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Bleeding disorder Nisa Makruasi, MD Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, HRH Princess Maha Chakri Sirindhon Medical Center, Srinakharinwirot University

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Page 1: Bleeding disorder - Srinakharinwirot University€¦ · –1. platelet > 30,000 and no bleeding: no treatment –2. platelet < 30,000 or bleeding: start treatment –Drugs:

Bleeding disorder

Nisa Makruasi, MDDivision of Hematology, Department of Medicine,

HRH Princess Maha Chakri Sirindhon Medical Center,Srinakharinwirot University

Page 2: Bleeding disorder - Srinakharinwirot University€¦ · –1. platelet > 30,000 and no bleeding: no treatment –2. platelet < 30,000 or bleeding: start treatment –Drugs:

Objective• บอกคําจํากดัความ สาเหตกุารเกิด การวินิจฉยัและวินิจฉยัแยกโรค

• สามารถสง่ตรวจและแปลผลทางห้องปฏิบตักิารได้อยา่งเหมาะสม

• ให้การดแูลรักษาผู้ ป่วยทีHมีภาวะเลอืดออกผิดปกตไิด้อยา่งถกูต้อง

เหมาะสม

Page 3: Bleeding disorder - Srinakharinwirot University€¦ · –1. platelet > 30,000 and no bleeding: no treatment –2. platelet < 30,000 or bleeding: start treatment –Drugs:

Clinical

• Bleeding disorder ???– Spontaneous bleeding (except: epitaxis in children,

ecchymosis at pretibial area)– ≥2 sites >>>>>systemic bleeding– Severity

• Inherited or acquired???– Onset: Hx of surgery, tooth extraction– Family Hx.

• Primary or secondary hemostasis• Cause of bleeding: hematologic dz or systemic dz.

Page 4: Bleeding disorder - Srinakharinwirot University€¦ · –1. platelet > 30,000 and no bleeding: no treatment –2. platelet < 30,000 or bleeding: start treatment –Drugs:

• Platelet: thrombocytopenia, platelet dysfuction

• Vessels• Coagulopathy

Page 5: Bleeding disorder - Srinakharinwirot University€¦ · –1. platelet > 30,000 and no bleeding: no treatment –2. platelet < 30,000 or bleeding: start treatment –Drugs:

Systemic disease

• Liver disease• Kidney disease• Malabsorption, cholestasis• SLE• Alcoholism• Drugs

Page 6: Bleeding disorder - Srinakharinwirot University€¦ · –1. platelet > 30,000 and no bleeding: no treatment –2. platelet < 30,000 or bleeding: start treatment –Drugs:

Primary VS Secondary hemostasis

Primary hemostasis• Site: mucocutaneous

bleeding• Lesion: petechiae,

purpura, small ecchymosis

• Onset: immediate bleeding

• Pressure: can stop bleeding

Secondary hemostasis• Site: muscles, joints,

deep tissue• Lesion: large

ecchymosis, hematoma• Onset: delayed bleeding• Pressure: cannot stop

bleeding

Page 7: Bleeding disorder - Srinakharinwirot University€¦ · –1. platelet > 30,000 and no bleeding: no treatment –2. platelet < 30,000 or bleeding: start treatment –Drugs:

Platelet disorder

Page 8: Bleeding disorder - Srinakharinwirot University€¦ · –1. platelet > 30,000 and no bleeding: no treatment –2. platelet < 30,000 or bleeding: start treatment –Drugs:

Coagulopathy

Page 9: Bleeding disorder - Srinakharinwirot University€¦ · –1. platelet > 30,000 and no bleeding: no treatment –2. platelet < 30,000 or bleeding: start treatment –Drugs:

Normal Hemostasis

Normal hemostasis§ Blood vessel§ Platelet§ Coagulation factors§ Fibrinolytic system§ Natural anticoagulants

Page 10: Bleeding disorder - Srinakharinwirot University€¦ · –1. platelet > 30,000 and no bleeding: no treatment –2. platelet < 30,000 or bleeding: start treatment –Drugs:

