Body-related loanwords in Šóka Romani

Viktor Elšík (Charles University)

Austria

Czechia

Ukr

aine

Poland

Hungary

SCSC

NCNC

Šóka Romani

RR

R

R

R

R

R

VV

V

V

V

V

SlovakHungarian

Šóka Romani

village of Selice / Sók / Šóka 3,500 inhabitants

2,200 Roma “Rumungri” (Central dialect) 300 Roma “Pojáki” (Vlax dialect) 2,000 Hungarians

multilingualism “Rumungri”: Central R, Hungarian, Slovak, (Czech) “Pojáki”: Vlax R, Central R, Slovak, (Czech), (Hungarian) Hungarians: Hungarian, (Slovak), ((Central R))

high ecological and social integration

Attitudes towards loanwords

GLOSS LATVIAN ROMANI ŠÓKA ROMANI

‘policeman’ džukel ‘dog’ čendéri

‘physician’ sasčakiribnaskiro ‘heal GEN’ orvoši

‘teacher’ sikľakiribnaskiro ‘teaching GEN’ tanító

‘butcher’ masengiro ‘meat PL.GEN’ henteši

‘fisherman’ mačhengiro ‘fish PL.GEN’ halási

‘dancer’ khelibnaskiro ‘dancing GEN’ táncoši

Lexical layers in Romani

a) indigenous = Indo-Aryan

b) inherited borrowings = borrowed before the split of Early Romani into dialects

c) dialect-specific borrowings = borrowed after the split of Early Romani into dialects

INHERITED

Lexical layers in Šóka Romani

Indo-AryanWest Iranian

Armenian, Ossetic, Georgian10th c. Greek

South Slavic

Croatian16/17th c. – current Hungarian1920 – current Slovak1950 – current Czech

Brown’s listNo. GLOSS EARLY ROMANI ŠÓKA ROMANI

4.150 blood rat = OIA rakta- rat

4.160 bone kokalo < G kokkalo kokal

4.180 tail pori = MIA pora- farka < H farok

4.210 eye jakh = OIA akṣi- jakh

4.220 ear kan = OIA karṇa- kan

4.230 nose nakh = MIA nakka- nakh

4.270 tooth dand = OIA danta- dand

4.360 knee koč < G kotsi térďa < H térd

4.530 cough xasa- = OIA kāsa- keheg- < H köhög

4.610 sleep sov- = OIA svapa- sov-

Brown’s list: statistics

BODY 60% indigenous [< 80% in ER] 40% loans [< 10-20% in ER] 30% Hungarian loans (= 75% of all loans)

TOTAL 47.8% indigenous 47.4% loans, 49.6% incl. loan derivations 37.8% Hungarian loans (= 79.8% of all loans)

relatively high percentage of indigenous words in body-related vocabulary

IDS4: Pre-Hungarian loanwordsNO. GLOSS WORD ETYMOLOGY TYPE OF LOAN

4.120 skin, hide cipa G tsipa ‘membrane, skin’ shifted loan

4.144=145 body/ pubic hair zár P zehar loan

4.160 bone kokal G kokkalo loan

4.205 forehead čekat P čakād or A čakat loan

4.212 eyebrow cimbla G cimbla ‘eye mucus’ shifted loan

4.331 palm burňik A burr-nə ‘a handful’ shifted loan

4.340=380 finger, toe angušť IA anguṣṭha- or P angušt possible loan

4.660 defecate hin- IA or G (unclear) possible loan

4.680 shiver rezd- P larzī- possible loan

4.810 strong zorálo P zōr ‘strength’ + IA -āla- loan derivation

4.970 blind koro P kōr loan

“Shifted” loanwords

talpa ‘sole’ & ‘heel’ < H talp standard H: ‘sole’ (cf. sarok ‘heel’) local H: ‘sole’ & ‘heel’

jelo ‘scar’ < H jel standard & local “Hungarian” H: ‘mark, sign’ (cf. sebhely ‘scar’) local “Rom” H: ‘mark, sign; scar’

ňakčiga ‘nape of neck’ < H nyak ‘neck’ + csiga ‘snail’ standard H tarkó ‘nape of neck’ but cf. csigolya ‘vertebra’ local? ethnolectal?

in practice, difficult to distinguish internal semantic shifts in the recipient language from dialectal (incl. ethnolectal) input from the source language

IDS4: statistics

SOURCE LOANWORDS % OF LOANWORDS % OF WORDS

West Iranian 4 5.3%

Armenian 1 1.3%

Greek 3 3.9%

Slavic 1 1.3%

Hungarian 63 82.9% 42.3%

unclear source 4 5.3%

all loanwords 76 100% 51.0%

possible loan 4 –

* counts on entries, not individual words

Taboo wordsEARLY ROMANI ŠÓKA ROMANI

vagina mindž = OIA madya- mindž

penis kar = MIA kāṭa- kár

testicle pelo = OIA pela- pélo

h. intercourse

kur- = OIA kuṭṭaya- kúr-

buttocks bul = OIA buli- bul

excrement khul = OIA gūtha- khul

defecate xin- < G or IA (unclear) hin-

urine muter = OIA mūtra- muter

urinate muter- muter-

fart ṛil < P rī-dan khaň (< khand ‘smell’)

fart d- ṛil ‘give fart’ khaňar-

Bones etc.

4.160 bone kokal < G kokkalo

4.162 ribpašvároódalborda

= OIA *paṛśu-pātaka-< H oldalborda

4.170 horn sarva < H szarv

4.191 spine hátgerinci < H hátgerinc

4.202 skull kopoňa < H koponya

4.301 shoulderblade lapocka < H lapocka

4.302 collarbone ---

šing = IA

Bodily handicapsGLOSS EARLY ROMANI ŠÓKA ROMANI

blind koṛo < P kōr koro

deaf ka-šuko kan = OIA karṇa-šuko = OIA śuṣka- kašuko

mute lal(oṛ)o = OIA lall(ar)a- nímavo < H néma

lame langalo = OIA laṅga-bangobénavo

= OIA vaṅka-< H béna

bald ? kopasno < H kopasz

naked nango = OIA nagna- nango

drunk mato = OIA matta- máto

tired khino = OIA kṣīṇa- fárotno < H fáradt

lazy ? luštavo < H lusta

Upper limbs and their partsGLOSS EARLY ROMANI ŠÓKA ROMANI

hand vast = OIA hasta- va

arm musi = IA (unclear)

upper arm ? musi

forearm ? (‘lower upper arm’)

palm muštik = OIA muṣṭi- burňik < A burrnə

fist dumukh (unclear) dumuk

finger angušt = OIA anguṣṭha- angušť

shoulder phiko = OIA spiya- vállo < H váll

elbow kuni = OIA koṇā- keňeka < H könyök

wrist ? čukló < H csukló

Lower limbs and their partsGLOSS EARLY ROMANI ŠÓKA ROMANI

foot pinṛo = OIA piṇḍa- pro

leg heroj = OIA haḍḍa-

thigh čang = OIA janghā- čang

calf ? (‘lower thigh’)

sole ? talpa < H talp

heel khur = OIA ghuṭa-

toe (‘finger’) (‘finger’)

hip ? forgó < H forgó

knee ? térďa < H térd

ankle koč < G kotsi boka < H boka

Parts of limbs

H

H

H

H

H

H

IA

IA

IA

IA

A

H

x

x

Limbs and their parts

borrowability ‘hand’ & ‘arm’ and ‘foot’ & ‘leg’ never borrowed all other parts of limbs borrowable

borrowing asymmetries whole < part parts: ‘hand’/‘foot’ < other < joints widespread parallelism (upper ≈ lower)

diversity asymmetries ‘hand’ < ‘arm’ [‘hand’ extended] ‘foot’ < ‘leg’ [‘foot’, ‘thigh’, *‘bone’ extended]

Parts of head/face

IA

IAIA

IA

IA

IA

GH

IA

A

IA

H

H

H

H

H

mouth, lip, tooth, tongue gum

Internal organs

4.130 flesh mas = OIA māṁsa-

4.150 blood rat = OIA rakta-

4.151 vein, artery era < H ér

4.440 heart jílo = OIA hṛdaya-

4.441 lung tidó < H tüdő

4.450 liverbúkomájo

= OIA vṛkka-< H máj

4.451 kidney vešó < H vese

4.452 spleen šlézinka < Slavic slezinka

4.460 stomach ďomra < H gyomor

4.461 intestines gój = OIA guḍa-

parno buko ‘lung’kalo buko ‘liver’

Explanations?

Society and culture integration > more loanwords taboo domains > less loanwords (!) cultural saliency: e.g. food > body parts

Cognition semantic levels: e.g. wholes vs. parts,

general vs. specific cognitive vs. cultural saliency cognitive parallelism