CHAPTER 9: TH

E

TRANSFORMATI

ON OF

AMERICAN SOCIETY

1 8 1 5 - 18 4 0

SECTION 1Focus Question:• What caused the upsurge of westward

migration after the War of 1812?

Big Picture:• 1840 1/3 people lived between

Appalachians & Miss. River• High expectations: more land & crops,

removal of Indians, & boom in ag. prices after War of 1812.

“GO WEST”What was considered the “west”?• East of the Mississippi River• 1790: 4 million• 1840: 1/3 or 17 million• Migrating in groups by railways or canal

Conestoga Covered Wagons

Conestoga Trail, 1820s

HOW DID THE U.S. GOVERNMENT MOTIVATE AMERICANS TO MOVE WEST?

Land Ordinance of

1785

Survey and sales of western lands

Northwest Ordinance of

1787

Established procedures for statehood

LA Purchase of 1803

American control over Mississippi River

Adams-Onis Treaty of 1819

No Spanish power east of the Mississippi River (boundary between US & Spain)

War of 1812 Soldiers

Land promised to enlisted men (6 acres)

National Road of 1816

Congress requested funds to build from VA to IL.

First Turnpike- 1790 Lancaster, PA

By 1832, nearly 2400 mi. of road connected most major cities.

Cumberland (National Road), 1811

Rise of

Cotton

When?After 1812

Who?Britain & Eli

Whitney

Why?-BR demanded

cotton-Whitney invented

the Cotton Gin-River systems to

ship-Land prices rose

in the south

Eli Whitney’s Cotton Gin, 1791

Actually invented by a

slave!

Five Civilized Tribes• Cherokees, Choctaws,

Creeks, Chickasaws, & Seminoles

• Practiced Christianity, farming, use of slavery, dress “white”, and had their own language “Sequoyah”.

• Claimed their status as a separate nation from the U.S.

WHAT ABOUT THE NATIVES?

Sequoyah

Cherokees after 1820

WHAT ABOUT THE NATIVES?Indian Removal Act• Prior: treaties gave NA money for lands.• 5CT: Most lived in GA—gold found and land

needed for cotton• 1830: Jackson requested $500,000 from

Congress to remove 5CT• 1831—Cherokee Nation (Worchester) v GA:

• Cherokee’s petitioned for independent nation• Marshall ruled in favor of NA• Jackson “(Marshall) made his decision, now enforce it”

WHAT ABOUT THE NATIVES?• 1838—Trail of Tears

• 16,000 Cherokees were forced to the new Indian Territory of Oklahoma

• 1/3 of the Cherokee Nation died• 116 day march in the snow

Removal Routes

JACKSON’S REASONING

Read the quotes from Jackson on the following slides and list the reasons he gives for wanting to move the tribes

Then determine whether your group thinks he is a friend or enemy of the Natives? A frenemy?

JACKSON’S REASONS #1My original convictions upon this subject have been

confirmed by the course of events for several years, and experience is every day adding to their strength. That those tribes can not exist surrounded by our settlements and in continual contact with our citizens is certain. They have neither the intelligence, the industry, the moral habits, nor the desire of improvement which are essential to any favorable change in their condition. Established in the midst of another and a superior race, and without appreciating the causes of their inferiority or seeking to control them, they must necessarily yield to the force of circumstances and ere long disappear.

JACKSON’S REASON #2Our conduct toward these people is deeply interesting to our

national character. Their present condition, contrasted with what they once were, makes a most powerful appeal to our sympathies. Our ancestors found them the uncontrolled possessors of these vast regions…Surrounded by the whites with their arts of civilization, which by destroying the resources of the savage doom him to weakness and decay, the fate of the Mohegan, the Narragansett, and the Delaware is fast overtaking the Choctaw, the Cherokee, and the Creek. That this fate surely awaits them if they remain within the limits of the states does not admit of a doubt. Humanity and national honor demand that every effort should be made to avert so great a calamity.

JACKSON REASON #3Toward the aborigines of the country no

one can indulge a more friendly feeling than myself, or would go further in attempting to reclaim them from their wandering habits and make them a happy, prosperous people.

SECTION 2Focus Question:• How did the rise of the market economy

affect where Americans lived and how they made their living?

