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Chapter 9 - 1 ISSUES TO ADDRESS... When we combine two elements... what is the resulting equilibrium state? In particular, if we specify... -- the composition (e.g., wt% Cu - wt% Ni), and -- the temperature (T ) then... How many phases form? What is the composition of each phase? What is the amount of each phase? Chapter 9: 상태도(Phase Diagrams) Phase B Phase A Nickel atom Copper atom

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Page 1: Chapter 9: 상태도(Phase Diagrams)elearning.kocw.net/contents4/document/lec/2013/Chosu… ·  · 2013-06-27How many phases form? ... Chapter 9 - 4 0 20 40 60 70 80 100 C) C = Composition

Chapter 9 - 1

ISSUES TO ADDRESS... • When we combine two elements...

what is the resulting equilibrium state?

• In particular, if we specify...

-- the composition (e.g., wt% Cu - wt% Ni), and

-- the temperature (T )

then...

How many phases form?

What is the composition of each phase?

What is the amount of each phase?

Chapter 9: 상태도(Phase Diagrams)

Phase B Phase A

Nickel atom Copper atom

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Chapter 9 - 2

상평형(Phase Equilibria):

용해 한도(Solubility Limit)

Question: 20ºC 에서 물에 대한

설탕의 용해 한도는?

Answer: 65 wt% sugar. 20ºC, C < 65 wt% sugar: syrup

20ºC, C > 65 wt% sugar: syrup + sugar

65

• 용해 한도(Solubility Limit): 단상으로 구성하는 용매에

용해되는 용질의 최대 농도

Sugar/Water Phase Diagram

Su

gar

Tem

pera

ture

(ºC

)

0 20 40 60 80 100 C = Composition (wt% sugar)

L (liquid solution

i.e., syrup)

Solubility Limit L

(liquid)

+ S

(solid sugar) 20

4 0

6 0

8 0

10 0

Wate

r

Adapted from Fig. 9.1,

Callister & Rethwisch 8e.

• 고용체 – 고체, 액체, 기체상의 단상으로 구성

• 혼합 – 한 상 이상으로 구성

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Chapter 9 - 3

• 성분(components): 합금을 구성하는 순금속이나 화합물

(e.g., Al and Cu)

• 상(phases): 물리적·화학적 특성이 균일한 계의 균질한 부분

(e.g., a and b).

Aluminum-

Copper

Alloy

성분과 상(Components and Phases)

a (darker

phase)

b (lighter

phase)

Adapted from chapter-

opening photograph,

Chapter 9, Callister,

Materials Science &

Engineering: An

Introduction, 3e.

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Chapter 9 - 4

70 80 100 60 40 20 0

Tem

pera

ture

(ºC

)

C = Composition (wt% sugar)

L ( liquid solution

i.e., syrup)

20

100

40

60

80

0

L (liquid)

+ S

(solid sugar)

온도와 조성의 영향

• 온도(T)의 변화 – 상의 변화: path A to B.

• 조성(C)의 변화 – 상의 변화: path B to D.

water-

sugar

system

Adapted from Fig. 9.1,

Callister & Rethwisch 8e.

D (100ºC,C = 90)

2 phases

B (100ºC,C = 70)

1 phase

A (20ºC,C = 70)

2 phases

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Chapter 9 - 5

고용체의 기준(Criteria for Solid Solubility)

Crystal Structure

electroneg r (nm)

Ni FCC 1.9 0.1246

Cu FCC 1.8 0.1278

• 두 가지 모두 같은 결정구조(FCC), 유사한 전기 음성도와

원자 반경(W. Hume – Rothery rules)는 높은 상호 고용도를

예측할 수 있음

단순 계 (e.g., Ni-Cu solution)

• Ni와 Cu는 모든 조성에서 서로 완전한 용해도를 보임

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Chapter 9 - 6

상태도(Phase Diagrams)

• T, C와 P에 따른 상(phase) 구분

• 본 강의에서: - 2원계(binary systems): 2가지 성분으로 구성

- 독립 변수: 온도(T)와 성분(C) (P = 1 atm, 대기압)

Phase

Diagram

for Cu-Ni

system

Adapted from Fig. 9.3(a), Callister &

Rethwisch 8e. (Fig. 9.3(a) is adapted from

Phase Diagrams of Binary Nickel Alloys,

P. Nash (Ed.), ASM International,

Materials Park, OH (1991).

