05.ප��ෙ�දය

පඤඤා හා උපෙයෝ�තා ල�ෂණ Wisdom and Utilitarian Ethics

sArDm%yn`x(Values) smAnAT%vt` els BAvftAvn tvt pd rAVfyk`a[t.EnmZhr, p<r[SAT%,agyn hA vfnfV`cy sArDm%yn<evnf.1emZ sfyleln` gmYvn adhsnmZ ymZkfsf p&st=t ykfn ehAHd nrk evnkr gnnA mfN<mZdNw sArDm%vnbvyf.emZ an<v b<z\smy ek`$z&ekAx egn in idfrfpt`ekern`nAv> ig[nvfmZ pAdkkrgnfmfn ehAHd nrk vfnfVcyekAx d[kvFm ebUdD sArDm% nmZevZ.2

ebUdD sArDm%yn`hf d[kfyh[kf vfeVSmy lOSNyvn<ey Em sArDm% pHOdHOdA hA upeyA`gftA lONedkfn` y<k`tvFmyf.3emhf pHOdHOdAmy els aT%kTny vn<ey vfHOdHOdAN4ynnmfn aT%d[k`evn sAmAnY d[nFmd(Consciousness),HOdAN nAmeyn aT%d[k`evn vfeVSd[nFmd hk (Knowledge)5 yn avsTAedkm ps< kLAv>,cfntnmy Vk`tfyyf.avsAn avsTAv vnAhF pHOdHOdAv yf.6emym p&HQAv elsd a#T%d[k`evZ. pHOdHOdA vv> klF ymk a[tfs[xfy ttv>aAkAreyn d[n gnnAv> n<vNels a#T%kTny krn<l[ebZ.ebUdD smy s^dr~Byt=L yTAB+t HOdANdssny els aT%kTnyvn<eyd m<h<k=rAgfy pHOdHOdAmy QANVktfymy.7

emm pHOdHOdAv t&flOSNAdF p&kAreyn arm<N d[ng[nFm kryf.emy blsmZpn`n k=Vlykf. k=sl m>Lykf.emhflA sHOdHOdA,vfHOdHOdAN hA pHOdHOdA ynt=enhf evns d[ng[nFm v[dgty. sHOdHOdAv vnAhF ymZkfsf vst=vk p[h[y(vr~Ny) vVeyn arm<N< h[HdFnFmZ mAt&yk` kryf. lOSNAvebA`Dyk` enAkryf. Ldr[evk= kAsfyk` h[HdFnFm emnf.vfHOdHOdANy arm<N< h[HdfnFmd lOSNAvebA`Dyd kryf.mAg%yxp[mfNvFm enAkryf.av< 4-5 dr[evk= kAsfy h[HdfnFmemnf.pHOdHOdA vE` sfyllm sfz\kryf.mAg%yyn<evn h[Hdfn`evn yTAr~TAvebADy ehvt a[t`ta[tf s[xfeyn` d[ngnnA n<vN lbAg[nFemZ k&mevZdyd d[ngnfyf. b[^k=kr[vA kAsfy h[HdfnFmemnf.8

ebAz\smyt=L vFm^sA sRdDfpAd,pHOdHOdF$z&fy,pHOdHOdAbl,DmZmvfcy smZebAj~OD^g hA smZmAdfxZXfy yn nmZvlfn dk`vA tfebn`end iht sHdhn`kL pHOdHOdAvmy.Em pHOdHOdAveg ekLvr sv%QtA QAny dkvAm tfy<N<evZ.9

upeyA`gftAvy(Utilitarian Ethics) yn< p&eyA`jnvt` ehvt v[wdAykbvyf.kfsfymZ aAcArDm%yk ehA sArDm%yk s^skRtfgtv p[vtFemZ eht=v upeyA`gftAvyyf.b<z\smyt=L sArDm%yn`hf

1 uOqr mrs.Kl.; YnzofldaIh"2000"Valuehk jpkh iZoyd ,ndfok,o wrA:hka' 2 Lqq' ks"Ouzumoh"hul j.a.'idrxp idrf;d Z[Fjd widrxp widrf;d f; idrx wOs.pzPka;s iuzud ixlmam idrxp idrf;d Z[Fjd widrxp widrf;d f; idrx wOs.pzPka;s iuzud ixlmam idrxp idrf;d Z[Fjd widrxp widrf;d f; idrx wOs.pzPka;s iuzud ixlmam idrxp idrf;d Z[Fjd widrxp widrf;d f; idrx wOs.pzPka;s iuzud ixlmam f.dprd'f.dprd'f.dprd'f.dprd' 3 '''tu'''"OuzumS;s iqLx fi;s jsmamikafkk fp;id wrshmamfjosf; Ouzfu iod ru;s mKavsf;d'OuzumS;s iqLx fi;s jsmamikafkk fp;id wrshmamfjosf; Ouzfu iod ru;s mKavsf;d'OuzumS;s iqLx fi;s jsmamikafkk fp;id wrshmamfjosf; Ouzfu iod ru;s mKavsf;d'OuzumS;s iqLx fi;s jsmamikafkk fp;id wrshmamfjosf; Ouzfu iod ru;s mKavsf;d' 4 wNsOu!pJ|@sldj"ps;a; mdoh"ud;r YS@ Ou!jxY ysus"ld,agka uq|@Kd,h"ud;r"1956"56msgqj' 5 ''''tu''''"22msgqj' 6 '''tu'''"ffp;isl mdoh"25 yd 26msgq' 7 u' ks"iSykdo j.a.h"oafjOdjs;lal iq;a;"nq'c'uq"297msgqj' 8 wNsOuzupJ|@sldj"tu"ffp;isl mdoh"25 yd 26msgq' 9 '''tu''

upeyA`gFtAmy lOSN dk`vA a[tf sTAnyvn>ey amZblxZXfkA rAh<elAvAd s>t&yyf.Ehf sArDm%yk` els‘k=sly’pfLfbHdv tTAgtynvhnes rAh<l hfmfyn`x emes pvsyf.1

‘rAh<l,ob k=mk sftnenhfd?k[xpethf p&eyA`jn k=mkd?’ ‘p&tYevZOSNyxyf svAmFnF.’

E` a[s<rfn`m ob s{m k&fyAvk krnvfxm vcnyk pvsnvfxm s{m sft=vfllk` sftnvfxm n[vt n[vt p&tYevZOSNykL y<t=y.obx ymk` krnnx uvmnAv>vfx Ey tmAeg ehA an<n`eg ehA uBy pOSeym ehA` vfptx eht=evZd?z\k`a[tfbvx epreln sAvdYk&fyAvk ak=slyk`evyfd yn< p&tYevZOSN y kLy<t=y.p&tYevZOSNeyn Ey Eesyyf v[xeh`nmZ,EkAnteynm ob Ey enAkLy<t=y. Eeht p&tYevZOSNeyn Ey z\k` pfNfsenAv s<v pfNfs pvtFyyf sTfrevyfnmZ ob Ey kLAx vrdk` n[t.’2

ihtkF pAXeyn` gmYvn<ey ebUdD sArDm%yn`hf upeyA`gftAmy lOSNyyf.emm upeyA`gf tA lOSNy mHgfn` Ey ebUdD sArDm%yn`hf menAvfdYAtmk svr{py dkvyf.3iht b<z\n vhnes rAh<l etr[nx edVnAkrn<ey ymZkfsf sArDm%yk`(k=sly)evZd Ey tmn hA an<n` vfSeyhf ekbHz\ upeyA`gftAmylOSN p&kxkrn`end[yf vfmsAbln els edVnAekAx a[t. emmHgfn tmAhA an<n yn edpAr~Vvy vfSeyhfm Ekes upeyA`gftAmy lOSN p&kx krnend[yf vfmsAblnels edVnAekAx a[t.emZ mHgfn` an<n` hA tmAyn edpAr~Vvy vfSey hfm Ekes upeyA`gFtAmy lOSN p&kx krn Dm%tAvynm sArDm% ynm[eyn ebAz\smyt=L ig[nevnbv emZmHgfn avDArNy eker~.4

ehAHd hA nrk vfnfVcykfrFemZdF p&tYevZOSNyx l[ebn v[dgt`t[n upeyA`gftAmy lOSNy mHgfn avDArNy evyf.emhfdF‘ehAHd’Ehf p&tfPlyx sAepOSkv dk`vAa[tfbv p[h[dflf evZ.5emm kr[eNhflA b<z\rjANn`vhnes jnhftkAmF hA prAr~TkAmF ecZtnA mHgfn emehyvn< emehyvn< l[b tfebZ.ehAHdedy tmA hA uBy pOSyxm s<vpfNfs hftpfNfs p[vtfy y<t=y.Ey ehAHdedey hf p&m<KlOSN s^sTApny kryf. emhfdF hf^sAv anr~Ty dk`vnen ehAHd hA aAsn`n ttvyk (Juxtaposition) tbmfnf.‘ehAHdbv’yn`n hf^sAkArF enAvnbvynn smHgt‘nrkbv(ak=sl) yn`n ‘hf^sAkArFbv’yn`n smHgt s[seHdyf.evnt vcnvlfn kfvehAt k=sleyhf m>lfksvr{py ‘ahf^sA’bv kfvh[k.6

ebUdD sArDm%yk` els‘ehAHd’pfLfbHd ebUdD s^klpy a^gsmZp>r~N vVeyn avebA`Dkr g[nFmx p>r~evAk`tpAXy sHdhA s^p>rkyk` vVeyn` Eym antr~gtey hryatfn smAnt`vyk us<lnA apeg` mAtRkAvx vfSyv> a^g=t`tr nfkAey kAlAms>t&ey En pAXyd Ek`kLy<t=v tfebZ.7p>evAk`t pAXy trmZm aperAk`t pAXyd v[dgtkmk us<ln`en` k=sly nfr~vcny

1 Further Dialogues of the Buddha 1-145(pp.198ff).fn#oaO orAYkh yd prKh"vnz,sjz'tia'lreKdr;ak" weia'f.dvf.a iy ifydaorfhda"fld<U"1987"50msgqj' 2 fn#oaO wdpdr OrAu"fn#oaO jsYajfldaIh isxy, .@J:ud,d wxl 1"mS'vS'fmauisrs"nqoaO Ydik wud;HdxYfha fn#oaO lghq;` fomdrA;fuzka;`fjz m@ldYkh"1992"6msgqj' 3 nq|=iufha idrOrAuhkays ufkdajsoHdjg b;du;a jeo.;a ;ekla ysusfjz'uki lu!h yd mqkrANjhg m@Odku fya;`idOlhfjz'Ouzumofha ufkdamqnznx.ud Ouzud'''ufkda figzGd ufkdauhd yd fpz;kdyx NslaLfjz luzuxufkdamqnznx.ud Ouzud'''ufkda figzGd ufkdauhd yd fpz;kdyx NslaLfjz luzuxufkdamqnznx.ud Ouzud'''ufkda figzGd ufkdauhd yd fpz;kdyx NslaLfjz luzuxufkdamqnznx.ud Ouzud'''ufkda figzGd ufkdauhd yd fpz;kdyx NslaLfjz luzux jodujodujodujodus jeks ;eka iiZodn,kak' 4 wdOsm;H Ou!;`k jk w;a;dOsmf;hH"OuzudOsmf;hH" yd f,daldOsmf;hH hk ;ka jeoEreuz we.hquz wkqidrfhka huzlsis idrOu!hl .`kd;aul jgskdlu kSrAKh lsrSu'tf;la iuzm@odhjdoSka mj;ajdf.k wd we.hSuz l@shdj,sh jerosnj ifya;`lj fmkajdoSu'hJ:.dfjdajd yZ[aZ[ka;s'wfcA jd yZ[ahJ:.dfjdajd yZ[aZ[ka;s'wfcA jd yZ[ahJ:.dfjdajd yZ[aZ[ka;s'wfcA jd yZ[ahJ:.dfjdajd yZ[aZ[ka;s'wfcA jd yZ[aZ[ka;s'Z[ka;s'Z[ka;s'Z[ka;s' 5 tfy;a wersiafgdag,a M,hg jsreoaOj wNsu:drA:h(Aim) ms<snZo moj,ska fydZo kSK!hlrhs'Tyqg wkqj ukqIH cSjs;fha m@S;sh fydZo fohf,i .kq,efnz'A.C.Pearson op.citi. 6 fn#oaO wdpdrOu!"fn#oaO jsYajfldaI isxy, .@J:ud,d wxl 1"mS'vS' fma@uisrs"nqoaO Ydik wud;HdxYfha fn#oaO lghq;`fomdrA;fuzka;fjz m@ldYkh"1992"6msgqj' 7 w' ks' 1";sl ksmd;h"ld,du iq;a;"nq'c'uq"377-343msgq'ta: ;`uzfy ld,dud ud wkqiaifjzk ud mruzmrdh ud ta: ;`uzfy ld,dud ud wkqiaifjzk ud mruzmrdh ud ta: ;`uzfy ld,dud ud wkqiaifjzk ud mruzmrdh ud ta: ;`uzfy ld,dud ud wkqiaifjzk ud mruzmrdh ud b;slsrdh ud msgl iuzmodfkak ud ;lalfya; ud khfya;` ud wdldr mrsjs;laflak ud osgzGs kscACOdb;slsrdh ud msgl iuzmodfkak ud ;lalfya; ud khfya;` ud wdldr mrsjs;laflak ud osgzGs kscACOdb;slsrdh ud msgl iuzmodfkak ud ;lalfya; ud khfya;` ud wdldr mrsjs;laflak ud osgzGs kscACOdb;slsrdh ud msgl iuzmodfkak ud ;lalfya; ud khfya;` ud wdldr mrsjs;laflak ud osgzGs kscACOdkkkk laLka;shd ud NnznrEm;dh ud iufKd fkd .rE;s hod ;`uzfya ld,dud w;a;kdj cdfkhHd: bfuz Ouzud laLka;shd ud NnznrEm;dh ud iufKd fkd .rE;s hod ;`uzfya ld,dud w;a;kdj cdfkhHd: bfuz Ouzud laLka;shd ud NnznrEm;dh ud iufKd fkd .rE;s hod ;`uzfya ld,dud w;a;kdj cdfkhHd: bfuz Ouzud laLka;shd ud NnznrEm;dh ud iufKd fkd .rE;s hod ;`uzfya ld,dud w;a;kdj cdfkhHd: bfuz Ouzud

kfrFemZdF tTAgtynvhnes anY cfn`tkyn hA aAgmZ kt=vr[negn evnsvn aAkAry Eyfn vwAt` ehAHdfn` p&kxvnb[vfnf.ebUdD sArDm% pfLfbHdv sAkcZCAkfrFmx,Ey mt=kr epnvFmx ucftp&st=ty els kAlAms>t&y eyAdAg[n<end Eehyfnf.Em s>t&eyhf kAlAm v[sfyn`x b<z\h< ehAHdedy etArAgnnA aAkAry emes p&kAVkLh.

‘kAlAmeynf,m vfsfn` obx ymk` kfyn ldnmZ,Eyob an<V&vy(Report) pdnmZ kregn ehA pArmZprfk vfVvAsy uw ehA(prmZprAy-Tradition) emeseprkfyAtfebZ kfyA ehA(itfkfrAy-Prologue) epAt pethf EnnfsA ehA(pfxk smZpdAenn-Giving in the Scripture) tr~kyx g[lepn nfsA ehA(tkk eht=-Logical Imlication) nYAyx g[lepn nfsA ehA(nyeht=-Nomological Implication) klpnAvx an<r{p nfsA ehA(aAkAr prfvftkk-Diversificatin of thought) dRSXFn`x g[lepn nfsA ehA(dfxZXfnfj~ODAnk`Kntf-Coincide the Aspets) Ey ehAHdy[yf epenn nfsA ehA(BvYtAy-Potentiatity) apeg` aAcAyY% V&mNyn` vhnes(smeNA` enA gr[-Cousultantions of preceptor) kfyA enApfLfgt y<t=y.obxm emy k=sly.emy nfv[rdfy.emy pfLfgt`vfx obeg hA anYyn`eg V=BsfdDfy hA s[pt pfNfs pvtF,kfyAnmZ ob Ey pfLfgn`n. emm pAXeyn epennen` tmAeg hA anYyneg` V=BsfdDfy pfNfs pvtfnbv upeyA`gftA lOSNy els s[lkfllxegn a[tfbvy.1

Eesm Em kr[N< V=BsfdDfy hA yhpt pfNfs pvtfnb[vZ tmAxm v[xhFm(p&tYOSvFm) emhf pHOdHOdAmy s^dr~Byels hHz\ng[nFmx p<HPvn.emm tmAxm p&tYOSvFm pHOdHOdAmy s^dr~Byels s[leknvfx p&tYOSy p&mANyk` vVeyn pfLfg[nFm ekerhf b<z\smy dk`vn aAklpy vfg&h ekAx b[lFm atYvVY evZ.2m@;HCIh jqjo m@udKhla f,i ie<lSfuzoS th bF|@Sh m@;HCIh yd w;SJ|@sh m@;HCIh hkqfjka m@ia;; follska hq;j nq|=iufhys js.@yhg nZ|=ka flfrA'

p&tYOSkfrFm yn adhs sHdhA b<z\n` vYvhArkr a[tet‘scZCfkfrfyA’yn vcnyyf. ‘pcZck`K’ VbZdy t&fpfxk pAlfeyhf eydF a[t`et DmZms^gNfey hA s^y<t`t nfkAey‘apcZckKkmZm^’ yn<evn edpLk pmNf.ax<vAvlnmZ Ey eydFa[t.sAk`SAt`krNy(p&tYOSkfrFm) kLh<x p&mANyk` n[tfbv b<z\h< vdALh.3p&mANy yn< hrfd[nFm lbAg[nFemZ mfmZm(ekAz\v)yn aT%eyn

l`i,d bfuz Ouzud wkjcAcd bfuz Ouzud jsZ[aZC|+miF:d bfuz Ouzud iF:d bfuz Ouzud iu;a;d iudoskakd ys;dh l`i,d bfuz Ouzud wkjcAcd bfuz Ouzud jsZ[aZC|+miF:d bfuz Ouzud iF:d bfuz Ouzud iu;a;d iudoskakd ys;dh l`i,d bfuz Ouzud wkjcAcd bfuz Ouzud jsZ[aZC|+miF:d bfuz Ouzud iF:d bfuz Ouzud iu;a;d iudoskakd ys;dh l`i,d bfuz Ouzud wkjcAcd bfuz Ouzud jsZ[aZC|+miF:d bfuz Ouzud iF:d bfuz Ouzud iu;a;d iudoskakd ys;dh iqLdh ixj;a;ka;S;s'w: l`uzfya ld,dud WmiuzmcAc jsyfrhHd:' iqLdh ixj;a;ka;S;s'w: l`uzfya ld,dud WmiuzmcAc jsyfrhHd:' iqLdh ixj;a;ka;S;s'w: l`uzfya ld,dud WmiuzmcAc jsyfrhHd:' iqLdh ixj;a;ka;S;s'w: l`uzfya ld,dud WmiuzmcAc jsyfrhHd:' 1 tu 2 A.mgsiuzNsod wgzGl:d"osgzGsl:d';lalsldys osgzGs.;sld iNdjmgsfjOmZ[aZ[dh wNdjdflaj,x ;laflk';lalsldys osgzGs.;sld iNdjmgsfjOmZ[aZ[dh wNdjdflaj,x ;laflk';lalsldys osgzGs.;sld iNdjmgsfjOmZ[aZ[dh wNdjdflaj,x ;laflk';lalsldys osgzGs.;sld iNdjmgsfjOmZ[aZ[dh wNdjdflaj,x ;laflk j;a;ka;s fhms COdk,dNs fkd wNsZ[aZ[d,dNsfkd jd osgzGsx .Kayka;s f;ms ;laflFjd .Kayf;d ;lalsld'j;a;ka;s fhms COdk,dNs fkd wNsZ[aZ[d,dNsfkd jd osgzGsx .Kayka;s f;ms ;laflFjd .Kayf;d ;lalsld'j;a;ka;s fhms COdk,dNs fkd wNsZ[aZ[d,dNsfkd jd osgzGsx .Kayka;s f;ms ;laflFjd .Kayf;d ;lalsld'j;a;ka;s fhms COdk,dNs fkd wNsZ[aZ[d,dNsfkd jd osgzGsx .Kayka;s f;ms ;laflFjd .Kayf;d ;lalsld' B.wF:x.;iai k mudKuF:s(iq'ks' WmiSj) rEmdos mudKx k wF:wF:x.;iai k mudKuF:s(iq'ks' WmiSj) rEmdos mudKx k wF:wF:x.;iai k mudKuF:s(iq'ks' WmiSj) rEmdos mudKx k wF:wF:x.;iai k mudKuF:s(iq'ks' WmiSj) rEmdos mudKx k wF:s hkq tu wgqjdjhs' C.fk;a;smamlrK"jsiqoaOsu.a."Z[dKoiaik jsiqoaOsh"ipzpslsrshdj f,dlsh yd f,dl`;a;r hs fomrsosh'COdk f,dlshhs u.a.M, f,dl;a;rhs' D.mgsiuzNsod wgqjdj"Z[dKl:d"Ouzudkx mpzp;a; ,laLK i,a,laLK jfik mj;a;d mZ[Z[dZ[d;Ouzudkx mpzp;a; ,laLK i,a,laLK jfik mj;a;d mZ[Z[dZ[d;Ouzudkx mpzp;a; ,laLK i,a,laLK jfik mj;a;d mZ[Z[dZ[d;Ouzudkx mpzp;a; ,laLK i,a,laLK jfik mj;a;d mZ[Z[dZ[d; mrsZ[aZ[d kdu'mrsZ[aZ[d kdu'mrsZ[aZ[d kdu'mrsZ[aZ[d kdu' E.tysu"OuzudkOuzudkOuzudkOuzudkx iduZ[a[,laLKx wfrdfmFjd mj;a;d ,laLKd ruzuKsljsmiaikd mZ[aZ[d ;SrKx iduZ[a[,laLKx wfrdfmFjd mj;a;d ,laLKd ruzuKsljsmiaikd mZ[aZ[d ;SrKx iduZ[a[,laLKx wfrdfmFjd mj;a;d ,laLKd ruzuKsljsmiaikd mZ[aZ[d ;SrKx iduZ[a[,laLKx wfrdfmFjd mj;a;d ,laLKd ruzuKsljsmiaikd mZ[aZ[d ;SrK mrsZ[aZ[d' mrsZ[aZ[d' mrsZ[aZ[d' mrsZ[aZ[d' 3 A.mpzp;a;x fjzos;nzfnd jsZ[aZC|+ysmpzp;a;x fjzos;nzfnd jsZ[aZC|+ysmpzp;a;x fjzos;nzfnd jsZ[aZC|+ysmpzp;a;x fjzos;nzfnd jsZ[aZC|+ys hkafkka w:!j;ajkakdjQ' B.u' ks' 2"pxlS iq;a;"nq'c'uq"656msgqj'ls;a;dj;d mk fNd f.da;u ipzpdkqrlaLKd fyda;s'ioaOd ms fp ls;a;dj;d mk fNd f.da;u ipzpdkqrlaLKd fyda;s'ioaOd ms fp ls;a;dj;d mk fNd f.da;u ipzpdkqrlaLKd fyda;s'ioaOd ms fp ls;a;dj;d mk fNd f.da;u ipzpdkqrlaLKd fyda;s'ioaOd ms fp Ndroajdc mqrsiiai fyd;s'tjx fu ioaOd;s b;s jox ipzpukqrlaL;s"k fFjj ;dj tlxfik ksgzGx .pzP;s Ndroajdc mqrsiiai fyd;s'tjx fu ioaOd;s b;s jox ipzpukqrlaL;s"k fFjj ;dj tlxfik ksgzGx .pzP;s Ndroajdc mqrsiiai fyd;s'tjx fu ioaOd;s b;s jox ipzpukqrlaL;s"k fFjj ;dj tlxfik ksgzGx .pzP;s Ndroajdc mqrsiiai fyd;s'tjx fu ioaOd;s b;s jox ipzpukqrlaL;s"k fFjj ;dj tlxfik ksgzGx .pzP;s bofuzj ipzpx fuda>uZ[aZ[x ;s'reps wkqiaifjd ''wdldrmrsjs;lafld'''osgzGskscACOdklaLka;s fpms'''t;a;dj ;d bofuzj ipzpx fuda>uZ[aZ[x ;s'reps wkqiaifjd ''wdldrmrsjs;lafld'''osgzGskscACOdklaLka;s fpms'''t;a;dj ;d bofuzj ipzpx fuda>uZ[aZ[x ;s'reps wkqiaifjd ''wdldrmrsjs;lafld'''osgzGskscACOdklaLka;s fpms'''t;a;dj ;d bofuzj ipzpx fuda>uZ[aZ[x ;s'reps wkqiaifjd ''wdldrmrsjs;lafld'''osgzGskscACOdklaLka;s fpms'''t;a;dj ;d uhuhuhuhx ipzpdkqrlaLKx mZ[aZ[dfmu lfFj ;dj ipzpdkqfndfOd fyd;s'ls;a;dj;d mk fNd f.d;u ipzpdkq x ipzpdkqrlaLKx mZ[aZ[dfmu lfFj ;dj ipzpdkqfndfOd fyd;s'ls;a;dj;d mk fNd f.d;u ipzpdkq x ipzpdkqrlaLKx mZ[aZ[dfmu lfFj ;dj ipzpdkqfndfOd fyd;s'ls;a;dj;d mk fNd f.d;u ipzpdkq x ipzpdkqrlaLKx mZ[aZ[dfmu lfFj ;dj ipzpdkqfndfOd fyd;s'ls;a;dj;d mk fNd f.d;u ipzpdkq fndfOd fyd;s$bO Ndroajdc NslaLq wZ[a[;rx .dux Wmksiaidh jsyr;s';fukx .ym;s WmixlusFjd ;Siq fndfOd fyd;s$bO Ndroajdc NslaLq wZ[a[;rx .dux Wmksiaidh jsyr;s';fukx .ym;s WmixlusFjd ;Siq fndfOd fyd;s$bO Ndroajdc NslaLq wZ[a[;rx .dux Wmksiaidh jsyr;s';fukx .ym;s WmixlusFjd ;Siq fndfOd fyd;s$bO Ndroajdc NslaLq wZ[a[;rx .dux Wmksiaidh jsyr;s';fukx .ym;s WmixlusFjd ;Siq Ouzfuiq iukafki;s f,daNkSfhiq"fodaikSfhiq"fudaykSfhiq"'';fukx iukafk iudfkd tjOuzfuiq iukafki;s f,daNkSfhiq"fodaikSfhiq"fudaykSfhiq"'';fukx iukafk iudfkd tjOuzfuiq iukafki;s f,daNkSfhiq"fodaikSfhiq"fudaykSfhiq"'';fukx iukafk iudfkd tjOuzfuiq iukafki;s f,daNkSfhiq"fodaikSfhiq"fudaykSfhiq"'';fukx iukafk iudfkd tjx cdk;s kF:s fLd x cdk;s kF:s fLd x cdk;s kF:s fLd x cdk;s kF:s fLd buiai''w: ;iausx ioaOd ksfji;s"ioaOdcdf;d Wmixlu;s"mhsremdi;s"fid;x Toy;s"Ouzux Odfr;s'wF:x buiai''w: ;iausx ioaOd ksfji;s"ioaOdcdf;d Wmixlu;s"mhsremdi;s"fid;x Toy;s"Ouzux Odfr;s'wF:x buiai''w: ;iausx ioaOd ksfji;s"ioaOdcdf;d Wmixlu;s"mhsremdi;s"fid;x Toy;s"Ouzux Odfr;s'wF:x buiai''w: ;iausx ioaOd ksfji;s"ioaOdcdf;d Wmixlu;s"mhsremdi;s"fid;x Toy;s"Ouzux Odfr;s'wF:x WmmrslaLka;s"f;k Ouzud kscACOdkx Luka;s'PfJod cdh;s"Wiaiy;s";,h;s"moy;s"t;a;dj;d ipzpx WmmrslaLka;s"f;k Ouzud kscACOdkx Luka;s'PfJod cdh;s"Wiaiy;s";,h;s"moy;s"t;a;dj;d ipzpx WmmrslaLka;s"f;k Ouzud kscACOdkx Luka;s'PfJod cdh;s"Wiaiy;s";,h;s"moy;s"t;a;dj;d ipzpx WmmrslaLka;s"f;k Ouzud kscACOdkx Luka;s'PfJod cdh;s"Wiaiy;s";,h;s"moy;s"t;a;dj;d ipzpx wkqnqcACO;s'k fFj ;dj ipzpdkqmam;a;s fyd;s'ls;a;dj;d ipzpdkwkqnqcACO;s'k fFj ;dj ipzpdkqmam;a;s fyd;s'ls;a;dj;d ipzpdkwkqnqcACO;s'k fFj ;dj ipzpdkqmam;a;s fyd;s'ls;a;dj;d ipzpdkwkqnqcACO;s'k fFj ;dj ipzpdkqmam;a;s fyd;s'ls;a;dj;d ipzpdkqmam;a;s fyd;s$''f;ix fhj Ndroajdc qmam;a;s fyd;s$''f;ix fhj Ndroajdc qmam;a;s fyd;s$''f;ix fhj Ndroajdc qmam;a;s fyd;s$''f;ix fhj Ndroajdc Ouzudkx wdfijkd nyq,Sluzud ipzpdkqmam;a;s fyd;s'''t;a;dj;dp uhx ipzpdkqmam;a;sx mZ[aZ[d fmud;s' Ouzudkx wdfijkd nyq,Sluzud ipzpdkqmam;a;s fyd;s'''t;a;dj;dp uhx ipzpdkqmam;a;sx mZ[aZ[d fmud;s' Ouzudkx wdfijkd nyq,Sluzud ipzpdkqmam;a;s fyd;s'''t;a;dj;dp uhx ipzpdkqmam;a;sx mZ[aZ[d fmud;s' Ouzudkx wdfijkd nyq,Sluzud ipzpdkqmam;a;s fyd;s'''t;a;dj;dp uhx ipzpdkqmam;a;sx mZ[aZ[d fmud;s' ipzpdkqmam;a;shd fNd f.d;u l;fud Ouzfud nyqldfrd$ipzpdkqmam;a;sfhd fNd f.d;u l;fud Ouzfud ipzpdkqmam;a;shd fNd f.d;u l;fud Ouzfud nyqldfrd$ipzpdkqmam;a;sfhd fNd f.d;u l;fud Ouzfud ipzpdkqmam;a;shd fNd f.d;u l;fud Ouzfud nyqldfrd$ipzpdkqmam;a;sfhd fNd f.d;u l;fud Ouzfud ipzpdkqmam;a;shd fNd f.d;u l;fud Ouzfud nyqldfrd$ipzpdkqmam;a;sfhd fNd f.d;u l;fud Ouzfud nyqldfrd$ipzpdkqmam;a;shd fLd Ndroanyqldfrd$ipzpdkqmam;a;shd fLd Ndroanyqldfrd$ipzpdkqmam;a;shd fLd Ndroanyqldfrd$ipzpdkqmam;a;shd fLd Ndroajdc mOdkx nyqldrx"fkd fp ;x mofyhH khsox ipzpx wkqmdmqfK jdc mOdkx nyqldrx"fkd fp ;x mofyhH khsox ipzpx wkqmdmqfK jdc mOdkx nyqldrx"fkd fp ;x mofyhH khsox ipzpx wkqmdmqfK jdc mOdkx nyqldrx"fkd fp ;x mofyhH khsox ipzpx wkqmdmqfK

gnnAvfx p&tYOSy p&mANyk` enAevZ. p&mANkr(m[n)blA d[ngt y<t`et ap&YOSedyk Eehyfnf.Evfx m<lmp&mANy an<mAny vfy y<t=y.emhf scZCfkfrfyAv ehvt aAyY%p&tYOSy nYAy bfn`z\kAr Dm%kFr~tf aAdF aAcAyY%vryfn d[k`v> eyAgFQAnyyf. sAk`SAtkrNy ebUdD dV%ny an<v p&mANyk` enAevtt nYAy dr~Vny an<v p&tYOSy p&mANykfyf kfvh[kfyf.d[ngn`en ekesd?ynp[Nyx edn pfLft=rk h[xfyx gnnAvfx p&tYOSy QAnp&eBdyk`v> p&mANykf.1

emhfdF sAk`SAt krn`nAx p&mANyk` n[tfbv b<z\n`vhneseg` edVnAvt=lfn` d[kevnen ymk` p&tYOSvVeyn d[gtetk=x bAhfr k=mn ehA p&st=tyk mtvAdmy vVeyn Elb g[nFmkfn etArvm nfv[rdf d[k`mkx EL[MfemZ a[tf h[kfyAvevZ.2tnZ|= ndysr t,an.ekSuz u; ksrjoH ks.ukj,g m@fjzYjSfuz lsis|= yelshdjla fkdue; ;uka tfia meusKsh yelsnj Wml,amkh l<o th yqfola ps;a; m@lafIamKhla muKla fjz. ps;a; m@fCIamK jQ l,S i;Hh fkdfjz i;H ms<snZojQ isysk muKs. iEu fokdgu wjxlju i;H oek.ekSfuz jsYd, wjYH;djla we;. ta lreK Tiafia .uka lrk fndfyda fokd wjikays i;HdkqrCIK ms<sfj; f,i f;drd.kq ,nkafka udkis; wOsldruh ;;ajfhka hqla;jQ wiuzmQrAK l@ufjzohkah ld,du iQ;@fhaoS tnZ|= l@ufjzohka oyhla nq|=r|=ka m@;sfCIam lrwe;.

kAlAm s>t&eydF b<z\n`vhnes Ees ELMgn`nAv> bAhfr p&st=t dhyk` pfLfbHdv dk`vAtfebZ.emZ yxet an<V&vy(Report) yn kr[N mtvAdFv ELMgt p<dglyAx ymk` an<n`vfsfn` kfyn< a[sFm oses tm cfn`tn dfVAntfy skskrg[nFm sAvdYbvdk`vAa[t.3an<V&vy pdnmZvnen anYyneg` d[nugtkmZ b<dDfmxZxmZ r[cf ar[cfkmZ yn kr[N<y.4kfsfymZ p&st=tyk ehAHd ehA nrkvVeyn sArDm% vfnfVcykx p[mfNFemZdF EbHz\ anYyn`eg vcneyhf ELMg[nFm mtm pdnmZvFm pHOdHOdAmy z\bltAvykf.tmAeg r[cf ar[cfkmZ anYneg` r[cf ar[cfkmZ mt glpnnx yAm upeyA`gftAmy pOSeynd uUnv>vkf.Eb[vfn` kAlAm s>t&ey d[k`evn pLm< nfeV`Dy emZ an<v pHOdHOdAmy hA upeyA`gftAmy uBypOSeynm z\r~vlv>vkbv b<z\rz\n` epnvA dF tfebZ.