Big Picture:• Families grew enough food for families• More demand for cash crops (to sell)• Farmers borrowed money = debt

SPECULATORS & SQUATTERS

• The Land Ordinance of 1785 divided the land into 640 acres—too much for regular farmers to buy without a loan

• Speculators were rich and bought up lands, divided, and sold at high rates.

• Squatters illegally settled on western lands.

• Why? Landowners lived in other states and never checked their land.

PANIC OF 1816: HOW DID EACH CONTRIBUTE?

Citizens State Banks National Banks

THE TRANSPORTATION REVOLUTIONSteamboats Canals Railroads

• 1807• Fulton &

Livingston• Clermont• NY to NJ• Gibbons v Ogden• Interstate

commerce

• 1817-1825• Erie• Hudson River• Lake Erie• Ohio to NY• Not much

maintenance • Irish• 1830’s

depression• NYC

• 1825• England• Easier• Cheaper• Connected cities• Constructed

privately• Iron• Cheaper to ship• Coal & non-

perishable agriculture

Robert Fulton & the Steamboat

1807: The Clermont

THE TRANSPORTATION REVOLUTIONSteamboats Canals Railroads

• 1807• Fulton &

Livingston• Clermont• NY to NJ• Gibbons v Ogden• Interstate

commerce

• 1817-1825• Erie• Hudson River• Lake Erie• Ohio to NY• Not much

maintenance • Irish• 1830’s

depression• NYC

• 1825• England• Easier• Cheaper• Connected cities• Constructed

privately• Iron• Cheaper to ship• Coal & non-

perishable agriculture

Erie Canal System

Erie Canal, 1820s

Begun in 1817; completed in 1825

Principal Canals in 1840

THE TRANSPORTATION REVOLUTIONSteamboats Canals Railroads

• 1807• Fulton &

Livingston• Clermont• NY to NJ• Gibbons v Ogden• Interstate

commerce

• 1817-1825• Erie• Hudson River• Lake Erie• Ohio to NY• Not much

maintenance • Irish• 1830’s

depression• NYC

• 1825• England• Easier• Cheaper• Connected cities• Constructed

privately• Iron• Cheaper to ship• Coal & non-

perishable agriculture

• New Trading Centers: Pittsburgh, St. Louis, Cincinnati• More people living in western economic centers versus port cities

Inland Freight Rates

The “Iron Horse” Wins! (1830)

1830 13 miles of track built by Baltimore & Ohio RRBy 1850 9000 mi. of RR track [1860 31,000 mi.]

TheRailroad

Revolution,1850s

p Immigrant laborbuilt the No. RRs.

p Slave laborbuilt the So. RRs.

SECTION 3Focus Question:• What caused the rise of industrialization?

Big Picture:• Industrial Revolution started in GB• New England invests in factories b/c of bad

farming.• Rich southerners bought slaves & land

CAUSES OF THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION1.Embargo Act of 1807—encouraged

manufacturing in NE2.Water routes—Erie Canal connected to the West3.Transportation—steamboats, canals, &

railroads4.City tensions—men moved West, left large

quantities of women in NE5.1811—Francis Cabot Lowell invented textile

machines in US

ONCE UPON A TIME…LIFE WAS A DRAG

Where did people get their goods?What did they do for a living?Where did they live?What did they do for fun?

THEN CAME THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION…

The Industrial Revolution • Began in the 1700s and brought great

change to agriculture, transportation, and manufacturing

• The changeover from power being provided by horses and humans to being provided by water and steam engines

• MORE MACHINES, LESS SWEAT I R

BEGINNINGS OF THE REVOLUTION

• Industrial Revolution began in Britain in the textile (cloth-making) industry

• Previous to Industrial Revolution it took almost two weeks to produce a pound of cotton thread

BEGINNINGS OF THE REVOLUTION• 1764 Richard Arkwright invented

the water frame-powered by water

• To house machines textile mills put on banks of rivers

• Created the factory system

What might be good or bad about the new factory system?

