chapter 004 organ systems
TRANSCRIPT
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Chapter 4Chapter 4
Organ Systems of the Body
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ObjectivesObjectives
• Define and contrast the terms organ and organ system
• List the 11 major organ systems of the body• Identify and locate the major organs of each major
organ system• Briefly describe the major functions of each major
organ system• Identify and discuss the major subdivisions of the
reproductive system• Describe the current approaches to organ
replacement
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Definitions and ConceptsDefinitions and Concepts
• Organ—a structure made up of two or more kinds of tissues that can together perform a more complex function than a single tissue
• Organ system—a group of organs that perform a more complex function than can any organ alone
• A knowledge of individual organs and how they are organized into groups makes more meaningful the understanding of how a particular organ system functions as a whole
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Organ Systems of the BodyOrgan Systems of the Body
• Integumentary system– Structure—organs
• Only one organ, the skin, has many appendages (attached structures)
– Skin appendages– Hair– Nails– Microscopic sense receptors– Sweat glands– Oil glands
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Organ Systems of the BodyOrgan Systems of the Body
• Integumentary system– Functions
• Protection—primary function• Regulation of body temperature• Synthesis of chemicals• Sense organ
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Organ Systems of the BodyOrgan Systems of the Body
• Skeletal system (Figure 4-2)– Structure
• Bones—organs of the skeletal system– 206 named bones in the skeleton– Additional variable bones occur in each individual
• Cartilage connects and cushions joined bones • Ligaments—bands of fibrous tissue that hold
bones together • Joints—connections between bones that make
movement possible
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Organ Systems of the BodyOrgan Systems of the Body
• Skeletal system– Functions
• Supporting framework for entire body • Protection of brain and internal organs • Movement (with joints and muscles)• Storage of minerals• Formation of blood cells
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Organ Systems of the BodyOrgan Systems of the Body
• Muscular system – Structure
• Muscles are the primary organs – Voluntary or striated skeletal muscle – Involuntary or smooth muscle tissue in walls of some
organs – Cardiac muscle in wall of the heart
– Function—movement– Skeletomuscular system—combination of
the skeletal and muscular systems
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Organ Systems of the BodyOrgan Systems of the Body
• Nervous system – Structure
• Central nervous system (CNS) – Brain– Spinal cord
• Peripheral nervous system (PNS) – Cranial nerves and their branches – Spinal nerves and their branches – Sense organs
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Organ Systems of the BodyOrgan Systems of the Body
• Nervous system– Functions
• Communication between body organs • Integration of body functions • Control of body functions • Recognition of sensory stimuli
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Organ Systems of the BodyOrgan Systems of the Body
• Endocrine system – Structure—ductless glands that secrete
signaling hormones directly into the blood
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Organ SystemsOrgan Systems
• Endocrine system – Structure
• Pituitary gland• Pineal gland• Hypothalamus• Thyroid gland• Parathyroid glands
• Thymus gland• Adrenal glands• Pancreas• Ovaries (female)• Testes (male)
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Organ Systems of the BodyOrgan Systems of the Body
• Endocrine system– Functions
• Same as nervous system—communication, integration, control
• Control is slow and of long duration• Neuroendocrine system—combination of
nervous and endocrine systems
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Organ Systems of the BodyOrgan Systems of the Body
• Endocrine system– Functions
• Examples of hormone regulation– Growth– Metabolism– Reproduction– Fluid and electrolyte balance
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Organ Systems of the BodyOrgan Systems of the Body
• Cardiovascular system (also referred to as circulatory system)– Structure
• Heart• Blood vessels
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Organ Systems of the BodyOrgan Systems of the Body
• Cardiovascular (circulatory) system – Functions
• Transportation of substances throughout the body
• Regulation of body temperature• Immunity (body defense)
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Organ Systems of the BodyOrgan Systems of the Body
• Lymphatic and immune systems – Lymphatic system
• Structure– Lymphatic vessels– Lymph nodes and tonsils – Thymus– Spleen
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Organ Systems of the BodyOrgan Systems of the Body
• Lymphatic and immune systems– Lymphatic system
• Functions– Transportation of lymph– Immunity
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Organ Systems of the BodyOrgan Systems of the Body
• Lymphatic and immune systems– Immune system
• Structure– Unique cells
» Phagocytes
• Secretory cells– Defensive protein compounds
» Antibodies» Complements
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Organ Systems of the BodyOrgan Systems of the Body
• Lymphatic and immune systems– Immune system
• Functions– Phagocytosis of bacteria – Chemical reactions that provide protection from
harmful agents
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Organ Systems of the BodyOrgan Systems of the Body
• Respiratory system – Structure
• Nose• Pharynx• Larynx• Trachea• Bronchi• Lungs
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Organ Systems of the BodyOrgan Systems of the Body
• Respiratory system– Functions
• Exchange of waste gas (carbon dioxide) for oxygen in the alveoli of the lungs
• Filtration of irritants from inspired air• Regulation of acid-base balance
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Organ Systems of the BodyOrgan Systems of the Body
• Digestive system – Structure
• Primary organs—form alimentary canal, or GI tract – Mouth
– Pharynx
– Esophagus
– Stomach
– Small intestine
– Large intestine
– Rectum
– Anal canal
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Organ Systems of the BodyOrgan Systems of the Body
• Digestive system – Structure
• Accessory organs—assist the digestive process
– Teeth– Salivary glands– Tongue– Liver– Gallbladder– Pancreas– Appendix
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Organ Systems of the BodyOrgan Systems of the Body
• Digestive system – Functions
• Mechanical and chemical breakdown (digestion) of food
• Absorption of nutrients• Elimination of undigested waste product—
referred to as feces • Appendix holds bacteria that assist digestion
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Organ Systems of the BodyOrgan Systems of the Body
• Urinary system – Structure
• Kidneys• Ureters• Urinary bladder• Urethra (part of both urinary and reproductive
systems in males)
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Organ Systems of the BodyOrgan Systems of the Body
• Urinary system– Functions
• “Clearing” or cleaning blood of waste
products—excreted from the body as urine • Electrolyte balance• Water balance• Acid-base balance
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Organ Systems of the BodyOrgan Systems of the Body
• Reproductive systems– Structure
• Male – Gonads—testes– Other structures—vas deferens, urethra, prostate,
external genitalia (penis and scrotum)
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Organ Systems of the BodyOrgan Systems of the Body
• Reproductive system– Structure
• Female – Gonads—ovaries– Other structures—uterus, uterine (fallopian) tubes,
vagina, external genitalia (vulva), mammary glands (breasts)
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Organ Systems of the BodyOrgan Systems of the Body
• Reproductive system– Functions
• Survival of genes• Production of sex cells (male: sperm; female:
ova)• Transfer and fertilization of sex cells• Development and birth of offspring• Nourishment of offspring• Production of sex hormones
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Integration of Body Organ System Functions
Integration of Body Organ System Functions
• No one body system functions entirely independently of other systems
• All body systems are structurally and functionally interrelated and interdependent
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Organ ReplacementOrgan Replacement
• Loss of function in nonvital organs is not immediately life threatening; loss of function in vital organs is immediately life threatening
• Loss of function in organs can be treated by organ replacement– Artificial organs (prostheses) – Organ transplantation– Free-flap surgery– Stem cell treatment
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