bloomington's national monitoring project

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` Wetland Wetland corn field Wetland Wetland Grove Restorations are funded by city, state, and federal agencies Grove EPA National NonPoint Pollution Monitoring Project 1. Floodwater detention 2. Sediment Transport 3. Nitrate Runoff 4. Fishery enhancement 5. Prairie/wetland complex East Branch natural stream/slough with wetland complex

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69th SWCS International Annual Conference July 27-30, 2014 Lombard, IL

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Page 1: Bloomington's national monitoring project

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Wetland

Wetlandcorn field

Wetland

Wetland

Grove Restorations  are funded by  city,  state,  and federal agencies   

Grove EPA National  Non‐Point Pollution Monitoring  Project 

1. Floodwater detention 2.  Sediment Transport

3. Nitrate Runoff4. Fishery enhancement5. Prairie/wetland complex

East Branchnatural stream/sloughwith wetland complex 

Page 2: Bloomington's national monitoring project

Tim Straub ‐ stream/slough restoration on the East Branch

Banks appear natural but are reinforced

Page 3: Bloomington's national monitoring project

The Grove is located in McLean County, IL just east of Bloomington

Bloomington

McLeanCounty

Bloomington

GroveEast Branch

WestBranch

Grove Park (90 acres) liesdownstream of 2  Ag Ditchesand 9000 acres of row crops

Kickapoo Creek  is a small rural   watershed of Sangamon River

Page 4: Bloomington's national monitoring project

Oakland Rd Gage and 2100 Rd Gage measure sediment and nutrients moving into the Grovefrom West and East Branch drainage  ditches 

GrovePark

Oakland Rd Gage

2100 Rd Gage

Ireland Grove Rd Gage

WestBranch East

Branch

Ireland Grove Rd Gage measures what leaves the Grove

Second Order Streams

Page 5: Bloomington's national monitoring project

400 ft3/s

75 ft3/s

1,250 ft3/s

Three floods in 10 days

Cultivation conditions unchanged – fields  too wet and cold

Tile flows are a small percentage of larger floods

Page 6: Bloomington's national monitoring project

Sheet and rill erosion is the most common transfer of sediment and nutrients from fields into streams Surface flow from Apr 18th 2013  into West Branch.

Page 7: Bloomington's national monitoring project

75 ft3/s

1250 ft3/s

760 u Siemens

500 u Siemens

250 u Siemens225 u Siemens

400 ft3/s

Specific  conductivity decreaselimited  at  highest flood peaks‐‐ tile flow is just a small part

of that  400 cfs

Page 8: Bloomington's national monitoring project

Tile flow has a higher concentrationof soluble ions (more conductivity)@ 700 to 800 u siemens –nitrate isonly a small portion of those soluble ions

Page 9: Bloomington's national monitoring project

7 mg/L 8 mg/L

10 mg/L

Only rapid decrease in specific conductivity to 400 cfsso tile flow is a small component of the 400 cfs flood peak

500  siemens

250  siemens 225  siemens

75 ft3/s 400 ft3/s 1250 ft3/s

while nitrate is increasing from 7 to 10 as flood peaks increased to 1250 cfs.

760 u Siemens

Page 10: Bloomington's national monitoring project

nOakland Rd  9.0

2100 Rd12.0

Ireland Grove 10.0

Nitrate concentrations in Waterway runoffand streams during 4‐18‐2013 flood                 

(Example will show surface water and tile contributions)

EXAMPLERock chute

Page 11: Bloomington's national monitoring project

High rate of surface water runoff  at  @ 11.7 mg/lfrom two waterways – with tile flow included,total nitrate concentration in chute was 12.4 mg/l

Page 12: Bloomington's national monitoring project

Higher stream flows andhigher nitrate concentrations

resulted  in much higher nitrate loads

75 ft3/s

400 ft3/s

1250 ft3/s

7 mg/L8 mg/L

10 mg/L

4 lbs/min

16 lbs/min

46 lbs/min

Higher stream flow frommore surface runoff at1250 cfs flood  peak

Page 13: Bloomington's national monitoring project

100 cfs  is just base flow – some surface runoff,  but mainly tile flow if soils saturated

Monitoring water quality andsediment,  April 18th, 2013

Flood flows (@1250 cfs) carry sediment and nutrients insurface  runoff  from agricultural sheet and rill erosion

Grove ParkDetentionBridge

Page 14: Bloomington's national monitoring project

Park floodwaterdetention bridge

April 4th 2013  ILMA tour of Grove prairie/wetland complex 

Even tile flow inflows can help scourstream pools when soils are saturated.

