dznsitics.This requirement can be met with a tuzbopump bac!<o.dby an oil-sealed rotary pump. Because we could notabsolutely ensure that there WC$Uld be no DTcontamination of ths helium, w<? C1)OSP n m.lRn-tic-b~aring (:lo~-lUbri::a&ed) vllrbok~um~] and a herm:!l’ically

Sm,~lPd rotc~ry pump with dti~tod~~h~llnt.

An altecnate d~sign (lerive.s from Koota blowers,which are readily avdilahlu in a variety of Sizf!a.‘Ihe main drawback of cu;rl~ntly nvailable pumps lied

in the design of the rotul sllat~St?alt-hat separ:l[:esthe dry pumpiug cl)amber from the gearbox and bearinglubricant. On some recent. ❑odels , this seal hasbeen uD=raded from an omen labvrinth to a mimton rino

SiScCmLIJry Cuntaim*nE. ..——. — .——-

geil?ral criterion for dou51e containment. The Rootsblow,?r case is a casting, nade in sections SfJalPclwith elastomer o-rings. Triiium will permeate hoiilthese materials, so doub 1P containml!nt is provi.dfidoven though operating prcssur.? is well below 75 torr.We will also replace the olastompric static sealswith nwtal compression srale if possible. Secondary

containment of the rest of the vacuum systm is notcontemplated becau8e of low DT prt?ssure, relativelysmall inventori~s of tritium within tho crycpump, andth~ high nl~chanical integrity inherent in hard smlsand vacllum chamber walls.

Valve Selection

● norner rms on ror choonxng rtmm. Actual analleakage will be monitor-d during long mxpoaures to

operational VT concmtrations, and these data willestablish wherher elastomer-sealed valves areacceptable in f~sion reactur vacuum ayatems.

‘ill?‘rs’rijCom’]oundCr-~opump..—.-.,.—.....—---.-..-----_. _..—---

lubricated pumps to transfer th? regonerat~d heliumrhmugh a trifium waste tr~atment syat~m b-fore ir isr,?lcased from the facili~y. We have bmn opc+ratingrhis cryopump since March, 1979, and it has succPss-fu]]y pumped hydrogen, d,~ut”t?rium, heli.~ni, J311dnitrogl?n, as well as various mixruros OE ilydrog,~n,d+uterium, helium, and argon.

Pumping Speed Measurements

Our pumping spesds were calcu!ared ftommeasur~mants of pressure end feed rate. Agluss-enclosed Bayard-Alpc:P gage, with manufactur~rsupplied sensitivity corrL~ctio[~~J Was u3ed todetermine helium and deut.eri~lm pr~ssures. Feed ratewas determined by timing the displacement. iu aninclined oil burette. The burette was calibrated bycomparing its volumetric chan~o rate to rll:ttcalculated from the pressurt?/time behnvior of 1’11(?

S:?ali:d cryoplmp hcmsin~ as iu CCJ1lI?C:”IUI t’h= FH-i!gas. Test gas was admitted te rh,? cryopump by ndiffuser ring which directed the gas against th-inlet closur:+ plate.

cG-1

&)-1-....-.1..-

-: 1.0c)c..

tf ;

c)

-T—-”--—---T–-----”---- ‘-”-”’ ”--’”---1

0 .-

.-.

thd 77 K chevrons, throat, and 4 K chevrons of the‘L’Sl’A pump. At a Ionding of 0.04 torr L c~il-2, th~

dikfusion rate of helium into th~ molecular siev-apparently becomes the limiting restriction onpumping spped and the data becoma similar. The dataof the high-feed-rate run w~re obtained after thehelium sorbed during the first run was pump~d away ina controlled pressure regeneration. We accomplishedthe lat~er by reducing liquid helium flow to thecryosorber while mainFailling normal flow to thecryocondenser, and as tranqfer lin~ heat leak warmedth~ inner

-1anels hQlium wa9 d~sorbed at pressures

around 10 torr. We conaid,?red regnn~ration tO he

complete when the cryosorb~?rtcmperaturo r,?achod15 K.