hH'' tjx ;,kd"Wiaidfyd"cfJod"OuzukscACOdklaLka;s"wF:qmrslaLd"OuzuOdrKx"OuzuijKx"fid;djOdkx" hH'' tjx ;,kd"Wiaidfyd"cfJod"OuzukscACOdklaLka;s"wF:qmrslaLd"OuzuOdrKx"OuzuijKx"fid;djOdkx" hH'' tjx ;,kd"Wiaidfyd"cfJod"OuzukscACOdklaLka;s"wF:qmrslaLd"OuzuOdrKx"OuzuijKx"fid;djOdkx" hH'' tjx ;,kd"Wiaidfyd"cfJod"OuzukscACOdklaLka;s"wF:qmrslaLd"OuzuOdrKx"OuzuijKx"fid;djOdkx" mhsremdidkx"Wmixlukx"ioaOd;s'bfu ipzpdkqmam;a;shd nyqldrd Ouzud fydka;s' mhsremdidkx"Wmixlukx"ioaOd;s'bfu ipzpdkqmam;a;shd nyqldrd Ouzud fydka;s' mhsremdidkx"Wmixlukx"ioaOd;s'bfu ipzpdkqmam;a;shd nyqldrd Ouzud fydka;s' mhsremdidkx"Wmixlukx"ioaOd;s'bfu ipzpdkqmam;a;shd nyqldrd Ouzud fydka;s' 1 ucACOsu ksldh"uQ, mrshdh j.a.h"Ouzuodhdo iq;a;"nq'c'uq"36msgqj'uoiai m@ydKdh mudoiai m@ydKdh'uoiai m@ydKdh mudoiai m@ydKdh'uoiai m@ydKdh mudoiai m@ydKdh'uoiai m@ydKdh mudoiai m@ydKdh wF:s ucACOsud mgsmod plaLqlrKS Z[dKlrKS Wmiudh wNsZ[aZ[dh iuzfndOdh ksnzndKdh ixj;a;;s'fuys wF:s ucACOsud mgsmod plaLqlrKS Z[dKlrKS Wmiudh wNsZ[aZ[dh iuzfndOdh ksnzndKdh ixj;a;;s'fuys wF:s ucACOsud mgsmod plaLqlrKS Z[dKlrKS Wmiudh wNsZ[aZ[dh iuzfndOdh ksnzndKdh ixj;a;;s'fuys wF:s ucACOsud mgsmod plaLqlrKS Z[dKlrKS Wmiudh wNsZ[aZ[dh iuzfndOdh ksnzndKdh ixj;a;;s'fuys mudo hkak jHjydrlr we;af;a flf,iamudo hkak jHjydrlr we;af;a flf,iamudo hkak jHjydrlr we;af;a flf,iamudo hkak jHjydrlr we;af;a flf,iaiys;nj oelajSu iZoydh'Ouzumofhys wmamudfoda wu;mox mudfodaiys;nj oelajSu iZoydh'Ouzumofhys wmamudfoda wu;mox mudfodaiys;nj oelajSu iZoydh'Ouzumofhys wmamudfoda wu;mox mudfodaiys;nj oelajSu iZoydh'Ouzumofhys wmamudfoda wu;mox mudfoda upzpqfkda moxupzpqfkda moxupzpqfkda moxupzpqfkda mox hk .d:dfjys m@udo hkak olajd we;af;ao fuz iZoyd njfmfka'iuzfndOdh hkak ukd wjfndaOh msKsi hk wrA:hu; fhoS;sfnz'fuz ishZMu mo m@;HCIh hk wrA:hg mrAhdh jYfhka Ndjs;dlr ;sfnz' plaLq lrKS kqjKei msKsi yd Z[dKlrKS Z[dKh msKsi hk w;sfrAl mrAhdh mohkaf.ka wrA:j;a jkafkao tu m@;HCIfhys jsjsOjQ iajrEmhufjz' 2 u' ks"NhfNarj iq;a;"nq'c'uq"43msgqj'k fLd mkdyx nHdmkak ps;af;d m|=gzGukixlmafmd wrZ[afZ[ jkmF:dks mka;dks fikdikdks mgsfiajdus'fu;a;ps;af;d yuiaus'fh ys fjd wrshd fu;a;ps;a;d wrZ[afZ[ jkmF:dks mka;dks fiakdikdks mgsfiajka;s"f;iuyx wZ[aZ[;fud't;uyx n@dysuK fu;a;ps;a;x w;a;;s iuzmiaiudfkd NsfhHd m,af,duudmdosx wrZ[afZ[ jsydrdh'fuhska weZ.fjkqfha ndysr ksus;s idOllr .ekSfuka f;drj we;`,; jO!khlr.kakd,o ffu;@sfha Yla;sfhka ndysrl`uk fyda ndOdjka meusKsh;a tajd wNsnjd l@shd;auljsh yelsnjhs' 3 u' ks"NhfNarj iq;a;"nq'c'uq"43msgqj"fh flps iuKdjd n@dyauKdjd wmrsiqoaOldhluzuka;d wrZ[afZ[fh flps iuKdjd n@dyauKdjd wmrsiqoaOldhluzuka;d wrZ[afZ[fh flps iuKdjd n@dyauKdjd wmrsiqoaOldhluzuka;d wrZ[afZ[fh flps iuKdjd n@dyauKdjd wmrsiqoaOldhluzuka;d wrZ[afZ[ jkmF:dks mka;dks fikdikdks mgsfijka;s"wmrsiqoaOldhluzuka; ifjkmF:dks mka;dks fikdikdks mgsfijka;s"wmrsiqoaOldhluzuka; ifjkmF:dks mka;dks fikdikdks mgsfijka;s"wmrsiqoaOldhluzuka; ifjkmF:dks mka;dks fikdikdks mgsfijka;s"wmrsiqoaOldhluzuka; iffJodifya; yfj f; fNdkaf;dfJodifya; yfj f; fNdkaf;dfJodifya; yfj f; fNdkaf;dfJodifya; yfj f; fNdkaf;d iuKn@dyauKd wl`i,x NhfNarjx wjzNhka;iuKn@dyauKd wl`i,x NhfNarjx wjzNhka;iuKn@dyauKd wl`i,x NhfNarjx wjzNhka;iuKn@dyauKd wl`i,x NhfNarjx wjzNhka;s'ndysr lreKq Uiaia ;uisf;a iajNdjh ilialr.kakg hduksid nsh yd ;e;s .ekquz Wmosknj olajd ;sfnz' 4 tu''"ika;s fLda mk n@dysuK tfl iuKn@dyauKd r;a;sxfhj iudkx osjd;s iZ[acdkka;s"osjdfhj iudkx ika;s fLda mk n@dysuK tfl iuKn@dyauKd r;a;sxfhj iudkx osjd;s iZ[acdkka;s"osjdfhj iudkx ika;s fLda mk n@dysuK tfl iuKn@dyauKd r;a;sxfhj iudkx osjd;s iZ[acdkka;s"osjdfhj iudkx ika;s fLda mk n@dysuK tfl iuKn@dyauKd r;a;sxfhj iudkx osjd;s iZ[acdkka;s"osjdfhj iudkx r;ar;ar;ar;a;S;s iZ[acdkka;s"bouyx f;ix iuKn@dyauKdkx iuzfudayjsydriausx jodus'wyx fLd mk n@dyauK;S;s iZ[acdkka;s"bouyx f;ix iuKn@dyauKdkx iuzfudayjsydriausx jodus'wyx fLd mk n@dyauK;S;s iZ[acdkka;s"bouyx f;ix iuKn@dyauKdkx iuzfudayjsydriausx jodus'wyx fLd mk n@dyauK;S;s iZ[acdkka;s"bouyx f;ix iuKn@dyauKdkx iuzfudayjsydriausx jodus'wyx fLd mk n@dyauK r;a;sfhxj iudkx r;a;S;s i[acdkdus"osjdfhj iudkx osjd;s iZ[acdkdus'r;a;sfhxj iudkx r;a;S;s i[acdkdus"osjdfhj iudkx osjd;s iZ[acdkdus'r;a;sfhxj iudkx r;a;S;s i[acdkdus"osjdfhj iudkx osjd;s iZ[acdkdus'r;a;sfhxj iudkx r;a;S;s i[acdkdus"osjdfhj iudkx osjd;s iZ[acdkdus'(nuqK rd;@shu oyj,a hehs is;k oyjmu rd;@shhehs is;k we;euz uyKnuqfKda we;a;dy'fuz ta uyK nuqKkaf.a uq<djQ jsiSulehs uu lshuz'nuqK"uu rehu reh hhs yZ|=kus'odj, odj,u hehs yZ|=kus') fuyska lshfjkafka nq|=r|=ka h:drA:h h:drA:h jYfhka oelSug osrs|=ka njhs'm@lD;sh m@lD;sh jYfhkao jslD;sh jslD;sh jYfhkao yeZpoSkSug nq|=iufhka osrsoS ;sfnz'nqoaOsjO!kh we;sjkafka h:drA:h ta mj;skakdjQ ;;ajfhkau oelSu;,sks'ksrdjrKhjQ uki tu h:drA:djfndaOh msKsi wjYHlrkakdjQ pska;k Yla;sh usksidg ,ndfoa'

wkqkaf.a jpkh tlaflda i;H jsh yelsh' ke;fyd;a wi;H jsh yelsh wi;H jkafka kuz tau; msysgd lghq; lsrSfuys ksrA:lNdjh jgydosh hq; fkdfjz' i;Hjqj;a ta i;HjQ foh ;ukaf.a wkqN~;sl i;a;djfhka mrsndysr jQjls' ula ksido h;a th ;udg wm@;HCI lreKla nejsks' fy;u hula ms<s,ekSu fyda fkdms<s.ekSu rZod mj;skafka wkHhkaf.a jpkh u; mdol fldgf.k kuz Tyqg ljodj;a bka lsis|= wrA:j;a ms<s.ekqulg meusKsh fkdyelsh' tfukau tu wrA:j;a ms<s.ekqu mdol fldgf.k iliajS we;a;djQ wrA:j;a jev,s<sfj<lg wj;SrAK jsh fkdyelsjkq we;' ta Tyq tys m@fhda.slFjh l@shdfjka w;ayod ne,Su;,ska jgyd fkd.;a nejsks' fulS ;;ajh ;,oS m[aZ[duh jrAOkhla flZosklj;a Wod fkdfjz' tfukau ksjeros mZ[aZ[uh jrAOkhla Wodlr .;yels l@uj;a l@shdj,shla fkdue;s miqnsula fkdue;s jgdmsgdjla;, wkq..ukh lrkakdjQ foa ms<snZo lsishuz Wmfhda.s;duh jgskdlula ;snsh yelso fkdfjz ish,q, wkqkaf.a jpkh u; rZod mj;skakd jQ foa muKla ksidh'

Eemnm ymZkfsf p&st=tyk pArmZprfk vfV`vAsymt(Tradition)pdnmZv pfLfg[nFm yn edvn nfeVDny sLkAb[l>kL atFt prmZprAvn` vfsfn` prfhrNy kL ymZkfsf sArDm% sm>hyk E` v> aAkAreynm tmAx hA anYyn`x g[lep y[yf dRSXfg&hNy kfrFm pHOdHOdAmy z\r~vl#vyk` bvt` upeyA`gftAmy pOSeynd nfSPlv>vk` bv et`r[mZgt h[kfy.

wm mdruzmrsl jsYajdihkag .rel< hq;h f,dj idrOu! yr jgskdluz ish,a,lau mrmqfrka mrmqrg meusfKkakdjQ foa fjhs' kuq;a fuys fodaIh mrmqfrka mrmqrg meusKSuu fkdj ta meusKsnju taldka; idOlh fldg f.k tlS jevms<sfj,j,a ;ukag fyda cSjm@cdjg wrA:iuzmkako jevodhloehs fkdis;d jspdrmQrAjl fkdjS tlfy,d ms<sf.k ta Tiafia lghq; lsrSug ;ruz blauka jSuhs w;sOdjkldrSka jSuhs'

nq|=kajykafiaf.a b.ekajSuz mjd mrmqfrka mrmqrg wdrCIdlrf.k meusKs foafjhs' f:rjdo iuzm@odfhys wdpdrAh mruzmrdj jsiska jrA;udkfha wmNdjs;d lrkq ,nkakdjQ b.ekajSuz tfia iqrCIs; lrf.k fkdmeusKshd kuz jrA;udkh jkjsg wm nq|=r|=ka hkq flnZ|= mqoa.,fhloehs yZ|=kkafka ke;s ;;ajhl miq jSug fndfyda fihska bv m@ia;djkdj ;snsKs' kuq;a wo wm nq|=ka jykafiaf.a b.ekajSuz wmf.a ffoksl cSjs;h wrA:iuzmkak lr.ekSu iZoyd Ndjs;d lrkqfha tjd mdruzmrsl jsYajdih u; meusKs nj tlu idOlh fldgf.k fkdfjz'

nq|=kajykafia b.ekajSuz;< wka;rA.;jQ idrOu! moaO;sh wmgu huz huz muKlska fyda m@;HCI lr .ekSug yels jS ;sfnk ksidh' wm cSjs;fha fndfyda |=la lror jsZo we;' ta iEu jsglu wmf.a is;a i;ka kej; m@lD;su;a lr.ekSu msKsi Ndjs;hg f.k we;af;a nqoaO foaYkd;< wka;rA.; ;@s,CIK ms<snZo isoaOdka;hhs' fndfyda fofkla jsjD;j m@ldY fkdl<;a iudcfhys W.;a nqoaOsu;a jsoaj;a m@cdj fndfydajsg ;ukaf.a cSjs;fhys ffoksl .egZM j,g jsmiaikd pska;kh uZ.ska idrA:l jsiZ|=uz ,enQjka fj;s'

odrAYksl pska;k Odrdj,g muKla usksiqkaf.a Ndjuh .egZMj,g jsiZ|=uz fijsh fkdyelsh' odrAYksl pska;kh yd noaOjqKq Ndjuh jevms<sfj<la;,skau muKla fuz wNsfhda.h ch.; yelsh' jsmiaikd Ndjkdj ke;fyd;a jsmiaikd pska;kh fuz lgqh;a; bgqlsrSfuys,d fmdfydi;a fjz' ld,duiQ;@fhys oelafjk oijsO pska;k wOsldrfhka f;drnj;< js.@yjkafka fuu jsmiaikd pska;khhs' fndfyda fofkla ld,duiQ;@h uZ.ska bosrsm;a flfrk oijsO pska;k wOsldrh ms<snZoj is;kafka lsis|+ l@uj;a jevms<sfj<l Ndjs;fhka f;drj yqfola ;uka fuu oijsO wOsldruh pska;kfhka f;drfjushs is;d.;a muKska tfia l< yelsjkq we;s njhs' kuq;a tfia l<yelafla is; fndfyda|=rg oshqKqlr.;a m@Z{diuzmkak fmr wd;auNdjj, jsmiaikd Ndjkdj uekjska nyq,f,i jvd m<mqreoao we;s Woa>gs;Z[aZ[ jQ idrsmq;a; fud.a.,a,dk yd ndysh odre pSjrSh ysusjre jeks mqoa.,hkagh'

fiiq wh ld,duiQ;@fhka js.@y flfrkakdjQ oijsO wOsldruh pska;kfhka w;ausZoSu iZoyd l@udkql~,f,i jsmiaikd Ndjkdj jevSu w;HjYHuh ke;fyd;a wm ksoyia pska;khg meusksfhda fjuq hkqfjka oDIaGs iy.; ;;ajhkag Tjqka wksjdrAhhfhkau meusfK;s' fuz ksid ld,duiQ;@fhys js.@yjk oijsO wOsldruh pska;kfhka usoS wrA:j;a m@;smodjlg meusKSug jsmiaikd Ndjkdj m@.K lsrSu mZ[aZ[duh Wmfhda.s;dj fhka hqla;hs' tfukau tauZ.ska nqoaOs jrAOkhg wjldY we;snejska mZ[aZ[duh mCIfhkao th fmdfydi;ah'

ymZkfsf epr kfynld kfymnk(itfkfrAy-Prologue) nfsA stYvVeyn ymZkfsf p&st=tyk` pfLfg[nFm b<z\rz\n b[h[rkeL aKNwels prfnAmny DArAvn elsfn k&fyAt`mkvn m<HPmht vfVvyt=Lp>r~veyhf sfz\v<nAv> ehA kfynld ymk` pVcAtkAlFn kfsfymZ edyk vfnfVcy krlFemhf lA mfN<mZ ekAz\vk` elsfn BAvftAkfrFm pHOdHOdAmy vVeyn hA upeyAgftAmy pOSeyn` uUNv> vk` b[vfnf.

epAtpethf En kr[N<mtpdnmZv(pfxk smZpdAenn-Giving in the scripture)ymk` sArDm%yk` els pfLfg[nFm enAkLy<`tkf.emhfdF t&fpfxkyd pfxk smZp&dAyx g[ennnfsA b<dD edVnAvnt=L vfg&hekern Dm%kr[N< pflfbHdvd emes emm k&fyAmAg%ym an<gmnykfrFm nfv[rdfd[yf ekenk=x emhfdF p[Nyk` mt= vfyh[kfy.emhfdF Eyx dfyh[kf pfLft=r vn<eyd t&fpfxkpAlfey Enkr[N<pfLfbHdv v<vd emZ ay<rfn setYOSNykr b[lFmx b<z\n`vhn`es an<d[nvdArAa[tf ehyfn un`vhneseg ig[nvFmZ v<vd Eels vfcAreyn etArv BArg[nFm b<z\rz\n` pvA aBfmt enAv>bvyf.1

emm kr[N b<z\smey vfg&hvn sTAny vn>ey str mhApeds pfLfbHdv kL ig[nvFmyf.emm str mhApedsy pfLfbHdv kr[N< a^g=t`tr nfkAey ct=kk nfpAteyt` dFG nfkAey mhA prfnfbZbAN s>t&eyhft` aw^g=evZ.E` str mhApeds vn>ey,

1.mheNnf,emZ ss<enhf ymZ BfOS<vk a[v[t`nf,m vfsfn` b<z\rz\n` hm<evhf asA pfLfgn`nAld Dm%y emyy, vfny emyy,VAstRVAsny emyy’yf kfyn`ennmZ E`kFm enApfLfegn b[h[rd enAkr E pd vYHOdjny n s>t&eyhf bhA b[lfyhq;h.(iq;af; T;dfr;nzndks jskfh ikaoiafi ;nzndks)ta mo jHxcks>t&eyhf enAb[s sfxFnmZ vfneyhf enAs[seHdnmZ E` adhs E` BfOS<veg v[rdf pfLfg[nFmkfyf nfgmny kLy<t=y.

s>t&eyhf b[ssfxFnmZ vfneyhf s[seHdnmZ Ey E BfOS<veg` mnA ug[nmkfyf nfgmny kLy<t=y.emZ pLm< b<dDapedVyyf.emyfn` BfOS<vk` b<z\rz\n` VAOSfekAx pvsn Dm% vfny kr[Nk pfLfbHdvasn`nAeg` pflfevt p&kAVftyf.

2.mheNnf,emZ ss<enhf ymZ BfOS<vk` a[v[tnf,mA vfsfn as<vl aAvAseyhf evesn sTvfr BfOS>n` shft s^GyAhm<eyhf asA pfLfgn`nAld Dm%y emZyyf kr[Nk p&kAVkrnend EhflAd s>t&eyhf bhA vfneyhf ssHdA astY vVeyn` ehA stY vVeyn ehA nfgmnykx b[sfyy<t=y.emZ s^GApeds nmZ v> edvn mhApedsyyf.

3.mheNnf,emZ ss<enhf ymZ BfOS<vk` a[v[tnf m vfsfn` as<vl aAvAseyhf bh<sRtv>,agtAgmv>, Dm%Dr v>,vfnyDrv>,mAtfkDrv>,sTvfr BfOS>n` smZm<Keyhf dF Dm%vfny emZy VAstR VAsny emZy asn ld[yf kfyn`ennmZ Eyxd st=x<enAvfyy<t=y.p&tfeOSpd enAekAx s>t&eyhf bhA

1 Ou!fhys ,CIKf,i jsia;rjkkdjQ foh'iajdlaLdf;d N.j;d Ouzfud ikaosgzGsfld wld,sfld taysmiaisfld iajdlaLdf;d N.j;d Ouzfud ikaosgzGsfld wld,sfld taysmiaisfld iajdlaLdf;d N.j;d Ouzfud ikaosgzGsfld wld,sfld taysmiaisfld iajdlaLdf;d N.j;d Ouzfud ikaosgzGsfld wld,sfld taysmiaisfld Tzmkhsfld mpzp;a;x fjzos;nzfnd jTzmkhsfld mpzp;a;x fjzos;nzfnd jTzmkhsfld mpzp;a;x fjzos;nzfnd jTzmkhsfld mpzp;a;x fjzos;nzfnd jsZ[aZC|+yS;s'fuys mpzp;a;x fjzoS;nzfnd jsZ[aZC|+yS;ssZ[aZC|+yS;s'fuys mpzp;a;x fjzoS;nzfnd jsZ[aZC|+yS;ssZ[aZC|+yS;s'fuys mpzp;a;x fjzoS;nzfnd jsZ[aZC|+yS;ssZ[aZC|+yS;s'fuys mpzp;a;x fjzoS;nzfnd jsZ[aZC|+yS;s hkafkka woyiajkqfha m@{djka;hka th m@;HCIjYfhka wjfndaOlr .;hq; njhs'

vfneyhf ssHdAb[lfy y<t=y. s>t&yx b[sgn`en n[tfnmZ vfnyx enAs[seHdnmZ E` b<dD vcny elsvrdvA g[nmkfyf nfgmny kL y<t=y.s>t&eyhf b[sgnennmZ vfneyhf s[seHdnmZ mnA ug[nmkfyf nfgmnykL y<t=y.emZ‘smZbh<l t`eTrApedsyyf.’

4.mheNnf,emZ ss<enhf ymZ BfOS<vk`,a[v[tnf mA vfsfn as<vl aAvAseyhf evesn bh<V&[tv> agtAgm v> Dm%Drv> vfnyDrv> mAtfkADrv> Ek` sTvfrBfOS<vk` hm<evhfdF Dm%vfny emZy VAstRVAsny emZy asnld[yf kfyn`en nmZ Eyxd st=x<enAvF p&tfeOSpd enAekAx s>t&eyhf bhA vfneyhf ssHdAb[lfy y<t=y.s>t&yx b[s gn`en`n[tfnmZ vfnyx enAs[seHdnmZ E` b<dDvcny els vrdvA g[nmkfyf nfgmny kL y<t=y.s>t&eyhf b[sgn`ennmZ vfneyhf s[seHdnmZ mnA ig[nmkfyf nfgmny kLy<t=y.emZ E`keTrA pedsyyf.1

emZ upeds htr mHgfn` anAgteyhf b<dD vcny enAeyk mtvAdvlfn` sdDm% p&tfr{pvlfn` z|Sny vFmx a[tf iwkw vLk`vAlFm b<z\rjANn`vhnes eg arm<Nv> b[vZ kfvh[kfy.ymk b<dD BASftels pfLfg[nFmx nmZ s>t&eyhf b[ssfxfyy<t=y.vfneyhf s[sdF sfxfyy<t=y.E`kAnteyn E`kr[N b<dDvcnyk[yf nfgmnykL h[kek Evfxy.2

emm str mhApedsyd kAlAm s>t&ey En upedsemn prFOSNb<dDfyx t=w<edn atfVyuss g=r{ pedVekAxZXAVykf.3emZ yxet epLg&$Tvlfn` d[kevn ymk`v<vd Ekvrm enApfLfegn b<dDfmy vfcArA OSfyx hs<krgty<t=bv epn`vAdF tfebZ.emhfdF ymZkfsf s>t&Dm%yk` ssHdAb[lFm pfNfs upeyA`gF krgnnA v> Dm%vfnyedkv<vd p&mANAt`mkv(Authority) s[lkFm bAhfraDfkArymt setYOSNy kfrFmk els ekenk=x epnFyA h[kfy.

nm<t` emhfdF vfny hA s>t&y yn<evn dkvn lded vfny pfxkyx ayt` epLepAt peshf hA s>t& pfxkyx ayt nfkAyg&$T peshf antr~gt vfny hA s>t&edVnA E sHdhnv> pmNfn`m Ey stY els egn Ey pAdkekAxegn ymZkfsf s>t&Dm%yk stY astYtAvy nfVcykfrFm enAevZ.vfny hA s>t& pfxk g&$Tvl ig[nevn kr[N< itA p&AeeyAgfk ed vVeyn sLkA Emkr[N< tmneg` vt pfLfevt hA ssHdAblA tmAeg jFvnp&tfpdAv skskrg[nFmx DnAtmk elsfn blpAn kr[N< stY edVnA els pfLfgn`nAes kL ig[n`vFmkf.

emhfdF b<z\n`vhnes ugnvnlded ymZkfsfsArDm%yk upeyA`gFtAvym p&mANy elsegn Ey stY els nfgnyx p[mfNFmyf.emZt=l dRSXfmyb[HdFmk` enAm[tfb[vfn` yTAr~Ty an<vgfy cfntnyk k&fyAt`mk evZ.pHOdHOdAmy s^dr~By yxet ar~Tvtvnen emm dRSXfmy b[HdFmk enAm[tf Eeht upeyA`gFtAmy lOSNeyn y<t` sArDm%yk` vnb[vfnf.

tr~kyx g[lepnnfsA(tkk eht=-Logical Implication) pfLfenAgnnAemn` edVnA kra[tf ig[nvFmZ t=lfn ymZkfsf sArDm%yk a[tf tvt a[hy<mZVFlF vxfnAkmk ehlfevZ.tr~kny yn< skskrgnnA lddA v> vAg`vfdYAtmk upkrNykf.Em upkrNy vfDfmt`v BAvftAkfrFemhf nfp<Nv>evk=x tmAxavVY krn oZn{m BASAtmk snnfevZdnyk setYOSNy krb[lfemZ h[kfyAv a[t.nm<t EmsetYOSNy vnAhF BASAvfdYAt`mk stYyk`els epn<nt tTYelAkvYvhAry an<v astYv>vk vfyh[kfy.kp<xA s<z\bv tr~kVAst&An>k+lv sp&mAnels opp<kr epn`vfy h[kfv<vt` stYelAkey s[b{ttvy Ey enAvnnAk emnf.

1 w' ks' 2"uydmfoai iq;a;"nq'c'uq"326-330msgq' 2 tu"kd;s fpz iq;af; T;drshudkd;s jskfh ikaoiaish udkd;s iq;af; fpj T;rka;s"jskfhp ikkd;s fpz iq;af; T;drshudkd;s jskfh ikaoiaish udkd;s iq;af; fpj T;rka;s"jskfhp ikkd;s fpz iq;af; T;drshudkd;s jskfh ikaoiaish udkd;s iq;af; fpj T;rka;s"jskfhp ikkd;s fpz iq;af; T;drshudkd;s jskfh ikaoiaish udkd;s iq;af; fpj T;rka;s"jskfhp ikaosiaika;s aosiaika;s aosiaika;s aosiaika;s ksgzGfu;x .ka;nznxksgzGfu;x .ka;nznxksgzGfu;x .ka;nznxksgzGfu;x .ka;nznx woaOd box ;iai N.jf;d jpkx wryf;d iuzud iuznqoaOiiai";iaip f:riai woaOd box ;iai N.jf;d jpkx wryf;d iuzud iuznqoaOiiai";iaip f:riai woaOd box ;iai N.jf;d jpkx wryf;d iuzud iuznqoaOiiai";iaip f:riai woaOd box ;iai N.jf;d jpkx wryf;d iuzud iuznqoaOiiai";iaip f:riai N.jf;d jpkx wryf;d iuzud iuznqoaOiai";iaip f:riai iq.a.yS;x' N.jf;d jpkx wryf;d iuzud iuznqoaOiai";iaip f:riai iq.a.yS;x' N.jf;d jpkx wryf;d iuzud iuznqoaOiai";iaip f:riai iq.a.yS;x' N.jf;d jpkx wryf;d iuzud iuznqoaOiai";iaip f:riai iq.a.yS;x' 3 uyd mrsksrAjdK iQ;@ ixialrKfha m@ia;djkdj"isrsiSj,S ysus"68msgqj'

emZ nfsA emv[nf ps<bfmk shft tr~ky ymZkfsf sArDm%yk` nFr~NykfrFemhflA eyAdA g[nFemZ sedAs bv b<z\rz\n` epn`vAdF tfebZ.E` an<v sArDm%yk upeyA`gftAmy lOSNy tr~ky mHgfn` enAp[h[dflfkrn b[vfn tr~ky eyAdAg[nFm sAvdYy.Eemn`m tr~ky p&mANyk` vVeyn eyAdAg[nFmt=lfn` sArDm%y bAhfr p&st=tyk smHg smZb$Dyn` mHgfn opp<kfrFm dRSXfmy g[tf vFmkf.dRSXfmy y[pFmk` g[tfbvk`t=l pHOdHOdAmy s^dr~Bykx iwk enAs[lesnb[vfn E` kr[eNhflAd tr~ky sAvdYy.

nYAy(nyeht=-Nomological Implication) yn<d b<z\rz\n sArDm% vfnfV`ceyhflA p&tfOSpkrnld Ek bAhfr aDfkArfykf.kHdhla hkqlulaoehs i,ldne,Su fuysoS jeo.;ah.nYAy pdnmZva[t`et kfsfymZ vfSyfk (dr~Vn vfdYAv-Philosophy yn vfSyx ayt`vn`nkf.‘nYAy dr~Vny-Nyaya Philosophy) m>LDm% pAdkekAx egny.1Eb[vfn` E`vA sksekAxgnnAlddkf.emmsks kfrfemZdF EkEk` p<dgl r[cf ar[cfkmZ,mAnsfk aAklp,h[HgFmZ,b<dDf mxZxmZ blpAyf.E` nfsA setYOSN eyhflA nfrvdYymv> k&mevZdyk`vVeyn nYAy enAs[lek`.

Eesm nYAy sksv a[t`et d[n<mmt pdnmZvy.E` d[n<mZ pdDtf kAlAn>r{pv vD%nyvFemZdF ebAehA z\rx klfn` p[vtf d[n<mmt pdnmZv skskrnlddAv> nYAyyn` evZgeyn evnsevZ. Eb[vfn` d[n<m evnsvn evZgyx an<pAtfkv evnsvn nYAy mHgfn ymZkfsf nYAygt b[HdFmk epnvnb[vfn` p&QA egAcr enAvnb[vfn` pHOdHOdAmy s^dr~Byx adALenAevZ.sArDm%yk upeyA`gFtAvy vrfn`vr evns vn nYAymt pdnmZv nfV`cykrnnx yAm aeyA`gYy.

sArDm%yk upeyA`gFtAvy vfmsfyy<t`et Em sArDm%y tm jFvfty p[v[t`mx lbAedn p&tfjAnAtmk agymt pdnmZv b[vfn b<z\h< nYAy p&tfeOSp ekAx a[t.Eb[vfn` upeyA`gFtAmy hA pHOdHOdAmy s^dr~BeyhflA nYAy sArDm%yk stY astY nFr~Ny k&fyAvlfeyhflA asAr~Tk k&mevZdyk`b[vZ b<z\rz\n` epn`vAdFtfebZ.

klpnAvx an<r{pvn b[vfn`(aAkAr prfvftr~ky-Diversification of thought) ymZkfsf sArDm%yk stY astYtAvy pfLfbHd nfgmnykx p[mfNFm sedAsbv b<z\rz\n` edVnAekAxa[tet emZmHgfn tmneg p>v%s^klpnA g&hNymt pdnmZv vfvRt mAnsfk#veyn etArvFmt=lfn` sfz\krnnAv> vfnfV`cyn`b[vfnf. ymZkfsf edyk` pfLfbHdv vfnfV`cykx p[mfNFemZdF E` adAL p&st=ty sRj<elsm nfr~Ny kfrFm atfVyfn`m v[dgtevZ.

E` ttvyt=ldF adAL p&st=ty smZb$Deyn` v> p>r~vnfgmn vfnfV`cynx p[mfNsfxFm nfv[rdf vfnfV`cykx p[mfNFmx bADAvk`els slkn<l[ebZ.erA`m lnedsf nFtfyt=LdFpvA ymZkfsf eectsfk p&st=tyk pfLfbHdv vfnfVcykx p[mfNFemZdF E pfLfbHdv vfnfV`cykr[ avsn vfnfV`cykx p[mfNFmx klfn` tmAeg sftfn` mt=vn prfklpnmt pfhfxA ymZymZ p>r~v s^klp g&hNykrgnfmfn E` oses tmAeg avsAn vfnfv`cyx p[mfNFm sAvdYels slkn< l[ebZ.

emZyxet vfnfVcyx p[mfeNn`nAx atps<vFmZ edkk sfz\evZ.pLm<v[n`n adAL p&st=tey stYmyv> kr[N< ekerhf avDAny eyAm<enAkfrFmyf.edv[nnnmZ vfnfV`cy lbAedn`en adAL p&st=ty pfLfbHdv enAv E` p&st=ty pfLfbHdv tmAeg sfethf n[eHgn s^klpvlx vFmyf.ihtkF kr[N<an<v emm kr[N< edkm sAvdYbvt sArDm% vfnfV`ceyhflA s<z\s< k&fyAmAg%yk` enAvnbvt p[h[dflfy.

E` evn<vx adAL sArDm% vfnfVceyhflA k&fyAmAg% edkk an<gmnykfrFm nfrvdYy.EnmZ adAL sAr Dm%eyhf g[bZva[ttAv> upeyA`gftA lOSN slkAb[lFm pLm<kr[Ny.edv[nf kr[N adAL

1 nqoaO jpkhkag wkqj Z{dkjsNd.fhys ,d tl, l@shd;auljQ Ydia;S@hjsOsl@uh kh hkqfjka yeZpskajsks'kh Ynzofhys wrA:/ila mej;sh;a tys idudkH wrA:h jkqfha l@u hkakhs'Theory,System,Principales,Method jeks mo bx.@Sis NdIdfjz fuzfjkqfjka fhfoa'

sArDm%y p>r~v s^klpnAvlfn b[h[rv nfrvdYv g&hNykfrFmy.emy pHOdHOdAmy s^dr~By an<v sArDm%vfnfV`cy kfrFmevZ.emm lOSN edekn`y<t=v sArDm% vfnfV`cy kfrFm nfrvdYk&myk ehyfn` Eyfn` b[h[rekern aAkArprfvftr~kny b<z\rz\n vfsfn` sAvdYv>vk` els sLkA b[h[r kr tfebZ.

dRSXFn`x g[lepnnfsA(dfxZXf nfj~ODAnkKn`tf-Coincide the Aspets) sArDm%yk stY astYtAvy tFrNykfrFm sAvdYbv b<z\rz\n` pvsA a[t.emhf dRSXfyn<evn` d[kevn<ey ymZkfsf p&st=tyk pfLfbHdv p>r~veyn a[tfkrgnnA Ek`trA prfklpftykf.emhfdF b<z\smyt=L‘smZmA dfxZXf’nAmeyn vYvhArvn<eyd Ek`trA dRSXfyk`d[yf ekenk=x vfmtfyk` a[tfvfy h[kfy.b<z\ smey‘smZmA dfxZXf’nAmeyn` (Righteous Perception) d[k`evnen ap emhfdF dRSXfnAmeyn` p[h[dflf krn edyenAevZ.