Even base flowscan scour pools

Page 15: Bloomington's national monitoring project

The park bridge detained surface runoffand filled the basin of Phase 1 

with 10mg/l nitrate and 1.5 mg/l total P waters Tile flows do not cause floods  

Page 16: Bloomington's national monitoring project

IEPA lab analyses of nitrate samplescollected as the nitrate probe recorded

nitrate concentrations every 5 minutes

.....                        

Page 17: Bloomington's national monitoring project

100 cfs   is a  high  base  flow   

20 lbs/minNitrate‐n

40 lbs/minnitrate‐n

Nitrate loadincreases withsurface waterrunoff increase

that increasesthe flood flow

1250 cfs .                 .

Nitrate load peaks with the flood peak of surface water runoff from sheet & rill erosion

4‐18‐2013 flood  atIreland Grove Rd .                  .. 

Page 18: Bloomington's national monitoring project

Illinois River (28,000 mi2)during Flood of RecordLate April, 2013

Before record flood, Illinois had extreme drought

Page 19: Bloomington's national monitoring project

2012 Drought

Record flooding

2013 FloodNWQL Nitrate Samples

Page 20: Bloomington's national monitoring project

Two Nitrate Rating Curves ‐ flood flows and lower flows

IllinoisRiverFlood ofRecord

2013 Nitrate in Illinois  River at Florence

NWQL Nitrate Samples

Page 21: Bloomington's national monitoring project

Nitrate load in the Illinois Riverduring 2012 drought and 2013 record flooding 

2013Record flooding

2012Drought 

Chicago MWRD, Peoria, Lake Michigan

Mainly Point Source loading

Mainly NonPointSource Loading

96%4%

Page 22: Bloomington's national monitoring project
Page 23: Bloomington's national monitoring project

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…….…

…..........

..

.

.

During the largest flood on record for  the Illinois River,the largest nitrate load occurred during the flood peak

from a nitrate concentration  of 6 mg/l 

Recordflood

………………………………………………………..

..

,

…………

Riverflow

Nitrate loadlbs/hour

NO3 ‐ 6 mg/l

Tile flowsdo not causefloods

Page 24: Bloomington's national monitoring project
Page 25: Bloomington's national monitoring project

Oakland Rd Gage and 2100 Rd Gage measure sediment and nutrients moving into the Grovefrom West and East Branch drainage  ditches 

GrovePark

Oakland Rd Gage

2100 Rd Gage

Ireland Grove Rd Gage

WestBranch East

Branch

Ireland Grove Rd Gage measures what leaves the Grove

Second Order Streams

Page 26: Bloomington's national monitoring project

Before restoration at 2100 Rd ,  East Branch ditch revealedsedimentation, reed canary grass, and filiamentatious algae

EastBranch

Page 27: Bloomington's national monitoring project

BMP’s to improve water quality in the Grove restorationPrairie and Wetlands are 4+ years old in Phase 1 and 2. 

Phase 32 stage ditch2011

Phase 2 ‐2009Stream/slough

Phase 1 ‐2008Detention Basin

1. Wetlands2. Prairie floodplain3. Meandering stream/slough 4. Two stage ditch 

Page 28: Bloomington's national monitoring project

E8

7.6

E4

7.0

8.4

E1  6.7

W1

10.0

W12

10.7W7

10.7

W17

10.8

11.0

Phase 2 Nov 2009

Phase 1 Nov 2008

Phase 32 stage ditchconstructed Sept 2011

Oakland Rd

2100 Rd

Ireland Grove Rd

8.4 ‐6.7 = 1.7 mg/l NO320 % reduction

Page 29: Bloomington's national monitoring project

Quick and Intense Rain Storm

1.64 inches in one hour  

Page 30: Bloomington's national monitoring project

Discharge (cfs)

