cardiovascular control mechanism 黃基礎. introduction control of blood volume and arterial...
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Cardiovascular control mechanism
黃基礎
Introduction
• Control of blood volume and arterial pressure results in that all of the organs receive sufficient blood flow.
Central controller
Sensor Effector
Sensory nerve
Changes in BP
Sympathetic nerveParasympathetic n
Heart and arteriole
Circulatory control system
Sensors
• The animal body employs a variety of receptors for monitoring the status of the cardiovascular system.
• There are two main baroreceptors aortic baroreceptor via vagus nerve carotid baroreptor via sinus nerve
An increase in blood pressure stretches the wall of the carotid sinus, causing an increase in discharge frequency from the baroreceptors.
Chemoreceptors
Increase in CO2
Chemorecpeotr+
vasoconstriction
A rise in arterial pressure
Cardiac receptors• Atrial receptors
Increase in BPIncrease in
venous pressure
Increase in atrail filling
Stimulate the atrial receptors
Inhibition of ADH releaseLeasd to diuresis
Reduction in blood volume
Cardiac receptors• Atrial receptors
Increase in BPIncrease in
venous pressure
Increase in atrail filling
Strtch the the atrial wall
Cause atial myocytes to secrete ANP
Cause an increaseIn urine production
and sodium excretuib
Reduction in blood volume
ANP
_
ADH release
Renin release
Reduce CardiacOutput
Reduce BP
Antagonize the pressor effect of
angiotensin
Central nervous system
• Medullaray CV center 1. Pressor and depressor center 2. Cardioaccerator center 3. Cardioinhibitory center
Central nervous system
• Autonomic nervous system (ANS) 1. Sympathetic preganglionic fibers arise from cell bodies in the IML of the spinal cord of the thoracodorsal regions
• Autonomic nervous system (ANS) 2. The stellate ganglion supplies postganglionic sympathetic fibers to the heart 3. All of preganglionic sympathetic fibers are cholinergic but the postganglionic sympathetic fibers are adrenergic or cholinergic
• Parasympathetic nervous system
1. The primary effect of the parasym. n. s. on CV functionis to slow the heart rate.2. Impulses conducted by the vagus nerve affect the S-A node,A-V node and reduce artial contractivitility
Neural pathways for thr BP control
NTS: nucleus tractus of the solitarius
Medullary cardiovascular center
Control of microcirculation
• Capillary blood flow has to be adjusted to meet the demands of the tissue.
• Two control mechanisms 1. Neural control 2. Local control
Neural control of capillary blood flow
• Sympathetic stimulation and catcholamine
Stimulation of alpha receptors vasodilatation
Stimulation of beta receptors vasoconstriction
Vasoconstriction activated by -adrenergic receptors would override vasodilatation by -adrenergic receptors
• Neuropeptide Y 1. co-localized with norepinephrine within sympathetic ganglion and adrenergic nerve 2. nerve endings that surrounded the atrial and ventricular myocytes and the coronary arteries contain neuropeptide Y 3. NPY decrease coronary blood flow and the contraction of cardiac muscle by reducing the level of IP3
• Parasympathetic stimulation cause to vasodilation in arterioles
Local control of capillary blood flow
• Endothelium-produced compounds endothelium can produce NO, endothelin, and prostacyclin to affect the activity of the smooth muscle and hence, to regulate the capillary blood flow
Endothelium-derived relacing factor
(now known NO) cGMP Muscle
relaxation
Local control of capillary blood flow
• Endothelin can produce vasoconstriction prostacyclin can initiate vasodilation and act as an anticoagulant. Prostacyclin functions as an antagonist of the thromboxane A2 ,which promotes blood clotting and causes vasoconstriction. Influammators and other mediators thromboxane A2 cause vasoconstriction histamine and kinin produce vasodilatation
• Histamine, bradykinin, and serotonin cause an increase in capillary permeability
• Metabolic condition associated with activity decrease in O2, increase in CO2, and H+, a variety of metabolites (adenosine) , heart, rise in extracellular K+ , NO, prostacyclin all of the above substances produce vasodilation and a local increase in capillary blood flow.