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CH 12. Visual perception 연세대학교 작업치료학과 김정란 성장과 발달 7 1

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Page 1: CH 12. Visual perceptioncontents.kocw.net/KOCW/document/2015/yonsei/kimjeongran/... · 2016. 9. 9. · Definition}Visual perception (시지각기술)}Recognition and identification

CH 12. Visual perception

연세대학교 작업치료학과 김정란

성장과 발달 71

Page 2: CH 12. Visual perceptioncontents.kocw.net/KOCW/document/2015/yonsei/kimjeongran/... · 2016. 9. 9. · Definition}Visual perception (시지각기술)}Recognition and identification

Contents

} Definitions

} The visual system

} Anatomy of the eye

} Visual-receptive functions

} Visual-cognitive functions

} Developmental sequence

} Visual-perceptual problems

} Evaluation methods

} Definitions

} The visual system

} Anatomy of the eye

} Visual-receptive functions

} Visual-cognitive functions

} Developmental sequence

} Visual-perceptual problems

} Evaluation methods성장과 발달 72

Page 3: CH 12. Visual perceptioncontents.kocw.net/KOCW/document/2015/yonsei/kimjeongran/... · 2016. 9. 9. · Definition}Visual perception (시지각기술)}Recognition and identification

Definition

} Visual perception (시지각 기술)

} Recognition and identification of shapes, objects, colors and other qualities

} 물체의 크기, 형태, 공간적 관계에 대한 정확한 판단

} 시각적 자극에 대해 감각을 통해 수용하고, 특정인지활동을 통해

인식하는 모든 과정

} Visual receptive component (시각적 수용요소)

¨ Process of extracting and organizing information

} Visual cognitive component (시각적 인지요소)

¨ Ability to interpret and use what in seen

} Visual perception (시지각 기술)

} Recognition and identification of shapes, objects, colors and other qualities

} 물체의 크기, 형태, 공간적 관계에 대한 정확한 판단

} 시각적 자극에 대해 감각을 통해 수용하고, 특정인지활동을 통해

인식하는 모든 과정

} Visual receptive component (시각적 수용요소)

¨ Process of extracting and organizing information

} Visual cognitive component (시각적 인지요소)

¨ Ability to interpret and use what in seen

성장과 발달 73

Page 4: CH 12. Visual perceptioncontents.kocw.net/KOCW/document/2015/yonsei/kimjeongran/... · 2016. 9. 9. · Definition}Visual perception (시지각기술)}Recognition and identification

The visual system

} 감각기관들의 주요 기능: to receive information

} Sensory receptor 의 약 70%: vision

} 관련된 된 해부학적 구조

} Eye, oculomotor muscles, and pathways, optic nerve, optic

tract, occipital cortex, and associative areas of the

cerebral cortex(parietal and temporal lobes)

} 감각기관들의 주요 기능: to receive information

} Sensory receptor 의 약 70%: vision

} 관련된 된 해부학적 구조

} Eye, oculomotor muscles, and pathways, optic nerve, optic

tract, occipital cortex, and associative areas of the

cerebral cortex(parietal and temporal lobes)

성장과 발달 74

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1. Anatomy of the Eye

안구의 구조 기능

3개의 층 Sclera(공막) 안구를 보호하고 지지함 (white)

Choroid(맥락막) 산란한 빛을 흡수하여 암실을 만드는 역할을 함 (black)

Retina(망막) Receptor nerve cells로 구성(막대세포,(빛) 원뿔세포(색)(그물모양)

성장과 발달 75

Receptor nerve cells로 구성(막대세포,(빛) 원뿔세포(색)(그물모양)

Foveacentralis(중심와)

물체의 상이 가장 선명하게 맺히는 곳임

Corea(각막) 빛 광선을 굴절시킴(투명)

Aqueous humor(수양액) 빛 광선을 굴절시킴

Iris(홍채), pupil(동공) 동공크기 조절을 통해 빛의 양 조절

Crystalline lens(수정체) 빛을 굴절시키고 초점을 맞춤

Vitreous humor(초자액) 빛 광선을 굴절시킴

Optic nerve 뇌신경 II

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Figure 12-1. cross-section of the eye 시각체계와 관련된 뇌영역

