ch1 the traditional economy 1 chuang, yih-chyi( 莊奕琦老師 ) national chengchi university...

CH1 THE TRADITIONAL ECONOMY

1

Chuang, Yih-Chyi( 莊奕琦老師 )

National Chengchi University本著作除另有註明外，採取創用CC「姓名標示－非商業性－相同方式分享」台灣2.5版授權釋出Unless noted, the course materials are licensed under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 2.5 Taiwan (CC BY-NC-SA 2.5)

Early history

1624-1662, Dutch period 1662-1683, Cheng Cheng-Kung period 1683-1895, Ch’ing Dynasty period 1895-1945, Japanese Colonization period

2

Initial Conditions

Taiwan’s early economic history is a story of migration and land settlement

Dutch occupied period (1624-1662) Dutch valued Taiwan mostly for its

strategic location and as a entrepot (e.g., raw silk, silk piece goods and porcelain were imported from China and re-exported to Japan and Java)

3

1633-1660:1633-1660:Export in Raw silk and Silk from Taiwan to Export in Raw silk and Silk from Taiwan to JapanJapan

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Raw silk Silk斤 gulden piece gulden

1633 1676 8542 3232 193571634 64390 280524 18374 1185491635 130949 638881 22236 121090

136 166544 822915 32270 3122721637 149669 978899 118743 9480981638 193190 683675 200453 1263171639 146289 492658 322895 22196151640 152231 753742 507012 41083971641 71630 264371 6804 993671642 42243 191826 25740 1461381643 28924 143116 36747 2494751644 17853 72253 86851 4712331645 43948 251875 34568 2603381646 4008 31878 6328 616941647 4549 24682 4911 299091648 0 0 0 01649 754 9944 696 88341650 9563 98001 3764 452251651 No record1652 586 5624 48 9791653 159 1487 73 8841654 6020 52245 0 01655 0 0 0 01656 0 0 0 01657 0 0 2080 134521658 0 0 16 3591659 0 0 26 4691660 0 0 0 0

Source ：薛元化等 (2008) ，臺灣貿易史，中華民國對外貿易發展協會， P54 。

1663-1660: 1663-1660: Pieces of Deerskins export from Taiwan to Pieces of Deerskins export from Taiwan to JapanJapan

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Source: 薛元化等 (2008) ，臺灣貿易史，中華民國對外貿易發展協會， P56 。

Chengchi University Chuang, Yih-Chyi

1663-1660:1663-1660:Export in Deerskin from Taiwan to JapanExport in Deerskin from Taiwan to Japan

6

Amount(pieces) Value(gulden)

1633 16500 77571634 111840 440021635 70897 257171636 60440 244911637 71700 379701638 151980 608241639 143765 591921640 15180 50571641 88901 423981642 20760 59401643 62972 258521644 38384 162961645 51221 185161646 35420 148091647 55409 242181648 54745 234791649 64867 282921650 83474 3454116511652 99291 416791653 56700 218811654 32120 149411655 113384 490531656 73022 320721657 59762 238541658 105791 431251659 134280 561201660 69890 32516

Source ：薛元化等 (2008) ，臺灣貿易史，中華民國對外貿易發展協會， P56 。

Agriculture was primitive but productive to create a small surplus, and some rice and sugar were exported

The other major economic activity was hunting, which supported a flourishing trade in deerskins

The most significant development in the Dutch period was “the start of Chinese migration to Taiwan.”

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Chinese immigrants in Chinese immigrants in TaiwanTaiwan

Year Estimated increase in population

1633 4000-5000

1638 10,000-11,000

1646 13,000-14,000

1649 15,000

1652 15,000-20,000

1653 10,000-16,000

1658 20,000-25,000

1661 25,000-30,000

8

The increase of Chinese Population

The Chinese population in Taiwan quadrupled from 25,000 person in 1624 to 100,000 person in 1665, because at that time China was in the turmoil of a dynastic change– from the Ming (1368-1644) to the Ch’ing (1644-1911)

9

Specialization and trade

A large area of land planted with sugar cane, much more than required by the island’s population.