Bloodvessel§ Endothelium

Normal Hemostasis

Antithrombotic Effect

§ Thrombomodulin§ Platelet derived relaxing

factor (PDRF)§ Prostacyclin (PGI2)§ Tissue plasminogen

activator

Thrombogenesis

§ von Willebrand factor§ Tissue thromboplastin§ Endothelin

Page 11: Bleeding disorder - Srinakharinwirot University€¦ · –1. platelet > 30,000 and no bleeding: no treatment –2. platelet < 30,000 or bleeding: start treatment –Drugs:

Blood vessel§ Endothelium§ Connective tissue or collagen

Normal Hemostasis

§ Collagen direct bind and activate platelet§ Release von Willebrand factor to bind platelet

Page 12: Bleeding disorder - Srinakharinwirot University€¦ · –1. platelet > 30,000 and no bleeding: no treatment –2. platelet < 30,000 or bleeding: start treatment –Drugs:

Normal Hemostasis

Platelet§ Adhesion

§ via glycoprotein (GP)§ Shape change

§ from disc to ameboid form§ Release

§ ADP, thromboxane A2, vWF§ Aggregation

§ via glycoprotein (GP)

Page 13: Bleeding disorder - Srinakharinwirot University€¦ · –1. platelet > 30,000 and no bleeding: no treatment –2. platelet < 30,000 or bleeding: start treatment –Drugs:

Normal Hemostasis

Platelet

Ligand ReceptorAdhesion vWF GP Ib/IX/V

collagen GP Ia/IIaAggregation fibrinogen GP IIb/IIIa

Page 14: Bleeding disorder - Srinakharinwirot University€¦ · –1. platelet > 30,000 and no bleeding: no treatment –2. platelet < 30,000 or bleeding: start treatment –Drugs:

Normal Hemostasis

Platelet

Platelet plug formation and vasoconstriction

Primary hemostatic plug formation which is enough to stop bleeding from

small and shallow wound

Page 15: Bleeding disorder - Srinakharinwirot University€¦ · –1. platelet > 30,000 and no bleeding: no treatment –2. platelet < 30,000 or bleeding: start treatment –Drugs:

Contactfactor:XII,prekallikrein,HMWkininogen

XII

XI

IX

VIII

Ca2+,PL

X

Tissue factor

VII

V, Ca2+, PL

Prothrombin Thrombin

Fibrinogen Fibrin monomer

XIII

Extrinsic

PT

Intrinsic

aPTT

TT

Prothrombinase

Tenase

Fibrin polymer

Stabilized fibrin

Common

Page 16: Bleeding disorder - Srinakharinwirot University€¦ · –1. platelet > 30,000 and no bleeding: no treatment –2. platelet < 30,000 or bleeding: start treatment –Drugs:

Contactfactor:XII,prekallikrein,HMWkininogen

XII

XI

IX

VIII

Ca2+,PL

X

Tissue factor

VII

V, Ca2+, PL

Prothrombin Thrombin

Fibrinogen Fibrin monomer

XIII

Extrinsic

PT

Intrinsic

aPTT

TT

Prothrombinase

Tenase

Fibrin polymer

Stabilized fibrin

Common

Page 17: Bleeding disorder - Srinakharinwirot University€¦ · –1. platelet > 30,000 and no bleeding: no treatment –2. platelet < 30,000 or bleeding: start treatment –Drugs:

Intrinsic pathway

Negative charge

HMWK prekallekrein

Kallekrein

Factor XIIa Factor XII

Factor XI Factor XIa

Factor IX Factor IXaPL, Calcium,Factor VIIIa Factor

VIII

Factor X Factor Xa

Page 18: Bleeding disorder - Srinakharinwirot University€¦ · –1. platelet > 30,000 and no bleeding: no treatment –2. platelet < 30,000 or bleeding: start treatment –Drugs:

Extrinsic pathway

Factor VII

Factor VIIa

Factor X Factor Xa

TF

PL/Calcium

Page 19: Bleeding disorder - Srinakharinwirot University€¦ · –1. platelet > 30,000 and no bleeding: no treatment –2. platelet < 30,000 or bleeding: start treatment –Drugs:

Common pathway

Tenase complex Factor VIIa

Factor X Factor XaPL,CalciumFactor Va Factor V

Prothrombin Thrombin

Fibrinogen Fibrin monomer

Fibrin polymer

Fibrin polymerFactor XIIIaFactor XIII

Thrombin

Activated protein C

Thrombin

Antithrombin

Prothrombinase complex

Page 20: Bleeding disorder - Srinakharinwirot University€¦ · –1. platelet > 30,000 and no bleeding: no treatment –2. platelet < 30,000 or bleeding: start treatment –Drugs:

Activated- Platelet

Tissue factor bearing cells

TF

Thrombin

Platelet Activation

IX

VIIIa

VIIa

X

XaVIIa

II

Va

Va

TF

VIIIa VaIXa

X

Xa II

Thrombin

Cell-based coagulation

Page 21: Bleeding disorder - Srinakharinwirot University€¦ · –1. platelet > 30,000 and no bleeding: no treatment –2. platelet < 30,000 or bleeding: start treatment –Drugs:

FDPs and D-dimerFibrinogen

Fibrin monomer

Fibrin polymer

Crosslinked fibrin

Fibrin degradation products

thrombin

F XIIIa

Plasmin

E

D D

D D

DDDDDDDD

D D D D

D D

D DD D

D DD D D D

E

E

E

EE

E

E

E E E

E E

E

Page 22: Bleeding disorder - Srinakharinwirot University€¦ · –1. platelet > 30,000 and no bleeding: no treatment –2. platelet < 30,000 or bleeding: start treatment –Drugs:

Question 1

• ผู้ ป่วยชายอาย ุ19 ปี มีเลอืดออก 4 ชม. หลงัถอนฟันคดุ ไมเ่คยมี

ประวตัเิลอืดออกงา่ยมาก่อน ไมเ่คยผา่ตดัหรือประสบอบุตัเิหตุ

• ตรวจร่างกาย เลอืดซมึจากแผล คางและคอบวม มี ecchymosis ขนาดใหญ่

• Lab: platelet 250,000, APTT 60 sec (25-35), PT 12.2 sec (11-14)

Page 23: Bleeding disorder - Srinakharinwirot University€¦ · –1. platelet > 30,000 and no bleeding: no treatment –2. platelet < 30,000 or bleeding: start treatment –Drugs:

Prolonged aPTT

PT

Prolonged PT

aPTT

normal prolonged normal

Isolated Prolonged aPTT Isolated Prolonged PT

Prolonged both aPTT & PT

TT

Page 24: Bleeding disorder - Srinakharinwirot University€¦ · –1. platelet > 30,000 and no bleeding: no treatment –2. platelet < 30,000 or bleeding: start treatment –Drugs:

Isolated prolonged aPTT

Bleeding Asymptomatic or thrombosis

Mixing testMixing test

uncorrectcorrect correct uncorrect

F.VIII def./vWDF.IX def.F.XI def.

F.VIII inh./vWDF.IX inh.F.XI inh.

F.XII def.Prekallekrein def.HMWK def.

F.XII inh.Prekallekrein inh.HMWK inh.Lupus anticoagulant

Isolated prolonged aPTT

Bleeding Asymptomatic or thrombosis

Page 25: Bleeding disorder - Srinakharinwirot University€¦ · –1. platelet > 30,000 and no bleeding: no treatment –2. platelet < 30,000 or bleeding: start treatment –Drugs:

Mixing test

• Normal plasma : patient plasma = 1:1• Immediate mixing• 2 hrs incubation

• ****coagulation abnormalities: tissue fluid, glass tube, heparin lock, Hct สงู, ตั Rง

ทิ Rงไว้นานเกินไป

Page 26: Bleeding disorder - Srinakharinwirot University€¦ · –1. platelet > 30,000 and no bleeding: no treatment –2. platelet < 30,000 or bleeding: start treatment –Drugs:

Hemophilia

• Specific treatment: replacement factor• Supportive treatment: rest, analgesic

drugs, cold pack

Page 27: Bleeding disorder - Srinakharinwirot University€¦ · –1. platelet > 30,000 and no bleeding: no treatment –2. platelet < 30,000 or bleeding: start treatment –Drugs:

Factor VIII replacement• Cryoprecipitate: F VIII, F XIII, vWF,

fibrinogen, fibronectin• FFP• Factor VIII concentration• สตูรคํานวณ 1 U/Kg raise F VIII 2 %• Half life 12 hr (repeated dose q 8-12 hr)

• ***F IX def: 1 U/Kg raise F IX 1 % (use FFP, F IX concentration), half life 24 hr

Page 28: Bleeding disorder - Srinakharinwirot University€¦ · –1. platelet > 30,000 and no bleeding: no treatment –2. platelet < 30,000 or bleeding: start treatment –Drugs:

Recommended plasma factor

level and duration of

administration

Page 29: Bleeding disorder - Srinakharinwirot University€¦ · –1. platelet > 30,000 and no bleeding: no treatment –2. platelet < 30,000 or bleeding: start treatment –Drugs:

จงใหก้ารรักษาในผูป่้วยรายนี3

• BW 50 kg

Page 30: Bleeding disorder - Srinakharinwirot University€¦ · –1. platelet > 30,000 and no bleeding: no treatment –2. platelet < 30,000 or bleeding: start treatment –Drugs:

Question 2

• ผู้ ป่วยหญิงอาย ุ25 ปี เมืHอ 2 เดือนหลงัคลอดมีจ้Tาเลอืดตามตวั ไม่

เคยมีเลอืดออกงา่ยมาก่อน ตอนคลอดไมมี่เลอืดออกผิดปกติ

• ตรวจร่างกายพบ ecchymosis และ hematoma• Lab: Platelet 200,000, APTT 88.3 sec

(25-35), PT 12.0 sec (11-14)• Mixing study: APTT 69.6, control 38.0,

Bleeding time 6 min• Factor VIII assay 1 %• F VIII inhibitor 377 Betheseda unit

Page 31: Bleeding disorder - Srinakharinwirot University€¦ · –1. platelet > 30,000 and no bleeding: no treatment –2. platelet < 30,000 or bleeding: start treatment –Drugs:

Acquired hemophilia• Autoimmune disease• 50% idiopathic• 50% drugs (penicillin, sulfonamide, phenytoin)

autoimmune disease, cancer,postpartum (เกิดภายใน 4 เดือนหลงัคลอด มกัหายเองภายใน

30 เดือนหลงัคลอด)• Tx: no bleeding no treatment

Pred 1 MKD, Pred + cyclophosphamide 1 MKDHigh dose F VIII (inh < 5 BU)Recombinant F VIIa 90 mcg/kg q 2 hr or

APCC 50-100 u/kg q 12 hr (inh > 5 BU)

Page 32: Bleeding disorder - Srinakharinwirot University€¦ · –1. platelet > 30,000 and no bleeding: no treatment –2. platelet < 30,000 or bleeding: start treatment –Drugs:

Question 3

• ผู้ ป่วยหญิงอาย ุ22 ปี เข้ารับการรักษาใน ICU เพราะมี sepsis หลงัรักษาจนดีขึ Rนมาแล้ว ผู้ ป่วยอาการดีขึ Rนทกุอยา่ง ไมมี่เลอืดออก

ได้รับการเจาะ coagulogram• Platelet 330,000• APTT 64.3 sec (25-35)• PT 15.7 sec (11-14)• TT > 120 sec (11-14)

Page 33: Bleeding disorder - Srinakharinwirot University€¦ · –1. platelet > 30,000 and no bleeding: no treatment –2. platelet < 30,000 or bleeding: start treatment –Drugs:

Prolonged TTNo bleeding Bleeding

•Heparin contaminate•Fibrinogen > 10 g/L

•Hypofibrinogenemia eg. เป็นแต่กาํเนิด, DIC, hyperfibrinolysis•Dysfibrinogenemia•สารตา้นthrombin: heparin, paraprotein, FDP, thrombin antibody

Page 34: Bleeding disorder - Srinakharinwirot University€¦ · –1. platelet > 30,000 and no bleeding: no treatment –2. platelet < 30,000 or bleeding: start treatment –Drugs:

Heparin contaminate

• TT ยาวมาก APTT ยาวปานกลาง PT ยาวเลก็น้อย

• Antithrombin• Intrinsic pathway > extrinsic pathway• Confirm test: เตมิ protamine ทํา TT จะกลบัมา