Parietal lobe

공간지각

성장과 발달 76

Occipital lobe: 시각피질

Inferior temporal lobe; 물체지각

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2. Visual-receptive functions : oculomotor system (CN III, IV, VI)Components 설명

Visual fixation 일정 시간 동안 물체를 쳐다보고 집중할 수 있는 능력

Visual tracking 머리 고정 상태에서 눈의 부드러운 움직임/ 느림

Saccadic eye movement

보는 지점을 시야 안의 한곳에서 다른 곳으로 변화시키는 순서적이고 빠른 눈의 움직임

Acuity (시력) 시야범위 내에서 물체의 세밀한 특징을 구별하는 능력

성장과 발달 77

Acuity (시력) 시야범위 내에서 물체의 세밀한 특징을 구별하는 능력

Accommodation 다양한 거리에 위치한 물체에 초점을 맞추는 과정원근조절-수정체 두께 변화(굴절각도 변화)

Binocular fusion 두 눈으로 바라본 하나의 지각대상을 합체시키는 능력à 두개의 상을 하나로 융합하는 과정

Stereopsis 깊이 지각 또는 3차원적 시각

Convergence and divergence

두 안구를 안쪽과 바깥쪽으로 움직이는 능력à 물체의 거리에 따라

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2. Visual-cognitive functions

1) Visual attention: 시각적 입력을 선택하는 능력} Alertness

¨ 자연스러운 각성 상태

} Selective attention

¨ 방해 자극을 막아내면서 중요한 자극이나 생각에 초점을 유지하는능력

} Visual vigilance=sustained attention

¨ Visual task에 지속적으로 집중하는 능력

} Divided(shared) attention

¨ 두 가지 이상의 과제에 대해 동시에 반응하는 것

¨ 예> 음악+ 학습…..

2. Visual-cognitive functions

1) Visual attention: 시각적 입력을 선택하는 능력} Alertness

¨ 자연스러운 각성 상태

} Selective attention

¨ 방해 자극을 막아내면서 중요한 자극이나 생각에 초점을 유지하는능력

} Visual vigilance=sustained attention

¨ Visual task에 지속적으로 집중하는 능력

} Divided(shared) attention

¨ 두 가지 이상의 과제에 대해 동시에 반응하는 것

¨ 예> 음악+ 학습…..

성장과 발달 78

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2) Visual memory : 과거의 경험(기억)에 시각적 정보를 통합하

는 것

} 기억의 기간에 따른 분류

¨ long-term memory : 영구적 저장

¨ short-term memory : 약 30초 가량 정보의 일부를 유지하는 능력

2) Visual memory : 과거의 경험(기억)에 시각적 정보를 통합하

는 것

} 기억의 기간에 따른 분류

¨ long-term memory : 영구적 저장

¨ short-term memory : 약 30초 가량 정보의 일부를 유지하는 능력

성장과 발달 79

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3) Visual discrimination: 자극의 특성을 탐지하는 능력} Recognition : 저장을 위해 자극의 주요 특성을 알아채는 능력} Matching: 시각 자극 사이의 유사성을 알아채는 능력} Categorization: 본 것을 비슥한 것과 다른 것으로 범주화하는능력

} Distinction of object vision and spatial vision¨ 물체 지각(object (form) perception); what things are(temporal

lobe)¨ Form constancy

¨ Visual closure

¨ Figure ground

¨ 공간지각(spatial perception) ; where things are (inferior parietal lobe)¨ Position in space

¨ Depth perception

¨ Topographical orientation

3) Visual discrimination: 자극의 특성을 탐지하는 능력} Recognition : 저장을 위해 자극의 주요 특성을 알아채는 능력} Matching: 시각 자극 사이의 유사성을 알아채는 능력} Categorization: 본 것을 비슥한 것과 다른 것으로 범주화하는능력

} Distinction of object vision and spatial vision¨ 물체 지각(object (form) perception); what things are(temporal

lobe)¨ Form constancy

¨ Visual closure

¨ Figure ground

¨ 공간지각(spatial perception) ; where things are (inferior parietal lobe)¨ Position in space