EdA BArtFy smAjy eds[xk(62) mftYdRSXFn`egn pfrFitfrF gfy svr{pyk` dknxv>bv b&h`mjAl s>t&eyn` p[h[dflfevZ.1Em dRSXfs[xedk atrx tvt dRSXfyk` EkekAx dRSXf s[xt=nk(63) kfrFmx b<z\rz\n`x avVYenAvFy.b<z\rz\n` vfsfn` sfz\kr a[t`et nv dRSXfvAdyk` tm V&Avkyfn`x ig[nvFmenAv iht d[kv> dRSXf 62 hA tvt ebAehA` dRSXfvlfn` mns nfdhs krgnnA aAkAryevZ.Eehyfn b<z\rz\n` eg ig[n`vFm tvt Ek aAgmfk VAstRvreyk=eg Dm%yk` enAevZ.

emZ yxet nAgAr~j<n m>LmADYmfk kArfkAevZd2F epnvAdF a[t`et b<z\rz\n` am<t=evn Dm%yk` enAeds> atr b<z\rz\n` epnvAz\n`en sfyHP dRSXfvAdyn` mnsfn ivtkrgnnAv> k&mVflpy bvt`y.vfpssnA vfntnyels h[Hdfnevnen sft stvrk g[M<r[ vfeVADkrNyx (sptvf V=dDfy)lk`ekAx sfet pfyvf p&BAsvry mt=krgnnAv< emkFk&m Vflpyyf.emZyxet` sfethf kAlAntryk tfses t[n`ptvFmnfsA sft apvft& egArh[wf az\r[bvx pt` krnnv> p&DAn an`tvAdF dRSXfp&vAhyn` edkvn VAsvt hA ucZeC~d dRSXfmym>Lyn` edk sfethf dRSXf g&hNyx p&DAnm eht=v bv vxhAegn Em>Lyn` sftfn ug=lvA d[mFm vfpssnA cfn`tney prmAr~Tyyf.

sfyHP dRSXfvAdyn` mnsfn ivtkrg[nFm sHdhA elAky V+nYtveyn`slkn`n[yf b<z\rz\n emAGrAj mAnvyAx upedsz\n`ay<r[ s<t`tnfpAtey prAyn vg`gey d[k`evZ.EhfdF b<z\rz\n emAGrAj mAnvkyAx dRSXFn`ekern ivtvFmx upeds s[py<evZ emZ ay<rfnf.3

‘emAGrAjy,h[mklhf sfhfeyny<k`tv elAky V+nYyyf aAevZOSNy krv.(pfrfk`sFm) aAt`mdRSXfy trNykrnen mAryA trNykrneny.emes elAvbln`nAh< mAretm enAdneny.’4

elAv a[tftAk dRSXf hxg[nFmx eht=v aAt`mdRSXfyyf.sk`kAydRSXfy nmfn` h[Hdfnevnend aAt`m dRSXfeym dRWsvr{pyyf.esA`tApt`tf mAg%eydF dV%neyn aAr~yyA Eyp&hFNkryf.5 sptvfV=dDfeydF dfxZXfvfV=dDfy vVeyn` dk`vA a[tet aAr~ymAg%eydF oZlArfkvVeyn vfdr~VnA

1 oS' ks' 1"n@yaucd, iq;a;"nq'c'uq" yd f:rjdo fn#oaO orAYkh"fmd,aj;af; nqoaaOo;a; ysus"wdkkao fmd;a iud.u"wuzn,kaf.dv"1960"74-84msgq' 2 uQ, udOHusl ldrsld"kd.drAcqkmdo ysus"ixia'fudrgqfjz idikr;k ysus"mS'fcA'frdvzrsf.da m@ldYkh" iardjka;s"mdk|=r"1963"234 msgqj'oDIaGs mrSCId 20 m@lrKh"30.d:dj'ij! oDIags m@yij! oDIags m@yij! oDIags m@yij! oDIags m@ydKhdKhdKhdKh----h% ioaOu!u h% ioaOu!u h% ioaOu!u h% ioaOu!u foYh;a"wkqluzmd uqmdodhfoYh;a"wkqluzmd uqmdodhfoYh;a"wkqluzmd uqmdodhfoYh;a"wkqluzmd uqmdodh----;x kuiHdus f.#;uuz';x kuiHdus f.#;uuz';x kuiHdus f.#;uuz';x kuiHdus f.#;uuz' 3 iq' ks"mrdhk j.a.' 4 tu"iqZ[a[f;d f,dlx wnlaLiaiq"fud>rdc iod if;d"w;a;dkqosgzGx W#ypzp"tjx upzpq;frd ishd"tjx iqZ[a[f;d f,dlx wnlaLiaiq"fud>rdc iod if;d"w;a;dkqosgzGx W#ypzp"tjx upzpq;frd ishd"tjx iqZ[a[f;d f,dlx wnlaLiaiq"fud>rdc iod if;d"w;a;dkqosgzGx W#ypzp"tjx upzpq;frd ishd"tjx iqZ[a[f;d f,dlx wnlaLiaiq"fud>rdc iod if;d"w;a;dkqosgzGx W#ypzp"tjx upzpq;frd ishd"tjx f,dlx wnlaLka;xf,dlx wnlaLka;xf,dlx wnlaLka;xf,dlx wnlaLka;x… 5 Ouzuix.KS m@lrKh"oiaifkak myd;nznd fya;ld Ouzud$ilaldh osgzGs"jspslspzPd"iS,nzn;d mrdudi'

k&meyn sk`kAydfxZXfy vfSkmZBny krnnAv> avsTAevZ p&ATmfksvr{pyyf.1emmHgfn` p[h[dflf vn>ey b<z\rz\n` dRSXFn` p&hANy kfrFmx k&emA`pAy edVnAkLAmfs dRSXf 62kx tvt Ek dRSXfyk` Ek`kfrFm pfNfs Dm%edVnA enAkL bvyf.mfn kfy[evn`en b<z\smyt=L d[k`evn sfyHPm ig[nvFmZ aytvn<ey emm dRSXfp&hAN vfDfk&my yxtxbvyf.

mfn s>t&edVnAvn mHgfn p&tfmAnftvnen dRSXfp&hANy sHdhA b<z\rz\n` s[py> upedVvn atr aBfDm%edVnAvnegn` p&kxvn>ey Ees dRSXfp&hANy kfrFemZ vfDf m>LDm%(Ek` Ek` dAr~Vnfk nYAn yxet) crft p<dgl svr{py an<v Ek Ek dAr~Vnfk nYAyn yxet vfg&h kL aAkAryyf.vfg&hAtmk svr{py atfn` atF$z&fyp&tYOSy an<v emmvfg&hy sfz\ekrF a[tfb[vfn` aBfDm% edVnA ebUdD menAvfdYAv els pfLfg[en`.vfny edVnA vnAhF dRSXfp&hANy sHdhA mAnsfk ps<tly s[kesn aAkAryx p<dglyAeg ky vcn edk skskgt y<t= aAkAry vfg&hvn b<z\rz\neg vYvsTAmALAvyf.

vfny p[NvFemZdFd b<z\rz\n avDArNykL aAkAryxm vfnynmZv> vYvsTAmAlAv s[ksF a[t`etd Ey an<gmny krnnAv> p<dglyAeg mAnsfk s^vD%ny uprFm ttvyx mt=krlFemZ prmAr~Ty sAk`SAt`krln aAkAreynf.E` vfnAEhf kfsfz\ aDfkArFmy s^dr~Byk` dknx enAl[ebZ. dRSXfg&hNy s{m atfn`m pflfekvZkrn b<z\smy kAlAm s>t&eydFd dRSXfy nfeVDAt`mk els p&tfeOSpkrnen Ey stYy x p[mfNfyh[kf nfrvdY k&mevZdyk enAvnb[vfnf.dRSXfg&hNy upeyA`gftA s^dr~By atfn sAvdYv>vk` emnm pHOdHOdAmy s^dr~Byatfn`d uUnv>vk b[vfn` kAlAm s>t&eydF Ey at`hLy<t= an`tykb[vZ epn`vA dFtfebZ.emZ an<v b<z\smyt=L dF smZmA dfxZXfy nmfn` vYvhArvnen` sfyHP dRSXFn`egn mns nfdhskr gtvfx mnes a[tf s<pfrfsfz\ p[h[dflf yTAr~Ty vfnfvfd dkfn Vk`tfybv thv<r[evZ.2

ymZkfsf sArDm%yk` pfLfg[nFemZdF Ey pvsn t[n[ttA yhptekenkf vVeyn p<dgl egUrveyn pfLfg[nFm ehA Ey ehAHdy[yf epennb[vfn(BbZbr{ptAy-Potentiatity) Ekm mfN<mZ dNw ekAxs[lkFemZdF tmAeg C$dy edAsy emA`hy hA By ynstr agtfeyn m<LAvF str agtfeyn` y<t=v sArDm%vfnfV`cey eyednbv p&kxeker~.Evfx yTAr~Ty enAdkfyf. emA`heyn p&QAv v[sFa[tfb[vfnf tmAklfnd[r{ adhskx an<vymfn`ehAHdy[yf v[xehnen` C$dy eh`t= evn agtfgAmFv sftFm nfsAy.mFx p&tfpOSv ymZ kfsf sArDm%yk` pfLfbHdv klfn` d[r{ adhsx an<v EnmZ tmn ehAdy[yf pfLfgt` adhsx p&tfpOS edyk`nmZ anfvAr~eynm edA`sy eht=evn agtfgAmFv sArDm%y p&tfeOSpkryf.E` ehyfn sArDm% vfnfVceydF‘ehAHdy[yf epnFm’yn kArNy sArDm% vfnfVcy pfnfs mfN<mZ dHw<vk`kr g[nFm kAlAm s>t&eydF b<z\rz\n` p&tfeOSp kr a[t.

str mhApedseydF b<z\rz\n` dkvAa[tf prfdf Dm%yx hA vfnyx an<v EkHg y[yf v[xehnmZ pflfgn`nyn kr[N iht dk`vnld kArNy hA mtvAdFmy vVeyn g[exn`nkels ekenk=x epnFyAh[kfy. nm<t` Ey EesenAevZ.str mhApedseydF ymZkfsf sArDm%yk` vfny hA s>t&yn smHg EkHgvnennmZ pfLfgnn yn kArNy kAlAm s>t&eyhf p&tfeOSpkrn‘BbZbr{ptAvy’ enAevZ.emhf BbZbr{ptAvy vnAhF eectsfk p&eOSpnykf.vfny hA s>t&edVnA vnAhF emvn eectsfkp&eOSpNyn` updfn`nx eht=kArNAvn sfyHP dRSXFn` p&hANy kfrFemZ k&my vfg&h kfrFm pfNfs edVnAkrnlddkf. Eb[vfn` BbZbr{ptAvy a[tfvFmx eht=vn dRSXfvfeVA`Dnyx mAg%y elsfn` edVnAkrn ld vfny hA s>t&edVnAvlfn` n[vt BbZbr{ptAvy hxg[nFmx iwk` enAm[t.vfny hA s>t&edVnA p&AeyA`gfk BAvfty t=lfn` BbZbr{ptAvy z\r[vn b[vfnf.

ymZkfsf sArDm%yk upeyA`gftAmy s^dr~By BbZbr{ptAvy mHgfn aAvrNy krn<lbyf. tmAeg p>r~v s^klpFy nffgmn mt adAL sArDm%y pfLfbHd at`tenAmtfk p>r~v vfg&hykx E p<dglyA p[mfN a[tff b[vfnf. EbHz\ p>r~v s^klp p[nnHgfn<ey mns emAheyn v[sF a[tfvfx b[vfn` yTAr~Ty d[kFemZVktfyk d Evfx a[tf enAevZ.pHOdHOdAmy s^dr~BeyhflAd emZ an<v BbZbr{ptAvy z\r~vl mfN<mZ dNwkf.emZ an<v ebUdD sArDm% vfnfV`ceyhflA BbZbr{ptAvy

1 wNsOu! pJ|@sldj"lu!ia:dk mdoh"ud;r Y@S Ou!jxY ysus"Y@S Ou!jxY .KdkqiaurK ix.uh"ud;r"1959"49-84msgq' 2 u' ks"uyd iqZ[aZ[; iq;a;"nq'c'uq'whx fLd wdkkao jsydfrd ;:d.f;d wNsiuznqoafOd hosox inznksus;a;dkx whx fLd wdkkao jsydfrd ;:d.f;d wNsiuznqoafOd hosox inznksus;a;dkx whx fLd wdkkao jsydfrd ;:d.f;d wNsiuznqoafOd hosox inznksus;a;dkx whx fLd wdkkao jsydfrd ;:d.f;d wNsiuznqoafOd hosox inznksus;a;dkx wukisldrx wcACO;awukisldrx wcACO;awukisldrx wcACO;awukisldrx wcACO;a; iqZ[aZ[;x W,iuzmcAc jsyrs;`x'; iqZ[aZ[;x W,iuzmcAc jsyrs;`x'; iqZ[aZ[;x W,iuzmcAc jsyrs;`x'; iqZ[aZ[;x W,iuzmcAc jsyrs;`x'

upeyA`gftAmy hA pHOdHOdAmy s^dr~By atfn` sAvdY mfN<mZdHw<bv kAlAm s>t&y mHgfn epnvAedn< lbyf.

I LHgx sArDm% vfnfYapeyhf lA sedAsels kAlAm s>t&eyhf p&tfeOSpkL an`tykvn<ey apeg` aAcAyY% V&mNyn`vhnes(smeNA` enA gr[-Consultations of Preceptor) kfyA ehA` pfLfenAgty<t= bvyf. emyvnAhF p<dgl aDfkAryk`mt pdnmZvF Ey sArDm% vfnfVceyhflA mfN<mZ dHw<vk` krg[nFemZ a[tf edASy p&kx krepn`vyf.emhfdf b<z\rz\n ekerhf b<dDegUrveyn ymk` pfLfg[nFmd emZakAreynm kAlAm s>t&ey emZ ig[nvFm mHgfn p&tfeOSpvF tfebZd[yfkfyA a[t[mZ ekenk=x vfmtfyk` a[tfvfy h[kfyf. b<z\rz\n` ekerhf VAstRp&sAdeyn` ymk`pflfg[nFemZ avsTAv s^y<k`t nfkAey smZb<dD s>t&yt=lfn` p&kxeker~.1

‘b<z\rjANn`vhnes n>pn` mAr~gy updvtf.enAh[Hdfn a[tf mAr~gy hHz\n`vAedtf.anfkk= vfsfn` p&kAV enAkl mAr~gy kfyAedtf.mAr~gy dkftf.mAr~geyhf nfp<Nevtf.mheNnf,emkl V&AvkeyA mAg%y an<v yn`enA evtf.ps<v p[mfNfyAh< evtf.’

b<z\rz\n`eg edVnAt=L g[bZvn ebUdD sArDm% pfLfbHdv b<z\rz\n`t=L dk`nx l[ebn p<dgl epUr[Sy pdnmZekAxegn sArDm% vfnfVcykx p[mfNFm yn kr[N‘sdDA’yn sArDm% p&st=teyn hHz\n`vn< l[ebZ.b<z\smyt=L‘sdDA’sArDm%y pHOdHOdAv m>LfkekAxegn upeyA`gftA s^dr~Byk`yxet s[lkfllx g[nFemZdF Ey edaAkArykfn` y<t=v vfg&hkr dk`vyf.

EnmZ am>Lfk sdDA akArvtF sdDA yn`nyf.emyfn` am<LfkA sdDA yn< upeyA`gftAveyn hFnv> V&dDAvyf.(pflfg[nFmx p[mfNFmyf)h<z\ V&dDAv mAny,r[cfy V&[tf mAny,aAkAr prfvftr~kny, dRSXfyx g[LpFm yn pdnmmt pfhfxAymk pfLfg[nFm am>LfkA V&dDAvyf.b<z\smy emm V&dDAv p&tfeOSpekAx a[tet Ey upeyA`gftAveyn hFnvFmt eht= y<k`tfshgt enAvFm eht=evn pHOdHOdAmy s^dr~Beyn y<k`tenAvFmt` yn kArNy nfsAy.emZ am>Lfk V&dDAv p[h[dflfvn m>lAV&yk nmZ mj~Odfm nfkAey c^kF s>t&yyf.

vrk c^kF n[m[tf bm<NA mht tr[Npfrfsk` k[xfv b<z\rz<n` hA mn`t&Ny krn< pfNfs p[mfNfey y.EhfdF evZdeyhf hsL kApxfknmZ bm<N< tr[NyA emes p&V`nyk idffpt`keLy.‘Bvt egUtmyn vhns,p[rNf bm<Nn`eg prmZprAevhf,pfxk smZp&dAeyhf emes emesvFyyf ymZemZ mnt&pdyk` evZnmZ E` kr[eNhf bm<eNA` emym stYy,esss ebAr[yyf nfgmnykx p[mfeNtf.emhflA Bvt egUtm ynvhnes pvsn`en k=mkd?yn< E p&V`nyyf.2

emhfdF b<z\rjANn`vhn`es evZd mn`t& stYvVeyn pfLfg[ennen kvrpHOdHOdAmy hA upeygftAmy s^dr~Bykmtd ynn vfmsFmx lk`kLh.‘emymstY esss ebAr[yyf tmA dn`nAbvt,dknAbvt p[vsfyh[kf Ekd bm<eNk= ehA evZd[yf’b<z\rjANn`vhnes p&V`nkLh.‘n[t’ynn kApxfk mAnvyAeg pfLft=ryf.emZ ay<rfn aAcAyY% p&AcAyY% vVeyn bm<N< prp<r[ stkxeprd evZdey stYtAv g[nd[k pvsn aAcAyY%vreyk= m<Ng[s<en n[t.emZ mnt&pdym stYy,esss ebAr[yyf mm dnfmf.mm dkfmfyf, kfvh[kf bm<N< aAcAyY%vreyk= enAvn klhF evZdmn`t& pdypvt`vAegn aAey gynlddan<v g[yFmk` h[xfyxy.kfynlddan<v kFmkh[xfyxy.vAecA`dgtkLed vAecAdgtkfrFmk h[xfyxy.Eb[vfn` b<z\rjANn` vhnes emZ pfLfg[nFm emes vfcAryx lk`krtf.

1 i' ks' 3"iuznqoaO iq;a;"nq'c'uq"114msgqj';:d.f;d NslaLfj wryx iuzud iuznqoaO wkqmamkakiai;:d.f;d NslaLfj wryx iuzud iuznqoaO wkqmamkakiai;:d.f;d NslaLfj wryx iuzud iuznqoaO wkqmamkakiai;:d.f;d NslaLfj wryx iuzud iuznqoaO wkqmamkakiai u.a.iai u.a.iai u.a.iai u.a.iai Wmamdfo;d'wiZ[acd;iai i.a.iai ixcdkaf;d wklaLd;iai u.a.iai wlaL;d u.a.Z[aZC|= u.a. js|= u.a. Wmamdfo;d'wiZ[acd;iai i.a.iai ixcdkaf;d wklaLd;iai u.a.iai wlaL;d u.a.Z[aZC|= u.a. js|= u.a. Wmamdfo;d'wiZ[acd;iai i.a.iai ixcdkaf;d wklaLd;iai u.a.iai wlaL;d u.a.Z[aZC|= u.a. js|= u.a. Wmamdfo;d'wiZ[acd;iai i.a.iai ixcdkaf;d wklaLd;iai u.a.iai wlaL;d u.a.Z[aZC|= u.a. js|= u.a. fldjs|= u.a.dkq.dp NslaLfj t;ryfldjs|= u.a.dkq.dp NslaLfj t;ryfldjs|= u.a.dkq.dp NslaLfj t;ryfldjs|= u.a.dkq.dp NslaLfj t;rys idjld jsyrka;s'mpzPd iukakd.;d's idjld jsyrka;s'mpzPd iukakd.;d's idjld jsyrka;s'mpzPd iukakd.;d's idjld jsyrka;s'mpzPd iukakd.;d' 2 u' ks' 2"pXzlS iq;a;"nq'c'uq"654msgqj'hoiausx fNd f.d;u"n@dyauKdkx fmdrdKx uka;mox b;syS;sy hoiausx fNd f.d;u"n@dyauKdkx fmdrdKx uka;mox b;syS;sy hoiausx fNd f.d;u"n@dyauKdkx fmdrdKx uka;mox b;syS;sy hoiausx fNd f.d;u"n@dyauKdkx fmdrdKx uka;mox b;syS;sy mruzmrdh msgl iuzm@odh ;F: p n@dyauKd tlx fik ksgzGx .pzPka;s"bofuj"ipzpx fud> uZ[aZ[ka;s'bO mruzmrdh msgl iuzm@odh ;F: p n@dyauKd tlx fik ksgzGx .pzPka;s"bofuj"ipzpx fud> uZ[aZ[ka;s'bO mruzmrdh msgl iuzm@odh ;F: p n@dyauKd tlx fik ksgzGx .pzPka;s"bofuj"ipzpx fud> uZ[aZ[ka;s'bO mruzmrdh msgl iuzm@odh ;F: p n@dyauKd tlx fik ksgzGx .pzPka;s"bofuj"ipzpx fud> uZ[aZ[ka;s'bO Njx f.d;fud lsuyd;s' Njx f.d;fud lsuyd;s' Njx f.d;fud lsuyd;s' Njx f.d;fud lsuyd;s'

‘BArdvAj ymZes prmZprAvVeyn b[Hz\n an`Dyfn`v[lk`evZd,Ehf pLm<an`DyAd enAdkfyf.m[d sfxfn anDyAd enAdkfyf.pV`cfmyAd enAdkffyf.emZ bm<NAeg kfymnd E` anDevZN>pmAvx smny.p>v%bm<N< a[Hz\erA`d enAnft`.1mDYm hA pVcfm bm<eNA`d enAdnftf.emZan<v bm<Nn`eg V&dDAv am>Lfk enAvnend.’

emZ p&cAry an<v am>Lfk V&dDAv pdnmkfn`etAr pfLfg[nFmkbv epen.b<z\smy an<v pHOdHOdAv atd[kFmZvVeyn` thv<r[vnnkd vfyy<t=y.‘mm emy dnfmf mm emy dkfmf(ah^ jAnAmf,dhemt^ pssAmf) yn<evn p[vsFmx avkAVenAm[tf sArDr~mFy pfLfg[nFmZ b<z\smeyn p&tfeOSpfty.EbHz\ sArDr~mFy pfLfg[nFmZ b<z\smyx aBfmtenevZ.Eb[vfn` kAlAm s>t&eyhf p&tfeOSpftv> nfSXA10n` avsn` nfSXAv els vfg&hkrnld(smeNA enA gr[)apeg` aAcAyY%yn vhneseg (VAstRnvhn`eseg`)kfyA p&mANykr g[nFm p&tfeOSpkrnlded emZ am>Lfk V&dDAvx antr~gtvn kr[N<b[vZ s[Lkfy y<t=y.

emt[ndF tvt g[xHPvk yemk=x udgtvfyh[kfy.EnmZ ymk` esAyAenAblA vfmsAenAblA ehA n<vNmd bvkfn ehA b<z\rjANn`vhneseg edVnA pfLfegn kxy<t=eker~nmZ Ey am<Lfk V&dDAvx ayt`vnvAd yn`nyf.emt[ndF adALvn<ey an`tr~gtey hryatfn b<dD edVnAv ektrmZ p&AeyA`gfk vnvAd ynkArNyyf.ihtkF c^kF bm<NAx vdALkr[N emhfdF sfhfpt kfrfmx h[kfy.EnmZ b<z\rz\n`eg edVnAvnAhF h<edk` dRSXfmy b[sg[nFmk` allAg[nFmk tvt aeyk=x Em dRSXfg&hNy pfLfg[n`vFmk enAvnbvyf.b<z\rz\n` c^kF bm<NAx edVnAkeL tmn vhnes Ey avebA`DkfrFemn p&tYOSkregn ant=r[vedVnAkrn bvyf.aenk=t smyn`hf emZ kr[N sv%smZp>N% vVeyn` dknx enAl[ebnb[vfn adAL smyn`hf aw^g=ig[nvFmZ p&AeyA`gfk #veyn` asmZp>N%evyf.

EbHz\ asmZp>N% ig[n`vFmZ p&mANfkv a$Dels pfLfg[nFm edASshftbv pmNk` emZ mHgfn thv<r[ eker~.b<z\smey an`tr~gt ig[nvFmZ p&AeyA`gf#veyn sv%mZp>N%b[vZ p&tYOSeyn thv<r[ ekAx idfrfpt` ekern b[vfn` ekenk= anvebA`Deyn` v<vt` b<z\smey ig[nvFmZ E` ay<rfn` pflfpdftehAt E`t=Lfn` Em t[n[ttAeg crft s^vD%nyx mnAr[k=lk` E`t=lfn l[ebZ.EmnfsA upeyA`gftAmy s^dr~By yxet Ey am<LfkA sdDAgNyx ayt`enAevZ.Eemnm ps<kAlykdF p&tYOSyx p[mfNFm pfNfs an<mAny QAnyk vVeyn p&mANykr pfLfpdfn t[n[ttAx mAg%y smZp>N%vFmt`smHg an<mAnHJANy smZp>N%krmfn`‘pHOdHOdAv’updfnb[vfn b<z\smey an<mAn p&mANy p>v%p&tYOS p&mANyk`els k&fyA;aulfjz.

fuh jsjD; mAnsfk p&tfpdAvkb[vfn` emA`heyn mns aAvrNy enAeker~.b<z\smey` ig[nvFmZ h<z\V&dDA mAt&ykfn ehA pfLfpdftehAt pV`cAtkAlFnv p&tYp&mANyx p[mfNfy h[kf b[vfn` Ees k&fyAt`mkvFm pvApHOdHOdAmy s^dr~Byyxtx g[en.emZnfsA b<z\smey ig[n`vFmZ emAnm aAkArykfn`vt am>Lfk sdDAyxtxenAg[en. Eb[vfn` kAlAm s>t&ey En‘smeNA enAgr[’yn nfr~edVy adALvn<ey anYsmyvAdynhf En ig[nvFmZ ekerhfbv s[lkfyy<t=y.

‘am>LfkA sdDA’evn<vx b<z\smy agykrn<ey‘akArvtF sdDA’yn`nyf.EnmZ eht=y<k`tf shgt sArDm% pfLfg[nFmyf.‘aAkAr’yn<evn eht=shgtbv pLkryf.ymZ p<dgleyk= BAgYvt=n` vhnes smYk` smZb<dD yyfd,Dm%y m[nvfn`p&kAVfty[yfd s^GyA nfv[rdfmHgx pfvfs a[t[yfd sTfrvveyn pflfg[nFmkx eht=shgtv p[mfeNnmZ aAkArvtF V&dDAv yn< Eyyf.2emZ V&dDA p&tflByx p[mfeNnen sdhmZ a[sFemnf. VAstRn`vhnes mnAels p[h[dflfv p&nFtv pvZpfn`

1 u' ks' 2"pXzlS iq;a;"nq'c'uq"656msgqj'fihH:dms Ndroajdc"wJOfjKS mruzmrd ixi;a;d mqrsfudms k fihH:dms Ndroajdc"wJOfjKS mruzmrd ixi;a;d mqrsfudms k fihH:dms Ndroajdc"wJOfjKS mruzmrd ixi;a;d mqrsfudms k fihH:dms Ndroajdc"wJOfjKS mruzmrd ixi;a;d mqrsfudms k miai;s'ucACOsfudms k miai;s'mpzPsfudms k miai;s'tjfuj fLd Nroajdc wJOfjKq mux uZ[afZ[ n@dyauKdkx miai;s'ucACOsfudms k miai;s'mpzPsfudms k miai;s'tjfuj fLd Nroajdc wJOfjKq mux uZ[afZ[ n@dyauKdkx miai;s'ucACOsfudms k miai;s'mpzPsfudms k miai;s'tjfuj fLd Nroajdc wJOfjKq mux uZ[afZ[ n@dyauKdkx miai;s'ucACOsfudms k miai;s'mpzPsfudms k miai;s'tjfuj fLd Nroajdc wJOfjKq mux uZ[afZ[ n@dyauKdkx Ndis;x iuzmcAc;s mqrsfudms k miai;s'ucACOsfudms k miai;s'mpzPsfudms k miaNdis;x iuzmcAc;s mqrsfudms k miai;s'ucACOsfudms k miai;s'mpzPsfudms k miaNdis;x iuzmcAc;s mqrsfudms k miai;s'ucACOsfudms k miai;s'mpzPsfudms k miaNdis;x iuzmcAc;s mqrsfudms k miai;s'ucACOsfudms k miai;s'mpzPsfudms k miai;s';x lsx uZ[aZ[is Ndroajdc i;s';x lsx uZ[aZ[is Ndroajdc i;s';x lsx uZ[aZ[is Ndroajdc i;s';x lsx uZ[aZ[is Ndroajdc k kq tjx ikaf; n@dyuKd wuQ,sld ioaOd iuzmcAc;s'k kq tjx ikaf; n@dyuKd wuQ,sld ioaOd iuzmcAc;s'k kq tjx ikaf; n@dyuKd wuQ,sld ioaOd iuzmcAc;s'k kq tjx ikaf; n@dyuKd wuQ,sld ioaOd iuzmcAc;s' 2 u' ks' 1"jSuxil iq;a;"nq'c'uq"750msgqj'h:d h:d fLd NslaLfj NslaLqfkd i;a:d Ouzux fofi;s"W;a;re;a;rsx'h:d h:d fLd NslaLfj NslaLqfkd i;a:d Ouzux fofi;s"W;a;re;a;rsx'h:d h:d fLd NslaLfj NslaLqfkd i;a:d Ouzux fofi;s"W;a;re;a;rsx'h:d h:d fLd NslaLfj NslaLqfkd i;a:d Ouzux fofi;s"W;a;re;a;rsx mKS;x mKS;x lKay iqlal imamgsNd.x";:d ;:d fid ;iausx Ouzfu wNsZ[aZ[dh bfOlpzmKS;x mKS;x lKay iqlal imamgsNd.x";:d ;:d fid ;iausx Ouzfu wNsZ[aZ[dh bfOlpzmKS;x mKS;x lKay iqlal imamgsNd.x";:d ;:d fid ;iausx Ouzfu wNsZ[aZ[dh bfOlpzmKS;x mKS;x lKay iqlal imamgsNd.x";:d ;:d fid ;iausx Ouzfu wNsZ[aZ[dh bfOlpzpx Ouzux Ouzfuiq px Ouzux Ouzfuiq px Ouzux Ouzfuiq px Ouzux Ouzfuiq ksgzGx .pzP;s'iF:rs miSo;s'iuzud iuznqoafOd N.jd'iajlaLdf;d N.j;d Ouzfud"iqmgsmkafkd ixf>d' ksgzGx .pzP;s'iF:rs miSo;s'iuzud iuznqoafOd N.jd'iajlaLdf;d N.j;d Ouzfud"iqmgsmkafkd ixf>d' ksgzGx .pzP;s'iF:rs miSo;s'iuzud iuznqoafOd N.jd'iajlaLdf;d N.j;d Ouzfud"iqmgsmkafkd ixf>d' ksgzGx .pzP;s'iF:rs miSo;s'iuzud iuznqoafOd N.jd'iajlaLdf;d N.j;d Ouzfud"iqmgsmkafkd ixf>d'

phdmfn Dm%edVnAkrn klhF E` Dm%eyhf v[xhFmx p[mfN BAgYvt=n`vhn`es smYk` smZb<dD bv Dm%y svk`KAtbv s^GyA s<p&tfpn`nbv nfV`cykrgnfyf.VAstR p&sAdyx p[mfeNyf.

emZ an<v tTAgtynvhnes VAstRp&mANfk#veyn pfLfg[nFemZ eyA`gYtAvg[n V&AvkyAt=L v[xhFmk` a[tfvfyy<t=y.Dm%y m[nvfn p&kAVftbv EnmZ nfv%ANy aepOSAkfrFemZ aT%smZpn`nBAvy g[nt E` sHdhA adAL p&tfpdAevZ p&AeyA` gfk#vy g[nt v[xhFmk` a[tfvfyy<t=y.E` sHdhmZmHg esA`tApnn skdAgAmF anAgAmF hA ar~ht p&tfPl dnvmfn idfrfgmn a[tf VAsnfk pfrfspfLfbHd v[xhFmk` tfbfy y<t=y.emZ ay<rfn` a[tfvn akArvtFV&dDAv sTfrnfgmnykf.(esA`tApnnBAveyn) hxgt m<l a[t`etkf. (m>ljAtA)sTfrv pfhfxfykf(ptfxZXftA)emZ akArvtF V&dDAv dr~Vny m>Lfk krgttkf.(dssn m<LfkA)d[wfy (dLhA)V&mNeyk= vfsfn` ehA b&AhmNeyk= vfsfn` ehA ivtkrn< l[bfy enAh[kf V&dDAvkf.1

emZ V&dDAp&tflABy esA`tApnnBAvyx p[mfNFmy.emZ V&dDAv dr~Vnp&tflABy h[xfyx s[lkfy h[kfy.dr~Vn p&tflABy sfz\vnen eyA`nfesA`mnsfkAreynf.EnmZ kAmAsv,BvAsv hA avfj~jAsv a[tfenAvn mnsfkAreynf.yTAB+tHOdANdssnyn<d emZ eyA`nfesA`mnsfkAryxm vYvhArvnen ymk a[tfs[xfy m<vhkrngtfy emZmHgfn z\r[kr yTAr~Tyd[kFmx iwp&stAv slsn`nAv> pHOdHOdAmy p&tflAByk b[vfnf.b<z\smey dV%neyn p&hAtvY aAV&vt=nk dk`vAtfebZ. p^cupAdAnsk$D an<sAreyn aAt`myk sLkAg[nFm(sk`kAy dfxZXf)k=Vl pfLfevt pfLfbHdv s[k shftvFm(vfcfkfcZCA)VFlp&tfpdAevZ p&AeyA`gfk#vy enAd[n p&AeyA`gfk enAvn VfOSAps<ps l<h<b[HdFm(sFlbZbt prAmAs)yn<yf.sdDmZmV&vNeyn` sdDmZm p&tYevZOSNeyn` emZkr[N< b[h[r kLh[kfnfsA E`vA dV%neyn` p&hAtvY aAV&vels s[lek.

emZ dr~Vny nmZ pHOdHOdAmy hA upeyAgftA s^dr~By Ekvn avsTAvyf.kfsfymZ sArm%p&st=t yk` pfLfbHdv p&AeyA`gfkv p&tYOSkrgn<lbyfd E` pfLfbHdpHOdHOdAmy s^dr~By lbyf.E` sArDm% p&AeyA`gfk vVeyn jFvnp&tfpdAv DnAtmkv vr~DnykrlFmx upkArFvnbv p&tYOSkrg[nFm nfsA upeygftAmy s^dr~By lbyf.emm pHOdHOdAmy s^dr~By hA upeyA`gftAmy s^dr~By ynedkr[NnfsA kfsfymZ sArDm%p&st=tyk pflfbHdv nfymAkAr pfLfg[nFmk smZp>r~N b[s g[nFmk` sfethf hxgnF.E` aAkAreyn sfethf hxgnnAv> smZp>r~N b[sg[nFm ehA pfLfg[nFm‘acl V&dDAv’(aevcZcpsAd)nAmeyn` hz\n`vn< lbyf.emm aclV&dDAv vnAhF akArvtF sdDAevZm dfy<N< vr~DnFy idfrfpfyvrkf.akArvtF sdDAevZdF p<r~vp&tYOS p&mANyk` vVeyn` an<mAny p&mANekAxgnnA nm<z\ acl V&dDAvvnAhF p>v%p&tYOS p&mANyk`vVeyn p&tYOSyd p&mANekAxgnF.