ปกต ิหรือทํา reptilase time (clot fibrinogen ด้วยพิษง)ู พบวา่ปกติ

Page 35: Bleeding disorder - Srinakharinwirot University€¦ · –1. platelet > 30,000 and no bleeding: no treatment –2. platelet < 30,000 or bleeding: start treatment –Drugs:

Question 4

• ผู้ ป่วยหญิงอาย ุ75 ปี มีเลอืดออกตามตวัมา 3 วนั เมืHอ 2 สปัดาห์

ก่อนปวดขาขวา ไปพบแพทย์ได้ยามาทาน ไมไ่ด้นํายามาด้วย เคยผา่ตดั

สะโพก ไมมี่เลอืดออกผิดปกต ิ

• ตรวจร่างกาย ecchymosis, hematoma• APTT 266.3 sec (25-35)• PT 300 sec (11-14)• TT 11.5 sec (11-14)

• Mixing PT normal

Page 36: Bleeding disorder - Srinakharinwirot University€¦ · –1. platelet > 30,000 and no bleeding: no treatment –2. platelet < 30,000 or bleeding: start treatment –Drugs:

Prolonged both aPTT and PT

TT

normal prolonged

•F.II, V, XDeficiencyHereditary: single factor def.Acquired: combine factor def.Severe liver dz (PT ยาวมากกว่า PTT)Vitamin K deficiencyAntivitamin K treatmentInhibitorSpecific factor inhibitor

Heparin contaminationHereditaryAfibrinogenemiaHypofibrinogenamiaDysfibrinogenemiaAcquiredConsumptive coagulopathy (DIC)Massive transfusion

Page 37: Bleeding disorder - Srinakharinwirot University€¦ · –1. platelet > 30,000 and no bleeding: no treatment –2. platelet < 30,000 or bleeding: start treatment –Drugs:

Isolated prolonged PT

Mixing study

correctable uncorrectable

DeficiencyHereditary :•F.VII deficiencyAcquired:•Early liver impairment•VitK def (malabsorption,poor nutrition)•Antivit.K tx(warfarin)

InhibitorF.VII inhibitor

Page 38: Bleeding disorder - Srinakharinwirot University€¦ · –1. platelet > 30,000 and no bleeding: no treatment –2. platelet < 30,000 or bleeding: start treatment –Drugs:

Question 5

• ผู้ ป่วยหญิง อาย ุ30 ปี มีจดุจ้Tาเลอืดตามตวัมา 2 สปัดาห์ ก่อนหน้านี R

แข็งแรงดี เคยถอนฟันตอนเดก็ไมมี่เลอืดออกผิดปกติ

• ตรวจร่างกาย: no pallor, no jaundice, petechial hemorrhage, no hepatosplenomegaly

• CBC: WBC 5,000 (PMN 80%, L20%), Hb 12 g/dl, Platelet 15,000

• Coagulogram: normal

Page 39: Bleeding disorder - Srinakharinwirot University€¦ · –1. platelet > 30,000 and no bleeding: no treatment –2. platelet < 30,000 or bleeding: start treatment –Drugs:

Aquired thrombocytopenia(clump ?)

Underproduction Sequestration Destruction- BM:MDS,malignancy, Splenomegaly -Immune :primary, secondaryMegaloblastic Drug: quinine,quinidine,

sulfa,ATB,antiTBPTP(Ab to HPA 1 a:Rx IVIG) SLE, APSHCV, HIV, HIT

-Non immune- HIV 1. MAHA- Drug: chemo,ethanal, valproic a. 2. No MAHA:- RT -Liver disease

-Gestational thrombocytopenia-Infection-HIT

-MAHA1. Thrombotic microangiopathy: TTP,HUS2. DIC: Malignancy ,infection,APL,trauma3. Pregnancy: HEELP.dead fetus in utero,eclampsia,preclampsia4. Heart: malignant HT,aneurysm,valve replacement5. Autoimmune 6. Drug: cyclosporin,mitomycin,quinidine ,prograf7. Vessel malformation: hemangioma, kasabach merit8. Russell’s viper (acitivated F X, V)