¨ Depth perception

¨ Topographical orientation

성장과 발달 710

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① Object perception¨ Form constancy (형태 항상성)

¨ 다양한 환경, 위치, 크기에서 물체와 형태의 동일성을 인지하는 능력

¨ Visual closure ( 시각 폐쇄 or 시각적 연속성)¨ 미완성의 표상으로부터 물체나 형태를 인식하는 능력

¨ Figure ground (전경-배경 구분)¨ 물체의 전경과 배경을 구분해 주위의 정보로 부터 핵심적 중요한 자료에집중하는 능력

① Object perception¨ Form constancy (형태 항상성)

¨ 다양한 환경, 위치, 크기에서 물체와 형태의 동일성을 인지하는 능력

¨ Visual closure ( 시각 폐쇄 or 시각적 연속성)¨ 미완성의 표상으로부터 물체나 형태를 인식하는 능력

¨ Figure ground (전경-배경 구분)¨ 물체의 전경과 배경을 구분해 주위의 정보로 부터 핵심적 중요한 자료에집중하는 능력

성장과 발달 711

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② Spatial perception

¨ Position in space/ visual spatial orientation (공간 내 위치)

¨ 물체 또는 다른 물체와의 공간적 관계성을 인식하는 것

¨ 위,아래, 사이, 오른쪽/왼쪽 같은 방향성 용어 이해에 중요함

¨ Depth perception

¨ 물체 사이의 상대적 거리와 지표면의 변화를 인식하는 것

¨ 예> 계단 내려가기, 컵에 물 붓기

¨ Topographic orientation

¨ 위치의 경로를 이해는 것

¨ 물체가 있는 장소와 장소까지의 환경과 경로를 인식하는 것

② Spatial perception

¨ Position in space/ visual spatial orientation (공간 내 위치)

¨ 물체 또는 다른 물체와의 공간적 관계성을 인식하는 것

¨ 위,아래, 사이, 오른쪽/왼쪽 같은 방향성 용어 이해에 중요함

¨ Depth perception

¨ 물체 사이의 상대적 거리와 지표면의 변화를 인식하는 것

¨ 예> 계단 내려가기, 컵에 물 붓기

¨ Topographic orientation

¨ 위치의 경로를 이해는 것

¨ 물체가 있는 장소와 장소까지의 환경과 경로를 인식하는 것

성장과 발달 712

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4) Visual imagery: visualization

} 물리적으로 존재하지 않는 사물일지라도 마음의 눈으로 사람,

생각, 그리고 물체를 그리는 능력

} 예> 글로 쓰여진 설명에 기초해서 책에 있는 캐릭터를 형상화

할 수있음

4) Visual imagery: visualization

} 물리적으로 존재하지 않는 사물일지라도 마음의 눈으로 사람,

생각, 그리고 물체를 그리는 능력

} 예> 글로 쓰여진 설명에 기초해서 책에 있는 캐릭터를 형상화

할 수있음

성장과 발달 713

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Developmental framework for intervention} Hierarchy of visual perceptual skills

development (Warren, 1993) : 시각적 발달과 관련된 대표적 모델!!

① Primary visual skills: 모든 시각기능의 기본} Oculomotor control / Visual field/ Visual acuity

② Visual attention

③ Scanning : 훑어보기④ Pattern recognition

} 패턴을 발견하고 인식하기(전체적인 윤곽à 세밀한 특성(명암, 질감 등))

⑤ Visual memory : 이후 인출을 위해 정보를 저장하는 능력

⑥ Visual cognition} 문체해결, 계획설정, 의사결정을 위해 정신적으로 시각정보를조작하고 다른 감각정보와 통합하는 능력

} Hierarchy of visual perceptual skills development (Warren, 1993) : 시각적 발달과 관련된 대표적 모델!!

① Primary visual skills: 모든 시각기능의 기본} Oculomotor control / Visual field/ Visual acuity

② Visual attention

③ Scanning : 훑어보기④ Pattern recognition

} 패턴을 발견하고 인식하기(전체적인 윤곽à 세밀한 특성(명암, 질감 등))

⑤ Visual memory : 이후 인출을 위해 정보를 저장하는 능력

⑥ Visual cognition} 문체해결, 계획설정, 의사결정을 위해 정신적으로 시각정보를조작하고 다른 감각정보와 통합하는 능력

성장과 발달 714

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} Bottom-up approach : Evaluation and treatment

성장과 발달 715

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Developmental sequence1. Visual-receptive functions

} 태내기} 임신 24주 : gross anatomical structure, visual pathway

} 임신 24-40주 : retina, visual cortex의 광범위한 성장} 임신 5개월: eye movement

} 생후} 신생아: visual fixation ability, reflexive tracking ability

} 생후 2개월: accommodation, convergence, oculomotor subsystem

} Controlled tracking skills

1. Visual-receptive functions} 태내기

} 임신 24주 : gross anatomical structure, visual pathway

} 임신 24-40주 : retina, visual cortex의 광범위한 성장} 임신 5개월: eye movement

} 생후} 신생아: visual fixation ability, reflexive tracking ability

} 생후 2개월: accommodation, convergence, oculomotor subsystem

} Controlled tracking skillshorizontal Vertical diagonal circular

성장과 발달 716

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2. Visual-cognitive functions

Table 12-1.Developmental ages for emergence of visual perceptual skills

Visual perception Developmental age

Object(form) Figure-ground Improves between 3 and 5 years of ageStabilized growth at 6 to 7 years of age

Improves between 3 and 5 years of ageStabilized growth at 6 to 7 years of age

Form constancy Dramatic improvement between 6 and 7 years of ageWith less improvement from 8 to 9 years of age

Spatial Position in space Development complete at 7 to 9 years of age

Spatialrelationship

Improves to approximately 10years of age

성장과 발달 717

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} Object (form) vision

} Development¨ Tactile, kinesthetic, vestibular inputà vision, audition

¨ 6-7세 아동의 선호도¨ Kinesthetic, tactile, visual and auditory learning

} Spatial vision} 공간 조직화 과정

¨ Verticalàhorizontalà oblique and diagonal dimensions

} Laterality and directionality

¨자신의 오른쪽과 왼쪽을 구별하는 internal awareness:¨ 6-7세 확립

¨ Outside laterality 개념이 넓혀지는 것¨ 8세에 시작¨ Reading과 writing을 위한 visual discrimination에서 중요한 역할

} Object (form) vision

} Development¨ Tactile, kinesthetic, vestibular inputà vision, audition

¨ 6-7세 아동의 선호도¨ Kinesthetic, tactile, visual and auditory learning

} Spatial vision} 공간 조직화 과정

¨ Verticalàhorizontalà oblique and diagonal dimensions

} Laterality and directionality

¨자신의 오른쪽과 왼쪽을 구별하는 internal awareness:¨ 6-7세 확립

¨ Outside laterality 개념이 넓혀지는 것¨ 8세에 시작¨ Reading과 writing을 위한 visual discrimination에서 중요한 역할

성장과 발달 718

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Visual-perceptual problems

1. Visual-receptive functions

} Checklist of observable clues to classroom vision

problems(Figure 12-3)

① Appearance of eyes

¨ 눈의 충혈, 눈물의 과다분비, 덮힌 눈꺼풀, 잦은 눈다래끼

② Complaints when using eyes at desk

¨ 이마 또는 관자놀이의 두통, 눈이 가렵거나 따가움, 현기증 등

③ Behavioral signs of visual problems

1. Visual-receptive functions

} Checklist of observable clues to classroom vision

problems(Figure 12-3)

① Appearance of eyes

¨ 눈의 충혈, 눈물의 과다분비, 덮힌 눈꺼풀, 잦은 눈다래끼

② Complaints when using eyes at desk

¨ 이마 또는 관자놀이의 두통, 눈이 가렵거나 따가움, 현기증 등

③ Behavioral signs of visual problems

성장과 발달 719

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Visual-perceptual problems 1. Visual-receptive functions

} Checklist of observable clues to classroom vision problems(Figure 12-3)

① Behavioral signs of visual problems¨ Eye movement abilities : 책을 읽을 때 줄을 반복해서 읽거나 단어을 생략해서 읽기도 하며, 눈동자를 돌려 읽기보다는 고개를 돌려 읽음

¨ Eye teaming abilities: 두 개로 보이거나 단어에 문자를 반복해서쓰고 숫자의 위치를 잘 배치하지 못함

¨ Eye hand coordination abilities: 선을 바로 긋지 못하고 숫자의수직, 수평 배열이 어려우며 읽은 줄을 표시하기 위해 손을 이용하기도 함

¨ Visual-form perception : 비슷한 단어 구별을 위해 손으로 쓰는행동이 자주 나타남

¨ Refractive status (굴절상태- 근시, 원시, 난시)¨ 눈을 자주 문지르고 곁눈질을 하거나 책을 너무 가까이 또는 너무 멀리두고 읽는 등의 행동

1. Visual-receptive functions} Checklist of observable clues to classroom vision

problems(Figure 12-3)

① Behavioral signs of visual problems¨ Eye movement abilities : 책을 읽을 때 줄을 반복해서 읽거나 단어을 생략해서 읽기도 하며, 눈동자를 돌려 읽기보다는 고개를 돌려 읽음

¨ Eye teaming abilities: 두 개로 보이거나 단어에 문자를 반복해서쓰고 숫자의 위치를 잘 배치하지 못함

¨ Eye hand coordination abilities: 선을 바로 긋지 못하고 숫자의수직, 수평 배열이 어려우며 읽은 줄을 표시하기 위해 손을 이용하기도 함

¨ Visual-form perception : 비슷한 단어 구별을 위해 손으로 쓰는행동이 자주 나타남

¨ Refractive status (굴절상태- 근시, 원시, 난시)¨ 눈을 자주 문지르고 곁눈질을 하거나 책을 너무 가까이 또는 너무 멀리두고 읽는 등의 행동 성장과 발달 720

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} Individuals with functional vision problems (Seiderman, 1984)

} Difficulty completing school tasks in a timely manner

} Avoidance of reading work

} visual fatigue

} Adaptation through the development of a refractive error to perform near-centered visual task demands

} Impairment of oculomotor control à 응시를 조절하고 방향조정하는 능력을 제한함

} Disruption of cranial nerve function

} Disruption of central neural control

} Individuals with functional vision problems (Seiderman, 1984)

} Difficulty completing school tasks in a timely manner

} Avoidance of reading work

} visual fatigue

} Adaptation through the development of a refractive error to perform near-centered visual task demands

} Impairment of oculomotor control à 응시를 조절하고 방향조정하는 능력을 제한함

} Disruption of cranial nerve function

} Disruption of central neural control

성장과 발달 721

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} Refractive errors

} 근시, 원시, 난시

} Binocular dysfunction

¨ Strabismus (Crossed or wandering eye) : 근육의 불균형으

로 인함

¨ Double vision

¨ Effects on the development of visual perception

¨ Phoria (안구사시)

¨ Tendency for one eye to go slightly in, out, up, or down

¨ 두 눈의 명확한 비정상적 배열은 없음

} Refractive errors

} 근시, 원시, 난시

} Binocular dysfunction

¨ Strabismus (Crossed or wandering eye) : 근육의 불균형으

로 인함

¨ Double vision

¨ Effects on the development of visual perception

¨ Phoria (안구사시)

¨ Tendency for one eye to go slightly in, out, up, or down

¨ 두 눈의 명확한 비정상적 배열은 없음성장과 발달 722

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2. Visual-cognitive functions

1) Attention

} Arousal state

} Behaviors of overattentiveness, underattentiveness, or poor sustained attention

} Selective attention} Reduced ability to focus in a visual targetà easily confused

} Not obtain the specific information needed for the task

} Vigilance

} Reduced persistence on an visual task

} Shared (divided) attention

} Can only focus well on one task at a time

} Easily confused or distracted if required to share visual attention between two tasks

2. Visual-cognitive functions

1) Attention

} Arousal state

} Behaviors of overattentiveness, underattentiveness, or poor sustained attention

} Selective attention} Reduced ability to focus in a visual targetà easily confused

} Not obtain the specific information needed for the task

} Vigilance

} Reduced persistence on an visual task

} Shared (divided) attention

} Can only focus well on one task at a time

} Easily confused or distracted if required to share visual attention between two tasks

성장과 발달 723

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2) Memory} Poor or reduced ability to recognize or retrieve visual

information

} Reduced to store visual information in short- or long-term memory

} Inability to recognize or match visual stimuli presented previously

} Not stored this information in memory or may not be able to retrieve in from memory

} Inconsistent recall abilities

} Poor ability to use mnemonic strategies for storage : 기억력 증진을 위한 전략을 사용하는 능력 저하

2) Memory} Poor or reduced ability to recognize or retrieve visual

information

} Reduced to store visual information in short- or long-term memory

} Inability to recognize or match visual stimuli presented previously

} Not stored this information in memory or may not be able to retrieve in from memory

} Inconsistent recall abilities

} Poor ability to use mnemonic strategies for storage : 기억력 증진을 위한 전략을 사용하는 능력 저하

성장과 발달 724

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3) Visual discrimination

} Poor discrimination abilities

} Inadequate ability to recognize, match, and categorize

} Poor matching skills

} Difficulty matching the same shape presented in a

different spatial orientation or may confuse similar

shape

} Difficulty in recognizing form within a complex field

} Object (form) vision

} Spatial vision

3) Visual discrimination

} Poor discrimination abilities

} Inadequate ability to recognize, match, and categorize

} Poor matching skills

} Difficulty matching the same shape presented in a

different spatial orientation or may confuse similar

shape

} Difficulty in recognizing form within a complex field

} Object (form) vision

} Spatial vision

성장과 발달 725

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1) Object (form) vision

} Form constancy problem

} Different sizes or different orientations in spaceà difficulty recognizing

forms and objects

} Visual closure deficit

} Unable to identify a form or object if an incomplete presentation is made

} Figure-ground problem

} Not be able to pick out a specific toy from a shelf

} Difficulty with sorting and organizing personal belongings

} 숨은그림 찾기 or 책에서 중요한 정보 찾기 어려움

1) Object (form) vision

} Form constancy problem

} Different sizes or different orientations in spaceà difficulty recognizing

forms and objects

} Visual closure deficit

} Unable to identify a form or object if an incomplete presentation is made

} Figure-ground problem

} Not be able to pick out a specific toy from a shelf

} Difficulty with sorting and organizing personal belongings

} 숨은그림 찾기 or 책에서 중요한 정보 찾기 어려움

성장과 발달 726

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2) Spatial vision} Position in space difficulty

} Difficulty planning their actions in relation to objects around them

} 종이에 글자간격을 맞춰 쓰기 어려워함} Difficulty in understanding directional language such as in,

out, on, under, next to, up, down, and in front of

} Decreased depth perception} 공간 사이 걷기, catch a ballà 어려움} Unable to visually determine

} Surface plane 이 변하는 경우 : 계단, 연석

} Diminished topographic orientation} Easily lost / 다음에 갈 위치를 찾지 못함} Difficulty determining the location of objects and settings

2) Spatial vision} Position in space difficulty

} Difficulty planning their actions in relation to objects around them

} 종이에 글자간격을 맞춰 쓰기 어려워함} Difficulty in understanding directional language such as in,

out, on, under, next to, up, down, and in front of

} Decreased depth perception} 공간 사이 걷기, catch a ballà 어려움} Unable to visually determine

} Surface plane 이 변하는 경우 : 계단, 연석

} Diminished topographic orientation} Easily lost / 다음에 갈 위치를 찾지 못함} Difficulty determining the location of objects and settings

성장과 발달 727

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3. Diagnoses with problems in visual perception

1) Prematurity} Retinopathy(망막변성) à blindness

} Cortical visual impairment

} 굴절 에러: 저시력, 두꺼운 수정체, 난시, 사시 등

2) Developmental disabilities} blindness or other visual impairment의 진단 중복됨

3) Cerebral palsy} Strabismus, ocular motor problems, convergence

insufficiencies, nystagmus

} Spasticity > athetosis: Group with spastic quadriplegia greatest problems in visual perception

3. Diagnoses with problems in visual perception

1) Prematurity} Retinopathy(망막변성) à blindness

} Cortical visual impairment

} 굴절 에러: 저시력, 두꺼운 수정체, 난시, 사시 등

2) Developmental disabilities} blindness or other visual impairment의 진단 중복됨

3) Cerebral palsy} Strabismus, ocular motor problems, convergence

insufficiencies, nystagmus

} Spasticity > athetosis: Group with spastic quadriplegia greatest problems in visual perception

