C. 4 假設語氣的用法• I. 條件式 (conditional)的假設語• A. 事實條件式 (??factual conditionals)--

現在及未來式 • B. 非事實條件式 (??unreal conditionals) --

現在及過去式• C. Wish 的用法 : 過去與現在式• II. 假設法語氣 (subjunctive)

假設語氣的用法 I

• 條件式 (conditional)的假設語 : 為表達一種希望 , 然這希望卻須在某種條件下才可能發生的 :

• If he were here, I would be much happier. ( 解釋 : 因為他不在這兒 , 所以我不特別快樂 )

• Jane said that if she were twenty years old, she would live in Egypt.

• ( 解釋 :Jane 的條件須為 20 歲才能住 Egypt; 然而她現在已不是了 , 所以無法住在 Egypt)

A. 事實條件式 -- 現在式• 1. 由 If 子句和結果子句組合 .

• 2. 所表述的為一般事實或科學的實證 ; 兩個子句動詞均用簡單現在式 .

• If 子句 結果子句• If it’s 8a.m. in Chia-Yi, it’s 5p.m. in Tucson. =

• It is 5p.m. in Tucson if it’s 8a.m. in Chia-Yi.

A. 事實條件式 -- 現在式• 3. 也可表達一種習慣或經常性發生的事

情 ; 此時 If 子句可用簡單現在式或現在進行式表達 ; 結果子句則只用簡單現在式 .

• E.g. If Jane goes to bed, she puts stuff animals by her side.(=Jane puts stuff animals by her

side if she goes to bed.) • E.g. If he cannot fall asleep, he watches old

movies.(=He watches old movies if he cannot sleep.)

A. 事實條件式 -- 現在式• 4. 在結果子句可用命令式語氣的動詞以

表述指令或邀請的句子 .

• Go swimming if you want to lose weight.

• If you want to live happy, live simple.

• Finish the project if you want to graduate.

A. 事實條件式 -- 現在式• 5. 問句 :

• Do people in Tanzania suffer from drought if it doesn’t rain? Yes, they do./No, they don’t.

• Will the train station in Germany close down if the storm hits? Yes, it will./No, it won’t.

A. 事實條件式 -- 未來式• 1. 在假設語裡 , 結果子句以未來式陳述 , 為

的是表達在某一情形下可能將發生的事 :• e.g. If the car is not ready in thirty minutes,

the gangster will kill the hostage.• E.g. The police will shot at the thief if he’s

going to run.• ** 雖然結果子句的動詞為未來式 ,If 子句的動詞

仍為現在式 .

A. 事實條件式 -- 未來式• 2. If 和 Unless 均在假設語句中出現 ; 不

過意義上不盡相同 .Unless 陳述負面的條件句 .

• E.g. If a robbery occurs, the alarm will be activated.

• E.g. Unless a robbery occurs, the alarm will not be activated.= If a robbery doesn’t occur, the alarm will not be activated.

A. 事實條件式 -- 未來式• 3. 問句 :

• Is the thief going to run if the police pulls out their guns? Yes, he will./ No, he won’t.

• Will the alarm go off if a robbery occurs?

非事實條件式 -- 現在式• 1. 形容不真實 , 不可能發生或想像不到的事 :• e.g. I would live in Africa if I were in my

twenties.= If I were in my twenties, I would live in Africa. ( 解釋 : 事實上我已非二十幾歲 , 所以我不可能住在 Africa)

• e.g. If Sarah had a billion dollar, she would build a public library.( 解釋 : 但 Sarah 沒有 one billion

dollar, 所以她無法建一座圖書館 )

非事實條件式 -- 現在式• 注意事項 !!• 1. 在 If 子句中的動詞為簡單過去式 , 結果

子句則為 would + 原形動詞 .• 2. 雖然 If 子句動詞為過去式 , 然而句子本

身並不是過去式 :e.g. If Zoe were tall, she would reach the roof.

• 3.Would have 的縮寫 : would’ve• Would not have= wouldn’t have

非事實條件式 -- 現在式• 4. 若 If 子句為 Be 動詞 , 則一律用 were

( 不論是第一或第三人稱 ): e.g.If she were daring, she would run after the thief.

• 5. 有些句子可能以“ If I were you…” 為起頭 , 通常這些句子有給與建議的意味 :e.g. If I were you, I would save up money and travel around the world.

非事實條件式 -- 過去式• 1. 句型 : If…. 過去完成式 , would have + 過

去分詞 If 子句 結果子句

• e.g. If James had had courage, he would have gone skydiving. (= James would have gone skydiving if he had had courage.)

非事實條件式 -- 過去式• 2. 這類句子所表達的為一個過去從未發

生過的情況和結果 :

• e.g. If she had left the pub earlier, she would not have met the drunk on the street.

• ( 解釋 :

• 假設情況 : 她提前離開 pub 骯 ; 她並沒遇見醉漢 .

• 事實情況 : 然而她未提前離開 pub, 所以她遇到一醉漢 )

非事實條件式 -- 過去式• 3. 此種句型的句子也可用來表示後悔的心

情 : • e.g. If I hadn‘t gone to the party for five hours,

I would have finished my paper by now. ( 解釋 :我後悔去了舞會 , 導致報告還未結束 )

• e.g. If she had learnt the skill well, she would have finished the task fine. ( 解釋 : 她後悔沒學好該有的技術 )

Wish 的用法 : 過去和現在式• 1. wish + wish + 過去式過去式 * = 表達目前並非真實卻希

望成真的願望 . * 在此種句型中 , 動詞 Be 均為“ were”.

• E.g. Zoe wishes she were a famous pianist. ( 解釋 : Zoe 不是一位有名的鋼琴家 , 但她希望她是 )

• 2. wish + 過去完成式 = 表達對過去事情有所後悔 .

• E.g. Jeff wishes he had worked harder on his thesis. ( 解釋 :Jeff 並不認真的寫論文 , 而現在則悔不當初 )

Wish 的用法 : 過去和現在式• 3. Wish + would* = 以表達抱怨或後悔的語氣 : I

wish you would behave yourself, especially in front of your children.

• *would 不可用 will 代替 .

• 4. Wish + could* = 以表達能力的句子 :

• Joji wishes he could spend less in shopping to save up more money for travelling.

• *could 不可用 can 代替 .

假設語氣的用法 II

• 假設法語氣 (subjunctive):

• 1. 表達想像或希望一件事情的發生 ( 假想一種情況 ), 通常為一件重要的事情 :

• It is necessary that we hand in the demo to the producer by the end of this month. =

• If we were to hand in the demo by the end of this month, the producer would be happy.

假設語氣的用法 II

• 2. 常見句型 : • It is important/necessary/ vital/essential +

that…+ 命令式動詞 ( 原型動詞 )• 常見動詞 : request, demand, insist, suggest,

…+ that• The committee requests that you attend

tomorrow morning.• He suggests that you be punctual.

假設語氣的用法 II

• 3. 在這些句子中 , 不論是現在或過去式 ,動詞皆為原型 :

• It is essential that she practice cello every day.

• It was essential that she practice cello every day.

• He asked that they not shout.• He asks that they not shout.

假設語氣的用法 II

• 4. 有時在這些句子中 , 由於一件事情的重要性 , 會用 should + 原型動詞 :

• James insists that we should stay longer.

• It is vital that Daisy should not be late.