Page 40: Bleeding disorder - Srinakharinwirot University€¦ · –1. platelet > 30,000 and no bleeding: no treatment –2. platelet < 30,000 or bleeding: start treatment –Drugs:

ITP

• Diagnosis criteria– 1. Isolated thrombocytopenia (plt < 100,000)– 2. Diagnosis by exclusion: drug, splenomegaly,

infection (HIV, HCV), MAHA (TTP/HUS, vasculitis, glomerulonephritis, valve dysfunction, DIC), malignancy (NHL), autoimmune (SLE), BM dz(AA, leukemia), hereditary thrombocytopenia

• Treatment– 1. platelet > 30,000 and no bleeding: no treatment– 2. platelet < 30,000 or bleeding: start treatment– Drugs: Prednisolone 1 MKD, duration 6 months

Page 41: Bleeding disorder - Srinakharinwirot University€¦ · –1. platelet > 30,000 and no bleeding: no treatment –2. platelet < 30,000 or bleeding: start treatment –Drugs:

Non response

• Steroid treatment failure or steroid dependent – Splenectomy response 70%– Pulse dexamethasone 40 mg/day q 4 wks * 6 times– Danazol 600 mg/day– Dapsone 75-100 mg/day– Colchicine 1.2 mg/day– Rituximab 375 mg/m2

– Combination chemotherapy– H. pyroli eradication– Thrombopoietic agents: Romiplostim, Eltrombopag

Page 42: Bleeding disorder - Srinakharinwirot University€¦ · –1. platelet > 30,000 and no bleeding: no treatment –2. platelet < 30,000 or bleeding: start treatment –Drugs:

Emergency treatment• CNS bleeding, emergency surgery• Treatment

– Dexamethasone 40 mg/day IV or methylprednisolone 500-1000 mg/day IV

+– IVIG 400 mg/kg/day * 5 days or 1 g/kg/day *2

days platelet จะขึ Rนภายใน 3-5 days, ราคาแพง, ได้ผลชัHวคราวประมาณ

3 wks– Emergency splenectomy เกลด็เลอืดจะขึ Rนภายใน 24-48 ชม., ข้อเสยี

ถ้าผู้ ป่วยไมต่อบสนอง จะเลอืดออกมากจากการผา่ตดั

– Anti-D immunoglobulin: in patient Rh pos and no splenectomy, dose 50-75 mcg/kg

– Platelet transfusion ในกรณีทีHมีเลอืดออกรุนแรง และให้ร่วมกบัการรักษาอืHน

Page 43: Bleeding disorder - Srinakharinwirot University€¦ · –1. platelet > 30,000 and no bleeding: no treatment –2. platelet < 30,000 or bleeding: start treatment –Drugs:

Question 6

• ผู้ ป่วยหญิงอาย ุ 45 ปี มาด้วยเลอืดออกตามไรฟัน มีเลอืดออกตามตวั

• ตรวจร่างกายพบ petechiae and ecchymosis • PBS: AML (M3)• Platelet 48,000 • APTT 37.3 sec (25-35)• PT 19.1 sec (11-14)• TT 17.0 sec (11-14)

Page 44: Bleeding disorder - Srinakharinwirot University€¦ · –1. platelet > 30,000 and no bleeding: no treatment –2. platelet < 30,000 or bleeding: start treatment –Drugs:

Prolonged APTT, PT and thrombocytopenia

• DIC• Liver disease*• Massive transfusion**• Coagulopathy of trauma***

*Liver disease อาจพบร่วมกบั DIC ได้**blood transfusion > 10 unit in 24 hrs ร่วมกบั crystalloid ทาํให้มี dilutional coagulopathy***มกัมี acidosis + hypothermia ทาํใหก้ารแขง็ตวัของเลือดไม่ดี

Page 45: Bleeding disorder - Srinakharinwirot University€¦ · –1. platelet > 30,000 and no bleeding: no treatment –2. platelet < 30,000 or bleeding: start treatment –Drugs:

Pathophysiology DIC

• 1. Thrombin generation- TF,- IL-1, TNF, endotoxin.