THE FACTORY SYSTEM

G O O D B A D• Factory system

brings workers and machinery together in one place

• Faster paced=more productive

• Capitalists (people who invest money) made profit

• Had to work specific hours (not at home)

• Had to keep up with machines’ fast pace

STEAM POWER

First brought to textile industry by Arkwright•More reliable than water•No longer had to build factory next to water •Even faster pace•Britain tried to guard the secret of their success

STEAM POWER COMES TO THE U.S.

• Samuel Slater was an apprentice of Arkwright in Britain

• Knowing Arkwright’s machines were worth a fortune, he memorized the plans for them then immigrated to the U.S.

Samuel Slater(“Father of the Factory

System”)

STEAM POWER COMES TO THE U.S.• In U.S. joined up with a wealthy merchant• Created first steam run textile mill in the U.S.

This started the Industrial Revolution in the U.S.

Early Textile Mill Loom Floor

Early Textile Loom

New EnglandTextile

Centers:

1830s

New England Dominance in Textiles

Starting for Lowell

Eli Whitney’s Cotton Gin, 1791

Actually invented by a

slave!

Eli Whitney’s Gun Factory

Interchangeable Parts Rifle

OliverEvans

First prototype of the locomotive

First automated flour mill

John Deere & the Steel Plow(1837)

Cyrus McCormick& the Mechanical Reaper:

1831

Samuel F. B. Morse

1840 – Telegraph

Cyrus Field & the Transatlantic Cable,

1858

Elias Howe & Isaac Singer

1840sSewing Machine

Regional Specialization

EAST Industrial

SOUTH Cotton & Slavery

WEST The Nation’s “Breadbasket”

FACTORY

LIFE

AND THE

GROWTH OF

CITIES

Polarization of Wealth in the 20c

Go’n HAM

Industries powered by steam now used mass production

Mass Production-The rapid manufacture of large numbers of identical objects

Factories used a system of interchangeable parts

• Each piece of the product was identical and could be assembled quickly by unskilled workers

• Eli Whitney devised this system

Using mass production and interchangeable parts, manufacturing became more efficient

THE FACTORY LIFE

Eli Whitney’s Gun Factory

Interchangeable Parts Rifle

The Lowell/Waltham System:

First Dual-Purpose Textile Plant

Francis Cabot Lowell’s town - 1814

Lowell Mill

Lowell Girls

What was their typical “profile?”

Lowell Boarding Houses

What was boardinghouse life like?

Irish Immigrant Girls at Lowell

1. What kind of women usually worked in Lowell?

2. What time do they go to work at Lowell and what time do they finish work? How many hours of work per day is this?

3. What were the conditions like in the Lowell Factory?

4. What were the conditions like in the women’s boarding houses?

READ ABOUT LIFE AT LOWELL

Dangerous Machines

• Workers who were injured on the job received no compensation

• Not uncommon for a worker to lose a hand or a foot

Dimly lit, little fresh air

Workdays lasted from 12-14 hours

FACTORY CONDITIONS

• American textile mills, coal mines, and steel foundries employed children as young as 7 or 8

• They had no opportunities for education• Worked in unsafe conditions-often

gained lifelong health problems• By 1880, more than one million children

between the ages of 10 and 15 worked for pay

CHILD LABOR

American Population Centers in 1820

American Population Centers in 1860

National Origin of Immigrants:1820 - 1860

Why now?

Changing Occupation Distributions:1820 - 1860

American View of the Irish Immigrant

Affectsin the North

Urbanization Technology

Social Change

• NYC & Boston=poor

• Unsanitary, no police/fire

• Deserving Poor—cannot help situation, deserves charity

• Undeserving Poor—caused their situation, no help

• Dislike of Irish, Catholics

• Formation of Know-Nothing Party

• NE Industrial center

• Emphasis on educating immigrants

• Manufacturing = less reliance on Europe

• 10% of population is wealthy• Artisans & farmers compete with factories• Lawyers & doctors not required licenses• Work is not stable• Free blacks

• Segregated: Created own churches & schools• No freedoms: voting, traveling, education

• Manufacturing• Mills• Transportation: RR,

C, SB• Cash crops• Depression• Increased population• Child Labor• Segregation = black

churches/schools• Mass production

• Social Changes• Urbanization• Immigration• Westward Migration• Technology

improvements• More markets

towards “West”• Non licenses• 2nd Great Awakening• Go’n ham

EFFECTS