At higher feed rates the performance of the pumpvaried greatly, 90 we report only gen~ral observa-tions. A.qfeed rates were incr~asm! fron 10-5 to10-4 torr L s-] ‘2, initial spe~d doclin~d byClllapproxim.]telya Eacto- Of tilr-?+. At th’-.setli~ilcrfeed rates speed also d~cr}?ased more rapidly ~s afunction of quantity sorbed. If flow was pulsed on a2 min on, 3 rninoff sch~dul~, the speed reduction wasnot as marked, and base pressure recovcr~d to th,?starting valu+ during t.h~ off period. Flow W:lS~dr~?~ l,,2~,,a+n ~(-)-5,.,,,~,..-!,torr L ~-1 ‘)c~.!.-

ill a pulsed mode with ~-,:p::.l:able tiesults unl-il the~:’1(,1’:ik.ySorb+d ;J,!c.lul+a ih:roc. ‘n:.-;I:lp!i::l:ii)m;

E.(;~(]~~t’I.J:. ;Jlldp ‘.,14 :1:’ t.li,.i.!.!: ‘i’:1. ~,;,II1..,.:L,:Ii ~)

pumping speeds at lii~;h~rfe.?ds i.l:lclpri::,%tlrt?d isrlieappointing, antl this may b(: tile Euctur whicl)drivi?scryt)~lumpd!:;i.~n; OI,t t[le OliIOJ- ]1.JIII,! p]! ‘ qIIi.cR{

recovery a~ 1,Jw,?r p7:PSSLlrPs i,lIld cyclic f (!i}dEl isencouragi, n~. During TJTA c~pnrat,io,l we will COZMIIJCI”

many more wxp~rirnents Witil this pump with rmlisricgaa mixtures and pressure loading cycles.

t

alsappolntlng, ana tnls may Dc CIIQJracror Wrllcndrives cry~;wr~pd-sign; m the otlmr hand tll.~quick

recovery a r. lower prr?ssuves and cyclic fuwla ifiencouragi n:. During TJTA oparation we will conducrmany moro oxp*rim*nEs witil this pump with realisticgas ❑ixtures and pressure loading cycles.

attained during operation tlrxl regeneration was❑easured and found satisfactory to qualify the pil~p

m the TS”IAhelium remover. The pump ‘:IS operatednormally with a 90/10 mixturn of H2/HoP and a~ainwith a 90/5/5 mixture of 11~/He/Ar. After asuitable period the feed gas supply was shut off anda controlled pressure regeneration of the heliumcryosor!mr warn performed, as previously described.Then the pump body was sealed nncl allowed to warm toroom tmperarure. The gases thus evolved from thecryocondenaer were then analyzed for helium. ‘rh ehelium mole fractions appenring in the regeneratedHz and D2/Ar mix resp~crively were 2.7x10-4 and1.4x10-5, which agrees with data reported hy Chouand Halama.4 The DT srream can rhwefore be pass~dbrickto th~ ❑ain fuel loop wirhol,t further heliumremoval.

Conclusions—

1. H. C. Hs-uh, T. S. Chou, H. A. Worwatz, awl 11. J.Halam.a “C?:yoso:p~iml’I~Lq;ngOf H* :;l [; IIano(J:.1

and a Cmnpomtd Cryoplvnp l’)asi~n for ‘l”ST.+ir,Syzlp .

Proc.En;;. ProI:. Fu~ii;il [(?s. , 8~?l, ?l(,.,- 13-16,

197:1, S:ln ;’rmtci.se?,CA.

‘/, T. :[. Hatz-r, R. :. !’.l!rick, and W. I?. LJL1, “ANeutral karn Lin* Pump with Heliilm CryorrappingA“”):’.~.ty”, Symp. 3u3i Dn Techn., JOiil, ?:iddv,’t ,Italy, 1978.

4. T. S. Chou wd h. J. Halama, l’Cryopumping 01Deut:?rium, Hydro3=n, and Hslium 14ixturR9 onSmooth 4.2 K Surfnce9,1* Proc. Intl. Vat. Cong. ,71h, Vienna, 1977.

.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5*

6.

7*

8.

9.

NCRP. National Council on

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-28-