• 2 phases: L (liquid)

a (FCC solid solution)

• 3가지 다른 상 영역: L L + a

a

wt% Ni 20 40 60 80 100 0 1000

1100

1200

1300

1400

1500

1600 T(ºC)

L (liquid)

a (FCC solid solution)

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Chapter 9 - 7

Cu-Ni

phase

diagram

전율고용 2원계 상태도

(Isomorphous Binary Phase Diagram) • Phase diagram: Cu-Ni system.

• System is:

Adapted from Fig. 9.3(a), Callister &

Rethwisch 8e. (Fig. 9.3(a) is adapted from

Phase Diagrams of Binary Nickel Alloys,

P. Nash (Ed.), ASM International,

Materials Park, OH (1991).

-- 2원계(binary) i.e., 2가지 조성:

Cu와 Ni

-- 전율고용체(isomorphous) i.e., 두 성분이 액상과

고상에서 서로 완전한

용해도를 갖음; a phase

field extends from

0 to 100 wt% Ni. wt% Ni 20 40 60 80 100 0

1000

1100

1200

1300

1400

1500

1600 T(ºC)

L (liquid)

a (FCC solid solution)

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Chapter 9 -

wt% Ni 20 40 60 80 100 0 1000

1100

1200

1300

1400

1500

1600 T(ºC)

L (liquid)

a

(FCC solid

solution)

Cu-Ni

phase

diagram

8

Phase Diagrams: 상의 종류 결정

• Rule 1: T 와 Co를 알면: -- 존재하는 상(phase(s))의 종류를 알 수 있다.

• Examples:

A(1100ºC, 60 wt% Ni): 1 phase: a

B (1250ºC, 35 wt% Ni): 2 phases: L + a

B (

1250ºC

,35)

A(1100ºC,60) Adapted from Fig. 9.3(a), Callister &

Rethwisch 8e. (Fig. 9.3(a) is adapted from

Phase Diagrams of Binary Nickel Alloys,

P. Nash (Ed.), ASM International,

Materials Park, OH (1991).

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Chapter 9 - 9

wt% Ni

20

1200

1300

T(ºC)

L (liquid)

a (solid)

30 40 50

Cu-Ni

system

Phase Diagrams:

상의 조성 결정 • Rule 2: T 와 Co를 알면 : --개개 상의 조성을 알 수 있다.

• Examples: TA

A

35 C0

32 CL

TA = 1320ºC:

액상(L) 만이 존재 CL = C0

( = 35 wt% Ni)

TB = 1250ºC:

두상 a 와 L 이 존재 CL = C liquidus ( = 32 wt% Ni)

Ca = C solidus ( = 43 wt% Ni)

TD = 1190ºC:

고상(a) 만이 존재 Ca = C0 ( = 35 wt% Ni)

C0 = 35 wt% Ni의 조성

D TD

tie line

4 Ca

3

Adapted from Fig. 9.3(a), Callister &

Rethwisch 8e. (Fig. 9.3(a) is adapted from

Phase Diagrams of Binary Nickel Alloys, P.

Nash (Ed.), ASM International, Materials

Park, OH (1991).

B TB

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Chapter 9 - 10

• Rule 3: T 와 Co를 알면 : -- 개개 상의 무게 분율를 알 수 있다.