Nitrate‐N, mg/lClean probe

2100 gageslight Increase in flow

2100 Rd ‐ East BranchOakland Rd ‐West BranchIreland Grove downstream outlet

East Branch had low flowbut large increase in nitrate

tile flows – not surface runoff

East Branch watershed flows responds slowly toto rainfalls that rise  the West Branch flow quickly2100 RdEast Branch

Oakland RdWest Branch

Ireland Grove downstream  gage

6‐8 mg/l decreasein normal streamflows in East Branch

6 / 25 =  24 % reduction

Surface runoff

Tile flow only

Page 31: Bloomington's national monitoring project

Oakland Rd

2100E Rd

IrelandGrove Rd

2 stage ditch2011

DetentionBasin 2008

Natural streamwith wetlands2009

241,018lbs –NO3

80,947 lbs –NO3

160,071lbs –NO3

Flow, sediment, WQgaging stations

2013 Nitrate Loads atGrove WQ  Gaging  stations

Page 32: Bloomington's national monitoring project

Yield

26 lbs

33 lbs

2013 NitrateYield per AcreFor Grove Gages

East Branch andWest Branchnitrate yieldsare mainly from tile inputsduring low stream flows

.

.

.

.

.

.34 lbs

Page 33: Bloomington's national monitoring project

Incoming Nitrate Load is 361,400 lbs.Outgoing Nitate Load is 203, 867 lbs

nitrate uptake ‐@ 24 percent removed at low flows.

Page 34: Bloomington's national monitoring project

Today’s Grove Nitrates at 3 stream gages

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Page 36: Bloomington's national monitoring project

Tim Straub ‐ stream/slough restoration on the East Branch

Banks appear natural but are reinforced

Page 37: Bloomington's national monitoring project

2100 RdGage

ControlDO ‐ 0.7

Oakland RdGage

Ireland Grove Rd  Gage 

E8 riffle DO  4.0

E1 riffle DO  6.8

2 stage ditch

DO  7.0

DO  8.1

IEPA field staff monitored dissolved oxygen in the Groveafter the severe drought in early September 2012 

Page 38: Bloomington's national monitoring project

IEPA at E8  riffle/ poolEast Branch, 2100 RdDO – 4.0 mg/l 

IEPA at  E1 riffle/ pool DO is  6. 8 mg/l

East Branch control and two restoration sites

IEPA  upstream controlDO – 0.7 mg/lHydrogen sulfide odor  Black organic sediment

Page 39: Bloomington's national monitoring project

Time From Restoration

-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4

Abu

ndan

ce (F

ish

/ 91

m)

0

500

1000

1500

2000Control Restored

Initial dip in Fall Treatment abundance(with corresponding jump

in Control abundance)

Fall samplesare consistently

higher than Spring samples

Fall EastBranchRestorationPhase 2

Fish abundance continues to increaseafter Phase 2 East Branch Restoration

Phase 1

Fall  2012   drought 

Page 40: Bloomington's national monitoring project

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Even during 2012 drought,  fall fish numbers are highin the upper East Branch fish survey pool below the E8 riffle

Page 41: Bloomington's national monitoring project

Significant increase in fish abundance

Page 42: Bloomington's national monitoring project

East Branch Upstream Treatment Site

BloomingtonStandardise Samples by TotalTransform: Square rootResemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

TimePreDuringAfter

Similarity72

2006

2007

2007

2008

2008

2009

2009

2010

2010

2011

2011

2012

2013

2D Stress: 0.09

Pre: 12.5 species303.7 fish

During: 10 species56 fish

After: 17.8 species1232.7 fish

Top 55%-- Striped Shiner+ Bluntnose Minnow+ Green Sunfish+ Bigmouth Shiner-- Central Stoneroller+ Bluegill-- Johnny Darter construction

High flows scourdeep hole

2012 drought didnot affect fishin deeper pools

Banded Darter 

Page 43: Bloomington's national monitoring project

In 2012 drought,  pool water is deeper than staff are tall– stay near banks

Page 44: Bloomington's national monitoring project

The aquatic vegetation in the Grove prairie sloughimproved water quality and provided plentiful forage

Page 45: Bloomington's national monitoring project

Stream flow through narrow leaf pondweed increases DO, reduces NO3 and increases fish forage  in the East Branch during slow  normal stream flows