ehvt p&YOSey Ek`ekAxsk sAk``SAt`kra[tf atr idfrfyx tvtekAxsk` VAkSAt` kfrFmx a[tfbvyf.emhfdF p&tYOSkregn a[tfekAxs p&tYOSp&mANy vVeyn s[Lekn atr p&tYOS kfrFmx a[tfekAxs an<mAny vVeyn s[lek.akArvtF V&dDAevZ hA acl V&dDAevZ a[tfevns vn<ey akArvtF V&dDAevZ smZp>r~Neyn`m an<mAny p&mANyk`vVeyn pfLfg[nFmt, acl V&dDAevZdF akArvtF V&dDAevZdF pfLfgn`nA an<mAnp&mANeyn` k=wAekAxsk p&tYOS p&mANyk` elst` itfrf ekAxs an<mAny vVeynm pfLfg[nFmty.aAyY%nAmy m<lvrx l[ebn<ey emels p&tYOSy m<lvrx p&mANyk` krgnnA emm aclV&dDA sArDm%y k&fyAt`mk vn avsTAvy.

aevcZcppsAd(acl p&sAdy-Constant Admiration) yn`enhf et`r[m kr[N<d[n p[h[dFmy.b<deD aevcZcppsAd,DmZem aevcZcppsAd,s^eG aevcZcppsAd yn<evn` esA`tApttf a^gatr sHdhn

1 ucACOsu ksldh 1"jSuxil iq;a;"nq'c'uq"750msgqj'hiai ;iai p bfuys wdldfrys bfuys mfoys bfuys 'hiai ;iai p bfuys wdldfrys bfuys mfoys bfuys 'hiai ;iai p bfuys wdldfrys bfuys mfoys bfuys 'hiai ;iai p bfuys wdldfrys bfuys mfoys bfuys nHZ[acfkys ;:d.f; ioaOd ksjsgzGd fyd;s'uQ,cd;d m;sgzGnHZ[acfkys ;:d.f; ioaOd ksjsgzGd fyd;s'uQ,cd;d m;sgzGnHZ[acfkys ;:d.f; ioaOd ksjsgzGd fyd;s'uQ,cd;d m;sgzGnHZ[acfkys ;:d.f; ioaOd ksjsgzGd fyd;s'uQ,cd;d m;sgzGs;d whx jqpzp;s NslaLfjz wldrj;S ioaOd oiaik s;d whx jqpzp;s NslaLfjz wldrj;S ioaOd oiaik s;d whx jqpzp;s NslaLfjz wldrj;S ioaOd oiaik s;d whx jqpzp;s NslaLfjz wldrj;S ioaOd oiaik uQ<sld o<ayd wixydrshd iufKkjd n@dyaufkk jd"fofjk jd udfrk jd n@dyauqKdjd flkpsjd f,dliausx' uQ<sld o<ayd wixydrshd iufKkjd n@dyaufkk jd"fofjk jd udfrk jd n@dyauqKdjd flkpsjd f,dliausx' uQ<sld o<ayd wixydrshd iufKkjd n@dyaufkk jd"fofjk jd udfrk jd n@dyauqKdjd flkpsjd f,dliausx' uQ<sld o<ayd wixydrshd iufKkjd n@dyaufkk jd"fofjk jd udfrk jd n@dyauqKdjd flkpsjd f,dliausx'

vnen` emZ kr[N< shft V&dDAvyf.aclp&sAdyyf.etr[vnhf aclp&sAdyx ant=r[v sfvZv[nfv d[k`evn esA`tApttf a^gynmZ arfykAn`tVFlyyf.1

emZ aevcZcppsAdy a[tfp<dglyA aAr~yV&AvknAmeyn h[Hdfnevn aeykf.oh< pRTg`jneyk= enAevZ. aevcZcppsAdy tmAx a[tnmZ Ey esA`tApnnBAvy p&tfQAkfrFmx s^sArvxZxyx aAps< enAepreln, z\gtfByfn` vfnfr~m<kt,nfyt vVeynm smZebA`DfprAyn p<dgleyk=bv p[vsFmx s<z\s<kmk`els Dm%eyus oelafjz.nq|=oyfuys Y@oaOdm@;s,dNh ljrm@dfhda.sl wrA:hla flfrys mqoa.,hd eyAm<krnend yn`n mfn` p[h[dflfevZ.emZ an<v kAlAm s>t&eyhf p&tfeOSp ekr[nAv> nfSXA 10BAvftAekAx ymZ ig[nvFmk hrfd v[rdfd yn`n nfmnykfrFm nfv[rdf enAvnen` b<z\smeyn` prfbAhfrv> anYig[nvFmZ vlx bv thv<r[evZ. smhr[ b<z\smey Enig[nvFmZpvA tmnx enAv[xehn b[vfn pfLfenAg[nFmxt Eels pfLfenAg[nFmx nfdhsx eht= vVeyn kAlAm s>t&eyhf En dsvfD p&tfeVDnyn mfN<mZdHw< elseyAdAgt h[kfyyf klpnAkrtf.

nm<t` Eels upklpnykfrFm sAvdYy.kAlAm s>t&eyhf En dsvfD nfeV`Dnyn vl^g=vn<ey asmZp>r~N ig[n`vFmZ aw^g=vn anYsmyvAdyn` ekerhfy.eht=v emm ig[nvFmZ asmZp>r~N b[vfn` p&AeyA`gfk#veynd smZp>r~NenAevZ.Eb[vfn` kAlAm s>t&eyn` d[kevn dsvfD p&tfeVDnyn` p&tfjAn nAtmkels slkA E`vAx sAepOSkv bAhfrsmyyn`hf ig[nvFmZ pfLfg[nFm sAvdYy.nm<t` b<z\smyt=L idfrfpt`ekern sArDm% kAlAm s>t&eyn` p&tfeOSpft mfN<mZ dHw<10g=r[ekAx stYy[yf pfLfgt`td in idffrfpt`vn dhemZ p&AeyA`gfk#vyx E`nfsA vnhAnfyk n[t.kAlAm s>t&eyn p&tfeOSpft mfN<mZdHw< 10 b[h[rekAx stYy[yf an<mAny hA p&tYOSy p&mANekAx pfLfgt`td p&AeyA`gfk#veyn thv<r[ ekern b[vfn` b<z\smey ig[nvFFmZvlx invn hAnfyk n[t.emZ an<v b<z\smeyn` idfrfpt` ekern ig[nvFmZ kAlAm s>t&ey d[k`evn mfN<mZdHw< 10p&st=tekAx sArDr~mFy vfnfV`cykx ELM<nd enA ELM<nd in dhemZ p&AeyA`gF#vyx bADAvk` EllenAvn b[vfn` E ekeskLt` vrdkenAm[tbv mfn thv<r[evZ.emZ nfsA b<z\smyx aBfeyAgkfrFm sHdhA kAlAm s>t&ym a[t[m<n BAvftAkrtt` Ey dhemZ agy tvz\rxt v[wfkfrFm sHdhA eht=vn kr[Nkbv p[h[dflfvm kfvy<t=y.2

mZ[aZ[duh yd Wmfhda.s;duh hk lreKq fol ms<snZoj idlpzPdlsrSfuzoS fn#oaO idrOrAuhkays b;sydih ms<snZojo jegySula ,nd ;snSu jeo.;a lreKls' fn#oaO idrOrAuhkays b;sydih ms<snZoj i<ld ne,SfuzoS tys jsldYhjQ wkaou fidhdne,Sug is|=fjz' fn#oaO ixialD;sh wkdrAh YsIaGdpdrhg wh;ajQjls' tfiau wkdrAh YsIaGdpdrhgu wh;ajQ Y@uK iuzm@odhgu wh;ajQjls'fn#oaO ixialD;sfhys wdoS hq.hg t<fUkakg fmrd;j wE; w;S;fhys bkq|=-BrdKSh YsIaGdpdrhkays iuzNjh ms<snZj .fjzIKh l<hq;h' tu bka|+-BrdKSh YsIaGdpdrhkays ixialD;sh iuZ. >gzGkhfjuska mej;s wdrAh YsIaGdpdrh uZ.ska is|=l< wys;lr n,mEu ksid l@udkQl~,j w;S; oekquz moaO;s jshelS hkakg jqj;a iuzmQrAKfhkau jskdYjS hdug fkdoS tajd wdrCIjQ wkaou yd mYapd;ald,Skj ms<sfj<ska ;jqika iDIsjreka uyiDIsjreka uqksjreka nq|=jreka wdoS Y@uK fldgia udrA.fhka tlS b;sydi.; oekquz moaO;s yd idrOrAu moaO;s kej; jrla .fjzIKhg nZ|=ka jS tajd kej; jrla idudkH iudchg t<sfmfy<s jQ wkaou jsurAYkh l<hq;h'

w;S; oekquz moaO;Skays olakg ,efnkakdjQ jsfYaI jeo.;a ,CIK folla we; tu jeo.;a ,CIK folkuz ksoyia pska;kh yd i;rn@yaujsyrKhhs'(iudc iykYS,SFjhhs')wkdrAh YsIaGdpdrfhys flaJ|@Sh ixl,amhka folf,i fuu ksoyia pska;kh yd iudc iykYS,SFjh oelajsh yelsh' iudc iykYS<SFjh wrA:j;a jkqfha wkdrAH YsIaGdpdrfhys olakg ,efnkakdjQ i;r n@yau jsyrKh uZ.sks' i;r n@yau jsyrKhg fya;jkafka wfkl;a ishZMu cSjSka flfrys olajkakdjQ cSjys;jdoS psk;khhs' nq|=iuhg fmrd;j wkdrAh Y@uK iuzm@odhhg wh;ajkakdjQ fiiq wd.usl

1 i' ks' 2"mxpNhfjr iq;a;"nq'c'uq"108msgqj'bO .ym;s wrshidjfld nqoafO wfjpzpmamidfok iukakd.f;d bO .ym;s wrshidjfld nqoafO wfjpzpmamidfok iukakd.f;d bO .ym;s wrshidjfld nqoafO wfjpzpmamidfok iukakd.f;d bO .ym;s wrshidjfld nqoafO wfjpzpmamidfok iukakd.f;d fyd;s'Ouzfu fyd;s'Ouzfu fyd;s'Ouzfu fyd;s'Ouzfu wfjpzpmamidfok ixf> wfjpzpmamidfok wrshlkaf;ys iSf,ys iukakd.f;d fyd;s'bfuys wfjpzpmamidfok ixf> wfjpzpmamidfok wrshlkaf;ys iSf,ys iukakd.f;d fyd;s'bfuys wfjpzpmamidfok ixf> wfjpzpmamidfok wrshlkaf;ys iSf,ys iukakd.f;d fyd;s'bfuys wfjpzpmamidfok ixf> wfjpzpmamidfok wrshlkaf;ys iSf,ys iukakd.f;d fyd;s'bfuys p;~ys fid;dm;a;s wxf.ys iukakd .f;d fyd;s'p;~ys fid;dm;a;s wxf.ys iukakd .f;d fyd;s'p;~ys fid;dm;a;s wxf.ys iukakd .f;d fyd;s'p;~ys fid;dm;a;s wxf.ys iukakd .f;d fyd;s' 2 w' ks' 1" ;sl ksmd;" uydj.a." ld,duiq;a;" nq' c' uq' 377-343 msgqj'

Y@uK fldgiajk ;dmijre iDIsjre yd uqksjre foaYkdl< yd ms<smeoS mej;uzj, fulS i;rn@yau jsyrKhka wka;rA.;h'

fuys we;s jeo.;alu jkqfha jsfYaIfhkau wkdrAh YsIaGdpdrh ksoyiapska;kh flaJ|@fldg.;a mokulska iukajs; jSu;a Bg mrsndysrj wdrAh YsIaGdpdrh wOsldruh pska;kh flaJ|@fldg.;a mokulska iukajs; jSu;ah' fuz fjki fuys iZoykajk b;sydi.; f;dr;re uZ.ska wOHhkh l<yelsjkq we;' fuu pska;kh ms<snZo lreK mZ[aZ[duh ,CIKh jYfhka yZ|=kajd osh yelsh'fuys we;s i;rn@yau jsyrK Ndjuh mCIh ksfhdackh lrk w;r iudc iykYS<SFjh we;slrjSug fya;idOl jknejska ta lreK Wmfhda.s;duh ,CIKh jYfhka yZ|=kajd oSug yelsh'

ld,du iQ;@h jkdyS yqol,d j idr OrAu ms<snZojjQ js.@yhla fkdfjz th msgqmiska we;a;djQ ta ms<snZoj wm@lg jQ ;j;a jsYd, l:dka;rhla m@lg lrkakdjQ isoaOsoduhla ms<snZo ixCIsma; igykls' fuu ixCIsma; igyk msgqmi we;a;djQ tlS jsYd, l:dka;rh m@lg lsrSug u;af;ka wjYHfhka u oek.;hq;jQ ;j;a fndfyda foa we;' tajd fkdoek.ekSu fulS l:dka;rh m@lg lsrSug ndOdjla jk nejska wjYHfhkau th lsh hq;af;ah' f:rjdoS iuzm@odh idudkHfhka W;aiql jS we;af;a b;sydiuh lreKq jdrA;dlrKhg jvd yels;dla flgsfhka wksjdrAhfhkau lshhq; jQ foa b;du ,qyqZvq f,i mjid nq|=ka jykafiaf.a Ou! mKsjqvh yels;dla ijsia;rj bosrsm;a lsrSughs' fuu l@uh fndfyda jeo.;a fohls tf;l|= jqj;a fuz l@uh iEu iQ;@ foaYkdjla mdid os.ska os.gu wkq.ukh lrkakg hdu fya;fjka huz huz iQ;@ foaYkd yd neZ|+kq huz huz ft;sydisl lreKq Y@djlhd fj; ikaksfjzokh lsrSu |=rAj, yd wvd, jsh'1

f:arjdo iuzm@odh idudkHfhka ie,lfjz fuu ft;sydisl ixisoaOSka Y@djlhd oek.ekSu Tjqkaf.a Ou!dj fndaOhg wka;drdodhl jQ lreKla fkdjkakla f,ihs' we;af;kau th tfia Ou!djfndaOfhys,d wka;rdhldrS fkdjkakdjQ fohla fkdjQj;a jvd;a jsYajikSh;ajhlska tu lreKq Y@djlhdg .@yKh lr.ekSfuys ,d kuz lsishuz miqnsula tajgd f.dvkeZ.fka ke;snj fmfkkakg ;sfnz' huz fyhlska tlS Ou! lreK iu.u thg fya;N~; jQ ixisoaOSkao ijsia;r f,i yd ft;sydisl f,i f.dvke.` fkys kuz jvd;a idrA:lj yd jvd;a Ydia;@Sh wdldrhlska ikaksfjzokh lrkakg bv ;snsKs'2

tfia fkdlrkakg fya;jla jS ;snqfka wfma f:arjdoS iuzm@odh idudkHfhka f.dvkeZ.S ;snqfka fn#oaO ixialD;sl miq;,hg jvd fn#oaO odrAYksl miq;,hlska jSu tla fya;jls' tfia fn#oaO odrAYksl miq;,hlska f.dv kefZ.kakg thg is|=jQfha NdrfhaoS nq|=iuhg fnfyjska wkH iuh yd orAYkjdo iuZ. ish wkkH;djh wdrCIdlr.ekSu iZoyd;a ish meje;au wdrCId lr.ekSu Wfoid;a os. ld,Sk igkla lrkakg is|=jS ;snSu ksidhs' Ndr;hg idfmaCIlj ,xldfjzoS thg t,a,jqkq fndfyda ;rAck b;du w,amjsh' fuz ksidu Ndr;hg jvd ,laosjoS nq|=iuh jHdma; jQfha fn#oaO odrAYksl uqyqKqjrlska fkdj fn#oaO ixialD;sl uqyqKqjrlsks' 3

uysokao ysushka ,laosj jevs js.i foaYkd lrk,o iduZ[aZ[M, jeks .eUqre iQ;@ Ou!hkq;a miq ld,Skj Wkajykafia fuys ixialD;sl jd;djrKh yd ck iudcfhys ixialD;sl weoys,sj, iajNdjh jgyd .ekSfuka miqj foaYkdlrk ,o jsudk jF:q fma;jF:q jeks mdruzmrsl wOsiajNdjsl weoys,s yd jsYajdi uq,alr.;a foaYkdjka ;,ska m@lg fjz' fuys tjlg meje;shdjQ idxialD;sl jd;djrKh Ndr;fhys mej;s odrAYksl jd;djrKhg jvd fjkia nj uyskao ysushka jsiska ukdj jgyd.kq ,enQ njg fuh tla fya; idOlhls' Ndr;fhys fujlg mej;sfha odrAYksl jQ u;jdo >gzGkhka njg fydZou idOlh jkafka f:arjdo iuzm@odh jsiska fud.a.,S mq;a; ;siai ysushka jsiskau rpkd lr ;@smsglfhys fm< .@J:hla f,i Ndjs;d lrkq ,nkakdjQ l:djF:qm@lrKhhs'

1 iudc jsoHdj yd udkj jsoHd m@fjzYh" tka' js' cS' ta' fyauka; ludr" weia' f.dvf.a iy ifydaorfhda" fld<U" 1997" 142-149 msgq' 2 udkj jsoHdfjz ,dxlSh m;`, jsksjsos fofk;" pska;l rKisxy" isZMusK" tlai;a m@jD;a;sm;@ iud.u" fld<U" 13 '02' 2005" 58 msgqj' 3 tu'

l:djF:qm@lrKfhys wruqK jkqfhao fujlg Ndr;fhys jHdma;j mej;s f:arjdo nq|=iuhg ;rAckhlaj mej;s wd.usl yd odrAYksl u;jdo yels;dla LKavkh lsrSu;a ish f:arjdo u;h yels ;dla odrAYksl mCIfhka m@;sfmdaIKhfldg bosrsm;a lsrSu;a fjz'1

Ndr;fhysoS fuz wdldrfhka nq|=iufhys jHdma;sh wLKav wdldrfhka mj;ajd .ekSu iZoyd th yels;dla odrAYksl lreKqj,ska m@;sfmdaIKh lsrSu;a tlS iQ;@ foaYkd jgd meje;s ixialD;sl lreKq yels;dla wju ugzgul rZojd .ekSug;a f:arjdoS mCIh jsiska orK,o jEhu fya;fjka f:arjdofhys oelafjk huz huz iQ;@ foaYkd yd iuznJO ixialD;sl jgdmsgdj .fjzIKh lsrSug ,eoshdjla olajk fndfyda fokdg th oek.; yels jkqfha f:arjdoS iuzm@odhg mrsndysrj f.dv keZ.Kq wkH iuzm@odhkays idys;H .fjzIKhka uZ.sks'2 ld,du iQ;@ho tnZ|= wdldrhlska .fjzIKh l< yelsjQ yd tfia l< hq;jQ iQ;@ foaYkdjls'3

ulaksido h;a ld,du iQ;@fhka bosrsm;a flfrkakdjQ odrAYksl mCIh ;rugu tuZ.ska bosrsm;a flfrkakdjQ ixialD;sl mCIho jeo.;alula .kakd ksidfjks' ld,du iQ;@fhys ixialD;sl .fjzIKh nq|=kajykafiaf.a |=Ialr l@shd iuh muK wE;g jsyso hkakls' wNsksIal@uKh lrk,o isoaOdrA: uy fndai;dKkajykafia wfkdaud kuz jQ koS f;frka tf;rj jvsoaoS ;uka jykafia bosrshg meusfKkakdjQ jeoafol osgSh' fuz jeoaod ms<snZo mqj; md,s wgzGl:dj, oel.kakg fkdue;' ixialD; fn#oaO fmd;aj,ska Wmqgdf.k fuz mqj; bosrsm;a lr olajd ;snqfka mQcH n<xf.dv wdkkao ffu;@sh ysushkaf.a isoaOdrA:f.#;u nqoaO prs;h kuz .@J:fhahs' tysushka olajk wdldrhg fufia wdfjz jeoafol fyda jeoafolg wfjzY jS fojsfhl jsiska msrslr /f.k wdnejz ixialD; fn#oaO Ou!hkays iZoyka jk nejz iZoykajS ;sfnz' 4

wm fudfyd;lg wd.usl ixorANfhka neyerj fuz mqj; iudc jsoHd;aul5 oDIaGs fldaKfhka jsuid n,uq' tfia n,k l< meyeos,s jkakdjQ tl fohla kuz fuz jeos ck;dj hkq wdrAhhka jsiska Ndr;h w;am;a lr.;a miqj Tjqka jsiska hg;alr fyda lsishuz l@uhlska uev mj;ajd .kakd ,oaodjQ foaYSh wkdrAh ck;dj w;rska nsZoS f.dia ish wkH;djh wdrCId lrf.k ryfia cSj;a jkakdjQ foaYSH iuzNjhla we;s wkdrAhhkaf.ka fuu jeos ck;dj mej; tk njhs' uZolg wm ,laosj ms<snZo i,ld ne,jfyd;a wdrAhhdj.ukh iuZ.u msgux lrk ,o foaYSh ck;djf.ka mejf;kakdjQ msrsila jrA;udkh olajdu Tjqkf.awkH;djh /lf.k wm w;r cSjudkj isgshs'6tfiau Tjqyq ;uQj yZ|=kajd .kafka o wdoS jdiSka f,ihs' fuz whqrskau Ndr;fhyso wdrAhdj.u kfhka miqj m<jd yrsk,oaod jQ ckfldgilf.ka fulS jeosckhd mej; wd njg ms<s.; yels YdCIs ,enS ;sfnz'7

fuhska meyeos,s jkafka wkdrAh iuzm@odh flfia fyda ;u wkH;djh /lf.k fkdkeiS mej;kq njhs' tfiau tfia fkdkeiS mejf;kkd jQ wkdrAh ckhd i;j ;ukaf.a uq,a ixialD;sl iuzm@odhhka ms<nZoj mdruzmrsl oekquz moaO;Skao Tjqka iuZ.u fkdkeiS iqrCIs; jQ njhs' isoaOdrA: fndaOsiFjhka jykafiao mej; tkafka fufia mdruzmrsl okquz moaO;shla iqrCIs; lr.;a wkdrAh iuzm@odhhg

1 l:djF:qmamlrK m@ia;djkdj nq' c' uq' 1 fm@df;ia;ka;@ nq|+oyu" ta' fla' chisxy yd tka' jS' cS' ta' fyauka; l`udr" iudc jsoHdj& jsjrKd;aul ,sms" tia' f.dvf.a iy ifhdaorfhda" fld<U" 1997' 3 ld,du iQ;@h iy pska;k ksoyi" ik;a kdkdhlaldr" fn#oaO ixialD;sl uOHia:dkh" foysj," 2001' 4 YdlHuqkSka|@djodkh fyj;a isoaOdrA: f.#;u nqoaO prs;h n<kaf.dv wdkkao ysus iuhjrAOk m@ldYkh fld<U 34 msgqj 5 iudc jsoHdfjz uQ<OrAu" kkaofiak r;akmd," iSudiys; f,alayjqia bkafjiagzukagz iud.u" fld<U" 1986' 6 jschg odj cSj yF: yd osfm,a,d kuska orejka fofofkl` l`fjzKshg ,ensKs' fuz orejka fofokdf.ka tjl ,xldfjz jsiQ mq,skao keue;s udkj jrA.fha wdruzNh is|=jqKs' wdosjdiSka kuska yeZoskafjkafka fuu mq,skao keue;s udkj jrA.hdf.a jsldYhhs' 7 wisrsu;a bkaoshdj" ta' t,a nIduz" rdcH NdId fomdrA;fuzks;j" fld<U 1965'

wh;a YdlH kuz laI;@Sh rdc mrmqqfrks laI;@Shhkaf.a wdosu mqreIhdjk uyd iuzu; rdcHJjh mjd ck;djf.a leue;a; mrsos w;sYhska m@cd;ka;@jdoS wkaouska f;dard m;alr .ekquls'1

tfiau wkdrAh iuzm@odh i;j mej;s mdruzmrsl oekqfuys jsfYaIFjh kuz lsis|= jsgl tu oekquz moaO;sh wOsldruh ,CIK j,ska hqla; fkdjSuhs' ksoyia pska;kh tys moku jS ;snsKs' wfma md<s fmd;aj, fndaOsiFjhka jykafiag wIaG mrsIaldr mQcd lrk ,oafoa uyd n@yauhd jsiska hehs olajd ;sfnz'2 thg fya; jkakg we;af;a ful< Ndr;fhys m@n,j mej;shdjQ wdrAh iuzm@odhg wh;a ffjosl iuh;< n@yauhdg ,enqKq iudc ;;ajh tf,iu nq|=iuh;,;a uQrA;su;a lsrSug oerE jEhula jshyel' ffjoslhka uy;a by,ska I,lkakdjQ n@yauhdu ;uka meusK fndaOs;Fjhka jykafiag wIaG mrsIaldr ms<s.ekajSu;< fndai;kaf.a mejsoaog n@yauhd jeks Wiia flfklf.a wkqn,hla ,enqKqnj yqjd oelajSug;a ta wkqj n@yauhd jeks flfklf.a msrslr ms<s.ekajSula ,nkakg fndai;ka Bg jvd Wiia ;;ajhl isgsh hq;h hk huzlsis ixZ{djla we;s lrjSu;a wrNhd fulS n@yauhd ms<snZo mqj; f.;jd fjkakg mqZMjk' idys;Hfhys oS huz huz woyia m<lsrSu iZoyd thg iq|=iq Wmud rEml fhdok nj m@lg lreKls' l,ahdfuzoS tajd f;dr;re rij;a lsrSug Ndjs;djqkq Wmud rEmlnj wu;l tajdo i;H isoaOsu jYfhka i<ld lghq; lrkakg ck;dj fm<fUz'

fuz wkqj fuys ienE i;H isoaOsh huz lsis flfklf.ka tajd fndai;ka jykafiag ,enqKq nj kuz tajd Wkaa jykafiag ,enqfka jeoaod udrA.fhka hehs lsishuz idrA:l Wml,amkhlg meusKSug wmg wjldY ;sfnz' yer;a fuz jeoaodg mrslr ,enqKq wkaou;a b;d oSrA>f,i fuz ixialD; fmd;aj, iZoykajk nj n<kaf.dv wdkkao ffu;@sh ysushka jsiska olajd ;sfnz' jeoaodg fuz wIaG mrsIaldr ,enqfka jsYd, rela fnkhlsks' fuz rela fnkhg mejsos iuzm@odhg wh;a wIaG mrsIaldr fldhskao wIaG mrsIaldr hkq mejsoafolg ;ukaf.a tosfkod cSjs;hg w;sYhskau wjYH jkakdjQ uQ<sl wjYH;d mrsuid .ekSu msKsi Ndjs;d lrkakdjQ isjqre md;@ kQ,a bZoslgq oe,s /jq,a nEfuz WmlrK wdoS uQ<sl wjYH;d bgqlr .ekSug Ndjs;d lrkakdjQ WmlrK wgla wka;rA.;h' fuyska meyeos,s jkafka nq|=iuh f,djg yZ|=kajd fokakg u;af;ka l@udkQl~, whqrska ;ukaf.aa mejsos cSjs;h .;l<djQ Y@uK iuzm@odhhg wh;a idrA:l wrA:j;a mejsos cSjs;hla .;l< wh jsiQ njhs' kuqq;a nqoaOFjfhka miq Wka jykafia nsysl< w;sjsYd, m@udKfha ry;a fkdry;a mejsoaokaf.a m@udKh yd ixLHd;aulj .;al< ful< fn#oaO wdl,amj,g wkql~,jQ ixjsOdkd;aul mejsos msrsila fkdjSh' kuq;a wm@isoaOj ;ks ;ksj yqol,dj jsiQ tjeks wrAy;ajQ mejsoaoka jsiQ njg fuu is|=jSu ms<snZo bosrshg wkdjrKh flfrka kdjQ f;dr;re j,ska jgyd.; yelsjkq we;'

hg lS /la fnkhg mejsos wIaG mrsIaldr ,efnkqfha fuz whqrsks ld,hlg fmr fndaOsiFjhka jevs fuz wfkdud koS ;Srfhka Tnzfnka jQ m@foaYh mfia nq|=jreka lsysm kulf.a jdiN~ush jS ;snsKs' fuu m@foaYfhys jQ lsysmfofkla mejsos jS ;ks ;ksj yqol,dj Ndjkdjvd mfia nqoaOFjhg meusK ;snsKs'3 fudjqka ;ukaf.a iduzm@odhsl oekquz moaO;Ska w;ayodn,d ;u ;uka tlS oekquz moaO;s ukdj YdCId;a lr.ekSug meusKshdy'

mfia nqoaOFjh hkq udrA. M, ms<sfj<ska ,nd wnqoafOd;amdo ld,hl lsisfjlf.a wkqoekaulska f;drj ;u ;ukau ;ksju wrAy;ajh YdCId;a lr.ekSfuz jsOsl@uhhs' fuhg wIaG iudm;a;s ms<snZo oekqu fukau jsmiaikd oekqu ms<snZoj Z{dKh hk folu tlfia bjy,a fjz' wIaG iudm;a;s jkdyS wnqoafOda;amdold,hl mjd jsoHudk fj;;a jsmiaikd oekqu mj;skafka nqoafOda;amdo ld,hl muKla nj f:rjdo iuzm@odh ;oska jsYajdi lrkq ,nhs' 4

1 YdlHuqkSka|@djodkh fyj;a isoaOdrA: f.#;u nqoaO prs;h" n<kaf.dv wdkkao ysus" iuhjrAOk m@ldYkh" fld<U"1986" 1 msgqj' 2 YdlHuqkSka|@djodkh fyj;a isoaOdrA: f.#;u nqoaO prs;h" n<kaf.dv wdkkao ysus" iuhjrAOk m@ldYkh" fld<U"1986" 34 msgqj' 3 tu 4 i' ks' 111" wdkkao iq;a;" nq' c' uq'" 338 msgqj'

tfiakuz fulS mfia nq|=jreka wrAy;ajhg meusKSu msKsi Ndjs;d l< jsmiaikd oekqu Tjqka ,nd .;af;a flfiao$tfiakuz th;a mdruzmrslj meusKs oekquz moaO;shlao mdruzmrsl oekquz moaO;sh;<u jQ wrA: ieZ.j Ndjs;fhka wE;alr oud ;snqKq mdruzmrsl ryial@u fjzohlao$isoaOdrA: fndai;ka lvdl< wdkdmdK i;s Ndjkdj jevQ lSm jia:djla ms<snZoj f:rjdo iuzm@odh jdrA;d lrhs' tnZ|= tla wjia:djloS ;u msh rcqf.ka jeZ|=uz ,enQ mqj;o fuh ;yjqre lrhs' fuu mfianq|=jreo Y@uK iuzm@odhg wh;a ;jqia fldgzGdYhla jQ uqks kuz jk ;jqia fldgzGdYh nj lsh yel' ;jqika idudkHfhka wdOHd;ausl mCIfhka by<g t;au f,#lsl OHdk ,dNSyq njg m;afj;s'

fuhska wrEmdjpr OHdk ,dNSkag iDIsjre hk kduh jHjydr lr;sfnz' wIaG iudm;a;s ,dNS iDIsjre idudkHfhka fuz ugzgfuz oelsh yels by<u iDIsjre jsfYaIhhs' fuz ksid fujekakka uy iDIsjre hkqfjka yZ|=kajkq ,efnz' huz flfkla wdOHd;ausl mCIfhka fuhg;a jvd .uka flfrA kuz fy;u iajhx isoaO jsorAYkd Z{dkh ,en.;a fhda.djprfhla jsh hq;hs' tjekafkla wIaG iudm;a;s Z{dKh ,en jsmiaikd Ndjkd flfrAkuz wnqoafOda;amdo ld,hl kuz fy;u wrAyFjh ,nd ;ukaf.a mqo., fjzu;a; ;djh u; tlaflda iuzud iuznq|=jrfhla jYfhka m@lgj mqZM,a iudc fufyjrl ksr;fjhs' Wkajykafiaf.a kduh m@isoaOshg m;afjhs tlaflda wrAyFjh ,nd mfianq|= jrfhla jYfhka wm@lgju ;ksj yqol,dj jsuqla;s iqjh jsZosuska ndysr iudcfhka wE;ajqKq ksial,xl cSjs;hla .;lsrSug repslrhs'1

mqZM,a iudc fufyjrl ksr; fkdfjz' fuz fya;fjka Wkajykafiaf.a kduh m@isoaOshg m;afkdfjz' <Z.ska weiqre l<;a wkHhka Wkajykafiaj nq|=jrfhla jYfhka yZ|=;d fkd.kshs'wkHhka Wkajykafiaj yZ|=kd .kafka Wkajykafia ndysr Y@uK rEmh u;h tkuz ;dmifhla fyda iDIsjrfhla f,i muKs' uqksjrfhla f,i yZ|=kd fkd.kS'

fuz ksid ;jqika f,i fyda iDIsjre f,i wnqoafOd;amdo ld,hkays fldmuK m@udKhla mfianq|=jre nsysjsks oehs lsisfjlgj;a ksYaps;j lshfkdyelsh' iudch jsiska Wkajykafia,dj ;jqika fyda iDIsjre jYfhka i,ld neyer lrk nejsks nqoaO foaYkdj,u wka;rA.; jk wkaoug we;euz jsg tlu ld,iSudj ;, b;d jsYd, m@udKhkaf.ka hqla; mfianq|=jre m@udKhla tlu ia:dkhkays jevisgsnj iZoykaj we;' ucACOsu ksldfha bis.s,s iQ;@ho tnZ|= iQ;@ foaYkdjls tys b;d jsYd, mfia nq|=jre m@udKhla tkuz mfianq|=jre mkaiShla(500) tlu jQ bis.s,s mrAj;fhys jdih l< nj nq|=r|=ka foYkdlr ;sfnz tu iQ;@fhysu iZoyka wkaoug bis.s,s hk kduh jHjydr jQfhao fuu mfianq|=jre ksidh'

iQ;@h wdruzNfhaoS nq|=r|=ka Y@uK iuzm@odhhkag jevjdih lsrSu iZoyd Wmldrj;a jQ mrAj;hka mila(5)olajhs' tkuz

1 fjzydr mrAj;h'

2 mdKavj mrAj;h'

3 fjmq,a, mrAj;h'

4 .scACOl~g mrAj;h'