• Examples:

TA : 액상(L) 만이 존재

WL = 1.00, Wa = 0

TD : 고상( a ) 만이 존재

WL = 0, W a = 1.00

Phase Diagrams:

상의 무게 분율(양) 결정

wt% Ni

20

1200

1300

T(ºC)

L (liquid)

a (solid)

3 0 4 0 5 0

Cu-Ni

system

TA A

35 C0

32 CL

B TB

D TD

tie line

4 Ca

3

R S

TB : 두가지 a 와 L 존재

73.03243

3543

= 0.27

WL S

R + S

Wa R

R + S

C0 = 35 wt% Ni

Adapted from Fig. 9.3(a), Callister &

Rethwisch 8e. (Fig. 9.3(a) is adapted from

Phase Diagrams of Binary Nickel Alloys, P.

Nash (Ed.), ASM International, Materials

Park, OH (1991).

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Chapter 9 - 11

• 공액선(Tie line) – 평형상태에서 2상 구역 내 각 상의

경계선과 연결 – 등온선(isotherm)

지렛대 원리(The Lever Rule)

각 상의 분율은?

공액선(tie line)을 지렛대로 간주(lever)

(teeter-totter 혹은 see-saw)

Ma ML

R S

Ma x S ML x R

L

L

LL

LL

CC

CC

SR

RW

CC

CC

SR

S

MM

MW

a

a

a

a

a

00

wt% Ni

20

1200

1300

T(ºC)

L (liquid)

a (solid)

3 0 4 0 5 0

B T B

tie line

C0 CL Ca

S R

Adapted from Fig. 9.3(b),

Callister & Rethwisch 8e.

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Chapter 9 - 12

wt% Ni 20

120 0

130 0

3 0 4 0 5 0 110 0

L (liquid)

a

(solid)

T(ºC)

A

35 C0

L: 35wt%Ni

Cu-Ni

system

• 상태도: Cu-Ni system.

Adapted from Fig. 9.4,

Callister & Rethwisch 8e.

• C0 = 35 wt% Ni

alloy의 냉각에

따르는 미세조직의 변화

Ex: Cu-Ni Alloy의 냉각

46 35

43 32

a: 43 wt% Ni

L: 32 wt% Ni

B a: 46 wt% Ni L: 35 wt% Ni

C

E L: 24 wt% Ni

a: 36 wt% Ni

24 36 D

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Chapter 9 -

• 느린 냉각속도: 평형 조직

• 빠른 냉각 속도: 유핵 조직

First a to solidify: 46 wt% Ni

Last a to solidify:

< 35 wt% Ni

13

• 냉각에 따른 Ca 의 조성 변화

• Cu-Ni의 경우: 최초 고상 a의 조성 Ca = 46 wt% Ni.

최종 고상 a 의 조성 Ca = 35 wt% Ni.

유핵 vs 평형 조직

(Cored vs Equilibrium Structures)

Uniform Ca:

35 wt% Ni

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Chapter 9 - 14

기계적 성질: Cu-Ni System

• 고용체 강화의 영향:

-- Tensile strength (TS) -- Ductility (%EL)

Adapted from Fig. 9.6(a),

Callister & Rethwisch 8e.

Te

nsile

Str

en

gth

(M

Pa

)

Composition, wt% Ni Cu Ni 0 20 40 60 80 100

200

300

400

TS for pure Ni

TS for pure Cu

Elo

ng

atio

n (

%E

L)

Composition, wt% Ni Cu Ni 0 20 40 60 80 100

20

30

40

50

60

%EL for pure Ni

%EL for pure Cu

Adapted from Fig. 9.6(b),

Callister & Rethwisch 8e.

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Chapter 9 - 15

2가지 조성 최소의 용해온도(T)를 갖는

특정 조성

Adapted from Fig. 9.7,

Callister & Rethwisch 8e.