• 2. Controlling thrombin formation- antithrombin III (liver)- Vascular endothelium expresses,

thrombomodulin- thrombomodulin +thrombin → Activated Protein C →inactivates factors VIIIa and Va,

Page 46: Bleeding disorder - Srinakharinwirot University€¦ · –1. platelet > 30,000 and no bleeding: no treatment –2. platelet < 30,000 or bleeding: start treatment –Drugs:

• 3. Fibrin deposition• 4. Consumption of clotting factors

and platelets• 5. Fibrinolysis-Alpha-2 antiplasmin is consumed-free plasmin circulates.

• Not balance :clot or bleeding

Page 47: Bleeding disorder - Srinakharinwirot University€¦ · –1. platelet > 30,000 and no bleeding: no treatment –2. platelet < 30,000 or bleeding: start treatment –Drugs:

DIC

• เกิดจากการกระตุ้นระบบการแข็งตวัของเลอืดมากผิดปกต ิเกิด

thrombin กระตุ้น fibrinogen, factor V, factor VII และเกร็ดเลอืด ทําให้เกิดลิHมเลอืดอดุตนัหลอดเลอืด

ขนาดเลก็ และมีการกระตุ้นระบบ fibrinolysis ทําให้มีการ

ทําลายปัจจยัการแข็งตวัของเลอืดและเกร็ดเลอืด

(consumptive coagulopathy) เกิดภาวะเลอืดออก

งา่ย

Page 48: Bleeding disorder - Srinakharinwirot University€¦ · –1. platelet > 30,000 and no bleeding: no treatment –2. platelet < 30,000 or bleeding: start treatment –Drugs:

DIC• Diagnosis• 1. Clinical

– ต้องมีสาเหตขุอง DIC เสมอ

– Bleeding and/or thrombosis• 2. Lab

– Prolonged coagulation ( prolonged PT, low fibrinogen)

– Thrombocytopenia– FDP or D-dimer rising

• ***fibrinogen: acute phase protein ซึHงจะสงูในภาวะ

sepsis ดงันั Rนถ้าพบ fibrinogen ปกตใินผู้ ป่วยตดิเชื Rอ อาจบง่วา่เริHมมี

DIC• ***chronic DIC อาจมี plt, clotting time ปกติ

Page 49: Bleeding disorder - Srinakharinwirot University€¦ · –1. platelet > 30,000 and no bleeding: no treatment –2. platelet < 30,000 or bleeding: start treatment –Drugs:

Cause of DIC

• Infection: bacteria, virus, fungus, protozoa• Malignancy: APL, solid tumor, lymphoma-associated

hemophagocytic syndrome• Obstetric complication: abruptio placenta, fetal death

in utero, amniotic fluid embolism, pregnancy-induced hypertension, post-partum hemorrhage

• Tissue injuries: multiple trauma, brain injury, heat stroke, hemolytic transfusion reaction

• Vascular malformation: giant hemangioma, cardiac arrest, snake bite (Russel’s viper bite)

• others

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Treatment

• Correct cause• No bleeding: keep plt > 10,000

keep plt >20,000 fever or coagulopathy • Bleeding or need surgery

– FFP 10-20 ml/kg– Cryoprecipitate 10 bag q 12-24 hrs– Platelet transfusion keep 50,000-100,000

• Thrombosis + no bleeding: Low dose heparin

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Question 7

• ผู้ ป่วยหญิงอาย ุ55 ปี เป็น cirrhosis ไมมี่ภาวะแทรกซ้อนอืHน

ใดตอนนี R แตมี่เลอืดออกตามไรฟันไมห่ยดุ

• ตรวจร่างกายพบฟันผแุละเหงือกอกัเสบ

• Platelet 99,000• APTT 43.0 sec (25-37)• PT 20.9 sec (11-14)

• TT 14.3 sec (11-14), fibrinogen 1.43 (2-4 g/L), FDP 40 mg/ml (0-10)

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Bleeding in liver disease

• Localized bleeding: GI bleeding• Thrombocytopenia: splenomegaly, ขาด

thrombopoietin, alcohol• Platelet dysfunction • FDP สงูจาก DIC or hyperfibrinolysis• Coagulation defects

– สร้างน้่อย (F VIII and fibrinogen มกัไมค่อ่ยต่Tามาก )– Hyperfibrinolysis (ลดการทําลาย t-PA)– DIC (ลดการทําลาย activated clotting factor, AT def,

prot C def)– Dysfibrinogenemia (from hepatoma)

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Hyperfibrinolysis

• Low fibrinogen + high FDP• วดั euglobulin lysis time (fibrinolytic activity)• Normal ใช้เวลาละลายมากกวา่ 2-3 ชม.