5 bis.s,s mrAj;h'

fulS mrAj; mfika bis.s,s mrAj;h yer fiiq mrAj; i;rgu w;S;fhaoS Ndjs;djQfha jrA;udkfha thg jHjydr jk kuz fkdj wkH kduhka nj;a tkuq;a bis.s,s mrAj;hg muKla w;S;fhaoS;a jrA;udkfhaoS;a jHjydr jkafka tlu kduh nj;a foaYkdfldg fulS mrAj;hg bis.s,s hk kduh jHjydr lsrSug fya;jQ lreKo meyeos,s lr;s'

1 iq' ks' uqks iq;a;" nq' c' uq' 64 msgqj" 215 .d:dj'

mfianq|=jre fuu mrAj;fhys isg msKsvmd;h iZoyd jevu fldg msKsvmd;h ,enf.; kej; tkakdjQ orAYkh idudkH ckhd ksrka;rfhka oel mqre|= oiqkls'1 uyck;dj fulS mfia nq|=jre yZ|=kajkqfha bisjre jYfhks'2 tfia meusfKkakdjQ mfia nq|=jre mrAj;fhys jev jdih lrkq ck;djg oel .ekSug fkd,efnhs fuz ksid idudkH ck;dj jsYajdi lrkafka mrAj;h jsiska iDIsjrekaj .s,sk njhs'3

bisjrekaj .s,sk nejska fuu mrAj;h bis.s,s bis.s,s hkqfjka ck;dj mqrdKfha isgu fuz mrAj;h yZ|=kajd we;snj nq|=r|=ka fmkajd fo;s'4 fulS wrA:l:kh is|=lrkqfha fjk ljqrekaj;a fkdj nq|=r|=ka jsiskau ksid mqrdKfha idudkH ck;dj mfia nq|=jrekaj iDIsjre fyj;a bisjre hk kdufhka y|=kajd ;sfnzh hk lshqu i;Hnj ;yjqre flfrA'5 w;S;fhys jsiQ idudkH ck;dj mfia nq|=jrekaj ksis whqreka y|=kd fkd.;a;d muKla fkdj Tjqka w;ska ksis whqrska Wkajykafia,dj we.hSulg n|+ka fkdjQ njg fuh jeo.;a idOlhls'

we;euzjsg fuys iZoyka wkaoug msZvq isZ.df.dia meusKsmiq mfianq|=jre wkHhkaf.ka ys;du;du jikajS osjs f.jqjd jkakg;a mqZMjk' flf,ia m@ySKl<djQ funZ|= wjidk foayOdrS W;fulg isf;kafka;a idudkH mqyq|=ka flfklg isf;k wdldrhg jvd yd;amiskau is;d.; fkdyels wdldrlska jk ksid idudkH mqyq|+fkla n,k weiska n,d Wkajykafia,d fuz wdldrhg cSj;afjkafka wehs$hk .egZMjg jsiZ|=ula ,nd.; fkdyel'

idudkH mqyq|=ka mqoa.,fhla ;udg ,efnk m@isoaOsh uy;a by<ska w.h lsrSug ,la lrk w;r ;j iuyre m@isoaOsh ;ld TzkEu my;a ls@hdjla lsrSug jqjo miqng fkdfjz kuq;a wdOHd;ausl mCIfhka W;a;rS;r ia:dkhlg m;ajQ W;fuda tfia m@isoaOsh wfmaCId lr;shs is;sh fkdyelsh' Wka jykafia,d m@isoaOshg jvd ;ukaf.a jsfjzlS ksial,xl nj w.h lrkjd jsh yelsh'

mfianq|=jre mfil ;snsfhajd idudkH ia:dkhl huzlsis ydialula we;ehs hk wdxpshla ck;dj w;r me;sr .shfyd;a tys i;Hdi;H;djh lulajqj;a t;ek foajd, ;kdf.k ksrka;rfhka uskaiqka f.kajdf.k jsjsO .ma;jsoHdl@u Ndjs;hg .ksuska uqo,a Wmhd.kakd mqoa.,hka tjka ia:dkj, we;slrkakdjQ ld,f.dagzgsh ryila fkdfjz' boska tjka jd;djrKhla ksrka;rfhka mej;Su fnfyjska jsfjzlh leu;sjkakdjQ mfia nq|=jre reps fkdlrkakg mqZMjk'

Wkajykafia,d wm@isoaOsfha cSj;a jSug fya;j fuh jSug ;sfnk iuzNdjs;dj b;d jevsh' nq|= jSu iZoyd fndai;kag uy;a fia Wmldr jQfha wdkdmdki;s Ndjkdj nj f:rjdo iuzm@odfha oelafjz' nqoaO Fjho thg wh;a wjfYaI ishZM Z{dKhkao nq|=r|=ka ,nd .;af;a fulS wdkmdKi;s Ndjkdfjz n,fhks'6 tu ksid th Ndjkd rdchd jYfhkao idudkHfhka ms<s.ekSula mj;S' wdkmdk Ndjkdj jkdyS ;ukaf.a iajik l@shdj,sh wruqKq lsrSu mokuz lrf.k udkisl Yla;sh msnssojSfuz l@shd j,shls' we;euzjsg fuz ;< mdruzmrsl oekqu .enz jS mej;k;a th lsishuz wdldrhlska fiiq f,dlhd

1 u' ks' 111" bis.s,s iq;a;" nq' c' uq' 116 msgqj' mZ[ap mpzfpl nqoaO i;dks buiausx bis.s,shiausx mnznf;mZ[ap mpzfpl nqoaO i;dks buiausx bis.s,shiausx mnznf;mZ[ap mpzfpl nqoaO i;dks buiausx bis.s,shiausx mnznf;mZ[ap mpzfpl nqoaO i;dks buiausx bis.s,shiausx mnznf; psrksjdisfkd psrksjdisfkd psrksjdisfkd psrksjdisfkd 2 tu mjsiaikaf;d osiaika;s mjsgzfGda k osiaimjsiaikaf;d osiaika;s mjsgzfGda k osiaimjsiaikaf;d osiaika;s mjsgzfGda k osiaimjsiaikaf;d osiaika;s mjsgzfGda k osiaika;ska;ska;ska;s 3 tu ;fukx ukqiaid osiajd tjudyxiq whx mnznf;d bfu biS .s,;S;s bis.s,s bis.s,s bis.s,sfFJj iuZ[aZ[ ;fukx ukqiaid osiajd tjudyxiq whx mnznf;d bfu biS .s,;S;s bis.s,s bis.s,s bis.s,sfFJj iuZ[aZ[ ;fukx ukqiaid osiajd tjudyxiq whx mnznf;d bfu biS .s,;S;s bis.s,s bis.s,s bis.s,sfFJj iuZ[aZ[ ;fukx ukqiaid osiajd tjudyxiq whx mnznf;d bfu biS .s,;S;s bis.s,s bis.s,s bis.s,sfFJj iuZ[aZ[ Womdos Womdos Womdos Womdos 4 tu tjx Nkaf; t;iaims fLda NslaLfjz .scACOl~giai mnzn;iai wZ[aZ[djiuZ[Z[d wfydis wZ[aZ[d tjx Nkaf; t;iaims fLda NslaLfjz .scACOl~giai mnzn;iai wZ[aZ[djiuZ[Z[d wfydis wZ[aZ[d tjx Nkaf; t;iaims fLda NslaLfjz .scACOl~giai mnzn;iai wZ[aZ[djiuZ[Z[d wfydis wZ[aZ[d tjx Nkaf; t;iaims fLda NslaLfjz .scACOl~giai mnzn;iai wZ[aZ[djiuZ[Z[d wfydis wZ[aZ[d mZ[aZ[d;a;s miai: fkd;uzfya NslaLfjz bux bis.s,s mnzn;ka;s tjx Nkaf; buiaims fLda NslaLfjz bis.s,siai mZ[aZ[d;a;s miai: fkd;uzfya NslaLfjz bux bis.s,s mnzn;ka;s tjx Nkaf; buiaims fLda NslaLfjz bis.s,siai mZ[aZ[d;a;s miai: fkd;uzfya NslaLfjz bux bis.s,s mnzn;ka;s tjx Nkaf; buiaims fLda NslaLfjz bis.s,siai mZ[aZ[d;a;s miai: fkd;uzfya NslaLfjz bux bis.s,s mnzn;ka;s tjx Nkaf; buiaims fLda NslaLfjz bis.s,siai ,nzn;iai tidj iuZ[aZ[d wfydis tid mZ[aZ[d;a;s N~;mqnznx NslaLfjz mZ[,nzn;iai tidj iuZ[aZ[d wfydis tid mZ[aZ[d;a;s N~;mqnznx NslaLfjz mZ[,nzn;iai tidj iuZ[aZ[d wfydis tid mZ[aZ[d;a;s N~;mqnznx NslaLfjz mZ[,nzn;iai tidj iuZ[aZ[d wfydis tid mZ[aZ[d;a;s N~;mqnznx NslaLfjz mZ[pmpzfpl nqoaO I;dks buiausx pmpzfpl nqoaO I;dks buiausx pmpzfpl nqoaO I;dks buiausx pmpzfpl nqoaO I;dks buiausx bis.s,siausx mnznf; psrksjdisfkd wfyiqx f;bux mnzn;x mjsiaikaf;d osiaika;s mjzgzfGd k osiaika;s ;fukx bis.s,siausx mnznf; psrksjdisfkd wfyiqx f;bux mnzn;x mjsiaikaf;d osiaika;s mjzgzfGd k osiaika;s ;fukx bis.s,siausx mnznf; psrksjdisfkd wfyiqx f;bux mnzn;x mjsiaikaf;d osiaika;s mjzgzfGd k osiaika;s ;fukx bis.s,siausx mnznf; psrksjdisfkd wfyiqx f;bux mnzn;x mjsiaikaf;d osiaika;s mjzgzfGd k osiaika;s ;fukx ukqiaid osiajd tjuyxiq whx mnznf;d bfu biS.s,;S;s bis.s,s bis.s,sfFjj iuZ[aZ[d Womdos ukqiaid osiajd tjuyxiq whx mnznf;d bfu biS.s,;S;s bis.s,s bis.s,sfFjj iuZ[aZ[d Womdos ukqiaid osiajd tjuyxiq whx mnznf;d bfu biS.s,;S;s bis.s,s bis.s,sfFjj iuZ[aZ[d Womdos ukqiaid osiajd tjuyxiq whx mnznf;d bfu biS.s,;S;s bis.s,s bis.s,sfFjj iuZ[aZ[d Womdos 5 tu 6 u' ks' 1 i;smgzGdk iq;a;" wdkdmdk mnznh'

f.ka wdjD;j mj;skakdjQ oekqula jSug uy;a fia wjldY ;sfnz' tfia jkafka fuu Ndjkduh oekqu wka;rAZ{dK .fjzIKh mokuz lr.;a wOHdmk l@ufjzohla jSu ksidhs' wka;rAZ{dK .fjzIK wOHdmkfhys jsfYaIFjh jkafka th YdlaId;a lrk l@shdj,shla jk w;r .rejrhd fyda YsIHhd W.f;l jQ muKska lsis|= bJ|@Shh ixfjzokhka udrA.fhka fulS mdruzmrsl oekqu w;am;a lr.; fkdyels jSuhs' 1

ta wkqj fuu mdruzmrsl oekqu ,nd .ekSfuys hqyqiqZM jkakdjQ YsIHhd wksjdrAfhkau .rejrhdf.a lSlre wkaf;ajdisfhl jS Tyq<Z. fkajdislj ysZof.k .rejrhdg w;amd fufyjr lruska fulS wjfndaOh uy;a jer jEhfuka ,nd.; hq;jQ w;SJ|@Sh m@;HCIh l@ufjzoh mokuz lr.kakd ,oaojQ wOHdmk l@uhla jsh' we;euzjsg fuu l@shdoduh yryd tkuz mdruzmrsl oekquz wjfYdaIh lr.ekSfuz l@shdj,sfhysoS YsIHhd .rejrhdg jvd oekquz moaO;Ska wjfYdaIKh lr.ekSfuz l@shdj,sh w;ska bosrshg .sh mqoa.,fhl jsh yelshs thg fya;j mdruzmrsl oekquz moaO;Ska ,nd .ekqu hkq ;u ;ukaf.a WmrSu udkisl Yla;Ska wjOslr .ekqu jk nejska ksrAfoaYs; l@u Ndjs;fhysoS ;u ;uka Wm;ska /f.k tkakdjQ Wmam;a;s.; ps;a;fha msrsis|=;djh u; tlu l@shdj,sh wkq.ukh lsrSu uZ.ska mjd huz lsis fyhlska ;ukaf.a .rejrhdg jvd YsIHhd wOHd;ausl mshjrh kaf.ka bosrshg .shdjQ mqoa.,fhl jsh yelshs'

tfukau ishZM mdruzmrsl oekquz moaO;Ska wjfYdaIKh lr.;af;l jsh yelshs' we;af;kau mdruzmrsl oekquz moaO;sj, iq/lS mej;sfha mdruzmrsl oekqu ,nd .kakd jsOsl@uh usil oekqu hkqfjka f,an,a w,jk ,oaodjQ ixZ{djka fmdoshla fkdfjz' tfia kuz mdruzmrsl oekqu hkqfjka yZ|=kajkq ,enqfjz nqoaOsfhys wjidk l~G m@dma;s wjia:dj olajd udkisl Yla;sh mqnq|= lrjkakdjQ l@ufjzoh yd tlS l@ufjzoh l@udkQl~, wdldrhlska Ndjs;d lrkqfha flfiao hkakhs'

tfiakuz isoaOdrA: ;dmi;ud uq,ska fulS mdruzmrsl l@ufjzoh ms<snZo oekqu w;am;a lrf.k isgs kuq;a th ksjeros yd l@udkQl~, whqrska l@shdjg kZ.kafka flfiao hk lreK wjfndaOfhka m@;Hlr .ekSu iZoyd |=Ialrl@shdj kdufhka wrA:olajk ,o w;sYhskau mSvdldrS W;aiyhka .kq ,ensKs' uq,ska uq,ska Wkajykafiag fndfyda fldg jeroSuz is|=jqj;a wjidkfhys Wkajykafia jsiska w;sidrA:l wdldrfhka ta ishZM mdruzmrsl l@ufjzohka tla rd;@shla mqrdu fkdksod l@shdjg kZ.d tlS

mqrdK l@ufjzohkaf.a wjidk ksIaGdj lrd idrA:lj <Z.djSug yelshdjla ,ensKs th iuzud iuznqoaOFjhg m;ajSu hkqfjka idudkHfhka jHjydrfha fhfohs'

mqrdKfhys wkdrAh iuzm@odh i;jQ ksoyia pska;kh wdrAh iuzm@odh i;jQ pska;k wOsldrfhka meyeos,sju lemS fmfka' tfia kuz ksiel jYfhkau wkdrAh iuzm@odh i;jQ fulS mqrdK l@ufjzoh iliaj mej;sfha wkdrAh iuzm@odhgu WreujQ fulS ksoyia pska;kh ,nd .ekSu wruqKq lrf.k nejz ie,lsh yelsh' ksoyia pska;khg ndOdldrS jkafka ;udf.a ps;a; wNHka;rfhkau keZ. u;j tkakdjQ pska;kh lsishuz wdlD;sl.; lsrSuzj,g fmd<UjkakdjQ is;sjs,s fyj;a ;ukaf.ais;sjs,s lsishuz fohla wdOdr lrf.k tau; rZodmj;ajd ;nd .ekSuhs'

ta ;;ajhkaf.ka je<lSu wruqKq lrf.k jsmiaikd pska;kh f.dvkeZ.S ;sfnz jsmiaikd pska;kh uZ.ska is|= lrkqfha is;g lsishuz ksYaps; wdlD;shla kshu fkdfldg ksrka;r wjOsu;a njlska yd isysh fmrgq lr.;a wLKav ksrSCIK l@shj,shl ksr;jSu ;,ska ishZM iSud udhsuz j,ska pska;kh ksoyia lr.ekSuhs' fuz ksid jsmiaikdj oDIaGs Wmojk fohla fkdfjz isZhM oDIaGSka isf;ka neyer lrjkakdjQ udkisl mrsfYdaOk l@shdj,shls' fuhg mrsndysrj iu: pska;kh .;fyd;a ta ;,ska is|=lrkafka is; l,ska ;SrKh lr.kakd ,o ksYaps; wlD;s.; lsrSulg ,lafldg ta;,ska pska;kfhys iduH;djhla yd ;djld,sl ikaisZ|=kq njla we;slsrSuhs'

1 Buddhist Monastic Disicipline,Rev.Pro.Jothiya Dirasekara,p.132

uQ<sl wd.usl iuzm@odhka fol

tfiakuz jsmiaikdjg wlD;shla ke;so$;sfnz tkuz wdlD;shla fkdue;snfjz wdlD;shhs' tfia mjikafka wehs$fuz f,dj ;sfnkakdjQ iEu fohlau lsishuz thgu wkHkH jqkq wdlD;slu ,CIK .enzj mj;skakdjQ foa fj;s' lsishuz jia;jla fyda fohla .;fyd;a thg lsishuz jrAKhla yev;,hla iqjZola rila Ynzohla wdoS bF|@Sh f.dapr jkakdjQ ;@sudk yev;,hkaf.ka hqla;fjz hhs wms Wml,amkh lruq' fufia Wml,amkh lsrSu iuZ.u wmg fkdoekSu wm msjsfikafka wm jsiskau udkisl wdlD;sl.; lr.kakd,oaodjQ f,dalhlgh fuz wdlD;sl.; f,dalh wmg lsisfjl jsiska we;slrfok ,oaola fkdj wmu jrojd Wml,amkh lr.ekSuz ksid wm jsiska wmf.au ukiska ujd .kakd ,oaodjQ uk%l,ams; f,dalhls' th tla;rd |=rlg wdlD;s.;jqkq f,dalh lehs lsj yelsh ta;, is;k iEu is;sjs,a,lau lsishuz wdlD;sl.; jqkq iajNdjhla jsoHudk nejska wOsldruh pska;kfhys jrolreo wmuh'1

fuf,dj jsoHudk jkakdjQ iEu fohlu thgu wdfjzKsl hehs wmf.a bJ|@Sh moaO;shg wruqKq jkakdjQ ,CIKj,g jHjydr lrkqfha tu jia;fjys iuzuq;s ,CIK hkqfjks fuuidudkH ,CIKj,gu f,#lsl ,CIK hkqfjkao jHjydrfjz fuz fmd|= ,CIhkays jsfYaI;djh kuz tajd yqfola nsysjkqfha wms ta ta jia;~ka ms<snZo wmf.a bJ|@Sh ixcdkkh weiqfrka Wml,amkh lr.kakd ,o ixZ{djka wdY@s;j jSuhs fuz ksid fuzjd pska;k wOsldrh uZ.ska nsysjkakdjQ foa f,io wrA: oelajsh yelsh 2

f,dalfhys iSudjg uki fldgqfldg ;nkakdjQ wOsldruh pska;kfhka neyerg h;a h;au is;g wruqKq jkafka ishZM foaj, mj;skakdjQ mrudrA:uh ,CIKhs fuz mrudrA:uh ,CIK jkdyS ta ta |@jHh wkqj jkia jkakdjQ foa fkdfjz ishZM wdlD;sluh pska;kfhka mrsndysrjQ udkisl ixcdkkhhs huz flfkla ishZMu wOsldruh pska;kh fya;fjka w;am;a lr.kakd ,oaodjQ udkisl ixcdkk j,ska neyerg h;au Tyqf.a ukig wmd;.; jkfha ishZ,af,ys mrudrA:uh ,CIK ms<snZoj jQ ixcdkhhs fyj;a lsisjla fkdjSu ms<snZoj jQ ixcdkk hhs funZ|= ,CIK ;kla ms<snZoj we; tkuz wks;H fyj;a fjkia jkakdjQ iajNdjh |=laLHh fyj;a w;Dma;slr iajNdjh wk;a; fyj;a iFj cSj m@Z{ma;sh rZod mj;skafka fya; m@;H l@shj,sh flaJ|@ lrf.kh hk lreKq ;khs 3

fulS udkisl Ndjs;djka ksjerosj ;ukag ;ksju lsisjlf.a Wmldrhla rys;ju .@yKh lr.;.; yelsuq;a fkdyelshdjg jvd ;ukaf.a repslFjh ksid tlS l@ufjzoh ;j;a whg jsia;r lrfokakg repslFjhla fkdolajkakdjQ mqoa.,hka mfianq|=jre kuz fjz idudkH jHjydrh wkqjo fndfyda foa okakd kuq;a ;uka okakd foa ;j flfklg lshd fkdfok fyda tnZ|= lshd oSfuys iu;a

1 w' ks' 1 ;sl ksmd;h" uydj.a." ld,duiq;a;" nq'c' uq' 337-343 msgq' ta: ;`uzfya ld,dud ud wkqiaifjzk ud ta: ;`uzfya ld,dud ud wkqiaifjzk ud ta: ;`uzfya ld,dud ud wkqiaifjzk ud ta: ;`uzfya ld,dud ud wkqiaifjzk ud mruzmrdh ud b;slsrdh ud msgl iuzmodfkak ud ;lalfya;` ud khfya;` ud wdldr mrsjs;lflak ud osgzGs mruzmrdh ud b;slsrdh ud msgl iuzmodfkak ud ;lalfya;` ud khfya;` ud wdldr mrsjs;lflak ud osgzGs mruzmrdh ud b;slsrdh ud msgl iuzmodfkak ud ;lalfya;` ud khfya;` ud wdldr mrsjs;lflak ud osgzGs mruzmrdh ud b;slsrdh ud msgl iuzmodfkak ud ;lalfya;` ud khfya;` ud wdldr mrsjs;lflak ud osgzGs kscACOdklaLka;shd ud NnznrEm;dh ud iufKd fkd.rE;s hod ;`uzfya ld,dud w;a;kdj cdfkhd: bfuz kscACOdklaLka;shd ud NnznrEm;dh ud iufKd fkd.rE;s hod ;`uzfya ld,dud w;a;kdj cdfkhd: bfuz kscACOdklaLka;shd ud NnznrEm;dh ud iufKd fkd.rE;s hod ;`uzfya ld,dud w;a;kdj cdfkhd: bfuz kscACOdklaLka;shd ud NnznrEm;dh ud iufKd fkd.rE;s hod ;`uzfya ld,dud w;a;kdj cdfkhd: bfuz Ouzud jsZ[aZ|+mamiF:d bfuz Ouzud iuOuzud jsZ[aZ|+mamiF:d bfuz Ouzud iuOuzud jsZ[aZ|+mamiF:d bfuz Ouzud iuOuzud jsZ[aZ|+mamiF:d bfuz Ouzud iu;a;d iudoskakd y;dh iqLdh ixj;a;ka;S;s w: ;uzfya ld,dud ;a;d iudoskakd y;dh iqLdh ixj;a;ka;S;s w: ;uzfya ld,dud ;a;d iudoskakd y;dh iqLdh ixj;a;ka;S;s w: ;uzfya ld,dud ;a;d iudoskakd y;dh iqLdh ixj;a;ka;S;s w: ;uzfya ld,dud WmiuzmcAc jsyfrhahd: WmiuzmcAc jsyfrhahd: WmiuzmcAc jsyfrhahd: WmiuzmcAc jsyfrhahd: 2 w' ks' 1 ;sl ksmd;h" uydj.a." ld,duiq;a;" nq'c' uq' 337-343 msgq' w,xysfjda ld,dud lxLs;`x w,x ,xysfjda ld,dud lxLs;`x w,x ,xysfjda ld,dud lxLs;`x w,x ,xysfjda ld,dud lxLs;`x w,x jspslspzPs;x lxLkSfha p mk fjda Gdfka jspslspzPd WmamkakdjspslspzPs;x lxLkSfha p mk fjda Gdfka jspslspzPd WmamkakdjspslspzPs;x lxLkSfha p mk fjda Gdfka jspslspzPd WmamkakdjspslspzPs;x lxLkSfha p mk fjda Gdfka jspslspzPd Wmamkakd….ta: l`uzfya ld,dta: l`uzfya ld,dta: l`uzfya ld,dta: l`uzfya ld,dud ud wkqiaifjzk ud ud ud wkqiaifjzk ud ud ud wkqiaifjzk ud ud ud wkqiaifjzk ud mruzmrdh ud b;slsrdh ud msgliuzmodfkak ud ;lalfya;` ud khfya;` ud wdldrmrsjs;laflak ud osgzGs mruzmrdh ud b;slsrdh ud msgliuzmodfkak ud ;lalfya;` ud khfya;` ud wdldrmrsjs;laflak ud osgzGs mruzmrdh ud b;slsrdh ud msgliuzmodfkak ud ;lalfya;` ud khfya;` ud wdldrmrsjs;laflak ud osgzGs mruzmrdh ud b;slsrdh ud msgliuzmodfkak ud ;lalfya;` ud khfya;` ud wdldrmrsjs;laflak ud osgzGs kscACOdklaLka;shd ud NnznrEm;dh ud iufKda fkd.rE;skscACOdklaLka;shd ud NnznrEm;dh ud iufKda fkd.rE;skscACOdklaLka;shd ud NnznrEm;dh ud iufKda fkd.rE;skscACOdklaLka;shd ud NnznrEm;dh ud iufKda fkd.rE;s….hod;`uzfya ld,dud w;a;kdj cdfkhahd: bfuz hod;`uzfya ld,dud w;a;kdj cdfkhahd: bfuz hod;`uzfya ld,dud w;a;kdj cdfkhahd: bfuz hod;`uzfya ld,dud w;a;kdj cdfkhahd: bfuz Ouzud wl`I,d bfuz Ouzud idjcAcd bfuz Ouzud jsZ[aZOuzud wl`I,d bfuz Ouzud idjcAcd bfuz Ouzud jsZ[aZOuzud wl`I,d bfuz Ouzud idjcAcd bfuz Ouzud jsZ[aZOuzud wl`I,d bfuz Ouzud idjcAcd bfuz Ouzud jsZ[aZC|+.rys;d bfuz Ouzud iu;a;d iudoskakd wys;dh |=laLdh C|+.rys;d bfuz Ouzud iu;a;d iudoskakd wys;dh |=laLdh C|+.rys;d bfuz Ouzud iu;a;d iudoskakd wys;dh |=laLdh C|+.rys;d bfuz Ouzud iu;a;d iudoskakd wys;dh |=laLdh ixj;a;ka;S;s w: ;uzfya ld,dud mcfyhahd: ixj;a;ka;S;s w: ;uzfya ld,dud mcfyhahd: ixj;a;ka;S;s w: ;uzfya ld,dud mcfyhahd: ixj;a;ka;S;s w: ;uzfya ld,dud mcfyhahd: 3 wNsOu!pJ|@sldj" ud;r Y@S Ou!jxY ysus" ld,agka uq|@Kd,h" ud;r" 1956" wgjeks mdoh" mgspzp iuqmamdoh" 1-93 msgq'

n@dyauK

Y@uK

Y@uKiuzm@odhg wh;a uQ<sl fldgia 5

1 ;dmi 2 ;sF:sh 2 wdcSjl 3 ks.KaG 5 mrsnzndcl

lula fkdue;a;djQ fndfyd foko yZ|=kajkq ,nkqfhao mfianq|=jre kdufhks ,xldfjz jHjydrjkakdjQ jeos .S;j, fndfyda fldgu oelafjkqfha mfianq|+jreka iuznJOfldg Wkajykafia,dg iaf;daia;@ jYfhka .ehqkq ,oud,dh fuhgo huzlsis jsfYaI fya;jla ;sfnzoehs jsuikq jgS

iEu rglu mdfya funZ|= wkdrAhh iNH;ajhlska fynshdjQ tfukau ;ukaf.a uq,a iuzm@odhhka yd ixialD;sh fjkia jkakg fkdoS wLKavj wdrCIdlrf.k th mduzmrslj /lf.k meusKshdjQ wdosjdiS ck lKavdhuz fj;s fndfyda fldgu mdruzmrsl ixialD;sl oekqu yqjudre jkqfha fulS wdosjdiS ckfldgia yrydh isoaOdrA: fndai;kag oel.ekSug ,enqKq tfiau Wkajykafiag wIaG mrsIaldr ms<s.ekajQ wdosjdishd (jeoaod) jkdyS fuz /f.k wdfjz tfia fufia flfklg wh;aj ;snQ msrslrla fkdj ud;dx. kuska fuz l,amfhys wjidkhgu nq|=jQ nq|=r|=ka Wmoskjsg;a cSjudkj jevisgS tfukau nq|=yq Wmka m@jD;a;sh fojshka fj;ska Y@jKhlr tfukau ;ukaf.a wdhqYla;sh wjika jS we;snj oekf.k todu msrsksjka mE mfianq|=jrhdf.ah'

uq,ska oelajQjd fiau fulS ud;dx. kue;s mfia nq|=jrhd ;j;a mfia nq|=jre lKavdhula iuZ. jevisgS kuq|= l@ul@ufhka wdhqI f.jS hdfuka fiiq mfianq|=jre ishZM fokd jykafiau fuz wjia:dj jkjsg msrsksjka md ;snsKs' tnejska wjidkhg b;srsj isgsfhao fuu ud;dx. kue;s mfianq|=jrhd muKs' fuu ud;dx. keue;s mfia nq|=jrhka jykafia iuZ. ;j;a nq|=jre mkaish(500) kula bis.s,s mrAj;fhys jevisgs nj nq|=r|=ka ucACOsu ksldfhys bis.s,s iQ;@fhys olajd ;sfnz tu mfianq|=jre kuz jYfhka meyeos,sju tu iQ;@fhys olajd ;sfnz'1

fuu mrAj;hg tu kduh jHjydr jkqfhao fuz mfianq|=jre ksidu nj by; jsia;r lrk ,oS' mfianq|=jre mkaiSh ku w;frka wdkkao kkao Wmkkao hk mfianq|=jre ;kakuf.au kuz iys; mfia nq|=jre i;r ku ne.ska mfia nq|=jre fodf<dia kulau jevisgS nj tlS iQ;@fhys nq|=rcdKka jykafia jsiska mjid ;sfnz' fuys jsia;r jk wfkla kuz .;fyd;a tlS tla tla kuska yeZoskafjkakdjQ mfia nq|=jre mia yhkulaj;a jevisg we;snj fuhska meyeos,s fjz' thg fya;j fuz iQ;@fhys mfia nq|=jre ishhlf.a(100) kuz iZoykajk ksid;a tla kulska nq|=jre .Kkdjla jevisg we;snj olajd we;s ksid;a iuzmQrAKfhkau jevisgs nq|=jre m@udKh mkaiShla hehs iQ;@fhys uq,ska iZoykjk nejskq;a mkaiSh iuzmQrAK jSu iZoyd wju ;ruska tlu kduh jHjydr lrk mfianq|=jre miakulaj;a isgsnjg Wml,amkh l<yelsh'

fuu iQ;@fhys iZoyka jkakdjQ mfianq|=jreka jykafia,d mkaish kuu isoaOdrA: ludrhdf.a W;am;a;sh is|=jk wjia:fjz cSjudkj jev fkdisgsnj by; ud;dx. mfia nq|=ka jykafia ms<snZo jQ mqj;ska fmfka' Wkajykafia,d tla tla ku ;u ;ukaf.a wdhq Yla;sh wjika jSu ksid thg l,ska msrsksjka mdkakg we;' fuys ;sfnk jeo.;au lreK kuz isoaOdrA: ludfrd;am;a;shg fmr ld,h idudkHfhka wnqoafOda;amdo ld,hlah jsmiaikd Z{dKh ms<snZoj ta jk f;la lsisfjl w;ska lsis|= .fjzYKhla is|+jS fkdue;sh hk ldrKh idjoH jQjla nj fmfka' th yqfola iuzud iuznqoaOFjfhys we;s fYa@IaGFjh yqjd oelajSu iZoyd fndfyda fihskau fn#oaO idys;HOrhka jsiska m@;sksrAudKh lrk ,o u;jdohla f,i fmfka'

fuz iQ;@fhys iZoykajj mfianq|=jrhka jykafia,d mkaish kuu fndfyda ld,hla mqrd bis.s,s mrAj;h flaJ|@fldg f.k jev isgskakg we;' tanj nq|=r|=kao fuu iQ;@fhys olajd ;sfnz' kuq;a idudkH usksiqka uqka jykafia,d i<ld l@shdfldg we;af;a idudkH ;jqia fldgzGdYhla jQ iDIsjreka f,i muKls' bia.s,s iQ;@fhys olakg ,enk ;j;a jsfYaIFjhla jkqfha nq|=r|=ka fuz mfia nq|=jrekaj

1 u' ks' 111" bis.s,s iq;a;" nq' c' uq' 116 msgqj' wdpslLsiaidus NslaLfj mpzfpl nqoaOdkx kdudks ls;a;hsiaidus wdpslLsiaidus NslaLfj mpzfpl nqoaOdkx kdudks ls;a;hsiaidus wdpslLsiaidus NslaLfj mpzfpl nqoaOdkx kdudks ls;a;hsiaidus wdpslLsiaidus NslaLfj mpzfpl nqoaOdkx kdudks ls;a;hsiaidus NslaLfj mpzfpl nqoaOdkx kdudks ;x iqkd: idOqlx ukislfrda: NdisiaiduS;s tajx Nkaf;;s fLd f; NlaLq NslaLfj mpzfpl nqoaOdkx kdudks ;x iqkd: idOqlx ukislfrda: NdisiaiduS;s tajx Nkaf;;s fLd f; NlaLq NslaLfj mpzfpl nqoaOdkx kdudks ;x iqkd: idOqlx ukislfrda: NdisiaiduS;s tajx Nkaf;;s fLd f; NlaLq NslaLfj mpzfpl nqoaOdkx kdudks ;x iqkd: idOqlx ukislfrda: NdisiaiduS;s tajx Nkaf;;s fLd f; NlaLq N.jf; mpzpiafidiqx N.jd t;ofjdp wrsgzfGd kdu NslaLfj mpzfpl iuznqoafOd N.jf; mpzpiafidiqx N.jd t;ofjdp wrsgzfGd kdu NslaLfj mpzfpl iuznqoafOd N.jf; mpzpiafidiqx N.jd t;ofjdp wrsgzfGd kdu NslaLfj mpzfpl iuznqoafOd N.jf; mpzpiafidiqx N.jd t;ofjdp wrsgzfGd kdu NslaLfj mpzfpl iuznqoafOd …WmrsgzfGda WmrsgzfGda WmrsgzfGda WmrsgzfGda ..;.r;.r;.r;.risLsisLsisLsisLs..iqoiaifkdiqoiaifkdiqoiaifkdiqoiaifkd..mshoiaiSmshoiaiSmshoiaiSmshoiaiS….FOdfrda.FOdfrda.FOdfrda.FOdfrda…msKafvdaf,dmsKafvdaf,dmsKafvdaf,dmsKafvdaf,d.. WmdifNdWmdifNdWmdifNdWmdifNd… kSf:dakSf:dakSf:dakSf:da..;f:da;f:da;f:da;f:da.. iq;jdiq;jdiq;jdiq;jd..Ndjs;;a;Ndjs;;a;Ndjs;;a;Ndjs;;a;.. iquzfNdiquzfNdiquzfNdiquzfNd.. iqfNdaiqfNdaiqfNdaiqfNda. fu:qf,dafu:qf,dafu:qf,dafu:qf,da.. fuzf>dafuzf>dafuzf>dafuzf>da… wksf>dwksf>dwksf>dwksf>d… iqodfGdaiqodfGdaiqodfGdaiqodfGda.. ysx.`ysx.`ysx.`ysx.`.. ysxf.dysxf.dysxf.dysxf.d. oafjcd,sfkdoafjcd,sfkdoafjcd,sfkdoafjcd,sfkd wgzGfldwgzGfldwgzGfldwgzGfld. fldif,dafldif,dafldif,dafldif,da…fmfmfmfm..lKafydap nqoafOd iqjsuq;a; ps;af;da lKafydap nqoafOd iqjsuq;a; ps;af;da lKafydap nqoafOd iqjsuq;a; ps;af;da lKafydap nqoafOd iqjsuq;a; ps;af;da

iDIs Ynzofhkq;a uqks Ynzofhkq;a nqoaO Ynzofhkq;a yZ|=kajd ;snSuhs' ta wkqj Y@uK iuzm@odfhys uq<sl mrsKdu ,CIK tkuz m@d:usl wjia:dfjz isg wkql@ufhka jQ jrAOk wjia:d ms<sfj,ska ;dmi iDIs uqks nqoaO(mpzfpzl yd iuzud iuznqoaO) hk wjOs ;,ska oel.; yelsh' bis.s,s iQ;@fhys oelafjk mrsos tlS mfianq|=jre ishfokd jykafiaf.a kuz fuz wdldrfhka oelajsh yelsh'1 fuys ud;dx. kue;s mfianq|=jrhdf.a kduho oelafjz'2

bis.s,s mrAj;fhys jdih l< mfianq|=jre

1 wrgzG 26 iqndyq 51 udkpzPSo 76 Ndroajdc

2 WmrsgzG 27 Wmfkusi 52 nJOqud 77 fndaOs

3 ;.r isLS 28 fkusi 53 ;odOsuq;a; 78 uydkdu

4 hiiaiS 29 ika; ps;af;d 54 jsu, 79 W;a;r

5 iqoiaik 30 ipzp 55 fla;ud 80 flis

6 mshoiaiS 31 ;: 56 fl;uznrd. 81 iqkaor

7 .kaOdr 32 jsrc 57 ud;x.ud;x.ud;x.ud;x. 82 Ndroajdc

8 msKafvda, 33 mKavs;d 58 wrsh 83 ;siai

9 WmdifNda 34 ld, 59 wpzpq; 84 Wm;siai

10 kS: 35 Wmld, 60 wpzpq;.du 85 WmiSorS

11 ;: 36 jscs; 61 nHdul 86 iSorS

12 iq;jd 37 cs; 62 iqux., 87 ux.,

13 Ndjs;;a; 38 wx. 63 onzzns, 88 WmkS;

14 iquzN 39 mx. 64 iqmam;sgzGs; 89 Wfmdai:

15 iqN 40 .;scAcs; 65 wihay 90 iqkaor

16 fu:q, 41 jsmiaiS 66 fLudNsr; 91 fcA;

17 fu> 42 wmrdcs; 67 fidr; 92 chka;

18 wkS> 43 iF:d 68 |+rkakh 93 m|=u

19 iqodG 44 mj;a;d 69 ixf>d 94 Wmam,

20 ysx., 45 irNx. 70 Wpzph 95 m|=uq;a;r

21 ysx.h 46 f,dauyxi 71 ihay 96 rlaLs;

22 pq,a, cd,S 47 Wpzpx.udh 72 wfkdaukslalu 97 mnzn;

23 uyd cd,S 48 wis; 73 wdkkao 98 udk;a:oaO

24 wGl 49 wkdij 74 kkao 99 jS;rd.