성장과 발달 728

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4) Language delay

} Visual perception 발달- 언어발달과 관련됨

} Every animal with four legsà dog

} Visually discriminate between dog and lion

} Visual spatial perception deficits à difficulty in

understanding directional language such in, on, under,

and next to

5) Learning disabilities} Visual-perceptual problems가 있는 경우가 많음

} 지능검사에서 언어점수보다 수행점수가 낮은 아동에서 더 높은빈도 보임

4) Language delay

} Visual perception 발달- 언어발달과 관련됨

} Every animal with four legsà dog

} Visually discriminate between dog and lion

} Visual spatial perception deficits à difficulty in

understanding directional language such in, on, under,

and next to

5) Learning disabilities} Visual-perceptual problems가 있는 경우가 많음

} 지능검사에서 언어점수보다 수행점수가 낮은 아동에서 더 높은빈도 보임

성장과 발달 729

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6) Psychiatric disorders

} 발생 빈도: Visual motor skills > visual

perception skills

} Some children with autism

} Poor oculomotor function

6) Psychiatric disorders

} 발생 빈도: Visual motor skills > visual

perception skills

} Some children with autism

} Poor oculomotor function

성장과 발달 730

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4. Effects of visual-perceptual problems on

performance skills and occupations

}} bilateral manipulative skillsbilateral manipulative skills are affected

} Difficulty with activities of daily living

}} Community mobilityCommunity mobility may be difficult

}} Work and productive activitiesWork and productive activities problems

} Home management

} Classroom assignment

}} Educational activities problemsEducational activities problems

4. Effects of visual-perceptual problems on

performance skills and occupations

}} bilateral manipulative skillsbilateral manipulative skills are affected

} Difficulty with activities of daily living

}} Community mobilityCommunity mobility may be difficult

}} Work and productive activitiesWork and productive activities problems

} Home management

} Classroom assignment

}} Educational activities problemsEducational activities problems

성장과 발달 731

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} Educational problems in the school-age child

① Problems in reading} Reading : requires visual attention, visual memory, and

visual discrimination} Severe dysfunction: recognition of wordsà impaired

} Memory deficiencies

} Unable to remember the visual shape of letters and words} Visual discrimination deficit

} Not be able to recognize symbols

} Slow to master the alphabet and number : 예> p, q, g, b & d

} Visual spatial deficits

} Difficulty with map reading / interpretation of instructional graphics(예> charts , diagrams)

} Educational problems in the school-age child

① Problems in reading} Reading : requires visual attention, visual memory, and

visual discrimination} Severe dysfunction: recognition of wordsà impaired

} Memory deficiencies

} Unable to remember the visual shape of letters and words} Visual discrimination deficit

} Not be able to recognize symbols

} Slow to master the alphabet and number : 예> p, q, g, b & d

} Visual spatial deficits

} Difficulty with map reading / interpretation of instructional graphics(예> charts , diagrams)

성장과 발달 732

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② Problems in spelling} Impaired processing of simultaneous visual stimulià difficulty

with spelling

} Sound-symbol association : 예> 받아쓰기

③ Problems in handwriting and Visual-motor integration

} Visual attention problem} Difficulty with the correct letter formation, spelling, mechanics of

grammar, punctuation, and capitalization : 글자형성, 철자, 문장구성, 대문자사용 등의 어려움

} Visual discrimination} Unable to recognize letters or words and copying

} Unable to discriminate a letterà poor letter formation

} Visual spatial problem} Reversals of letters or numbers

} Best predictor of handwriting (VIM)

② Problems in spelling} Impaired processing of simultaneous visual stimulià difficulty

with spelling

} Sound-symbol association : 예> 받아쓰기

③ Problems in handwriting and Visual-motor integration

} Visual attention problem} Difficulty with the correct letter formation, spelling, mechanics of

grammar, punctuation, and capitalization : 글자형성, 철자, 문장구성, 대문자사용 등의 어려움

} Visual discrimination} Unable to recognize letters or words and copying

} Unable to discriminate a letterà poor letter formation

} Visual spatial problem} Reversals of letters or numbers

} Best predictor of handwriting (VIM)

