Chapter 4Chapter 4

The American RevolutionThe American Revolution

1. Causes1. Causes

Burden of French & Indian War (7 Years’ War)Burden of French & Indian War (7 Years’ War)

Series of new taxes – George Grenville Series of new taxes – George Grenville

Sugar ActSugar Act – prosecute smugglers; hoped colonists would – prosecute smugglers; hoped colonists would pay (cost was lower)pay (cost was lower)

Quartering ActQuartering Act – had to house British soldiers – had to house British soldiers

Stamp ActStamp Act – Tax on all printed materials (newspapers, – Tax on all printed materials (newspapers, books, deeds, contracts, etc.) – a direct taxbooks, deeds, contracts, etc.) – a direct tax

http://www.history.com/videos/colonists-protest-british-http://www.history.com/videos/colonists-protest-british-policiespolicies– Angry protest – threatened prosperity and libertyAngry protest – threatened prosperity and liberty– No taxation without representationNo taxation without representation in Parliament in Parliament

Causes cont.Causes cont.

Parliament dismissed argument; reaffirmed their Parliament dismissed argument; reaffirmed their right to tax, didn’t understand the “fuss”right to tax, didn’t understand the “fuss”Enlightenment ideas growing – govt. exists to Enlightenment ideas growing – govt. exists to serve the people; protect rightsserve the people; protect rightsSons of LibertySons of Liberty – patriot group (Samuel Adams) – patriot group (Samuel Adams) began to work to fight taxesbegan to work to fight taxesAttacked stamp collectors; wrote defiant Attacked stamp collectors; wrote defiant pamphletspamphletsStamp Act Congress Stamp Act Congress - Organized - Organized boycottsboycotts (non- (non-importation) of British products – very effective!importation) of British products – very effective!Parliament Parliament repealsrepeals Stamp Act Stamp Act

Causes cont.Causes cont.

Townshend ActsTownshend Acts – new taxes (duties) on glass, lead, – new taxes (duties) on glass, lead, paint, paper, teapaint, paper, tea

Used to pay colonial governorsUsed to pay colonial governors

New protests, boycotts, violenceNew protests, boycotts, violence

Many troops stationed in Boston to control riots; Many troops stationed in Boston to control riots; presence angered colonistspresence angered colonists

““Boston MassacreBoston Massacre” – 5 colonists killed by British” – 5 colonists killed by British

http://www.history.com/shows/america-the-story-of-us/http://www.history.com/shows/america-the-story-of-us/videos/boston-massacrevideos/boston-massacre

Committees of CorrespondenceCommittees of Correspondence organized urging organized urging cooperation between colonistscooperation between colonists

Causes cont.Causes cont.

Parliament withdrew troops and taxes except on Parliament withdrew troops and taxes except on tea (smuggled from Dutch)tea (smuggled from Dutch)Declaratory Act Declaratory Act – Parliament CAN tax– Parliament CAN taxNew boycotts; British East India Company would New boycotts; British East India Company would sell directly to colonists (lower $)sell directly to colonists (lower $)Colonists resented the Colonists resented the monopolymonopolyBoston Tea PartyBoston Tea Party – colonists dumped tea into – colonists dumped tea into harbor, burned 3 shipsharbor, burned 3 shipshttp://www.history.com/videos/the-sons-of-liberty-http://www.history.com/videos/the-sons-of-liberty-and-the-boston-tea-partyand-the-boston-tea-partyParliament outraged – passed Parliament outraged – passed Coercive Acts Coercive Acts

Boston Tea PartyBoston Tea Party

Causes cont.Causes cont.

Closed harbor until tea was paid for, Closed harbor until tea was paid for, increased power of governor, sent ships increased power of governor, sent ships and troops to Boston, forced colonists to and troops to Boston, forced colonists to house British troops, officials were tried in house British troops, officials were tried in British courts (so what?)British courts (so what?)

Colonists called these the Colonists called these the Intolerable ActsIntolerable Acts

Outrage and more violence (tar & feather)Outrage and more violence (tar & feather)

1774 – 1774 – First Continental CongressFirst Continental Congress meets meets

Causes cont.Causes cont.