2원 공정계

(Binary-Eutectic Systems)

• 3개의 단일상 구역

(L, a, b)

• 제한된 용해도:

a: 대부분 Cu

b: 대부분 Ag

• TE : TE 이하 액상 무

: 온도 TE 에서의

조성

• CE

Ex.: Cu-Ag system

Cu-Ag

system

L (liquid)

a L + a L + b b

a b

C , wt% Ag 20 40 60 80 100 0

200

1200 T(ºC)

400

600

800

1000

CE

TE 8.0 71.9 91.2 779ºC

Ag) wt%1.29( Ag) wt%.08( Ag) wt%9.71( baLcooling

heating

• 공정 반응(Eutectic reaction)

L(CE) a(CaE) + b(CbE)

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Chapter 9 - 16

L + a L + b

a + b

200

T(ºC)

18.3

C, wt% Sn

20 60 80 100 0

300

100

L (liquid)

a 183ºC

61.9 97.8

b

• 150ºC 에서 40 wt% Sn-60 wt% Pb alloy: -- 존재하는 상 Pb-Sn

system

EX 1: Pb-Sn 공정계

Answer: a + b

-- 상의 조성

-- 각 상의 분율

150

40 C0

11 Ca

99 Cb

S R

Answer: Ca = 11 wt% Sn Cb = 99 wt% Sn

W a

= Cb - C0

Cb - Ca

= 99 - 40

99 - 11

= 59

88

= 0.67

S R+S

=

W b = C0 - Ca

Cb - Ca

= R

R+S

= 29

88

= 0.33 = 40 - 11

99 - 11

Answer:

Adapted from Fig. 9.8,

Callister & Rethwisch 8e.

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Chapter 9 - 17

Answer: Ca = 17 wt% Sn

-- 상조성

L + b

a + b

200

T(ºC)

C, wt% Sn

20 60 80 100 0

300

100

L (liquid)

a b

L + a

183ºC

• 220ºC에서 40 wt% Sn-60 wt% Pb alloy: -- 존재 상: Pb-Sn

system

EX 2: Pb-Sn 공정계

-- 각 상의 분율

W a = CL - C0

CL - Ca

= 46 - 40

46 - 17

= 6

29

= 0.21

WL = C0 - Ca

CL - Ca

= 23

29

= 0.79

40 C0

46 CL

17 Ca

220 S R

Answer: a + L

CL = 46 wt% Sn

Answer:

Adapted from Fig. 9.8,

Callister & Rethwisch 8e.

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Chapter 9 - 18

• C0 < 2 wt% Sn의 합금

• 결과: 상온 -- C0의 조성을 갖는 a phase

결정으로 구성된 다결정

공정계의 미세조직 I

0

L + a 200

T(ºC)

C , wt% Sn 10

2

20 C0

300

100

L

a

30

a + b

400

(room T solubility limit)

TE

(Pb-Sn System)

a L

L: C0 wt% Sn

a: C0 wt% Sn

Adapted from Fig. 9.11,

Callister & Rethwisch 8e.

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Chapter 9 - 19

• 2 wt% Sn < C0 < 18.3 wt% Sn

합금

• 결과:

a + b 구역 내의 온도

-- a grains과 작은 b-phase

입자를 갖는 다결정

Adapted from Fig. 9.12,

Callister & Rethwisch 8e.

공정계의 미세조직 II

Pb-Sn

system

L + a

200

T(ºC)

C , wt% Sn 10

18.3

20 0 C0

300

100

L

a

30

a + b

400

(sol. limit at TE)

TE

2 (sol. limit at T room )

L

a

L: C0 wt% Sn

a b

a: C0 wt% Sn

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Chapter 9 - 20

• 합금의 조성: C0 = CE

• 결과: 공정합금 미세조직, 층상 구조(lamellar structure)

-- a와 b 상의 층상(lamellae) 구조

Adapted from Fig. 9.13,

Callister & Rethwisch 8e.

공정합금의 미세조직 III

Adapted from Fig. 9.14,

Callister & Rethwisch 8e.