More sugar cane was produced than required by domestic needs because oceangoing vessels extended the market beyond the confines of the island.

Thus, even in this early period, some specialization of production was evident.

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Taiwan’s exports

JAPANCHINA

TAIWAN

Sugar and DeerskinsRice and Sugar

11

12

Planted Area Unit : chia

Year Rice Sugar Cane

1644 1713 1287

1647 4056 1469

1656 6515 1837

Note: 1 chia=0.97 hectare

Unit: thousand piece Export in Deerskin

1634 111

1638 151

Unit : thousand 斤 Export in Sugar

1636 122

1640 400-500

1649 900

1658 1730


1662-1683, Ming loyalist Cheng Cheng-Kung ( 鄭

成功 ) His army population increased from 25,000

to 200,000-215,000 by 1683, actively encouraging farming cultivated area approximately double since 1650 or increase by about the same percentage as population

Active encouragement to farm and land settlement (turned the soldiers into farmer 棄甲歸田 ): e.g., free land and the exemption of land tax for three years.

In 1683 Ch’ing defeated Cheng’s army and Taiwan became a part of Ch’ing territory

13

1683-1895, Ch’ing Dynasty In the next two centuries the traditional

agricultural mode of production that existed in mainland China was gradually reproduced in Taiwan as thousands and thousands of Chinese migrated (From 1683 to around 1760, the Qing government limited immigration to Taiwan to prevent rebel)

Chinese immigrants were either seasonal workers from Kwang Tung ( 廣東 ) (13%) or permanent settlers from the southern coast of Fukien ( 福建 )(80%) ( 泉 : 45%; 漳 : 35%; 客 : 16%)

In 1811, a Chinese population of 2,003,861 person was recorded; 3,200,000 in1887 and 2,899,485 in 1905 (200,000 to 300,000 Chinese fled Taiwan to escaped the disorder that came after the cessation.

14

1684-1859: Taiwan’s Cultivated Area 1684-1859: Taiwan’s Cultivated Area (Unit: chia)

15

臺灣縣( 台南縣市 )

鳳山縣( 高雄屏東 )

諸羅縣( 嘉義雲林 )

彰化縣( 台中彰化 )

淡水廳( 大甲溪以北 )

噶瑪蘭廳( 宜蘭廳 )

1684 8562 5048 4844

1693 10345 7249 8866

1710 10458 9229 10861 370 499

1735 12244 10944 15129 11665 555

1744 12204 10960 15038 13030 1819

1755 11994 11064 15352 13110 3609

1776-81 18315 7567

1792 7585

1804 18621

1810 2444

1846 7274

1859 7596

Source: 張炎憲等編 (1996) ，《臺灣史論文精選 ( 上 ) 》，玉山社， p236 。

Family Migration to Taiwan Policy Fluctuations, 1684-1788

Date Family Migration

1684-1732 Forbidden

1732-40 Allowed

1740-46 Forbidden

1746-48 Allowed

1748-60 Forbidden

1760-61 Allowed

1761-88 Forbidden

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Source: Shepherd (1995:143).

China’s Southeast Migration to Taiwan

17 新浪微博 -shanghaiist

The Population of Taiwan, 1660-1893

Year PopulationAnnual

Growth Rate %

Interval (Years)

Increase during

interval1660 100,000 2.33 23 70,000

1683 170,000 -23.53 1 -40,000

1684 130,000 2.28 72 530,147

1756 660,147 1.15 21 179,656

1777 839,803 1.62 47 947,080

1824 1,786,883 0.51 69 758,848

1893 2,545,731 1.30 12 427,549

Note:Including plain indigenous communities, excludes mountain indigenous people. Source: Shepherd (1995:161)

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Immigration of Chinese

On 12 October 1885, Taiwan was elevated from a prefecture to a province ( 建省 ). Liu Ming-Ch’uan ( 劉銘傳 ) was appointed as Taiwan’s first governor (1884-1891)

He divided Taiwan into eleven counties and developed a railway from Taipei to Hsinchu.

Immigration was actively encouraged; from 1884 to 1891 the government subsidized immigrants’ travel expenses across the Taiwan Strait.

19

The effect of Chinese Immigration

As the immigrants came from the mainland, they drove the aborigines from the plains in the south and from the foothills in the north, until the aborigines were isolated in the central mountain range and the rugged east coast

Over 450,000 hectares of land were brought into cultivation during the two centuries of Ch’ing imperial rule

A three-level tenancy system ( 一田多主 ) evolved: the cultivator ( 佃農 the subtenants), the shaio-tsu-hu ( 小租戶 the tenant-landlords) and the ta-tsu-hu ( 大租戶 the great Landlords)

Development from south to north, from west to east ( 一府、二鹿、三艋舺 )

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Opening Trade (I) Until the last half of the nineteenth

century, Taiwan’s external trade was solely in the hands of Chinese merchant, operating largely from Amoy.

The treaty of Tientsin ( 天津條約 ) in 1858, the legal exclusion of foreign merchants from Taiwan was ended.

Treaty ports ( 開港 ): Anping ( 安平 ) and Takao ( 打狗 ), Tamsui ( 淡水 )and Keelung ( 基隆 )

21

Opening Trade (II)

With the opening of these ports to foreign ships, much of the Taiwan’s trade was taken over by British and American merchants

Major export: sugar, tea, and camphor; these three export commodities accounted for 80%-90% of Taiwan’s exports

Sugar and camphor were traditional crops (in the south) and tea the newcomer (in the north)

22

1876-1891:1876-1891:Vessels by Country came to Vessels by Country came to

Taiwan Taiwan 23

CountryCountry 18761876 18811881 18861886 18911891Numbe

r of Boats

TonnageNumber of Boats



Tonnage

SteamboaSteamboatt

U.KU.K 70 24797 129 63582 118 66446 143 95449SpainSpain 14 5919_ _ _ _ _ _

DenmarkDenmark 1 1577_ _ 1 768_ _GermanyGermany_ _ 15 7361 26 13680 13 9183

ChinaChina _ _ 4 1354 8 3232 50 29690JapanJapan _ _ _ _ _ _ 5 4277

Subtotal 8532293 148 72297 153 84126 211 138495

SailboatSailboat

U.KU.K 119 33226 71 24356 28 11770 15 6112U.SU.S 2 1047 3 1015 5 1878_ _

GermanyGermany 112 32037 65 19452 41 11855 16 5527FranceFrance 12 4417 1 309_ _ _ _

DenmarkDenmark 13 3481 5 1235 3 821_ _Sweden/Sweden/NorwayNorway

11 3278 5 1313 2 646_ _

NetherlanNetherlandd 3 561 1 263_ _ _ _

Subtotal 272 78047 151 48443 79 26970 31 11639Total 357 110340 299 120740 232 111096 242 150236

Source: 周憲文編著 (1980) ，臺灣經濟史，臺灣開明書店， p316

1876-1891:1876-1891:Vessels by Country left Taiwan Vessels by Country left Taiwan

24

CountryCountry 18761876 18811881 18861886 18911891Numbe

r of Boats




Tonnage

SteamboatSteamboat

U.KU.K 69 24750 129 63582 116 65698 143 95449SpainSpain 14 5919_ _ _ _ _ _

DenmarkDenmark 1 1577_ _ 1 768_ _GermanyGermany_ _ 15 7361 26 13680 13 9183

ChinaChina _ _ 4 1354 8 3232 50 29690JapanJapan _ _ _ _ _ _ 5 4275

Subtotal 8432246 148 72307 151 83378 211 138587

SailboatSailboat

U.KU.K 121 33877 71 24716 28 11645 16 6444U.SU.S 2 1047 3 1015 4 1598_ _

GermanyGermany 111 31476 62 19152 43 12448 14 4793FranceFrance 11 3908 1 309_ _ _ _

DenmarkDenmark 13 3481 5 1235 3 821_ _Sweden/Sweden/NorwayNorway

11 3278 5 1313 2 648_ _

NetherlanNetherlandd 3 561 1 253_ _ _ _

Subtotal 272 77828 148 48000 80 27258 30 11237Total 355 110074 296 120357 231 110636 241 149834

Source: 周憲文編著 (1980) ，臺灣經濟史，臺灣開明書店， p316

1868-1895 :1868-1895 :Export Share of Taiwan’s Export Share of Taiwan’s

Tea,Rice,Sugar,Coal,CamphorTea,Rice,Sugar,Coal,Camphor25

Tea(%) Coal(%) Rice(%) Camphor(%) Sugar(%)

1868 7.33 4.45 5.54 11.41 58.271869 9.16 1.99 11.1 9.36 50.691870 10.72 0.62 14.75 6.23 65.321871 17.78 1.87 11.63 2.81 69.411872 29.66 3.64 1.8 3.29 57.761873 23.97 6.39 0.04 4.86 60.471874 26.34 1.81 0 4.22 64.511875 34.16 2.87 0 1.87 57.341876 40.33 2.39 0.34 1.95 52.161877 45.45 2.37 0.18 2.87 46.521878 53.89 2.48 0 3.01 36.611879 47.21 1.27 0.24 1.75 46.371880 44.24 0.93 0 2.07 44.211881 53.64 2.03 0 1.91 40.281882 59.32 1.95 0.09 1.06 35.091883 54.33 1.46 0.12 0.89 40.161884 55.96 1.34 0 0.08 39.121885 70.99 0.37 0 0 25.031886 74.9 0.93 0.03 0.34 20.911887 72.04 0.75 0 0.55 23.591888 64.16 1.68 0.02 0.53 28.981889 65.13 3.06 0.13 0.84 27.411890 58.67 1.52 0.02 2.07 33.381891 57.28 1.7 0 6.02 30.91892 59.06 0.82 0.79 6.06 26.341893 63.93 0.98 0 11.47 20.091894 56.36 1.11 0.27 11.5 26.21895 45.35 0.04 0 12.23 36.35

1868-18951868-1895 53.4953.49 1.581.58 0.740.74 3.933.93 36.2236.22

Source: 林滿紅 (1997) ，茶、糖、樟腦業與臺灣之社會經濟變遷，聯經， p3-p5,p12 。

1868-1895 :1868-1895 :Export Share of Taiwan’s Export Share of Taiwan’s

Tea,Rice,Sugar,Coal,CamphorTea,Rice,Sugar,Coal,Camphor

Source: 林滿紅 (1997) ，茶、糖、樟腦業與臺灣之社會經濟變遷，聯經， p3-p5,p12 。

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1873-1891:1873-1891:Share of Taiwan’s Oolong Tea re-Share of Taiwan’s Oolong Tea re-exporting via exporting via XiamenXiamen and Hong Kongand Hong Kong

27

Source: 林滿紅 (1997) ，茶、糖、樟腦業與臺灣之社會經濟變遷，聯經， p22 。


Imports

Taiwan imported consumer goods, opium accounted for 45%-75% of total imports; cotton and woolen goods: 12%-16%; no manufacturing industry and import of raw materials were negligible.

However, miscellaneous imports increased from 8.3% in 1871-75 to 24.1% in 1881-85 and 38.6% in 1891-94 reflecting increasing diversification in consumption and the increased prosperity brought about by the expanding foreign trade, demanded a wider variety of goods.