Patrick HenryPatrick Henry, “Give me liberty or give me , “Give me liberty or give me death”death”

Colonies finally begin to come together as Colonies finally begin to come together as AmericansAmericans

2. Declaring Independence2. Declaring Independence

Thomas Gage (military commander) became governor of Thomas Gage (military commander) became governor of MassachusettsMassachusettsColonial leaders stockpiled weapons (led by John Colonial leaders stockpiled weapons (led by John Hancock and Samuel Adams)Hancock and Samuel Adams)British went to seize the menBritish went to seize the menAlerted by Alerted by Paul ReverePaul Revere; ; militiamilitia summoned (“minutemen”) summoned (“minutemen”)1775 - Battles of 1775 - Battles of Lexington and ConcordLexington and Concord; British stunned ; British stunned by colonial will to fightby colonial will to fighthttp://www.history.com/videos/first-revolutionary-battle-http://www.history.com/videos/first-revolutionary-battle-at-lexington--concordat-lexington--concord““Shot heard around the world”Shot heard around the world”

2. cont.2. cont.

Loyalists (Tories)Loyalists (Tories) fled or hid fled or hid

Second Continental Congress Second Continental Congress – Continental Army createdContinental Army created– George Washington named commanderGeorge Washington named commander– Olive Branch PetitionOlive Branch Petition – allegiance to king but – allegiance to king but

not Parliament; King George III rejected itnot Parliament; King George III rejected it

Loyalists feared chaos & war; some saw Loyalists feared chaos & war; some saw patriots as brutal & uncontrollable patriots as brutal & uncontrollable

2. cont.2. cont.

Thomas Paine’sThomas Paine’s Common SenseCommon Sense pamphlet sways public opinion; radicalpamphlet sways public opinion; radical– Proposed independenceProposed independence– Republican governmentRepublican government– Union of new statesUnion of new states

Hoped to inspire people everywhere to Hoped to inspire people everywhere to reject aristocrats, kings, privilegereject aristocrats, kings, privilege

2. cont.2. cont.

Thomas JeffersonThomas Jefferson drafts the drafts the Declaration of Declaration of IndependenceIndependence– Preamble – reason for writing itPreamble – reason for writing it– Unalienable (natural rights)Unalienable (natural rights)

Born with natural rightsBorn with natural rights

Governments exist by “consent of the governed”Governments exist by “consent of the governed”

Government’s job is to protect our rightsGovernment’s job is to protect our rights

If they fail, they can be replacedIf they fail, they can be replaced

– Grievances against the kingGrievances against the king– Declaration of their independenceDeclaration of their independence– http://www.history.com/videos/jefferson-writes-http://www.history.com/videos/jefferson-writes-

declaration-of-independencedeclaration-of-independence

2. cont.2. cont.

Signed July 4, 1776Signed July 4, 1776

3 Georgians: Gwinnet, Walton, Hall3 Georgians: Gwinnet, Walton, Hall

Now that they have declared Now that they have declared independence they have to fight for itindependence they have to fight for it

3. Turning Points of War3. Turning Points of War

British advantages:British advantages:– Established govt.Established govt.– More ships, weapons, well – trained armyMore ships, weapons, well – trained army– Colonists had militia, economic problems, no strong Colonists had militia, economic problems, no strong

governmentgovernment

Underestimated colonists; fought a traditional Underestimated colonists; fought a traditional war – capture seaports, defeat army and war – capture seaports, defeat army and colonies would surrendercolonies would surrenderBut they kept fightingBut they kept fightingBritish hired British hired HessiansHessians (German (German mercenariesmercenaries))

3. cont.3. cont.

Patriot advantages:Patriot advantages:– PersistencePersistence– Fighting at homeFighting at home– Leadership of Washington despite losing many Leadership of Washington despite losing many

battles; inspiration to his menbattles; inspiration to his men– Guerilla tacticsGuerilla tactics– Help from civilian population, especially womenHelp from civilian population, especially women– Fighting for their way of life (rabbit & fox)Fighting for their way of life (rabbit & fox)– Persistence and tenacity!Persistence and tenacity!– Later – French aidLater – French aid

3. cont.3. cont.