1 u' ks' 111" bis.s,s iq;a;" nq' c' uq' 116 msgqj' N~;mqnznx NslaLfjz mZ[apmpzfpl nqoaO I;dks buiausx N~;mqnznx NslaLfjz mZ[apmpzfpl nqoaO I;dks buiausx N~;mqnznx NslaLfjz mZ[apmpzfpl nqoaO I;dks buiausx N~;mqnznx NslaLfjz mZ[apmpzfpl nqoaO I;dks buiausx bis.s,siausx mnznf; psrksjdisfkd wfyiqx f;bux mnzn;x mjsiaika;d osiaika;s ukqiaid osiajd k osiaika;s bis.s,siausx mnznf; psrksjdisfkd wfyiqx f;bux mnzn;x mjsiaika;d osiaika;s ukqiaid osiajd k osiaika;s bis.s,siausx mnznf; psrksjdisfkd wfyiqx f;bux mnzn;x mjsiaika;d osiaika;s ukqiaid osiajd k osiaika;s bis.s,siausx mnznf; psrksjdisfkd wfyiqx f;bux mnzn;x mjsiaika;d osiaika;s ukqiaid osiajd k osiaika;s ;fukx ukqiaid osiajd tajudyxiq whx mnznf;d bfu bis.s,s;S;s bis.s,s ;fukx ukqiaid osiajd tajudyxiq whx mnznf;d bfu bis.s,s;S;s bis.s,s ;fukx ukqiaid osiajd tajudyxiq whx mnznf;d bfu bis.s,s;S;s bis.s,s ;fukx ukqiaid osiajd tajudyxiq whx mnznf;d bfu bis.s,s;S;s bis.s,s bis.s,sfFjj iuZ[aZ[d Womdosbis.s,sfFjj iuZ[aZ[d Womdosbis.s,sfFjj iuZ[aZ[d Womdosbis.s,sfFjj iuZ[aZ[d Womdos 2 tu fla;`uzNrdf.d p ud;xf.d wrsfhda w:pzpqf;da wpzpq;.dunHdufldfla;`uzNrdf.d p ud;xf.d wrsfhda w:pzpqf;da wpzpq;.dunHdufldfla;`uzNrdf.d p ud;xf.d wrsfhda w:pzpqf;da wpzpq;.dunHdufldfla;`uzNrdf.d p ud;xf.d wrsfhda w:pzpqf;da wpzpq;.dunHdufld….

25 fldi, 50 ufkdauh 75 Wmkkao 100 lKay

ud;x. mfianq|==kaajykafia msrsksjka mEug u;af;ka lsishuz mrs;Hd.hla fukau isoaOdrA: fndai;ka g wkq.@yhla lrkakg l,amkd lr;sfnz' ud;dx. kue;s mfianq|=kajykafia Wkajykafiaf.a kE mrmqfrys wjidkhgu b;srsj isgskakdjQ ;eke;a;shg th ndrlf<a tu wIaG mrsIaldrh uS <Z.g iuzudiuznqoaOFjhg m;afjkakdjQ isoaOdrA: fndi;kag fyda iq|=iq tjeks flfklyg ndrfok f,i fmdfrdka|=jla .ksusks' ud;dx. kue;s mfia nq|=kajykafiaf.a b,a,Su mrsos weh l,la wehf.ao wdhqYla;sh ;sfnk;dla l,a n,disg wjidkfhaoS wehf.a wdhq Yla;sho wjikafjuska mej;s ksid ;udf.a wNdjfhka miqj mfianq|=ka jykafiaf.a leue;a; mrsos isoaOdrA: fndai;kagu ,efnzjdhs' wOsIaGdk lr jkfhys relafnkhl ;ekam;a l<dh' tu relafnkh ;snQ .fiys rela fojshdf.ka tu wIaG mrsIaldrh isoaOdrA: fndai;ka w;g luk l@uhlska fyda m;alrknjg fmdfrdka|=jlao ,nd .;a;Sh' 1

ld,hdf.a wejEfuka fmdfrdka|= jQ mrsos rela fojshdf.a n,mEu ksid ta wi<ska .ukal< jeoafol` w;g fulS wIaG mrsIaldr tlg neZo ;snQ fros fmdosh m;afjhs' fulS jeoaod jkhg wNHka;rhg .uka lrkqfha Tyqf.a /lshdj jk if;l ovhuz lsrSfuz wruqKska jk kuq;a wjdikdjg fuka jeoaodg tosk lsis|= ovhula lr.ekSug fkd,ensKs' ovhula lr.ekSug fkdyelsjQ ys;a fjzokdfjka jkh wNHka;rhg msjsfik jeoaodg wgmsrslr ;ekam;alr ;snQ fnkh iys; jDCIh oel.ekSug ,efnhs fuh foaj;dkqNdjfhka is|=jQjla f,i .@J:d.; f;dr;re wkqj iZoyka fjz'

fulS oejeka; jDCIh olsk jeoaod .fiys jQ jsYd, fnkh oel l,amkd lrkafka ta;< uShlaj;a ;snqK fyd;a toskg ;ukag th oZvhula fjkqjg iEfyk njhs' ta wkqj .iafnkh mrSCIdlr n,k jeoaodg yuq jkafka Tyq lsisfia;a wfmaCId fkdl< fohls' tkuz wgmsrslrhs' wgmsrslr ;sfnkqfha fros fmdoshla f,i tlg .eg.id nejska th lulaoehs ne,Sug jeoaod th ,syd n,hs' th ,syd ne,Q l< lsis|= jgskdhula ta;< fkdue;s nj;a ta;< we;af;a ;jqfilg fyda Y@uKfhlg wh;a isjqre msrslr muKla nj;a olsk jeoaod kej;;a ta fros fmdosh ;snQ mrsoafokau tlg .eg.id ysi u; ;nd .kshs' ta;< ;snQ md;@h iys; md;@ miquznsh bj;g f.k md;@h miquznsh ;< nyd th ish tla Wrhl t,a,d .kshs'2 fufia lrkqfha uZ.oS lsishuz flfkl b,a,qjfyd;a md;@h fyda ,ndoS ;ukag wjYH fohla ,nd .ekSfuz n,dfmdfrd;a; iy.;jhs'

ffofjdam.; mrsoafoka wgmsrslr iys; fmdosh ysiu; ,ndf.k Wrfhys miquznsh iys; md;@h t,a,df.k .ukal< jeoaodg uq<skau uqK .eiqfka isoaOdrA: fndaOsiFjhka jykafiahs'3 isoaOdrA: fndOsiFjhka jykafiag jeoaod oel.ekSug ,ensks' jeoaodf.a tla Wrhl ovhuz lsrSu msKsi Ndjs;djk |=kq yS t,a,d ;snQ uq;a wfklaWru; miquznshl oeuQ md;@hla t,af,kjd |=gq fndai;ka uZola jsuis,su;a jsh' tfiau jeoaod kj;ajd Tyqf.a ysiu; ;snQ fmdgzgksfha ;sfnkafka fudkjdoehs jsuiSh' jeoaod fmdosh ,syd fndai;kg oelajSh' ;ud fuz msrslr wjYH flfkl fjf;d;a ,nd oSug iQodkuznj jeoaod mejiQfhka fndaOsiFjhka jykafia ;udg tajd wjYHnj mejiQfhka ta msrslr fjkqfjka fndai;ka ta wjia:dfjys yeZo isgs liSiZ: yqjudre lr.ekSfuz moku u; tlS wgmsrslr fndi;kagu ,ndoSug jeoaod tlZ. jsh' fmdfrdka|= jQ mrsoafokau ;uka yeZo isgS liS iZM jeoaod w;g m;al< fndai;ka ta fjkqjg jeoaod fj;ska wgmsrslr ,ndf.k tajd yeZo fmrj md;@ho Wfrys t,a,df.k .ukg msg;a jsh' fuu isoaOsoduh ir< f,i fmkS hkuq;a fuz;< .enzjk mdruzmrsl oekqu yqjudrej ms<snZo jeo.;a mKsjqvhla bosrsm;a flfrA'

tkuz fuu isoaOsfhaoS jeoaod hkq;a mruzmrsl oekqu wZ.jkakdjQ Wmud rEmlhls' isoaOdrA: fndi;kaf.a Y@uK fjzIh;a mdruzmrsl oekqu yZ.jkakdjQ Wmud rEmlhls' fulS Wmud rEml fol

1 YdlHuqkSka|@djodkh fyj;a isoaOdrA: f.#;u nqoaO prs;h"n,xf.dv wdkkao fu;@sh ysus" iuhjO!k m@ldYkh" fld<U" 1986" 34 msgqj' 2 tu' 3 tu 35 msgqj'

udrA.fhka lshfjkafka tla mrmqrla i;jQ mdruzmrsl oekqu ;j;a mrmqrla fj; ikaksfjzokh jSfuys l:dka;rhhs' fuhska miqj i;shl muK jsfjzl iqjfhka tlS mejsos iajrEmfhka fndai;ka jkfhys .;lrhs' thskamiqj fndi;ka jykafia jvskafka YdlHd n@dyauKS kue;s ;miajskshlf.a wimqjghs'1 fuu ;miajsksh laI;@shh jxYhg wh;a ;eke;a;shls tfukau wkdrAhh iuzm@odhg wh;a ;dmim@jDcHdfjka mejsosj jkfhys wimqjl cSj;a jkakSh'

;ukaf.a wimqjg jevs isoaOdrA: fndi;ka uy;a yrirska ms<s.kakd YdlHdn@dyauKS ;miajsksh Wkajykafia g we;s ;ruz wdydrmdkj,ska Wjegka l<dh wd.ka;l i;aldr l<dh' wehf.a ;mial@u ms<snZoj jsuiQ fndai;ka jkafiag oek.ekSug ,enqfka ir< cSjkl@uhla .;lsrSug fhda.HjkakdjQ Wmfoial@u lSmhla muKla jskd lsishuz .eUqre oyula ms<snZoj f;dr;re fkdfjz' tu ;jqia cSjk l@u ms<snZo jsia;rhla fuys bosrsfhaoS jsia;r flfrA' i;r n@yau jsyrK Ndjkdjkays ksr;jSu;a iS,nzn; mrdudi kuska nq|=iufha neyer lr we;s w;a;ls,u:dkqfhda.S cSjk l@u;a fulS ;jqia ms<sfj;g wvx. jk nj tu jsia;r wkqj oel.; yel'

;uka fidhkakdjQ mdruzmrsl oekquz moaO;sh ms<snZo kshu f;dr;re wehf.ka ,nd.; fkdyelsnj oek .kakd fndai;ka t;ekska kslausks' bka kslafuk fndai;ka jykafia thg kq|=frka jQ ;j;a ;jqia wimqjla olshs' th moaud kuz ;miajskshf.a wimqjhs'2 fndai;ka thg jevulrhs weho uy;a wdorfhka fndai;ka jykafiaj ms<s.kshs bkamiq wdka;l i;aldr wem Wmia:dko lrkakSh' wehf.a ;mial@u ms<snZoj jsuik fndai;ka jykafiag wehf.a ;jqial@uhkayso .eUqrla we;s hula fkdue;snj jegfyhs taksid t;ekskao kslauS hhs'

fuz w;r thg fkd|=rej frAj; kuzjQ iDIs kdufhka yeZoskafjk Y@uK iuzm@odhg wh;a jQfjlf.a wimqjg hhs' ta iDISjrhdf.kao by; oelajqkq mrsoafoka uy;a wd.ka;l ie,ls,s i;aldr ,nk fndai;ka jykafia ta iDIsjrhd ms<smoskakdjQ Ou!h jsuihs tysoS ta iDIsjrhd ;uka ms<smoskakdjQ foh mjik w;r fndai;ka tys lsis|= .eUqrla fkdolshs taksid bkao kslauS hhs' 3

fufia .uka lrkakdjQ fndai;ka jykafia rc.y kqjr iuSmhg iuzm@dma; fjhs' tlS rc.y kqjr iuSmfys jQ wimqjl fkdfhlq; j@; iudokaj isgskakdjQ Y@uK iuzm@odhg wh;a ;jqika msrsila fndai;kag oel.ekSug ,efnhs' tu wimqfjys bkakd ;jqikaf.a m@Odkshd kuz Nd.!j ;jqidhs ta ksid tlS wimqj Nd.!jdrduh hk kdufhka yeZoskafjhs' fuu Nd.!j ;jqido fndai;kaj uy;a wdorfhka ms<sf.k ishZMu wd.ka;l i;aldr iuzudk wdosfhka mqokq ,nhs' wjikoS fndai;ka jykafia tu ;jqidf.ka Tyq ms<smeo jikdjQ Ou!h ms<snZoj jsuihs' tysoS fndai;kag oek.ekSug ,efnkqfha tu ;jqia iuQyhd jsiska tlaj iajrA. iuzm;a;sh m;d hd.fydau lrkjdg jvd w;sfrAl hula Tjqka flfrys olskakg fkdue;s njhs tanj oekf.k t;ekska kslauS hdug ierfik fndai;kaf.a wNs,dIh oek.kakd tys j@; mqruska bkakdjQ tla;rd jevsuyZM ;jqfila OHdk Ndjkdl@u W.kajkakdjQ wd<drld<du kuz wdpdrAhjrhd bkakdjQ wimqj ms<snZoj fndai;ka oekqj;a lrhs'

fndai;ka rc.y kqjrska kslauS uZ.f.jd f.k jsid,d uykqjrn,d .uka .kshs' jsid,d uykqjrg hEug rc.ykqjrg f.dia .x.d kosfhka tf.dvjsh hq;h' fu whqrska .ukal< fndai;ka wjidkfh ys jsid,d uy kqjr jskaOHdfldaIaG kuz ;dmi wimqjg meusfKkafka tys jdih lrkakdjQ wd<dr kuzjQ iDIsjrhd uqK.eiSu iZoydhs' fuu wd<dr kue;s iDIsjrhdo laI;@Shh jxYhg wh;a flfkls' Tyq wh;q jkafka ld,du keue;s laI;@Sh mrmqrhs nq|=r|=ka ld,du iQ;@h foaYkd lrkafkao fulS ld,du kue;s laI;@Shh mrmqrg wh;a laI;@Sh msrsilghs' wd<dr kue;s iDIsjrhd ld,du kue;s laI;@Sh mrmqrg wh;ajQfjl nejska mqrdK jHjydr isrs; wkqj flfklf.a ku w.g ta ;eke;a;d

1 YdlHuqkSka|@djodkh fyj;a isoaOdrA: f.#;u nqoaO prs;h"n,xf.dv wdkkao fu;@sh ysus" iuhjO!k m@ldYkh" fld<U" 1986" 34 msgqj' 2 tu 35 msgqj' 3 tu

wh;ajkakdjQ f.da;@ kduh fyda fm<m;a kduh fhdod Ndjs;d lsrSu wkqj wd<dr ;jqia f;u wd<dr ld,du kuska yeZoskajsks'1

nq|=rcdKka jykafia miq ld,hl ld,du iQ;@h foaYkd lsrSu iZoyd jevs flaimq;a;fhys jQ jeishkao wh;a jkqfha fuu laI;@Sh mrmqrguh' fudjqkao ld,du kuz jQ laI;@Sh jxYhg wh;a msrsils' ta ksid Tjqyq ld,du fhda kuska m@isoaOshg meusKshy' fuz ld,du iQ;@hg wkqj ld,du jeisfhda tl, mej;s Ndr;Sh wkdrAh iuzm@odfhys iodpdrhg wkqj Wiiaf,i f.#rjdpdr oelajSug Wkka|=jQ msrsila nejz meyeos,s fjz' fuhska fmfkkafka fuz fudjqka idudkH .eushka fkdj iEfyk ;ruz Wiia iNHFjhla we;sj isgs kd.rsl oshqKq fm@#v YsIaGdpdr hlg ysusluz lshkakdjQ msrsila njhs'2

tnejska nq|=r|=ka ienjskau ld,du jeishka fidhd meusKsfha Tjqkag jrA;udkfha wm ld,du iQ;@h kuska jHjydr lrkakdjQ tu iQ;@h foaYkd lsrSfuz Wjukdfjkauh hk lreK flfklg fuysoS yeZ.Shk woyils' idudkHfhka nq|=rcdKka jykafia ld,dujreka wrUhd fuu iQ;@h foaYkd lrk ,oafoa Tjqf.a b,a,Sug m@;spdrhla jYfhkanj uQ,sl jYfhka wm oksuq' tfiakuq;a wikakdjQ mqoa.,hdf.a oekquz ugzgu yd Tjqkaf.a fmr lrk,o lY,dlY, lu!Yla;sh u; mokuzj we;s Wm;a;s.;j tkakdjQ wjfndaOhg we;s jdikd Yla;sh jeks wfkla fndfyda lreKq;a nq|=r|=ka jsiska i<ld nef,knj yd tfia i<ld ishfoaYkd mj;ajknj ;@smsglfhys iZoykajk lreKq weiqrska ks.ukhlg meusKsh yelsh'

idudkHfhka nq|=rcdKka jykafia Ou!m@pdrh hdka;@Kh uqZMukskau ke;sjqk;a jevsfldgila mokuz jS mej;sfha Wkajykafiau ish md.ukska f.dia mj;ajkakdjQ oyuz foiSfuz l@fudamdhhka f,his' nq|=r|=ka ;ukaf.a Y@djlhkag mjd Wmfoia ,nd oS ;snqfka fuz whqrska fkdlvjd usksiqkag Ou!h foaYkd lrkf,ihs' oyuz foiSu msKsi nq|=r|=kaf.a jevu lrjSuo isjz jeoEreuz l@uhlg is|=jS ;snqKs tu p;rAjsO jQ l@uh ;rs; pdrsld w;rs; pdrsld ksnoaO pdrsld yd wksnoaO pdrsld hkqfjka iliajS ;snqks fuhska w;rs; pdrsldj yd ksnoaO pdrsldj uZ.ska wruqKq lrk ,oafoa nq|=r|=ka jsiskau oyuz wjYH;djh we;s ta iZoyd Wps; mqoa.,hka uqK .eiSu msKsi Tjqkaj fidhdf.k jvskakdjQ l@u fjzohls'

nq|=r|=ka jsiska iq|=iqld,h yd iq|=iq mqoa.,hka fidhd jevshdjQ fuu pdrsld tlS mqoa.,hkag osiajQfha wyuznhla f,isks' wfkla w;g f,daldrA: prAhdj is|= lrkakdjQ nq|=r|=kaf.a wfmaCIdj jQfhao yels;dla tnZ|= mqoa.,hkaf.a udkisl iykYSFjh msKsi lghq; i<id,Su msKsi ;uka jykafiaf.a fiajh ms<snZo Tjqka fj;ska wkjYH m@pdrKhla n,dfmdfrd;a;jSu fkdfjz' fuz ksid fndfyda wjia:dj,oS nq|=r|=ka ;uka ljfrlaoehs fy<sfkdlr mjd ksrAkduslj ish f,daldrA: fiajh mqoa.,hka fjkqfjka i,id,Q mqj;a ;@smsglfhys wka;rA.;h'

we;euz wjia:dj, Tjqka nq|=r|=ka ;udju fidhdf.k meusKsnj Tjqka yZ|=kd.kq ,enQjo tnZ|= wjia:d b;d u;au jsr,jsh jevsmqru ;snsfha tnZ|+ mqoa.,hka nq|=r|=ka ;ukaj fidhd meusKsnj fkdoek isgSuh' nq|=r|=ka ld,du jeishka fidhd flaimq;a; kuz kshuz.@duhg jevs pdrsldjo tnZ|= tla wjia:djlg ksoiqkla f,i fmkaajdosh yelsh' fuysoS flaimq;a;fhys jQ jeishka nq|=r|=ka ;u kshuz .@duhg jevs .ufkysoS yZ|=kd .kakd uq;a nq|=r|=ka tys jevsfha ;uka ksid nejz Tjqka fkdo;a;y' tkuq;a nq|=r|=ka kuz tys jevsfha ld,dujeishka ms<snZoj jQ ukd wjfndOhlsks' ld,du jeishkaf.a is;uz me;uz cSjk rgdj reps wrepsluz ms<snZoj muKla fkdj ld,du jeishkaf.a pska;k rgdjg mokuzjkqfha Y@uK iuzm@odfha uQ<druzNlj Bgo mokuzjqKq wOsldruh pska;kh oevsfia neyerlsrSu nj nq|=rcdKka jykafia ukdj wjfndaOlrf.k isgsfial' Bg;a jvd ;uka ;jqial< ;ukag wrEmdjpr wIagiudm;a;s Z{dkhka ,en.ekSug Wmldr l< u; nq|=nj ,enSfuz YlH;djfhka

1 YdlHuqkSka|@djodkh fyj;a isoaOdrA: f.#;u nqoaO prs;h"n,xf.dv wdkkao fu;@sh ysus" iuhjO!k m@ldYkh" fld<U" 1986" 35 msgqj' 2 tu 40 msgqj'

hqla;j wrEmdjpr f,dj bmso isgsk wd,drld,du ;jqidf.a Z{d;S CI;@shh jxYslhkajQ ld,du jeishka yg ishOu!fhka ix.@y lsrSu nq|=rcdKka jykafiaf.a wruqK jS ;snsKs'

fuz lreK jgyd .ekSug wod<jk ;j;a YdCIshla kuz nq|=rcdKka jykafiaf.a foaYkdfjz ;snQ jsfYaIFjhhs' Wka jykafia ta ta ;ekaj,oS foiquz mj;ajk ,oafoa tlS msrsiaj, nqoaOs ugzgu ms<snZoj ie,ls,a, .ksusks'1 fuz ldrKh fufiakuz Wkajykafia;< ld,duhkaf.a nqoaOs Yla;sh ms<snZojo Wiia yeZ.Sula ;snqKq nejz is;d .; yelaflah' th tfia fkdjS kuz Wkajykafia Tjqkag Tjqkag wkdrAh iuzm@odfhys flaF|@Sh uQ<OrAuh f,i ie<flkakdjQ ksoyia pska;kh mol lr.;a idrOrAu ms<snZo kHdhd;aul foaYkdjla meje;ajSug Wkka|= fkdjsh yelsj ;snsKs hehs lsjyel'

wfkla w;g i;ajk wrEmdjpr iudm;a;s ,dNS iDIsjrfhljk wd<dr iDIsjrhdf.aa Z{d;Ska msrsila jSu;a Wiia nqoaOsugzgula iys; mqoa.,hka msrsila jSu;a hk lreKq ld,du jeishkag funZ|= .eUqre kHdhd;aul iQ;@hla foaYkd lrkakg fya;jla jsh yelsh'

fuz w<dr kue;s iDIsjrhd ;kaiShlaa muK ;jqika msrsilg kdhlj fjfikafkls'2 fy;u iu:OHdk jYfhka i;ajk OHdkh jk wdlsxpZ[aZ[dh;kh f;la ps;a; iudOsh jevQ ;jqfils'fy;u ish Y@djljQ fiiq ;jqia msrsig tu wdlsxpZ[aZ[dh;k Nush f;la lu!ia:dk udrA.h b.ekajSfuys ,d ;;amrj miqjQfjls' fy;u ;uka uqK .eiSug meusKs isoaOdrA: fndai;dkka jykafiaj buy;a wdor f.#rjfhka ms<sf.k wd.ka;l i;aldr iuzudk wdosh lsrSfuka miqj meusKs ldrKh jsuidn,d fndai;ka jykafiaf.a wjYH;djh oek yZ|=kdf.k Ndjkd lsrSu iZoyd wjYH ishZM iem myiqluz fndai;kg ie,eiajSh' lu!ia:dk jYfhka fy;u ;uka Wmojdf.k isgs wdlsxpZ[aZ[dh;k ps;a;iudOsh jvkdldrh fndai;kg b.ekajSh'

ta iDIsjrhd jsiska wdlsxpZ[aZ[dh;k ps;a; iudOsh Wmojd .ekSu msKsi fhda.H Ndjkd udrA.h jYfhka olajd,Qfha wdkdmdk i;s Ndjkd udrA.hhs' fndai;ka .sysl<o wdkmdki;s Ndjkdj jvd fydZoska yqremqre|= nejska b;d blaukskau wd<dr iDIsjrhdf.a wjjdofhys msysgd tlS i;aajk iu:OHdkh jk wdlsxpZ[Za[dh;kh Wmojd .ekSug iu;aluz oelajSh'3 b;du;a flgsl,lska ;uka ,;a OHdkhu fndai;kao Wmojd .ekSu ms<snZoj uy;afia i;gg m;ajQ wd<dr kuz iDIsjrhd ;ukaf.a YsIH msrsi folg fnod t;eka mgka ;ud yd iu iu fia wdpdrAhjre fldg i<ld l@shdlrkakg fiiq ;jqikag Wmfoiao ,ndoS ;udyd /ZoS l@shdlrkakg fndai;kaf.ka b,a,d isgsh;a ta wdlsxpdZ[aZ[dh;k ps;a; iudOshg jvd oshqKq l<hq; wkH ps;a; iudOshla ta ;jqika fj;ska oek.; fkdyels nj jgyd .kakd fndai;ka jykafia wd<dr ;jqidg ;ukaf.a wjYH;djh jkafkaa Bg;a tyd we;s wdOHd;ausl jsuqla;shl nejz myodfohs' fndai;kaf.a wjYH;djh uekjska wjfndaO lr.kakd wd<dr kuz iDIs jrhd fkjiZ[aZ[dkdiZ[aZ[dh;k kuzjk wgjk iu:OHdkh f;la ps;a; iudOsh W.kajkakdjQ W|@l kuz iDIsjrhd lrd fndai;ka fhduq lrkq ,nhs'

wd<dr iDIsjrhdf.ka iuqf.k msg;ajk fndai;kajykafia uyS kosfhka tf.dvjS ta wi, jQ W|@l kuz iDIsjrhd fjfik ;jqia wimqjg meusfKhs4 ta W|@l kuz iDIsjrhd Bgfmr jevisgs rdu kue;s wIaG iudm;a;s,dNS uy iDIsjrhdf.a YsIHfhls' ta rdu keue;s uy iDIsjrhd ;uka jsiska fkjiZ[aZ[dh;kh kuz jk wIaGiudm;a;sh Wmojdf.k tu iudm;a;sh ;ukaf.a YsIHhkag mqre|= mqyqKql< iDIsjrfhl jqj;a Tyqf.a YsIH W|@l kuz iDIsjrhd ta iudm;a;sh fkd,enQfjls'

1 ld,du Ou!h" nU/kafoa isrS iSj,S ysus" iuyjO!k uq|@Kd,h" fld<U" 1961" 31-33 msgq' 2 YdlHuqkSJ|@djodkh fyj;a isoaOdrA: f.#;u nqoaO prs;h"n,xf.dv wdkkao ffu;@sh ysus" iuhjO!k m@ldYkh" fld<U" 1986" 40 msgqj' 3 YdlHuqkSka|@djodkh fyj;a isoaOdrA: f.#;u nqoaO prs;h"n,xf.dv wdkkao fu;@sh ysus" iuhjO!k m@ldYkh" fld<U" 1986" 34 msgqj' 4 tu 41 msgqj'

tfia jqj;a W|@l iDIsjrhd rdu iDIsjrhdf.ka ;uka W.;a ta wIaG iudm;a;sh f;lajQ lu!ia:dkh ;u YsIHhkag W.kajkakdjQ wdpdrAhjrfhls' fy;u W|@l iDIsjrhdf.a YsIHfhl nejska mqrdK ;dmi Y@uK iuzm@odh wkqj YsIHhdo mq;@ ia:dkfhys ;nd yeZoskafjk nejska rdu iDIsf.a mq;@jQ W|@l hk wrA:fhka rdumq;a; W|@l hk kdufhka yeZoskafjkakg jsh fuz rdu kuz jk iDIs wdpdrAhjrhd;a Tyqf.a YsIH W|@l iDIsjrhd;a laI;@Sh jxYhg wh;a jQjkah' idudkHfhka f.da;@ kduh fyda fm<m;a kduh kug wZ.ska jHjydr lsrSfuz mqrdK iuzm@odh wkqj W|@l kuz iDIsjrhdf.a rduf.a

mq;@fhl hkak yZ.jk rdumq;@ hkak W|@l hk kduh wZ.g jHjydr flfrA ta wkqj fuz iDIsjrhd W|@lrdu mq;a; jYfhka md,s fmd;aj, yeZoskafjz' 1

fuu lreK meyeos,s lrfokakg kuz ksorAYkhla bosrsm;a l<hq;j we;'ksoiqkla jYfhka f.da;u hkako fm<m;a kduhls' f.da;u fm<mf;ys jQ msrsuska f.da;u kdufhkao ldka;djka f.da;uS hkafjkao jHjydr jkakg jsh'2 ixialD;fhka f.#;u yd f.#;uS f,i fuhu jHjydr fjz' ta wkqj f.da;u f.da;@fhys jQ m@cdm;sh kuz ldka;dj m@cdm;S f.da;uS kuzjQ w;r f.da;u f.da;@hg wh;a isoaOdrA: kuz mqreIhd isoaOdrA: f.da;u kuzjsh'3 fuz wkqj f.da;u f.d;@fhys jQ ishZMu mqreIhka yeZoskajSu msKsi f.da;u hk fm<m;a kduh jHjydrl, yelsjsh'fuz ksid we;euz iQ;@j, nq|=r|=kag muKla fkdj fndaOsiFjhkajykafiaf.a ZCod;s ifydaorfhl jQ wdkkao ysushkago f.da;u hk fm<m;a kdufhka wduka;@K h l< wjia:d ;@smsglfhys olakg mqZMjk'

W|@l kuz ;jqidf.ka Wjegka ,nuska Tyqf.ka fkjiZ[aZ[dkdiZ[aZ[dh;kh olajd Ndjkd lu!ia:dkh bf.k.kakd fndai;ka b;d flgsl,lska ta wIaG iudm;a;sh ;ukajsiskau Wmojd.kakg iu;ajsh'4 fndai;ka nqoaOFjhg m;ajS uq,skau Ou!djfndaOh ,ndoSu iZoyd ish wjOdkh fhduqlf<a fuz iDIsjre fofokd fj;hs tfy;a ta jkjsg;a fuz iDIsjre fofoku lZMrshfldg Tjqka Wmojd.kakd,o ps;a;iudOSkag wkql~, wrEmdj pr n@yau f,dalj, Wm; ,nd ;snqKq nejska Tjqkag uq,skau Ou!foaYkd lsrSug fkdyels jsh' wjYHkuz tlS wrEmdjpr n@yau f,dlhg jevujd Ou! foaYkd lsrSfuz yelshdjla nq|=r|=kayg ;snqK;a Wkajykafia tfia fkdlf<a wehs hk m@Yakh u;jsh yelshs' fuz iDIsjre fofokdf.au u; fjk;a n,dfmdfrd;a;jla uia;m@dma; lr,Sfuz wruqKska fufia fkdjevshd fjkakg mqZMjk'

we;euzjsg fuz iDIsjre fofoku u; nqoaOFjh m@drA:kdfldg mdrus;d mqrkakdjQ fndaOsiFjhka jykafia,d fom<la jsh yelshs' fuz iDIsjre isgs wrEmdjpr n@yau f,dalhg jev Ou! foaYkd lf<ys kuz fuz fofok ud.! M, Wmojd.kq we; tjsg ta fofokdf.a n,dfmdfrd;a; bgq fkdfjz'fndaOsiuzNdr msrSug kuz iirg msjsi mdrus;d iuzmQrAK l< hq;h ud.!M, ,dNS jSuksid iir iersireu ixisZojk nejska OHk iuzm;a;Ska m@.K lsrSu jskd fndaOsiFJjre nq|=nj ,nk wd;au Ndjh jka;reu ud.!M, fkdWmoj;s' cd;l l:djkays jsjrKh jkakdjQ fndaOsiFjhka jykafiaf.a w;S; Njhka yd iuznJO we;euz m@jD;a;s f.k n,kjsg fulS ks.ukh ksjeros nejz fmfkkakg ;sfnz isoaOdrA: fndai;kao fuz wdldrhgu w;S;Njhkays iDIsjre f,i wIaG iudm;a;s Wmojd ;jqia mejsoafoka hq;j isg lZMrsh fldg n@yauf,dal W;am;a;sh ,enQ mqj;a b;d iq,Nh' isoaOdrA: fndaOsiFjhka jykafia iqfuzO kdufhka wIaG iudm;a;s,dNSj ;jqia mejsoafoka hq;j oSmxlr nq|=r|=ka oji jev jsiQ mqj; f:rjdoSuQ<dY@hkays wka;rA.;h'5