• ถ้าละลายเร็วกวา่นี R >>>hyperfibrinolysis• Treatment

– Tranexamic acid 750 mg (15 mg/kg) q 8 hrs or– Tranexamic acid 4 cap + 5%DW กลั Rวปาก 4 ครั Rง/วนั

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Question 8

• ผู้ ป่วยหญิงอาย ุ20 ปี มาพบแพทย์เนืHองจากมีโลหิตจางจากการขาด

เหลก็ เพราะมีประจําเดือนมาก ซกัประวตัย้ิอนไปพบวา่ผู้ ป่วยและบดิา

ของผู้ ป่วยมีเลอืดกําเดาออกเป็น ๆ หาย ๆ มาแตเ่ดก็ โดยไมพ่บรอยโรค

ในจมกู

• Platelet 240,000• APTT 36.5 sec (25-35)• PT 11.9 sec (11-14)• Primary hemostatic defect + prolonged PTT ?• Bleeding time 11 min (1-7 min)

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Prolonged BT and PTT

• ควรนกึถงึ von Willebrand disease• Next investigation

– F VIII activity, F VIII Ag– vWF Ag– Ristocetin cofactor activity

• Treatment– DDAVP, Cryoprecipitate, F VIII

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Question 9

• ผู้ ป่วยชายอาย ุ17 ปี มีจ้Tาเลอืดตามตวัมา 2 สปัดาห์ ไมไ่ด้รับการ

กระแทกมาก่อน ไมมี่โรคประจําตวัอืHน ๆ และไมไ่ด้ทานยาอะไร

• ตรวจร่างกายพบ non palpable purpura, mild petechiae

• Platelet 250,000• APTT 33.5 sec (25-35)• PT 12.0 sec (11-14)

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DDX

• 1. Platelet dysfunction• 2.Vasculitis (palpable purpura)

• CBC: Hb 14 g/dl, WBC 9,900 (N49, L21, E 27, M 3)

• Bleeding time 13 min (1-7 min)• Dx: APDE (acquired platelet dysfunction

with eosinophilia)• Tx: antiparasitic drug

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Acquired platelet dysfunction• History

– Aspirin, NSAIDS, antiplatelet agents– ATB: penicillin, cephalosporin– CVS drugs: propranolol, nitrates, furosemide, Ca blocker,

ACEI– Psychotic drugs: TCA, phenothiazine, SSRI– Chemo: BCNU, mithramycin– Others: clofibrate, contrase media, tea, coffee, garlic, หวัหอม

, ขมิ Rน, omegra-3 fatty acid, gingko biloba• History, PE, lab: autoimmune diseases• CBC, PBS: myeloproliferative dz, myelodysplastic syn,

APDE, myeloma• BUN, Cr: uremia• Globulin, serum protein electrophoresis

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Question 10

• ผู้ชายอาย ุ19 ปี สบิล้อทบัมอเตอร์ไซด์ มี fracture pelvis ได้ packed red cell 20 units ตอ่มามีเลอืดไหลไม่

หยดุจากบริเวณทีHเจาะเลอืด

• Platelet 50,000• APTT 60.5 sec (25-35)• PT 25.0 sec (11-14)• Fibrinogen 1.02 g/L (2-4 g/L)

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Prolonged APTT, PT and thrombocytopenia

• DIC• Liver disease*• Massive transfusion**• Coagulopathy of trauma***

*Liver disease อาจพบร่วมกบั DIC ได้**blood transfusion > 10 unit in 24 hrs ร่วมกบั crystalloid ทาํให้มี dilutional coagulopathy***มกัมี acidosis + hypothermia ทาํใหก้ารแขง็ตวัของเลือดไม่ดี

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Massive transfusion

• Problems– Dilution– Consumption– Decreased production

• Use PT-INR, PTT, Fibrinogen level, platelet count to guide transfusion therapy