Battle of Bunker Hill – moral victory for colonists – killed many Battle of Bunker Hill – moral victory for colonists – killed many BritishBritish

http://www.history.com/videos/britain-wins-a-costly-victory-at-http://www.history.com/videos/britain-wins-a-costly-victory-at-bunker-hillbunker-hill

Gen. Howe attacks New York City to cut off New England Gen. Howe attacks New York City to cut off New England from rest of colonies; Washington forced to retreat across NJfrom rest of colonies; Washington forced to retreat across NJ

Christmas night (1776) Washington crosses Delaware River, Christmas night (1776) Washington crosses Delaware River, surprises Hessians at surprises Hessians at Battle of TrentonBattle of Trenton

Great boost to moraleGreat boost to morale

SaratogaSaratoga (on Hudson River)– turning point; showed that the (on Hudson River)– turning point; showed that the colonists just might win (video clip next slide)colonists just might win (video clip next slide)

French AllianceFrench Alliance

http://www.history.com/videos/george-washington-makes-surprise-attack-on-trenton

3. cont.3. cont.

Foreign aid helps colonists (Ben Franklin)Foreign aid helps colonists (Ben Franklin)

French hoped to weaken their old enemyFrench hoped to weaken their old enemy

Marquis de LafayetteMarquis de Lafayette – military skill – military skill

G.W. loses Philadelphia; spent horrible G.W. loses Philadelphia; spent horrible winter at winter at Valley ForgeValley Forge; frozen & starving; frozen & starving

Baron von Steuben Baron von Steuben - German leader - German leader drilled & disciplined the soldiersdrilled & disciplined the soldiers

3. cont.3. cont.

War spreads to frontier – settlers had War spreads to frontier – settlers had moved westmoved west

George Rogers Clark captures Ohio ValleyGeorge Rogers Clark captures Ohio Valley

Indians sided with GB in most cases; Indians sided with GB in most cases; attacked patriots consistentlyattacked patriots consistently

Final battle: Final battle: YorktownYorktown (w/ French help) (w/ French help)

CornwallisCornwallis surrenders to Washington – surrenders to Washington – end of warend of war

Treaty of Paris (Franklin, Adams, Treaty of Paris (Franklin, Adams, Jay)Jay)

GB recognizes American independenceGB recognizes American independence

Great Lakes northern boundaryGreat Lakes northern boundary

Mississippi River western boundaryMississippi River western boundary

Spain kept Florida (had helped colonists)Spain kept Florida (had helped colonists)

British have CanadaBritish have Canada

US agrees to end persecution of LoyalistsUS agrees to end persecution of Loyalists

All POWs releasedAll POWs released

4. War’s End4. War’s End

Most loyalists thought patriots were too radicalMost loyalists thought patriots were too radical

Some loyalists joined patriot side (blamed British Some loyalists joined patriot side (blamed British for chaos)for chaos)

CornwallisCornwallis abandons south & heads for VA abandons south & heads for VA

Defeated at Defeated at YorktownYorktown by Washington & aided by by Washington & aided by FrenchFrench

Treaty of ParisTreaty of Paris – 1783 – independence and new – 1783 – independence and new boundariesboundaries

4. cont.4. cont.

BritishBritish– Lost war and coloniesLost war and colonies

PatriotsPatriots– Independence, new territory, some gained more political rights & Independence, new territory, some gained more political rights &

economic benefits of western expansioneconomic benefits of western expansionFrenchFrench– Unhappy that they didn’t have a part in the negotiationsUnhappy that they didn’t have a part in the negotiations– Revolution in 1789Revolution in 1789

LoyalistsLoyalists– Retaliation and vengeance; became refugees, resettled in British Retaliation and vengeance; became refugees, resettled in British

northern territory (Canada)northern territory (Canada)African AmericansAfrican Americans– Seen as hypocrisy (“equal”); North passed anti-slave lawsSeen as hypocrisy (“equal”); North passed anti-slave laws– Some re-enslaved in W. Indies or sold to southSome re-enslaved in W. Indies or sold to south– Some released voluntarily – manumissionSome released voluntarily – manumission– Inspired many to demand freedom but slavery grows in the SouthInspired many to demand freedom but slavery grows in the South

4. cont.4. cont.

WomenWomen– Few legal rights but gained respect; encouraged them to speak Few legal rights but gained respect; encouraged them to speak

out on issues and seek further voice in public affairsout on issues and seek further voice in public affairs

Native AmericansNative Americans– Abandoned by British; treaty ignored themAbandoned by British; treaty ignored them– Left vulnerable to American attacks; gave up much landLeft vulnerable to American attacks; gave up much land

Other CountriesOther Countries– Inspired by Am. Rev to overthrow kings and aristocratsInspired by Am. Rev to overthrow kings and aristocrats

FranceFrance1919thth C – Latin America C – Latin America2020thth C – Asia and Africa C – Asia and Africa