160 m

Micrograph of Pb-Sn eutectic microstructure

Pb-Sn

system

L b

a b

200

T(ºC)

C, wt% Sn

20 60 80 100 0

300

100

L

a b

L + a

183ºC

40

TE

18.3

a: 18.3 wt%Sn

97.8

b: 97.8 wt% Sn

CE 61.9

L: C0 wt% Sn

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Chapter 9 - 21

Lamellar Eutectic Structure

Adapted from Figs. 9.14 & 9.15, Callister

& Rethwisch 8e.

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Chapter 9 - 22

• 18.3 wt% Sn < C0 < 61.9 wt% Sn

• 결과: a상 입자와 공정형 미세구성인자

공정계의 미세조직 IV

18.3 61.9

S R

97.8

S R

primary a eutectic a

eutectic b

WL = (1- W a ) = 0.50

Ca = 18.3 wt% Sn

CL = 61.9 wt% Sn S

R + S Wa = = 0.50

• TE 직상 :

• TE 직하:

C a = 18.3 wt% Sn

C b = 97.8 wt% Sn S

R + S W a = = 0.73

W b = 0.27 Adapted from Fig. 9.16,

Callister & Rethwisch 8e.

Pb-Sn

system L +

b 200

T(ºC)

C, wt% Sn

20 60 80 100 0

300

100

L

a b

L + a

40

a + b

TE

L: C0 wt% Sn L a

L

a

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Chapter 9 - 23

L + a L + b

a + b

200

C, wt% Sn 20 60 80 100 0

300

100

L

a b

TE

40

(Pb-Sn System)

아공석(Hypoeutectic) & 공석(Hypereutectic)

Adapted from Fig. 9.8,

Callister & Rethwisch 8e.

(Fig. 10.8 adapted from

Binary Phase Diagrams,

2nd ed., Vol. 3, T.B.

Massalski (Editor-in-Chief),

ASM International,

Materials Park, OH, 1990.)

160 m

eutectic micro-constituent Adapted from Fig. 9.14,

Callister & Rethwisch 8e.

hypereutectic: (illustration only)

b

b b

b b

b

Adapted from Fig. 9.17,

Callister & Rethwisch 8e.

(Illustration only)

(Figs. 9.14 and 9.17

from Metals

Handbook, 9th ed.,

Vol. 9,

Metallography and

Microstructures,

American Society for

Metals, Materials

Park, OH, 1985.)

175 m

a

a

a

a a

a

hypoeutectic: C0 = 50 wt% Sn

Adapted from

Fig. 9.17, Callister &

Rethwisch 8e.

T(ºC)

61.9

eutectic

eutectic: C0 = 61.9 wt% Sn

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Chapter 9 - 24

금속간 화합물(Intermetallic Compounds)

Mg2Pb

Note: 금속간 화합물은 상태도에 선으로 표시- 면적이 아님 – 정해진

화학식을 갖음 (i.e. 화합물의 조성이 정해짐).

Adapted from

Fig. 9.20, Callister &

Rethwisch 8e.

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Chapter 9 - 25

• Eutectoid – 1개의 고상이 2개의 다른 고상으로

상변화

S2 S1+S3

a + Fe3C (Fe-C의 경우, 727ºC, 0.76 wt%

C)

금속간 화합물 - cementite

cool

heat

공정(Eutectic), 공석(Eutectoid), &

포정(Peritectic) • Eutectic – 액상이 2개의 고상으로 상변화

L a + b (Pb-Sn의 경우, 183ºC, 61.9 wt% Sn)

cool

heat

cool

heat

• Peritectic – 액상과 고상이 다른 1개의 고상으로

상변화

S1 + L S2

+ L (Fe-C의 경우, 1493ºC, 0.16 wt% C)

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Chapter 9 - 26

Eutectoid & Peritectic

Cu-Zn Phase diagram

Adapted from Fig. 9.21,

Callister & Rethwisch 8e.

Eutectoid transformation +

Peritectic transformation + L

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Chapter 9 - 27

철-탄소 (Fe-C) 상태도

• 2 중요한 points

- Eutectoid (B):

a + Fe3C

- Eutectic (A):

L + Fe3C

Adapted from Fig. 9.24,

Callister & Rethwisch 8e.