성장과 발달 733

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④ Problems in mathematics

} Difficulty correctly aligning columns for calculationà

answer incorrect

} Figure-ground problems

} 혼란요소: Worksheets with many rows and columns of math

problems

} Visual spatial perception problems

} Geometry present difficulty

④ Problems in mathematics

} Difficulty correctly aligning columns for calculationà

answer incorrect

} Figure-ground problems

} 혼란요소: Worksheets with many rows and columns of math

problems

} Visual spatial perception problems

} Geometry present difficulty

성장과 발달 734

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Evaluation methods} Consideration

} Entire process of vision

} Relationship of visual function to behavior and performance

} interdisciplinary team approach

} Reading specialist

} Psychologist

} Speech-language pathologist

} Classroom teacher

} Vision specialist: ophthalmologist, optometrist

} Consideration

} Entire process of vision

} Relationship of visual function to behavior and performance

} interdisciplinary team approach

} Reading specialist

} Psychologist

} Speech-language pathologist

} Classroom teacher

} Vision specialist: ophthalmologist, optometrist

성장과 발달 735

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1. Evaluation of visual-receptive functions

} Including visual fields, visual acuity, and oculomotor control

} Visual-receptive problemsà visual-cognitive deficits (Warren,

1990)

} Occupational therapist: familiar with visual screening

} Basic tests administered to select children who are at risk for

inadequate visual functions

} Perimetry, confrontation, and careful observation as performs

daily activities : 시야측정, 대면검사, 관찰

} Missing and misreading the beginning or ends of words or numbers

1. Evaluation of visual-receptive functions

} Including visual fields, visual acuity, and oculomotor control

} Visual-receptive problemsà visual-cognitive deficits (Warren,

1990)

} Occupational therapist: familiar with visual screening

} Basic tests administered to select children who are at risk for

inadequate visual functions

} Perimetry, confrontation, and careful observation as performs

daily activities : 시야측정, 대면검사, 관찰

} Missing and misreading the beginning or ends of words or numbers

성장과 발달 736

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} Refractive status} 굴절상태 확인: 근시, 원시, 난시

} Snellen test¨ at 20 feet(6m)

} Telebinocula

} Contrast sensitivity test

} Occupational therapist ; oculomotoroculomotor dysfunction dysfunction 관찰관찰

} Screening test: several questions① Do the eyes work together? How well?

② Where is visual control the most efficient? The least efficient?

③ 정확하고 빠른 안구 움직임의 종류는?

④ 글을 읽을 때 머리를 과도하게 움직이나? 건너뛰나?

} Refractive status} 굴절상태 확인: 근시, 원시, 난시

} Snellen test¨ at 20 feet(6m)

} Telebinocula

} Contrast sensitivity test

} Occupational therapist ; oculomotoroculomotor dysfunction dysfunction 관찰관찰

} Screening test: several questions① Do the eyes work together? How well?

② Where is visual control the most efficient? The least efficient?

③ 정확하고 빠른 안구 움직임의 종류는?

④ 글을 읽을 때 머리를 과도하게 움직이나? 건너뛰나?

성장과 발달 737

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정상시력가진 사람이볼 수 있는 거리(0.1)

성장과 발달 738

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2. Evaluation of visual-cognitive assessment

} observation

} Difficulty in selecting, storing, retrieving, or classifying visual information

} Visual search strategies used during visual perceptual tasks

} How the child approaches the task

} How the child processes and interprets visual information

} Methods used for storage and retrieval of visual information

} Amount of stress associated with visual activities

} Clinical evaluation

} Typically administered by occupational therapists

2. Evaluation of visual-cognitive assessment

} observation

} Difficulty in selecting, storing, retrieving, or classifying visual information

} Visual search strategies used during visual perceptual tasks

} How the child approaches the task

} How the child processes and interprets visual information

} Methods used for storage and retrieval of visual information

} Amount of stress associated with visual activities

} Clinical evaluation

} Typically administered by occupational therapists성장과 발달 739