1 u' ks' 1 Tmuzu j.a.h" wrshmrsfhaik iq;a;" nq' c' uq '404 msgqj' fida fLda wyx NslaLfjz lsx l`I, .fjziS fida fLda wyx NslaLfjz lsx l`I, .fjziS fida fLda wyx NslaLfjz lsx l`I, .fjziS fida fLda wyx NslaLfjz lsx l`I, .fjziS wkq;a;rx ika;sjrmox mrsfhiudfkd fhk wkq;a;rx ika;sjrmox mrsfhiudfkd fhk wkq;a;rx ika;sjrmox mrsfhiudfkd fhk wkq;a;rx ika;sjrmox mrsfhiudfkd fhk Woaofld rdumq;af;d f;kqmixlusx WmizlusFjd Woaolx Woaofld rdumq;af;d f;kqmixlusx WmizlusFjd Woaolx Woaofld rdumq;af;d f;kqmixlusx WmizlusFjd Woaolx Woaofld rdumq;af;d f;kqmixlusx WmizlusFjd Woaolx rdumq;a;x t;ofjdpxrdumq;a;x t;ofjdpxrdumq;a;x t;ofjdpxrdumq;a;x t;ofjdpx: 2 YdlHuqkSJ|@djodkh fyj;a isoaOrA: f.#;u nqoaO prs;h"n,xf.dv wdkkao ffu;@sh ysus" iuhjO!k uq|@Kd,h" fld<U" 1986" 6 msgqj' 3 u' ks' 11" pxlS iq;a;" nq' c' uq' 654 msgqj' hous fNd f.d;u n@hous fNd f.d;u n@hous fNd f.d;u n@hous fNd f.d;u n@dyauKdkx fmdrdKx uka;mox b;syS; dyauKdkx fmdrdKx uka;mox b;syS; dyauKdkx fmdrdKx uka;mox b;syS; dyauKdkx fmdrdKx uka;mox b;syS; mruzmrdh msgliuzmodh ;F: p n@yauKd tlxfik ksgzGx .pzPka;s bofuj ipzpx fud>uZ[aZ[ka;s bO Njx mruzmrdh msgliuzmodh ;F: p n@yauKd tlxfik ksgzGx .pzPka;s bofuj ipzpx fud>uZ[aZ[ka;s bO Njx mruzmrdh msgliuzmodh ;F: p n@yauKd tlxfik ksgzGx .pzPka;s bofuj ipzpx fud>uZ[aZ[ka;s bO Njx mruzmrdh msgliuzmodh ;F: p n@yauKd tlxfik ksgzGx .pzPka;s bofuj ipzpx fud>uZ[aZ[ka;s bO Njx f.d;u lsuyd;s f.d;u lsuyd;s f.d;u lsuyd;s f.d;u lsuyd;s 4 u' ks' 1"Tmuzu j.a." wrshmrsfhaik iq;a;" nq' c' uq' 404-408msgq' 5 oS' ks' 11" uydj.a." uydmodk iq;a;" nq' c' uq'

wkd.;fhys f,dj my<jk ffu;@S nq|=rcdKka jykafia ms<snZo jsjrKhla plalj;a;s iSykdo iQ;@fhys olakg ,efnz'1ffu;@s nq|=r|=kaf.a ksh; jsjrK .ekSuo is|=jQfha f.#;u nq|=r|=kaf.ks' fuz ms<snZoj jevs|=rg;a f;dr;re wkd.; jxifhyso olakg ,efnz' wkd.; jxifhys fuz ffu;@sh fndai;ka iuZ.u ksh; jsjrK ,nd.;a wkd.;fhys nqoaOFjhg meusfKk fndaOsiFjhka jykafia,d oi fofklf.a kuz oelafjz' ta wh kuz

1 fu;af;hH

2 W;a;u

3 rdu

4 mfia koS fldai,

5 wNSN~

6 oS>fidaKs

7 ixlpzp

8 iqN

9 f;dafohH

10 kd,d.sr md,f,hH hk oi fokdhs'

fuz wh w;r rdu hkqfjka oelafjkafka fuys jsia;rjk W|@lrdu mq;a;f.a kduhhs' fuhska fmfkkafka W|@l rdumq;a; ;jqid u; wkd.;fhysoS iuzud iuznqoaOFjhg meusfKk njhs W|@l rdumq;a; jkdyS wrEmdjpr i;ajk OHdkh ,nd.;aflfkla jk w;r fuysu iZoykajk wd<dr ld,du ;jqid wrEmdpr wgjk OHdkh ,nd.;a flfkls boska wrEmdjpr I;ajk OHdkh ,nd.;a ;jqidg u; nqoaOFjhg m;ajSug ms<sjkalu ;sfnzkuz wksjdrAhfhkau wIagiudm;a;s ,dNS wd<drld,du ;jqidg u; nqoaOFjhg m;ajSug fkdyelshdjla ;snsh yels fkdfjz' tu ksid fulS W|@lrdu mq;a; yd wd<dr ld,du hk ;jqika fofokd u; n|=nj m;k fndaOsiFjjrhka fofofkla nj fuzuZ.ska ukdj ;yjqre fjz'

tfiakuz nq|=rcdKkajykafiag fuz fofokd uqK .eiS Ou! foaYkdlsrSfuz wjia;dj ;snqK;a tfia is|= fkd lf<a fuz fofokdjykafiaf.a u; m@drA:kdjg wjldY i,idoSu msKsi jshyelsh' th tfiakuz kuz nq|=rcdKka jykafiaf.a uS <Z. mshjr f,i wksjdrAhhfhkau jshhq;j ;snqfKa fudjqka fofokd fjkqfjka Tjqkaf.a Z{d;Skag lsishuz Ou!uh wkq.@yhla oelajSuhs' nq|=rcdKka jykafia flaimq;a;hg jev ld,du jeishka uqK .eiqfKa yqfola wyuznfhka fkdj nq|=rcdKka jykafiaf.a tlS wruqK uia;l m@dma; lr .ekSug fkdjsh yelso$nq|=jre wdjdg .shdg fkdis;d fkdn,d jevfkdlr;s' Wkajykafia,d iEu ldrAhhlau wrUkafka ;kal,a ukdfidhd ne,Sula iys;juh' tksid ld,du jeishka ms<snZoj;a ta wdldrfhka fidhd ne,Sula wksjdrAfhkau nq|=r|=ka lr ;sfnkakg jqjukdh tnejska Wkajykafia flaimq;a;hg jevsfha yqfola wyuznfhka tk .ukla js,iska fkdj ld,dujeish ka uqK .eiS funZ|= .uzNSr Ou!hla ld,du jeishkag foaYkd lsrSfuz mrudrA:fhkauh hk ks.ukhg wmg t<Ush yel'

Wkajykafia ta iZoyd is|=lf<a wyuznfhka fuka fmfkk wdldrhg ish Ou!foaYkhg wjYH uQ<sl l:dny ld,du jeishka ;,skau u;lr.ekSuhs' tkuz ld,du jeishka uZ.skau ta ta Ydia;Djrekaf.a Ou!hka ms<snZoj jspdrmQrAjlj ne,Sug Ou! idlpzPdj fhduqlrjSuhs ta;,ska h:drA:jdoS oY!khlg m@fjzYhla i<id.ekSug Wkajykafiag yelshdj ,ensks Y@djlFjfha isg iuzud iuznqoaOFjh jeks nqoaOs mrsmdl.; ksIagdjla lrdjqjo <Z.djSug yelshdj ,efnk mrsoafoka wOsldruh udkislFjfhka jshqla;jSu ;,ska Bg wjYH yd .e<fmk pska;k osYdk;sh ilia lsrSug nq|=rcdKka jykafiag fuz

1 oS' ks' mdgsl j.a.h" plalj;a;s iSykdo iq;a;" nq' c' uq' 1976" 130-132 msgq' fu;af;hH nqoafOd;amdo fu;af;hH nqoafOd;amdo fu;af;hH nqoafOd;amdo fu;af;hH nqoafOd;amdo

ksid wjldY ie<isks' thg ld,du jeishkaf.a ukdmho fkdwvqj Wkajykafiayg ,ensks' ld,du jeishkaf.a repslFjh myiqfjka uSg ,enqfka ld,du jeishkao yqfola fudav .uzjeishka msrsila fkdj hula lula oek W.;a nqoaOsu;a msrsila jQ nejsks' fuz nejz fuhg fmr fulS iQ;@h ms<snZoj huz .fjzIKhla is|=l< uydpdrAh nU/kafoa isrSiSj,S ysushkao Wkajykafia jsiska rps; ld,du Ou!h keue;s .@F:fha 31 fjks msgqfjz iZoyka lr;snsKs'

fuf;la fuz jsia;rh is|=lf<a lshkakg hk ldrKhg idOl u;lrjd .ekSu iZoydhs' fuys Y@uK iusm@odhg wh;a jsjsO fldgia .Kkdjla ms<snZoj jsia;rjsh' tu fldgia kuz ;jqika iDIsjreka mfianq|=jre fyj;a uqksjre iuzudiuznq|=pjre yd fndaOsiFjhka jykafia,d ms<snZojhs' fuz ishZM foku Y@uK iuzm@odhg wh;a jQ w;r wkdrAh ixilD;shg wh;a jkakdjQ ckhdf.ka mejf;kakka jQy' jsfYaIfhka f:arjdos iuzm@odh jsiska iuzud iuznqoaOFjh biau;lr oelajSu msKsi .kakd ,o jEhu;,oS Tjqkaf.a jsia;rj,ska mfianq|=jre ms<snZoj ijsia;r f;dr;re .s,syS f.dia;sfnz'

Y@uK iuzm@odfhys l@usl jsldYh tys wdOHd;ausl oshqKqjg bjy,a jQ whqre

;dmi iDIs uydiDIs uqks ^ mfianq|= iuzud iuznqoaO

imq;a;Nrshd rEmdjpr OHdk 4 rEmdjpr OHdk 4 rEmdjpr OHdk 4 rEmdjpr OHdk 4

WZ[acdpdrsld m@:u OHdkh m@:u OHdkh m@:u OHdkh m@:u OHdkh

iuzm;a;ld,sld |=;sh OHdkh |=;sh OHdkh |=;sh OHdkh |=;sh OHdkh

wk.a.smlalsld ;D;sh OHdkh ;D;sh OHdkh ;D;sh OHdkh |=;sh OHdkh

wiauuqgzGsld p;F:s OHdkh p;F:s OHdkh p;F:s OHdkh p;F:s OHdkh

oka;,qhHld wrEm OHdk 3 wrEm OHdk 4 wrEm OHdk 4 wrEmd OHdk 4

mj;a;M<sld wdldidkZ[apd-

h;kh

wdldidkZ[apd-

h;kh

wdldidkZ[apd-

h;kh

wdldidkZ[apd-

h;kh

jKaguq;a;sld jsZ[aZ[dKZ[apd-

h;kh

jsZ[aZ[dKZ[apd-

h;kh

jsZ[aZ[dKZ[apd-

h;kh

jsZ[aZ[dKZ[apd-

h;kh

wdlsZ[apZ[aZ[d-

h;kh

wdlsZ[apZ[aZ[d-

h;kh

wdlsZ[apZ[aZ[d-

h;kh

wdlsZ[apZ[aZ[d-

h;kh

fkjiZ[aZ[dkd-

iZ[aZ[dh;kh

fkjiZ[aZ[dkd-

iZ[aZ[dh;kh

fkjiZ[aZ[dkd-

iZ[aZ[dh;kh

fkjiZ[aZ[dkd-

iZ[aZ[dh;kh

----- ----- jsoY!kd Z{dKh jsoY!kd Z{dKh

----- ----- p;rdhH! i;Hh p;rdhH! i;Hh

----- ----- ksfrdaOiudm;a;sh

ksfrdaOiudm;a;sh

----- ----- ----- ij!Z{;d Z{dKh

flfiafj;;a Y@uK iuzm@odhg wh;a ;jqikaf.a ;jqia cSjs;h ms<snZoj f;dr;re t<sfmfy,s lr.ekSu uZ.ska ld,du iQ;@h yd neZ|=kq Y@uK iuzm@odh;a ;okqnoaO wkdrAh ixialD;sh;a ms<snZoj

fndfyda f;dr;re u;lr .; yelsjkq we;' ;dmihka ms<snZoj f;dr;re fijSfuzoS ;dmi j.! wgla ms<snZoj f;dr;re iq;a; ksmd;fha ysrsiQ;@ wgzGl:dfjys oelafjz'1 tkuz

1 imq;a; Nrshd'

2 WZ[Pdpdrsld'

3 iuzm;a; ld,sld'

4 wk.a.smlalsld'

5 wiauuqgzGsld'

6 oka;,qhHld'

7 mj;a;M,sld'

8 jKaguq;a;sld'

1 imq;a;Nrshd 2

;ukaf.a wUq orejka iuZ.u mejsosj lDIs jKsla wdoS lu!dka; lruska osjs /l.kakd flKsh cgs, jeks wh wh;a jkqfha fuu ;jqia fldgighs' cgs,hka fyj;a cgdOrhkao ;dmi jsfYaIhkau nj flaKsh cgs,hd ms<snZo mqj;ska meyeos,sfjz' Ok r;akd msKsi ;jqia mejsoao iudokaj rcqg mZvqre oS N~udNd.hla ,nd f.k t;ek wimqjla lrjd tys l, oyila weiqre fldg fjfihs' Tyqf.a wimqfjys tla ;,arellska oskm;d tla iajrAK M,h ne.ska jefg;ehso lsh;s fuz flKsh cgs,hd osjd l,ays ligj;a orhs cgd nZoshs rd;@sfhys rsis mrsos mialuz iqj jsZoshs'

fuz flaKsh cgs,hd imq;a;Nrshd fldgig wh;a cgs,fhls fuz j.!fha ;jqika wUq orejka rlsk mialuz iqj j<Zok wh nj;a osjd l,ays lig j;a yd cgd oruska fjfi;;a rd;@sfhysoS ys;jlaldr cSjs;hla .;lrk nj;a fuhska meyeos,s fjz' Wrefj, liaim koS ldiaim .hd ldiaim wdoSyqo cgs, ;dmihka nj;a Tjqkaf.a mqj;a lshjSfuzoS meyeos,sju fmfkhs' fuzz Wrefj, liaim cgs, ;dmihd uyd hd.hkays fh|=kq njo olakg we;'thska meyeos,s jkafka cgs, ;dmihkq|= hd. lrkakjqka njhs' tfiau Wrefj, liaim cgs,hd w.a.s mrsprKfhys(.sks msoSfuys) fh|=kq njo Tyqf.a l:d mqj;ska wkdjrKh jkakls' fuz cgs,fhda b;d YS; jQ fyauka; iD;fjys wka;rgzGlfhys (kjuz ui w. i;r osk yd ueoska ui uq,a i;r osko hk wg osk)mjd fkarZ[aZcrd kosfhys .sf,uska mdm m@jdyfhys fhfo;s'

tfiau fuz cgs,hka ysifla cgduZvq,q ;jqia msrslr yd msrslro .sks mqqok WmlrK we;sj isgs ;jqika nj ksielju lsh yelsh' fufia cgs, ;jqika w;r;a jsjOdldr ;dmi m@;sm;a;s mej;s njg flaKSh cgs,hdf.a mqj;;a Wrefj, liaim cgs,hdf.a mqj;;a iiZod ne,Sfuka wkdjrKh lr.; yelsh'

fuh ;dmi iuzm@odfhys uQ<sl jsldYk wjia;djla f,i ie<lsh yelsh' tkuz iuzmQrAKfhkau wk.drsl cSjs;hg ms<smka ;eke;a;ka fkdj .sysnj yd mejsos nj w;r;r wjia:djla f,i fulS ;dmi iuzm@odh yZ|=kajd osh yelsh' fuu jrA.fha ;dmihka .sys Wojsh lrkakdjQ /lSrCId lghq;j, ksr;jSu;a wUq orejka mrsyrKh lsrSu;a ;,ska weZ.fjkafka fuz fldgzGdYh i; wdcSj mdrsYoaOsh irAjiuzmQrAK fkdjk njhs' tfiau osjdl< ;jqfil f,i .; lsrSu;a rd;@sfhysoS thg uqZMukskau fjkia jQ ldufNda.S cSjs;hla .; lsrSu;a jQl,S lylnj ms,snZo ps;@hla wikakkaf.a

1 iq;a; ksmd;gzGl:d" ysrsiq;a; 242 msgqj' 2 ;@smsglfhys ixialD;sl ,CIK" ;,,af,a Ouzudkkao ysus" iuhjO!k uq|@Kd,h" fld<U" 1980 "138msgqj'

ukfiys weZo fmkajSuls' fuz lreKo wdcSj mdrsYoaOsh ms<snZo iuzmQrAK fkdjQ m@;sm;a;sh fy<slr jkakls'

flfia kuq;a fuu wjia:dj jqjo jeo.;a jkafka ;dmi iuzm@odfhys uS <Z. jsldYk mshjr Wod jkafka fuz wjia:dj mdol fldgf.k nejsks' fuu ;;ajfhka w;aoelSuz wr.kakd ;dmi iuzm@odh fuyska Tnzng f.dia ;u wdcSj mdrsYoaOsh ;j;a msrsis|= lr.ekSug udk ne,Su ;,ska jvd by< ia:rj,g msjsiSug Tjqkag yelshdj we;s fjz' ;dmi iuzm@odh hkq Y@uKhkaf.a uQ<sl jsldYk wjia:dj jk nejska uQ<sl mshjr jQ fujeks ;;ajhka foi wo wm bkakd jrA;udk oshqKq YsIagdpdruh ixl,amhka mdol lrf.k wjZ{dfjka fkdne,sh hq;h' thg fya;j fuz jQ l,S u;` l,l fYa@IaGFjhg m;ajSu iZoyd fndfyda fjr jEhfuka .sh w;s oSrA> .ufka ux i<lKq jk nejsks' fuzjdhska ,nd.;a w;aoelSuz Y@uKjrekaf.a fcHIaG;u idudcslhdjQ fn#oaO Y@uKjre olajd meusKs ta oSrA> lY, ms<sfjf;ysoS Tjqkag udf.!damfoaYlFjfhka uy;a fia Wmldr jS we;s nejsks'

2 WZ[aPdpdrsld

k.r oajdrfhys wdY@uhla lrjdf.k tys fjfiuska CIa;@sh n@dyauK wdoS orejkag Ys,am W.kajd ta iZoyd mZvqre jYfhka rka rejka fkdms<sf.k f;,a iy,a wdoS lem foh muKla ms<sf.k cSj;ajk ;jqika fuz kdufhka yeZoskafjz' fuz WZZ[aPdpdrslfhda imq;a;Nrshd ;jqikg jvd fYa@IaG fj;s'

fuu jrA.fha ;jqika imq;a;Nrshd ;jqikag jvd mshjrla bosrshg .sh iajNdjhla olakg ,efnz' tkuz fudjqkaf.a /lshdj jkqfha b.ekajSuh' th fiiq /lshdjka yd ixikaokh lrkjsg /lshdjla jYfhka fkdj TzkEu wd.usl mejsoafola jsiska lrkakdjQ wksjdrAh wd.usl foaYkd meje;ajSu yd iuznJO jQ fohls' fuu jrA.fha ;jqika CIa;@shh yd n@dyauK orejkag W.kajkafka wrAYk Ydia;@hg iuznJO wdpdr jsoHdj fyda ;rAlYdia;@h jsh yelsh' tajd uqZM ukskau wd.usl b.ekajSuz fkdjQj;a wd.usl b.ekajSuz j,g wkqn,hla tajdhska ,efnz' wd.uzsl b.ekajSuz jsOsu;a f,i Ydia;@Sh lghq;` iZoyd fhdojd .ekSug tlS jsIhka ms<snZo oekqu yd wjfndaOh ufydamldrS fjz'

f,#lsl lghq; f,i ie<lK;a fudjqkaf.a /lshdj tla;rd w;lska uqZMukskau .syshka jsiskau muKla lrkakdjQ /lsrCId muKla is|=l<djQ imq;a;Nrshd fldgfiys /lshdj,g jvd OdrAusl iajrEmhla jsoHudk fjz' wdcSj mdrsYoaOsh uqZMukskau olskakg fkd;snqk;a wdcSjh tla;rd wdldrhlska msrsis|= jSfuz iuzNdjs;djla fuu fldgi;, jsoHudk fjz'

;jo fudjqka lsisfia;a wUqorejka mrsyrKh lsrSula ms,snZoj fkdoelafjz fuho ldufhka |=rejSfuz fudjqka ;, ;snQ Wjukdj uQrA;su;a lrkakls' fuz jkjsg wdOHd;ausl mCIfhka yd ndysr mCIfhka Y@uKfhl i;jsh hq;hehs iuzu;jqKq uQ<sl yev;,hg m;ajSfuz wkql@usl m@jK;djla jsoHudkfjz' Y@uK iajrEmh tu uQ<sl yev;,hg wkql@ufhka ,Z.djSfuz bosrsmshjrhka lrd hkakjQ iajrEmhla imq;a;Nrshd fldgig jvd fuu WZ[aPdrsld fldgfiys olakg ;sfnz th uQrAu;a lrkakdjQ fohla WZ[aPdrsld ;jqika;< jsoHudk fjz tkuz .sys mej;ula jQ wUqore mrsyrKh uqZMukskau kj;d oud we;' tfukau wdcSj mdrsYOsfhys wiuzmQrAK Ndjh fmkakquzlrk ,CIKhla f,i ie<flkakdjQ osjdl< ;jqfil fuka .;lsrSu;a yd rd;@sfhysoS Bg uqZM ukskau fjkia wdldrlska luziqj fijqu;a fuu WZ[aPdrsld ;jqika;, olakg fkd,enSuhs'

3 iuzm;a;ld,sld 1

wdydr wkqNj lrk fj,djg ,enqkq fohlska cSj;a jSu iuzm;a;ld,sl ;jqikaf.a .;shhs' fuz iuzm;a; ld,sl ;jqfida WZ[aPdpdrsl ;jqikg jvd Wiia fj;s'

1 ;@smsglfhys ixialD;sl ,CIK" ;,,af,a Ouzudkkao ysus" iuhjO!k uq|@Kd,h" fld<U" 1980" 138 msgqj'

fuz wjia;djg mrskduKh jk jsg imq;a;Nrshd ;jqia iuzm@odh i;j ;snqKq we;euz .sys ,CIK bj;ajS f.dia ta fjkqjg jvd;a m@iia; mejsos ,CIK wdfrdamKh jS we;s iajNdjhla olakg ;sfnz' lsishuz jsfYaI ms<sfj;la imq;a;Nrshd ;jqikag jvd fuz ;jqikaf.a fkdfj;;a fudjqkaf.a imq;a; Nrshd ;jqikag jvd olakg ;sfnk tlu jsfYaIFjh kuz fudjqka imq;a;Nrshd ;jqika fuka /lSrCId lsrSu fyda wUqore kv;a;j fkdlrk njhs' fjk;a whqrlska lsjfyd;a .sysNdjh iuZ. ;snqKq iuznJO;d fuz ;jqia iuzm@odh fj;ska bj;aj f.dia ;snSu oelsh yelsh fuh fydZo ,CIKhls'

/lSrCIdj, ksr;jSu yd wUqore kv;a;j .sysnfjz ,CIKhls tu ,CIKh fulS ;jqia iuzZm@odh ;u cSjk meje;afuka bj;alr .ekSu fudjqka imq;a;Nrshd ;jqia fldgig jvd Y@uK wdl,amuh w;ska Okd;aul jO!khla ,enQ njg idOlhlao fjhs' tfukau wdcSjmdrsYoaOsh w;ska miq;a;Nrshd fldgig jvd fmrg hdula fuz fya;j ksid olakg ;sfnz' osjdl, ;jqiaj; yd rd;@S l< ldufiajkh hk lylj@;h;a fuu iuzm;a;ld,sld ;jqika;, olakg fkdjSuo wdcSj mdrsYoaOsh w;ska imq;a; Nrshd fldgig jvd by< njla fmkakquz lrk ,CIKhls'

4 wk.a.silalsld 1

.skafkka fkd;euznQ fld< f.vs wdosh ld hefmkafkda wk.a.silalslfhdah iuzmka;ld,sl ;jqikag jvd fuz wk.a.silalsld ;jqfida fY@aIaG fj;s'

5 wiauuqgzGsld 2

w;a.,lska fyda wkalsis wdhqOhlska .ia fmd; .,jdf.k nv.sks jQ jsg nqosuska fmfyjia bgd i;r n@yau jsydr Ndjkdfjz fhfokafkda wiauuqgzGslfhdah' wk.a.mlalsl ;jqikg jvd fuz wiauuqgzGsl ;jqfid fY@aIaG fj;s'

6 oka;,qhHld 3

rela fmd; .,jd .ekSu msKsi w;a.,laj;a mrsfNd.hg fkdf.k nv.sksjQ jsg o;skau .ia fmd;` .,jd luska fmfyjia bgd i;r n@yau jsydr Ndjkdfjys fhfok wh oka;,qhHlfhdahs' wk.a.s mlalsl ;jqikag jvd fuz wiauuqgzGsl ;jqfida fYa@IaG fj;s'

7 mj;a;M,sld 4

cd;>rhla (bfnz yg.;a js,la) fyda jk ,eyenla weiqre fldg fjfiuska tu js,ays yg.;a fk<qUq w, wdosh fyda jk ,e.enzys yg.;a u,a f.vs wdosh fyda tfia; ke;s l,ays m,;re fyda luska cSj;a jk wh mj;a; M,sl ;dmifhdahs' fuz mj;a;M,sl ;jqfida wiauuqgzGslhkag jvd Wiia fj;s'

8 jKaguq;a;sld 5

kgqfjka .s,syS nsu m;s;jk fld< muKla wkqNj fldg cSj;ajk wh jKag uqla;slfhdahs' m<uq lS ishZM ;dmi jsfYaIhkg jvd fuz jKag uq;a;slfhdahs' m<uq lS ishZM ;dmi jsfYaIhkg jvd fuz jKag uq;a;sl ;jqika Wiia hhs i,l;s'

1 tu 2 tu 3 tu 4 ;@smsglfhys ixialD;sl ,CIK" ;,,af,a Ouzudkkao ysus" iuhjO!k uq|@Kd,h" fld<U" 1980" 138 msgqj' 5 tu

;jqia fldgzGdYh i; cSjs; meje;au p;rx. iukajd.; n@yauprAhhlska hqla; nejs lshkq ,efnz' p;rx. kuz wx. i;rlska hqla;jk njhs' fulS nUir jdih ;jqikaf.a YS, uy;ajh m@lg lrhs' nq|=iuh w;a;ls,u :dkq fhda.h tfukau iS,nzn; mrdudih jYfhka i<ld neyerlr ;sfnkafka fulS YS, m@;smodjhs' tu p;rx. iukajd.; n@yauprAhh kuz

1 mru ;fmda .K'

2 mru jDCI j@;'

3 mru cq.maid j@;'

4 mru jsfjl' hkqhs

Y@uK iuzm@odfhys wdOHd;ausl ;;ajfhys l@usl jsldYh

m@d:usl wjOsh oajs;Sh wjOsh

wdcSjmdrs YoaOsh

ke;

wdcSj

mdrsYoaOsh

we;

wdcSj

mdrsYoaOsh

ke;

wdcSj

mdrsYoaOsh

we;

rEmd

OHdk

we;

rEmd

OHdk

we;

rEm

wrEmd

OHdk

rEmd

wrEm

OHdk

i;r n@yau

jsyrK

ke;

i;r n@yau

jsyrK

ke;

i;r n@yau

jsyrK

we;

i;r n@yau

jsyrK

we;

wrEm

OHdk

ke;

wrEm

OHdk

we;

p;rdhH!

i;Hhdj

-fndaOh

p;rdhH!

i;Hh yd

ij!Z{;dj

;jqia ;jqia ;jqia ;jqia ;jqia uy;jqia uyiDIs wx.Sri

cgs, -- --- uy;jqia uy;jqia iDIs wx.Sri^ nqoaO^uqks

wdcSjl wdcSjl --- --- iDIs uydiDIs uqks^nqoaO iuznqoaO

mrsj@dcl mrsj@dcl --- ---- --- bisjre mfianq|= ij!Z{

1 mru ;fmda .K 1

fuhska mru ;fmda.K f,i yeZoskafjkafka YdrSrsl mSvd msKsi mj;akdjQ w;a;ls,u:dkqfhda.h kag w;<;a wdydrh jia;@h yd jsyrKh ms<snZo |=Ialr wdpdr jsOSkah ucACOsu ksldfhys uyd iSy kdo iQ;@fhys ;jqikaf.a fuz mru ;fmda.Khg wka;rA.; jkakdjQ w;sYh |=Ialr wdpdr jsOSka mkia kjhla iZoyka fjz fuzjdhska wxl 1 isg 41 olajd oelafjkafka ;jqikaf.a wdydrh ms<snZo wdpdr Ou! y;<sia tlhs' tajdkuz

1 YsIaG iudcfha wdpdr l@u blaujd k.akj isgf.k u<uq;@ lsrSu wdydr wkqNjfhka miq w; f,j lEu'

2 tkq uekjehs wZv .d |=ka wdydrh fkdms<s.ekSu'

3 isgskq uekjsehs wZv .d |=ka wdydrh fkdms<s.ekSu'

4 m<uq f.kjs;a |+ka NsCIdj fkdms<s.ekSu'

5 ;ukaWfoid l< NsCIdj fkdms<s.ekSu'

1 u' ks' uydiSykdo iq;a;" 83 msgqj'

6 wiqj,a l,hg fyda fyda .ug jvskq uekjehs ksuka;@Kh fldg |=ka NsCIdj fkdms<s.ekSu'

7 ie,suqj jsgska (luzNs uqLd) f.k|=ka NsCIdj fkdms<s.ekSu'

8 uyie,s uqjjsgska (Lf,damsuqLd)f.|=ka NsCIdj fkdms<s.ekSu'

9 t<sm; w;r fldg|=ka w;r NsCIdj ms,s.ekau'

10 oZvqjla w;r fldg|=ka NsCIdj fkdms<s.ekSu'

11 fudfyd,la w;rfldg |=ka NsCIdj fkdms<s.ekSu'

12 wkqNjlrk fofofkl w;frka tll ke.sg|=ka NsCIdj fkdms<s.ekSu'

13 .enskshl |=ka NsCIdj fkdms<s.ekSu'

14 ns<sfolg lsrsfmdjk ia;@shl |=ka NsCIdj fkdms<s.ekSu'

15 iuzudofuka ms<sfh< fldg|=k NsCIdj fkdms<s.ekSu'

16 iqkLfhl t<Uisgs ;kays oS |=ka NsCIdj fkdms<s.ekSu'

17 ueiaika frdZoneZo jid isgsk ;ekska f.k|=ka NsCIdj fkdms<s.ekSu'

18 u;aiH udxY wkqNj fkdlsrSu'

19 u;ameka mdkh fklsrSu'

20 tl f.hlg muKla msZvq msKsi f.dia thska ,efnk n;a msfZvka muKla tosk hefmhs'

21 f.j,a foog muKla msZvq msKsi f.dia ta f.j,a folska ,efnk n;a msZvq follska muKla(tosk) hefmhs'

22 i;a f.hlg muKla msZvq msKsi f.dia ta f.j,a I;ska ,efnk n;amsZvq I;lska muKla (tosk) hefmhs'

23 tla lvd wdydr md;@hlska muKla tosk hefmhs'

24 lvd wdydr md;@ follska tosk hefmhs'

25 lvd wdydr md;@ i;lska tosk hefmhs'

26 oskla yer oskla wyr .kshs'

27 fooskla yer oskla wyr .kshs'

28 i;shla yer oskla wyr .kshs'

29 wvuila yer oskl wyr .kshs'

30 wuq m,d lhs'

31 fndvyuq lhs'

32 idudl ;DK iy,a lhs'

33 yQreye,a lhs'

34 iuz,shd y, lig lhs'

35 fifj,a fyda .ia ue,shuz lhs'

36 lvq lhs'

37 ie,sj,ska iQrdouk ;ekaj, we;s ouqlv(wdjdu) fyda leZo wkqNj flfrhs'

38 mqkaklal (msZ[a[dl) wkqNj flfrhs'

39 lKfld< lhs'

40 f.duje/gs lhs'

41 jkuq,a yd iajhx m;s;M, wkqNj fldg hefmhs'

my; oelafjk wxl 42 isg 54 olajd wxl u.ska oelafjkafka ;jqikaf.a jia;@ ms<snZo wdpdr Ou! oy;khs'

42 yK jia;@ (idKdks) yZoshs'

43 usY@ kQ,a we;s jia;@ wZoshs(uidKdks) yZoshs'

44 uskS T;d oeuQ jia;@ fyda tre;Kska f.d;dl< jia;@ (Pj|=iai) yZoshs'1

45 fros len,s wjq,d uid ms<sfh< lr.;a mdY~l~, jia;@ yZoshs'2

46 rela iqUq,a (;srSgdks) yZoshs'

47 wZ|=ka osjsiuz (wcsk) orhs'

48 lr iys; wZ|=ka osjsiuz (wcsklaLSmx) orhs'

49 li;Kjeyers (lijSr) yZoshs'

50 kshZo jeyers(jdljSr) yZoshs'

51 rsgsiqUq,q jeyers(M,ljSr) yZoshs'

52 flailuzn, orhs'3

53 wYajjd< wdosfhka l< jd< luzn, orhs'

54 uyuqyqKq mshdm;ska l< jia;@(W,QlmlaL) yZoshs'

wxl 55 isg 59 olajd wxl uZ.ska oelafjkafka ;jqikaf.a jsyrKh ms<snZo wdpdr Ou! mils'

55 flia rjqZM W|=rd ouhs(fliuiaiqf,dapfld)'

56 wdik m@;sfCIamfldg Wvqlrej isgshs'

57 Wlalgqlju ysZo mek mek .ukalsrSuz wdosfhka WlalgsmamOdkfhys fhfohs'

58 hlgq fyda m@lD;s lgq fyda nsu isgqjd tau; iula w;rd tau; isgSuz ilauka lsrSuz ihkh lsrSuz flfrhs (lKagldmiaihsl)'

59 w,qhu uOHdyakh iji hk fuz ;ka ikaOHdfjys mdm m@jdyh iZoyd osfhys .sf,hs'

2 mru jDCI j@; 4

fulS ;dmihkaf.a YrSrhkays fndfyda wjqre|= .Kka bl;aj .shdjQ lKq ;gzgq neZoS mj;shs' tajd fndfyda fihska tlg ;oj >KjS f.disks' we;euzjsg fmd;re .e,fjhs' tfy;a .e,fjkakg .e,

1 ;@smsglfhys ixialD;sl ,CIK ;,,af,a Ouzukkao ysus iuhjO!k uq|@Kd,h fld<U 1980 140 msgqj 2 tu 3 tu' 142 msgqj 4 tu

fjkakg kej; kej;;a thg;a jvd fndfyda;og yd >Kj fuz oe,slKq ;gzgq nefZouska mj;shs' fuzksid fuz ;jqikaf.a YrSrhka fndfyda fldgu osiajkafka ;sUsrs lKq fuks' tfia jqj;a lsisosfkl c,h fmdola YrSrfhys jeoSugj;a fudjqka bvlv ,nd fkdfo;s'jvjvd;a lKq nefZokakgu bvyrs;s' fuh ;jqikaf.a j@; iudodkhls' rfcda c,a, j@; iudodkh hkq fuu j@;h yeZoskafjkakdjQ kuhs fuhska jsuqla;sh ,ensh yelsnjg fuz ;jqfida jsYajdi lr;s'

3 mru cq.maid j@; 1

fuu ;jqika m@dK>d;h ms<sl,a lr;'s wjsysxidj rls;s' th fuz ;jqikaf.a mru cq.maid j@;hhs' wejsosk jsg mjd ;uka w;ska lsishuz cSjsfhl mE.s ushfo;ehs is;d wejsoskjsg isysfhka hq;ju .uka lr;s' fuu wjsysxid jdofhys wka;.duSFjh flf;lehsoehs lsjfyd;a osh nsZ|=jl mjd m@dKsfhl` we;ehs i,ld tyso m@dK ixZ{dj Wmojd fu;a;d fpz;kdfjka hq;j fjfihs tfukau .iaje,a mj!; .x.d .,a iq<x WIaK iS; iajNdjhwdoS mGjs wdfmda f;afcda yd jdhq Od;~ka flfrys mjd m@dK ixZ{dj Wmojd i;r n@yau jsyrKh fmrgq fldg fjfihs' fuz wdldrfhka mru cq.maid j@;h mqrk ;jqfida ta uZ.ska jsuqla;sh wfmaCId lr;s'

4 mru mjsfjzl 2

fuu ;jqia fldgzGdYhka;, l@shd;aul jkakdjQ mru mjsfjzlh jkdys yels;dla wkHhkaf.ka ieZ.j jdih lsrSuhs' fuu j@;h mqrkakdjQ ;jqika uy jkhg msjsi tu jkka;rhg jsjsO jqukd iZoyd ks;rks;r hk tk f.dmd,l wcmd,l ;DK ydrl lDIagydrl jkldrAusl hk ukqIH fldgzGdYhkag ;uka fmfk;ehs fyda ;ukag Tjqka fmfk;ehs hk nsfhka jkfhka jkhg ,e.efnka ,e.eng j< ;ekska j< ;ekg f.dv ;ekska f.dv ;ekg mKs;s ieZ.fj;s' usksiqkag nshfjk jkuD.hka fia usksiqkaf.ka jika jS nsfhka hq;j cSj;a fj;s ;jqika mru mjsfjzlh hk j@;h wdrCId lf<a fuz whqrsks'

by; olajk ,o p;rx. iukajd.; n@yauprAhh wkq.ukh l<djQ ;jqika mru mjs;@ msrsila f,i yeZoskajsks' we;euzjsgl Tjqyq jsuqla;shg m;ajQ mqoa.,hka jYfhkao ndysr iudch jsYajdihg f.k ;sfnz fuu w;a;ls,u:dkq fhda.S meje;augu wdydr wkqNjh ms<snZoj jQ w;a;ls,u:dkq fhda.S meje;aulao tl, jQ fuz ;jqia .Khd w;r m@p,s;j mej;sks tu meje;au uyd jslg fNdackdkqNjh jYfhka jHjydrhg m;ajsh'

uydjslg fNdackdkqNjh is|=lrkafka fuz wdldrfhks' tkuz .d,aj,ska fokqka f.dm,a,ka jsiska neyerg f.k.sh wjia:dj,oS jkfhys fjfik uydjslg fNdackdkqNjfhka osjsf.jkakdjQ ;jqfida fooKskao foje<usgsj,skao hk i;r .d;fhka (fooK yd je,usgs nsu;nuska isjqmdfjl fuka wejsosuska )ta .d,aj,g msjsi lsrs fndk <ore jiq megjqkaf.a f.du lqi mqrd is;a fia wkqNj lr;s' tfia wkqNj lrkafka;a Bg fmr ;ukaf.a u<(wiqps) ;ukau wkqNjfldg tho limqrd fkd,efnkakd jQ uos mdvqjgh' ;ukaf.a u< ;ukag iEfyk ;dlal<a Tjqyq ;ukaf.a u< j,skau muKla hefm;s' uq,skau ;ukaf.a u< ;ukau wkqNj fldg th uo jqjfyd;a wkHhkaf.a u<o wkqNj lr;s' th;a wjika jQ l<ays wjqoska fufia <ore jiq megjqkaf.a u< wkqNj lr;s th;a huz fyhlska uo jqjfyd;a wfkl;a fokqka yd .jhkaf.a u<o wkqNj lr;s'

fuz wldrfhka ish meje;au msKsi wmjs;@ oE wkqNjh msKsi .kq ,enQj;a Tjqyq ishZM foa flfrys uOHia: mej;uz we;af;dah' fuu mej;u fuz ;jqikaf.a WfmaCId jsyrKh hehs lshkq ,efnz' WfmaCIdjsyrKh Tjqyq mqre|= mqyqkq jkafka i;r n@yau jsrK Ndjkdjka jevSu ksid is;ays Wmojd .kakd,o ps;a; iudOSka Wmldr fldg f.kh Tjqyq uy jkdka;rhka ueo msysghdjQ Nhdkl wruqKq iys; m@foaYj,g msjsi tys ysZos;s' lsishuz jsoshlska ishque,s is;la iys; fyda jvd ixfjzoS

1 ;@smsglfhys ixialD;sl ,CIK" ;,,af,a Ouzudkkao ysus" iuhjO!k uq|@Kd,h" fld<U" 1980" 142 msgqj' 2 tu

is;la iys; jQfjlg isysuq<dj we;sjk muKgu nsh we;slrk wruqKq ta uyjkfhys ;jqikag olskakg ,efn;;a mqre|= lrkd ,ojQ i;r n@yau jsyrK Ndjkdjka ksid WfmaCId jsyrKfhka hq;j ta jkdka;hkays jdih lsrSug Tjqkag yelsh'1

tmuKlao fkdj b;du ;o jeis jefgkakdjQ iS; iD; we;s ld,hkays ysu mjd m;s;jk wjia:d j,oS rd;@sfha lsis|= jia;@hla rys;j t<suyfkys ysZof.k rd;@sh i;r n@yau jsyrK Ndjkdj jvuska .;fldg oyj,a ld,h jkh;,g jeoS ieZ.jS i;r n@yau jsyrK Ndjkdj jvuska isgs;s'b;d ;oska mdhkakdjQ .@Siau iD; iuhkaysoS oyj, bruq|=ka hdufhys uqZM isrer iev ysre lsrKg ksrdjrKh lr.ksuska oyosfhka uqZM .; keyejS hk mrsos i;r n@yau jsyrK Ndjkdj jvuska .;fldg rd;@S ld,fhys ta oyosh jsh,S fkdhk mros uyjkh ;,g rsx.d uyjkfhka isrer wdjrKh lr.ksuska rd;@S ld,h i;r n@yau jsyrK Ndjkd jvuska .; lrhs' k.akj fufia rd;@sh yd oyj, .;lsrSu uy;au mSvdldrS ldrAhhls' kuq;a nsh we;slrk wruqKsla wluzms;j osjd ld,h yd rd;@S ld,h fufia tnZ|= whqrska .;lsrSug wjYH ffOrAhh ,efnkqfha I;r n@yau jsyrK Ndjkdjka jevSu ksid Wmojd.kq ,enQ WfmaCIdfjz n,fhks' 2

ihkh lrk wjia:djkays yd ihkh lrk brshjqfjka Ndjkd jvk wjia:dj, uSkS weg ysig;a mhg;a ;ndf.k fuu ;jqfida fidfydka j,g jS ihkh flfr;s' Ndjkd jv;s'we;euzjsg tfia ysZ|=kd Tjqkafj; tkf.dm,q orefjda uD; YrSrhla hehs is;d weZ.g fl< .i;s' u< uq;@ lr;s je,sj,ska oud .i;s' lka is|=rej, kdia is|=rej, fldagq .i;s' tfy;a tu wjia:dj, mjd Tjqka jvkakdjQ i;r n@yau jsyrK Ndjkdjka os.gu is|=lrf.k h;s'ta f.dm,q orejka ms<snZo f,Y ud;@ fyda m@;s> is;la rys;j i;r n@yau jsyrKfhka ikaiqka is;ska WfmaCIlj jdihlr;s' fuz tl, W.@ ;dmijrekaf.a WfmCId jsyrKhhs' oi ixfhdack ms<snZoj nq|=r|=ka foaYkdl< foaYkdjkays iS,nznmrdudi hkqfjka js.@y jkafka by; oelajQ wdldrfha iS,j@; jsuqla;sh ,enSfuzz taldhk l@ufjzoh f,i ;oska ukiska .@yKh lr.ekSuhs'YoaOsh ,enSu iZoyd ;jqika wkq.ukh lrj ,enqjdjQ l@fudamdhhka rdYshls' ta ta l@fudamdhhka wkq.ukh lrkq ,enqjdjQ ;jqika ta ta kdufhka yeZoskajsks'fujeks YoaOsl l@fudamdhhka ihla wkq.uk l<djQ h wdldr ;jqika ms<snZoj ucACOsu ksldfha uyd iSykdo iQ;@fhys jsia;r fjz'3 tkuz

1 wdydr YoaOsl ;jqika'

2 ixirK YoaOsl ;jqika'

3 W;am;a;s YoaOsl ;jqika'

4 wdjdi YoaOsl ;jqika'

5 hZ{ YoaOsl ;jqika'

6 w.aks mrsjrK YoaOsl ;jqika'

1 wdydr YoaOsl ;dmifhda 4

tl, we;euz ;jqfida wdydr YoaOslfhda fj;s' we;euz wdydr j.! wkqNjfhka YoaOsh ,ensh yelsh hkq Tjqkaf.a jsYajdihhs' flda,d flda,pqKak fldaf,daol flda,jsl; wkqNjfhka YoaOsh fjz' hhs we;euz ;jqfida jsYajdi l<y' flda, hkakg fvnr hhs isxyf,ka oS we;;a th fu;ekg iq|=iq fkdfjz wdydr YoaOslhka w;r iuyr ;jqika uq.ao(uqx weg)o ;j;a wh ;s, fyj;a ;,o fjk;a wh ;Kavq, fyj;a iy,ao wdydr jYfhka .ekSu YoaOshg fya; fj;ehs jsYajdi l<nj fmfkkakg ;sfnz' taa ish,a,u OdkH j.!hg wh;a nj meyeos,sh' ta wkqj i<ld ne,SfuzoS uq,ska lS flda, hkafkkao woyia lrkakg we;af;a fvnr fkdj lsishuz OdkH jsfYaIhla jkakg we;ehs wkqudk l< yelshs' ta

1 ;@smsglfhys ixialD;sl ,CIK" ;,,a,a Ouzudkkao ysus" iuhjO!k uq|@Kd,h" fld<U" 1980" 142 msgqj' 2 tu 3 u' ks' uydiSykdo iq;a;" nq' c' uq' 83 msgqj' 4 ;@smsglfhys ixialD;sl ,CIK" ;,,af,a Ouzudkkao ysus" iuhjO!k uq|@Kd,h" fld<U" 1980" 143 msgqj'

wkqj fuh fld,a,q keue;s OdkH jsfYaIh nj fmfka' ta fla, kuska yZ|=kajk fld,a,qo tys iqKq o (fld,pqKaK) fld,a,q usrsld .;a osho (fldf,dol) fld,a,q iqKqfhka idod.;a w,qjd ljquz w.a.,d wdoS fld,a,qj,ska lrK jsjsO wdydr jsfYaIo (fld,jsl;s) muKla wkqNjfhka YoaOsh fjzhhs ta wdydr YoaOsl ;jqikaf.a tla woyils'

;j;a wh tfiau uqx uqxiqKq uqx ueZv.;a osh uqx msgsfhka idod.;a w,qjd wdoS wdydr jsfYaIo muKla wkqNj lsrSu YoaOshg fya; fjzhhs ie,l~y' fufiau wdydr YoaOsl ;jqika w;r we;efula iy,a iy,a msgs iy,a ueZv .;a osh ;, msgsfhka idod.;a w,qjd wdoS wdydr jsfYaIo muKla wkqNj lsrSu YoOshg fya; fjhehs ie,l~y' fufiaau wdydr YoaOsl ;jqika w;r we;efula iy,a iy,a msgs iy,a uev.;a osh iy,a msgsfhka idod.;a w,qjd wdoS jsjsO wdydr jsfYaI o muKla wkqNj lsrSu YoaOshg fya;fjz hehs ie<l~ nj fmfka'

2 ixirK Y~oaOsl ;dmifhda 1

tl, ;jqika w;r we;euz wh ixirK Y~oaOslfhdah' Tyq iir iersierSfukau Y~oaOsh fj;ehs lsh;sulaL,S f.daid, o fujeks j.!fha ;dmifhls' ulaL,S f.daid,f.a ixirK Y~oaOsjdofhys YoaOsjdofhys YoaOsh ,enSu iZoyd ;dmi mnzncAcd ishhla (Njfhk Njfhys) ,ensh hq;nj iZoyka j we;'

3 W;am;a;s YoaOsl ;dmifhda 2

we;euz ;dmi fldgiaj, jsYajdih jQfha iir fndfyda fldg bmoSfukau YoaOsh fjzh lshdh'ksYaps; Nj m@udKhla iy;j fyda rys;j tlska tl Njh uq,a Njhg jvd wk;rej Wm; ,nk Njh Wiia jk wdldrhg fulS Wm; is|=jk nj fuu W;am;a;s YoaOsl ;dmifhda jsYajdi lr;s' bmoSfuka muKlau YoaOsh ,ensh yelshehs lshkakdjQ fudjqkaf.a jdoh ;rula |=rg wlsrshjdohlg iudkFjhla .kafka wfya;lj wm@;Hlj W;am;a;sh u;u mokuzj YoaOsh ,ensh yelshehs W.kajkakdjQ nejsks' fuys mqreI mrdl@uhla fyda mqreI jSrAhhla olakg fkd,efnk nejsks'

4 wdjdi YoaOsl ;dmifhda 3

tl, we;euz ;jqfida wdjdi YoaOslfhdah Tjqyq fndfyda;kays jdih lsrSfukau YoaOsh fj;ehs jsYajdi lr;s' fuu jdih lsrSu ;uka bkakd ia:dkh fukau f,dalfhys iEu ukqIH foaj n@yau wdoS ;,hlu jsiSfuka hk fofldgig .; yelsh' funZ|= ;ekaj, fndfydafldg jsiSfuka iy fndfyda ;ekaj, jsiSfuka hkqfjkao fomrsos fldg .;yelsh' tlu ia:dkhla ksrka;r mrsyrKh lsrSu lrKfldgf.k tlS ia:dkh ms<snZo ksrka;r we,quz iy.; njla yg.kshs'tfia we,au bj;ajSugkuz l<hq; m@;sldrh ksrka;rfhkau jdih lrkakdjQ ia:dkh ksrka;rj fjkia lsrSug ,la lsrSuhs' tafia lsrSu uZ.ska ;ukaf.a isf;ys we;s wdYdj |+r,sh yelsnj fuz ;jqika jsYajdi lrkakg we;'

5 hZ{ YoaOsl ;dmifhda 4

we;euz ;jqikaf.a jsYajdih hd. lsrSfukau YoaOsh ,nd.; hq;jknjhs ta jsYajdih ;oska .;a ;jqfida hZ{ YoaOslfhdahs'fuz jsjsO hd.fydau lsrSu .sks fojshka mqolsrSu iZoyd jsjsO |@jHhka .skakg oeuSu jeks lghq; is|=lr we;' we;euz wjia:dj,oS ta hd.hka ms<s.ekSu iZoyd fojshka leZojSug;a hd.h iZoyd iyNd.S jkakdjQ foaj .Khd i;gg m;a lsSu Wfoid;a fojshka fjkqfjka .dhkd l<djQ jrAKkd m@Yia;s Nla;s.S hdZ{djka Ndjs;d fldg ;sfnz' fuz fjkqfjkau rpkdjQ wd.usl fmd;am;a Ndjs;l< njg idOl ,efnz' fuu hd.hka j,oS fojshka fukau n@yau .Khd fjkqfjkao

1 tu 144 msgqj 2 tu 3 ;@smsglfhys ixilD;sl ,CIK" ;,,af,a Ouzudkkao ysus" iuhjO!k uq|@Kd,h" fld<U" 1980" 155 msgqj' 4 tu

Tjqkaf.a hZ{hka lemfldg ;sfnz' fuhska fmkS hkafka fudjqka ;< wOs iajNdjsl f,dlhla(Super Natural World) wOsiajNdjsl n,hka(Super Natural Power) yd wOsiajNdjsl i;ajhka(Super Natural Animism) ms<snZo jsYajdihka mej;s njhs'

6 w.aks mrsjrK YoaOsl ;dmifhda 1

we;euz ;jqfida w.aks mrsjrK YoaOslfhda fj;s w.aks mrsjrK fyj;a .sks msoSfukau YoaOsh fjzh hkq Tjqkaf.a ms<s.ekSuhs' fuz ;dmihka Tjqkaf.a jsuqla;sh f,i i<lkafka wdNiair n@yau f,dlhhs' fuz ;jqika ;@smsgfha iZoyka jk ndysrl Y@uK jsfYaIhla f,i ie<lsh yelsh' wdoS ld,fha mgkau .skaor usksidg b;d jsYd, fufyhla bgq l<djQ fohlajsh' tfiau taksid .skak Tjqka ie,lfjz YoaO fohla f,ihs .skak meusKsfha wOsiajNdjsl f,dalhl(Super Natural World) isg nejs ie<l~ Tjqyq ta wOsiajNdjsl f,dalfhys isgkakdjQ wOs iajNdjsl iFjhska iuZ.(Super Natural Animasm) iuZ. iuznJO;d f.dv kZ.d .ekSfuzoS .skak w;r ueosfhl fldg tfia ke;fyd;a w;rueos udOHhla fia i<ld l@shdlr we;'

fuu ;jqia iuzm@odhka ms<snZoj i<ld ne,Sfuz oS Tjqka uQ<sl jYfhka wxY follska bosrshg .sh iajNdjhla olakg ,efnz' tkuz Wmfhda.s;d yd mZ[aZ[duh hk fowxYfhkah fuu fowxYfhkau idrOu! jO!kh msKsi is|=l<djQ lghq; lrKfldgf.k fudjqkaf.a jsldYh is|=j ;sfnz' uq,skau jQ m@d:usl j.!fha ;dmi iuzm@odh f,i ie<flk imq;a; Nrshd ;jqika jkdyS b;du fkdoshqKq idrOu! fldgila w;am;a lrf.k isgs msrsils' fudjqkaf.a ;jqia luz tla;rd wdldrhlska lyl jD;hla lsh yels muKgu fudjqka fonsvs cSjs;hla .;lr we;' tkuz fudjqkaf.a ;jqia jD;h jkdys iuzmQrAK fhkau wk.drsl jSula fkdj .sysnj yd mejsosnj w;r ixl,khla f,i bosrsm;aj we;'

fuu ;dmi iuzm@odhhka ksjeros li, ms<sfj;g m@fjzYjSfuz ud.! f,i ie<lSfuysoS tys wdruzNl idudcslhka b;d jerjEhfuka hq;j tu li, ms<sfj; .fjzYKfhys ksr; jQ wdldrh ;dmi iuzm@odfhys wdruzNh yd jsldYh foi ne,SfuzoS jegyS hhs uq<ska t;ruz ksrjoH fkdjk yd wiuzmQrAK l@u fjzohka nqoaOsh jslis; lr.ekSfuz Ys,amhka f,i ie<ljo miqj l,a .;jSfuzoS Tjqka jsjsO w;aoelSuzj,ska fmdaIKhjSu;a iuZ.u l@udkQl~,j Tjqkaf.a wvq,qyqZvqluz wju lr.ekSug W;aiql jQ wdldrh miq hq.j,oS ;dmi ms<sfj; jvd;a Y@uK iuzm@odhg wh;a uQ<sl wkHkH;djg wkkQl~, jk mrsoafoka iliajSu uZ.ska fmfka'

;dmi fldgzGdYh ixjO!kh jSfuysoS m<uq fldgu wdcSj mdrsYoaOsh we;slr .ekSu iZoyd fuu ;jqika jsjsO j@; iudodkh fjuska w;ayod ne,Suz is|=lrk ,oS' ta hgf;a wdydr .ekSu jia;@ Ndjs;h isrerg |=laoSu hk nq|=iuh jsiska iS,nzn; mrdudi f,i olajd m@;sfCIam lrk,o jsjsO wd.usl j@;hka ;snsks Tjqka jsiska lsishuz M,odhl fohla ixjO!kh l<dkuz ta i;r n@yau jsyrK Ndjkdjka jevSu muKs' uq,oS ;jqika fuu I;r n@yau jsyrK Ndjkdjka jqjo jvk ,oafoa ish isrerg fkdfhla wdldrfha |=la fjzokd fouska w;a;ls, u:dkqfhda.hg wh;a jsjsO j@;hka iudoka jSfuka wk;rejh'

l@u l@ufhka w;a;ls,u:dkq fhda.S l@uhkaf.ka neyerjk ;jqika jvjvd;a i;r n@yau jsyrK Ndjkdjka .eUqrg jvkakg fm<fU;s' fuu fm<USu fya;fldgf.k m<uqjrg Tjqkag ldu Njh chf.k ldu ixZ{djkaf.ka tf;rj rEmdjpr OHdk jvkakg yelshdj ,ensks rEmdjpr OHdk i;ru ,en.ekSug fuz wkqj Tjqkag yelshdj ,ensks OHdk ;;ajhkag msjsiSu;a iuZ.u ;jqikaf.a wdOHd;ausl ;;ajhkaf.a jO!kh;a tlS wdOHd;ausl ;;ajhkag wkqrEmjk mrsoafoka Bg .e,fmk ndysr prs; ifudaOdkho is|=jsh' l@udkQl~,j ;jqika Bgjvd wdOHd;ausl ;,fhka by<g .sh ksid fu;eka mgka fujeks ;jqika iDIs hk kdufhka jHjydr jkakg jsh' md,sNdIdfjka bis hkqfjka jHjydr jkqfha fujeks ;jqikaguh' bis.s,s iQ;@fhys bis f,i jHjydr jQfha fuz whqrska wkql@ufhka

1 tu 145 msgqj'

OHdk ;,hka w;sl@uKh lruska mpzfpl nqoaO ;;ajhg wdOHd;ausl ksIaGdj by< kxjd.kq ,enQ ;jqikagh'

rEmdjpr isjqjk OHdk ;,ho wNsnjd wrEmdjpr OHdk ;,hg msjsis iDIsjreo fuz w;rska nsys jkakg jsh'Tjqka w;rska b;du gsl fofkla wrEmdjpr f;jk OHdk;,h fyj;a i;ajk OHdk ;,h yd wrEmdjpr isjqjk OHdk ;,h fyj;a wIag iudm;a;s ;,h olajdu ish wdOHd;ausl ;;ajh by< kxjd.ekSug iu;a lula oelajSh' fuu iDIsjre uyckhd w;r uydiDIs kdufhka iuzNdjkdjg md;@ jsh' wd,dr ld,du yd Woaol rdu mq;a; tl, cSjudkj uyd ;jqia YsIH msrsia msrsjrd jevisgs fujeks uyd iDIsjre fofofkls mfia nq|=jre yd iuzud iuznq|=jre nsysjkaf;a fujeks w;sfYaIaG wjia:djla olajd ish wdOHd;ausl ;;ajh by< kxjd.kq ,enQ W;ukajykafia,d fj;sks' thg iir .ufkysoS /ial< mdrus;d Yla;sho tlajsh hq;h'

fuu uyd iDIsjreka w;rskq;a b;du;a l,d;rls;a muKla w;sYh |=rA,N W;a;ufhlg fulS wIag iudm;a;s wNsnjkhlr ixZ{dfjhsos; ksfrdaO iudm;a;sfhka mpzfpzl nqoaOFjhg m;ajSug wjldY ie,iqKs kuq;a fuu ;;ajhg <Z.djSu w;sYh |=Ialr lghq;a;la jQfha nqoaOs ugzgu jSrAhh oCI;djh muKla fkdj iifrys fmr mqrk,o mdruS Yla;sho jdikd .Kho fuu ;;ajhg <Z.djSu msKsi wksjdrAh iq|=iqluz jS ;snqKq fyhsks' kuq;a nqoafOda;am;a;sh jk wjia:dj jk jsg ud;dx. kue;s mfia nq|=jrfhl cSjudkj jevisgsnj iZoyka jSu uZ.ska yd ta wdikakfhysu tkuz tu mfia nq|=ka jykafia yd ,Z. ,Z.u ;j;a mfia nq|=jreka mkaish kula jev isgsnj nq|=r|=kau bis.s,s iQ;@fhys jsia;r lrwe;s iZoyk uZ.ska mpzfpzl nq|=jre wnqoafOda;amdo ld,hl jqjo jsYd, ixLHd jYfhka jev isgsknj ;yjqre fjz'idudkHfhka wnqoafOd;amdo ld,h hkqfjka jHjydr jkqfha iuzud iuznq|=jre jev fkdisgskakdjQ ld,jljdkqjhs' mfianq|=jre jev isgsh;a lsisfjl Wkajykafia,dj nq|=jre jYfhka yZ|kdfkd.kakd nejska yd Wkajykafia,d ta nj fjk lsisfjlg yZ.jkafka ke;s nejska fujeks ld,hl we;a; jYfhkau mfianq|=jre flduK m@udKhla mrsksjKg meusfKkafkao hkak lsisfjlgj;a ksYaps;dldrfhka iZoykal< fkdyels jQj;a oekg wm wkqudK fldgf.k isgskjdg jvdkuz tu ixLHdj b;d jsYd, jsh yelsnj muKla fuz wkqj fmfkhs'

fuz wkqj nqoaOFjhg meusfKkjdg jvd jevs iuzNdjs;djla mfianq|=njg meusKSug we;s nj fmfka we;af;kau mfianq|=jrfhla yd iuzud iuznq|= jrfhla w;r ;sfnkakdjQ nqoaOs mrsmdl.; fjkig wu;rj olakg ,efnk m@Odku fjki jkqfha mfianq|=jre iuzud iuznq|=jre muKg iudcuh cSjs;hla fkdf.jk njhs' mfianq|=jre ;ukaf.a jsuqla;sh wruqKq fldgf.k jsorAYkd jvd iajhxisoaO jsorAYkd uia;lm@dma;jSu ;<ska mfianqoaOFjhg meusfKk w;r iuzud iuznq|=jre f,daldrA: prAhdj wruqKq fldgf.k ta iZoyd wjYH prK iuzm;a;sh ukdj m@.Kfldg bka wk;rej ;@sjsoHdj ,nd nqoaOFjhg meusfK;s' tuksid mfianq|=jre yd iuzud iuznq|=jre w;r prK iuzm;a;sfhys fjkila jsoHudkfjz' fuh wdcSj mdrsYoaOsh jYfhkao .;yelshs' fuz ksid mfia nq|=jrekaf.a cSjs;h mfrdaml@uhlska jskdY l<yelsuq;a mrsmQrAK wdcSj mdrsYoaOs.; iuzud iuznq|=jrekaf.a cSjs;h mfrdaml@uhlska jskdYl< fkdyel'mfrdml@uhlska Wkajykafia,dg l<yels by<u wk;r jQ l,S Wkajykafiaf.a isrerska f,a fi<jSu muKs'

fld;ruz mfia nq|=jre fuz ld,j, jev isgsh;a Wkajykafia,dj idudkH uyck;dj ndysr iajrEmfhka yZ|=kd.kq ,enqfjz wrEmdjpr OHdk,dNSka jk iDIsjre f,ihs' mfianq|=jrekago ;uka jykafiaj wuq;fjka yZ|=kkajd oS uydckhd fj;ska ,dN m@fhdack ,nd .ekSfuz Wjukdjla fkdjsks' Wkajykafia,d jsiska jvd jeo.;a fldg i,lkakg we;af;a ;uka jykafia,df.a WmOs jsfjzlh .ek jsh hq;h' huz fyhlska Wka jykafia,dj ksis whqrska oek yZ|=kdf.k ksis we.hqulg ,lal,d kuz ;uka jykafia,d n,dfmdfrd;a;jk udkisl jsfjzlh Wkajykafia,dg wjYH ;ruz fkd,efnkakg bv ;snsKs' ksrka;rfhka uydck .Z. .,uska odk udk ilialruska msrslr mQcdlruska uydld, f.dgzgshla we;slr Wkajykafia,d m@shlrk ksial,xl osjs fmfj;g ndOd we;sjk f,iska yeisrSug bv ;snsKs' we;euzjsg fulS woyi nq|=nfjys mrudrA:h jk uyd lreKdj yd mrdrA: prAhdjg tlZ. fkdfjkjd fkdfjzoehs woyila u; lrkakg bv we;'

tfia kefZ.k woyi ienjskau i;Hh Wkajykafia,d ;, iuzud iuznq|=jrfhl muKg lreKdj yd mrdrA: prAhdj jO!kh jS ;snqkdkuz Wkajykafia,d mpzfpzl nqoaOFjhg m;a fkdjS iuzud iuznqoaOFjhg m;a jSug wjldY ;snqKs' Wkajykafia,d nq|=jre jqjo tlS wvqmdvqlu mej;s nejsks' Wkajykafia,d iuzud iuznq|=jre fkdjS mpzfpzl nq|=jre jQfha tu ksid wvqmdvqluz iys; jqj;a Wkajykafia,do o;hq; ish,a, ;uka jykafia,d jsiskau wjfndaO l<djQ nq|=jrenj wm wu;l fkdl< hq;h' mfianq|=jqj;a nqoaOFjh hkq b;d fY@aIaG ;;ajhls f,fyis myiqfjka flfklg t;kg <Z.djsh fkdyel taksid thg wm .rel< hq;h'

nq|=rcdKka jykafiaf.a uydlreKdj uola .eUqrska jsuish hq; jeo.;a ldrKhls'1 nq|=nj ,enSfuysoS m@Z[djg fukau jeo.;a ia:dkhla lreKdjgo ysusfjhs' nq|=jre;< msysgkafka lreKdj fkdj uyd lreKdj hs' th wmamuZ[aZ[d i;rska tlls' pSk fn#oaO odrAYksl iuzm@odhhkag wkqj nq|=r|=kaf.a lreKdjg wruqKla ke; th i;ka flfrys yd wruqKq flfrys olajk lreKdj wnsnjd mj;sk ;;a;ajhla f,io oelafjhs' iFjhka fj; olajk lreKdj idudkHfhka yeu flfkl ;<u we;sfjk ufkdaNdjhla nejska th‘ySk’ lreKdj f,i oelafjhs' wkd;auh jgyd.;a mfianq|=jre ;< mj;sk lreKdj ‘uOHu’lreKdjhs'2 fuh cSj wcSj ishZM foa flfrysu mj;shs' wruqKla iSudjla fkdue;s lreKdj uydlreKdjhs' th iuzud iuznq|=jrekag muKla iSud fjz'3 wNsOu! fldaIfhys 8fjks mrspzfPAofhys nq|=jrekaf.a lreKdj ‘uydlreKdj’ jSug fya; mylao lreKdj yd uydlreKdj w;r fjkialuz wglao olajkq ,efnz' fuhska lreKdj uydleKdj jSug uq,ajk fya; mykuz'

1 uyd lreKdj iZoyd lrk,o li,a Wiia jkakdfiau th ,nd.ekSug l< li,a lreKdj iZoyd jQ li,aj,g jvd n,j;a fjz'

2 iajrEmh w;ska Wiiajk uydlreKdj |=l iem foflysu l@shd;aul jk w;r lreKdj l@shd;aul jkafka |=flysoS muKs'

3 wruqKq Wiiajk uyd lreKdj ldu rEm wrEm hk Od; ;@fhysu l@shd;aul jk w;r lreKdj ldu Od;fjys muKla l@shd;aul fjz'

4 uyd lreKdfjys mCImd;SFjhla fkdue; tfy;a lreKdfjys talShNdjhla mCImd;SFjhla olakg ,efnz'

5 lreKdfjz wOsud;@h Wiiajk w;r uyd lreKdfjz wOsud;@h thg;a jvd Wiia fjz'

fuhg wu;rj uyd lreKdj yd lreKdj w;r mj;sk fjkialuz wg f,i wNsOu!fldaIfhys iZoykajk lreKq kuz

1 iajNdjfhys fjki – lreKdfjka oafjzIh ke;s flfrA uyd lreKdfjka fudayh ke;s lrhs'

2 wdldrfha fjki – by;ska olajd we;s fya; ldrKd my;< wka;rA.; lreKq'

3 wd,uznkfha fjki – uyd lreKdfjz wd,uznkh mqZM,ah lreKdfjz wd,uznkh iSudiys;h'

4 N~usfha fjki – lreKdj m@:u OHdkfha isg p;rA: OHdkh olajd me;srS we;'

5 fm#reIfha fjki – lreKdj mfia nq|=jrekag iy Y@djlhkag iSudfjz uyd lreKdj iuzud iuznq|=jrekag iSud fjz'

6 ,nd .ekSfuz fjki – ldu Od;fjz laf,aYhka jskdY lsrSfuka ,efnk M,h uyd lreKdjhs wrEm O;j jk Njd.@fha laf,aYhka ke;s lsrSfuka ,nk M,h uyd lreKdjhs'

1 ;@smsglfhka fy,sjk nqoaO prs;h" Wvqydjr wdkkao ysus" weia' f.dvf.a iy ifydaorfhda" fld<U" 2000" 68 msgqj' 2 tu 69 msgqj' 3 Bodhisattva Bhumi,Edired by Vnrat,Wogihara Tokyo,1980,p.89

7 jsuqla;s m@udKfha fjki – lreKdfjka jsuqla;sh m@drA:kd lrkq ,efnz uyd lreKdfjka jsuqla;sh idOkh lrkq ,efnz

8 ixfjzokd m@udKfha fjki – lreKdfjka yg.kakd jQ yeZ.Suz ldu O;j,g muKla iSud fjz tfy;a uyd lreKdfjka yg.kakd jQ yeZ.Suz ldu rEm wrEm hk Od;~ka blaujd mj;shs