Fe

3C

(ce

me

ntite

)

1600

1400

1200

1000

800

600

400 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 6.7

L

(austenite)

+L

+Fe3C

a +Fe3C

(Fe) C, wt% C

1148ºC

T(ºC)

a 727ºC = T eutectoid

4.30

Result: Pearlite = alternating layers of a and Fe3C phases

120 m

(Adapted from Fig. 9.27,

Callister & Rethwisch 8e.)

0.76

B

A L+Fe3C

Fe3C (cementite-hard)

a (ferrite-soft)

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Chapter 9 - 28

Fe

3C

(ce

me

ntite

)

1600

1400

1200

1000

800

600

400 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 6.7

L

(austenite)

+L

+ Fe3C

a + Fe3C

L+Fe3C

(Fe) C, wt% C

1148ºC

T(ºC)

a 727ºC

(Fe-C

System)

C0

0.7

6

아공석 강(Hypoeutectoid Steel)

Adapted from Figs. 9.24

and 9.29,Callister &

Rethwisch 8e.

(Fig. 9.24 adapted from

Binary Alloy Phase

Diagrams, 2nd ed., Vol.

1, T.B. Massalski (Ed.-in-

Chief), ASM International,

Materials Park, OH,

1990.)

Adapted from Fig. 9.30, Callister & Rethwisch 8e.

proeutectoid ferrite pearlite

100 m Hypoeutectoid

steel

a

pearlite

a

a a

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Chapter 9 - 29

Fe

3C

(ce

me

ntite

)

1600

1400

1200

1000

800

600

400 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 6.7

L

(austenite)

+L

+ Fe3C

a + Fe3C

L+Fe3C

(Fe) C, wt% C

1148ºC

T(ºC)

a 727ºC

(Fe-C

System)

C0

0.7

6

아공석 강(Hypoeutectoid Steel)

a

a a

s r Wa = s/(r + s)

W =(1 - Wa) R S

a

pearlite

Wpearlite = W

Wa’ = S/(R + S)

W =(1 – Wa’) Fe3C

Adapted from Figs. 9.24

and 9.29,Callister &

Rethwisch 8e.

(Fig. 9.24 adapted from

Binary Alloy Phase

Diagrams, 2nd ed., Vol.

1, T.B. Massalski (Ed.-in-

Chief), ASM International,

Materials Park, OH,

1990.)

Adapted from Fig. 9.30, Callister & Rethwisch 8e.

proeutectoid ferrite pearlite

100 m Hypoeutectoid

steel

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Chapter 9 - 30

과공석 강(Hypereutectoid Steel)

Fe

3C

(ce

me

ntite

)

1600

1400

1200

1000

800

600

400 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 6.7

L

(austenite)

+L

+Fe3C

a +Fe3C

L+Fe3C

(Fe) C, wt%C

1148ºC

T(ºC)

a

Adapted from Figs. 9.24

and 9.32,Callister &

Rethwisch 8e. (Fig. 9.24

adapted from Binary Alloy

Phase Diagrams, 2nd

ed., Vol. 1, T.B. Massalski

(Ed.-in-Chief), ASM

International, Materials

Park, OH, 1990.)

(Fe-C

System)

0.7

6

C0

Fe3C

Adapted from Fig. 9.33, Callister & Rethwisch 8e.

proeutectoid Fe3C

60 m Hypereutectoid steel

pearlite

pearlite

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Chapter 9 - 31

Fe

3C

(ce

me

ntite

)

1600

1400

1200

1000

800

600

400 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 6.7

L

(austenite)

+L

+Fe3C

a +Fe3C

L+Fe3C

(Fe) C, wt%C

1148ºC

T(ºC)

a

과공석 강(Hypereutectoid Steel)

(Fe-C

System)

0.7

6

C0

pearlite

Fe3C

x v

V X

Wpearlite = W

Wa = X/(V + X)

W =(1 - Wa) Fe3C’

W =(1-W)

W =x/(v + x)

Fe3C

Adapted from Fig. 9.33, Callister & Rethwisch 8e.

proeutectoid Fe3C

60 m Hypereutectoid steel

pearlite

Adapted from Figs. 9.24

and 9.32,Callister &

Rethwisch 8e. (Fig. 9.24

adapted from Binary Alloy

Phase Diagrams, 2nd

ed., Vol. 1, T.B. Massalski

(Ed.-in-Chief), ASM

International, Materials

Park, OH, 1990.)