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1868-1895:1868-1895: Foreign and Chinese Consumption Goods Foreign and Chinese Consumption Goods

ImportsImports29



Share of Imported Opium in Taiwan’s Total Share of Imported Opium in Taiwan’s Total ImportsImports30



Major traded commodities

Of the major exports, sugar went to the north China and Japan, and tea went to America, Europe, and southeast Asia.

Of the major imports, opium come from the middle East and India and the textile goods from great Britain and later also Japan.

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Export Share of Taiwan’s Export Share of Taiwan’s SugarSugar

32



1868-1895:Import share of Taiwan’s Sugar in 1868-1895:Import share of Taiwan’s Sugar in China’s Total Sugar Imports from Taiwan(%)China’s Total Sugar Imports from Taiwan(%)

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Yantai( 煙臺 )

Tianjin( 天津 )

Shanghai( 上海 )

Ningbo ( 寧波 )

Niuzhuang( 牛莊 ) Total

44.59 24.02 19.49 9.24 1.21 98.55

Five cities in northern China accounted for 98.55% of Taiwan’s sugar exports to China while 廈門、福州、鎮江、汕頭等均在 1% 以下。

Reason:①Cheap Taiwan Sugar( Cane’s production cost is cheap in Taiwan)②Major planting area of cane was in southern China.

Source: 林滿紅 (1994) ，四百年來的兩岸分合：一個經貿史的回顧，自立晚報出版， p64 。

The effect of openness

After Taiwan opened its ports to foreign merchants, the volume of trade increased impressively for a decade, from about 1870 to about 1890, a period of fast growth in trade.

Thereafter, the rate of growth declined considerately so that total trade leveled off at a volume about twice that of a decade before.

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Primitive Sugar Industry

Evidently, the Chinese immigrant farmers, using only the traditional techniques were able not only to support themselves on the newly settle land but also to generate a small surplus for export.

The stability shown by sugar production and sugar export in last half of the 19th century indicates a relatively stagnant industry. Both the cultivating method and the crushing process were primitive.

35

The native merchants and money lenders who controlled the sugar crushing business were not interested in adopting the new machine.

The Chinese were apparently afraid that innovation would interfere with the arrangements which they said were sufficiently remunerative to themselves (monopolist or interest group is usually resistant to new technology)

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The effect of tea industry

Tea and camphor were produced in the northern part of Taiwan

The major port for tea and camphor exports was Tamsui ( 淡水 ) which surpass Anping ( 安平 ) as the largest port in 1878

Since than, the center of Taiwan’s economic development had changed from the south to the north.

37

Exports From Danshui and Takao:1868-Exports From Danshui and Takao:1868-18951895

(Unit:(Unit: 萬海關兩萬海關兩 ))38



Percentage of Tea and Camphor in Exports from Percentage of Tea and Camphor in Exports from Danshui Danshui 39



1865-1893:Export Destination for Taiwan’s 1865-1893:Export Destination for Taiwan’s CamphorCamphor(Unit:(Unit: 擔擔 ))40



Main Consumers for Taiwan’s Camphor: Europe, U.S. and India41

Germany U.S. U.K. France India

Import from

Taiwan2240917 1835533 1722664 1204847 1002155


Percentage of Sugar in Exports for TakaoPercentage of Sugar in Exports for Takao(%)(%)42



Taiwan’s Trade:1868-1895Taiwan’s Trade:1868-1895


43

Unit:

萬海關

兩


Exports From Danshui and Takao:1868-Exports From Danshui and Takao:1868-18951895

(Unit:(Unit: 萬海關兩萬海關兩 ))44



1867-1895:1867-1895:Re-exports via Takao and Re-exports via Takao and DanshuiDanshui(Unit:(Unit: 萬海關兩萬海關兩 ))

45

Source: 茶、糖、樟腦業與晚清臺灣 (1978) ，臺灣研究叢刊第 115 種，臺灣銀行經濟研究室編印， p81 。


1863-1895:1863-1895:Taiwan’s Tariff Revenues Taiwan’s Tariff Revenues (Unit:(Unit: 海關海關兩兩 ))46

Source: 茶、糖、樟腦業與晚清臺灣 (1978) ，臺灣研究叢刊第 115 種，臺灣銀行經濟研究室編印， p80 。


The tea industry

The trend of total export, largely determined by tea, rapidly increase from the 1860s to the 1880s and leveling off after the 1880s.

Tea rose to become the leading export in the 1870s and 1880s accounting for 50%-60% of total exports by value.

Unlike sugar and rice, the tea industry developed as a direct consequence of the opening of trade with the West—introduction of new good by trade.

Fukien provides, importing plant slips (materials), working capital, skilled labor and technology of tea manufacturing (technology transfer).

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The decline of tea industry The preference of the Chinese merchants

and growers for quick profit and their lack of interest in quality control led to careless picking, selecting, and packing, which resulted in a rapid deterioration of the Taiwan tea.

The fraudulent practice of adulterating high quality tea with poor leaves from the mainland became widespread.

Lose competition in the world market Grasham’s law: the tendency for bad

money to drive good money out of circulation under asymmetric information.

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Discussion

The problem of asymmetric information Adverse selection Moral hazard

Examples: Used car; health-care; insurance market;

financial market Solutions:

Warranty; certificate; reputation; brand-name

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The decline of tea industry (continued) The refusal of the grower to recognized

the importance of quality control and the general apathy of peasants toward the adoption of new techniques combined to stunt the growth of the Taiwan tea industry at infantry, and a good opportunity to develop the island was lost

50

Conclusion

In the 18th and 19th centuries, Taiwan’s population grew steadily (immigrations from China) and a substantial part of the island was brought under-cultivation.

But, lacking an overland transportation system, Taiwan did not become a well-integrated economy but existed as a collection of relatively isolated communities whose social and economic structure reflected their ancestral villages in Fukien and Kwang Tung.

The opening of treaty ports changed Taiwan’s trade from domestic-oriented (China) to international trade and shifted economic center from the south to the north.

51

Population in Taiwan(Unit: thousand)

52

Source: 陳紹馨 (1979) ，臺灣的人口變遷與社會變遷，聯經 .


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Work( 作品 )License

( 授權條件 )Author/Source( 作者 / 來源 )


新浪微博 -shanghaiisthttp://shanghaiist.com/2012/02/20/beijing_plans_to_create_little_taiw.php2010/12/28






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1633-1660:1633-1660:Export in Raw silk Export in Raw silk

and Silk from Taiwan and Silk from Taiwan to Japanto Japan

薛元化等 (2008) ，《臺灣貿易史》，中華民國對外貿易發展協會， P54 。

1663-1660: 1663-1660: Pieces of Deerskins Pieces of Deerskins export from Taiwan export from Taiwan

to Japanto Japan


1663-1660:1663-1660:Export in Deerskin Export in Deerskin

from Taiwan to Japanfrom Taiwan to Japan


1684-1859: Taiwan’s 1684-1859: Taiwan’s Cultivated Area Cultivated Area

(Unit: chia)(Unit: chia) 張炎憲等編 (1996) ，《臺灣史論文精選 ( 上 ) 》，玉山社， p236 。

Family Migration to Family Migration to Taiwan Taiwan

Policy Fluctuations, Policy Fluctuations, 1684-17881684-1788

Shepherd (1995) ， p143

56




The Population of Taiwan, 1660-1893 Shepherd (1995) ， p161

1876-1891:Vessels by Country

came to Taiwan 周憲文編著 (1980) ，《臺灣經濟史》，臺灣開明書店， p316

1876-1891:Vessels by Country left

Taiwan 周憲文編著 (1980) ，《臺灣經濟史》，臺灣開明書店， p316

1868-1895 :Export Share of

Taiwan’s Tea,Rice,Sugar,Coal,Ca

mphor

林滿紅 (1997) ，《茶、糖、樟腦業與臺灣之社會經濟變遷》，聯經， p3-p5,p12 。

1868-1895 :Export Share of

Taiwan’s Tea,Rice,Sugar,Coal,Ca

mphor

林滿紅 (1997) ，《茶、糖、樟腦業與臺灣之社會經濟變遷》，聯經， p3-p5,p12 。

1873-1891:Share of Taiwan’s

Oolong Tea re-exporting via Xiamen

and Hong Kong

林滿紅 (1997) ，《茶、糖、樟腦業與臺灣之社會經濟變遷》，聯經， p22

1868-1895: Foreign and Chinese Consumption Goods

Imports


57




Share of Imported Share of Imported Opium in Taiwan’s Total Opium in Taiwan’s Total

ImportsImports林滿紅 (1997) ，《茶、糖、樟腦業與臺灣之社會經濟變遷》，聯經， p160

Export Share of Export Share of Taiwan’s SugarTaiwan’s Sugar 林滿紅 (1997) ，《茶、糖、樟腦業與臺灣之社會經濟變遷》，聯經， p25

1868-1895:Import 1868-1895:Import share of Taiwan’s Sugar share of Taiwan’s Sugar in China’s Total Sugar in China’s Total Sugar

Imports from Taiwan(%)Imports from Taiwan(%)

周憲文編著 (1980) ，《臺灣經濟史》，臺灣開明書店， p64

Exports From Danshui Exports From Danshui and Takao:1868-1895and Takao:1868-1895

(Unit:(Unit: 萬海關兩萬海關兩 ))林滿紅 (1997) ，《茶、糖、樟腦業與臺灣之社會經濟變遷》，聯經， p154

Percentage of Tea and Percentage of Tea and Camphor in Exports Camphor in Exports

from Danshui from Danshui 林滿紅 (1997) ，《茶、糖、樟腦業與臺灣之社會經濟變遷》，聯經， p184

1865-1893:Export 1865-1893:Export Destination for Taiwan’s Destination for Taiwan’s

CamphorCamphor(Unit:(Unit: 擔擔 ))


Main Consumers for Taiwan’s Camphor:

Europe, U.S. and India林滿紅 (1997) ，《茶、糖、樟腦業與臺灣之社會經濟變遷》，聯經， p37

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Percentage of Sugar in Percentage of Sugar in Exports for Takao(%)Exports for Takao(%) 林滿紅 (1997) ，《茶、糖、樟腦業與臺灣之社會經濟變遷》，聯經， p184

Taiwan’s Trade:1868-Taiwan’s Trade:1868-18951895 林滿紅 (1997) ，《茶、糖、樟腦業與臺灣之社會經濟變遷》，聯經， p154

1867-1895:1867-1895:Re-exports via Takao Re-exports via Takao

and Danshuiand Danshui(Unit:(Unit: 萬海關兩萬海關兩 ))

茶、糖、樟腦業與晚清臺灣 (1978) ，臺灣研究叢刊第 115 種，臺灣銀行經濟研究室編印， p81 。

1863-1895:1863-1895:Taiwan’s Tariff Taiwan’s Tariff

Revenues (Unit:Revenues (Unit: 海關兩海關兩 ))

茶、糖、樟腦業與晚清臺灣 (1978) ，臺灣研究叢刊第 115 種，臺灣銀行經濟研究室編印， p80 。

Population in Taiwan(Unit: thousand) 陳紹馨 (1979) ，《臺灣的人口變遷與社會變遷》，聯經 .

Taiwan’s exports Chengchi University Chuang, Yih-Chyi

ch1 the traditional economy 1 chuang, yih-chyi( 莊奕琦 老師 ) national chengchi university...

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ch1 the traditional economy 1 chuang, yih-chyi( 莊奕琦老師 ) national chengchi university...