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Chapter 9 - 32

예제

99.6 wt% Fe-0.40 wt% C 강에 대하여 공석점

직하의 온도에서 다음을 결정하라:

a) Fe3C와 ferrite (a) 의 조성

b) 100 g의 강 중 cementite (in grams)의 양

c) 100 g 중 pearlite와 proeutectoid ferrite (a)의

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Chapter 9 - 33

Solution to Example Problem

WFe3C R

R S

C0 Ca

CFe3C Ca

0.40 0.022

6.70 0.022 0.057

b) tie line에서 지렛대 원리 이용

a) 공석점 직하에서 RS tie line을 이용

Ca = 0.022 wt% C

CFe3C = 6.70 wt% C

Fe

3C

(ce

me

ntite

)

1600

1400

1200

1000

800

600

400 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 6.7

L

(austenite)

+L

+ Fe3C

a + Fe3C

L+Fe3C

C , wt% C

1148ºC

T(ºC)

727ºC

C0

R S

CFe C 3

Ca

100 g 중 Fe3C의 양

= (100 g)WFe3C

= (100 g)(0.057) = 5.7 g

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Chapter 9 - 34

Solution to Example Problem (cont.)

c) 공석점 직상의 온도에서 VX tie line를 이용

C0 = 0.40 wt% C

Ca = 0.022 wt% C

Cpearlite = C = 0.76 wt% C

Fe

3C

(ce

me

ntite

)

1600

1400

1200

1000

800

600

400 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 6.7

L

(austenite)

+L

+ Fe3C

a + Fe3C

L+Fe3C

C, wt% C

1148ºC

T(ºC)

727ºC

C0

V X

C Ca

Wpearlite V

V X

C0 Ca

C Ca

0.40 0.022

0.76 0.022 0.512

100 g 중 pearlite의 양

= (100 g)Wpearlite

= (100 g)(0.512) = 51.2 g

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Chapter 9 -

VMSE: Interactive Phase Diagrams

35 Change alloy composition

Microstructure, phase compositions, and phase fractions respond interactively

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Chapter 9 - 36

Alloying with Other Elements

• Teutectoid changes:

Adapted from Fig. 9.34,Callister & Rethwisch 8e.

(Fig. 9.34 from Edgar C. Bain, Functions of the

Alloying Elements in Steel, American Society for

Metals, 1939, p. 127.)

T E

ute

cto

id (ºC

)

wt. % of alloying elements

Ti

Ni

Mo Si

W

Cr

Mn

• Ceutectoid changes:

Adapted from Fig. 9.35,Callister & Rethwisch 8e.

(Fig. 9.35 from Edgar C. Bain, Functions of the

Alloying Elements in Steel, American Society for

Metals, 1939, p. 127.)

wt. % of alloying elements

C e

ute

cto

id (w

t% C

)

Ni

Ti

Cr

Si Mn

W Mo

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Chapter 9 - 37

• Phase diagrams are useful tools to determine:

-- the number and types of phases present,

-- the composition of each phase,

-- and the weight fraction of each phase

given the temperature and composition of the system.

• The microstructure of an alloy depends on

-- its composition, and

-- whether or not cooling rate allows for maintenance of

equilibrium.

• Important phase diagram phase transformations include

eutectic, eutectoid, and peritectic.

Summary

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Chapter 9 - 38

Core Problems:

Self-help Problems:

ANNOUNCEMENTS

Reading: