Chapter 9

TPS, MIS, DSS, and AI/ES

TransactionsTransactions…

Operasi bisnis dasar seperti pesanan pelanggan, pesananpembelian, penerimaan, kartu waktu, faktur, dan cek gaji dalamsebuah organisasi

Transaction processing systems (TPS)

Melakukan operasi rutin dan berfungsi sebagai dasar untuk sistemlain

Batch vs. On-Line Transaction ProcessingTwo types of TPS:

Batch processing

Sebuah sistem dimana transaksi bisnis diakumulasi selamaperiode waktu dan siap untuk diproses sebagai satu kesatuanatau batch

On-line transaction processing (OLTP)

Sebuah sistem dimana setiap transaksi diproses segera, tanpapenundaan transaksi mengumpulkan ke batch

Batch Schematic

On-line Schematic

Perbedaan Pemrosesan Batch dan Online

UDINUS-FASILKOM

Karakteristik Pemrosesan Batch Pemrosesan Online

Pemrosesan

transaksi

Data transaksi direkam,

dikumpulkan, dan

diurutkan, dan diproses

secara periodis

Transaksi diproses

seketika

Pemutakhiran

berkas

Ketika tumpukan

diproses

Saat transaksi diproses

Waktu

tanggapan

Beberapa jam atau hari

setelah tumpukan

dikirim untuk diproses

Beberapa detik setelah

setiap transaksi

diproses

Integration of TPSs

Applications

software

People

Schematic

x n =

Tujuan dari TPS Data proses yang dihasilkan oleh dan tentang transaksi

Mempertahankan tingkat akurasi yang tinggi

Memastikan data dan informasi integritas dan akurasi

Menghasilkan dokumen tepat waktu dan laporan

Meningkatkan efisiensi tenaga kerja

Membantu memberikan peningkatan dan ditingkatkan layanan

Membantu membangun dan mempertahankan loyalitas pelanggan

Mencapai keunggulan kompetitif

Simple overview TPS

Pengolahan Data Aktivitas Umum untuk TPS

Siklus pemrosesan transaksi

Pengumpulan data

editing Data

koreksi Data

Manipulasi data

Penyimpanan data

produksi dokumen

Source Data AutomationSource data automation

Proses menangkap data pada sumbernya dengan upaya manualminimal

Data dimasukkan langsung ke dalam komputer

Point-of-Sale Transaction Processing System

Customer’s

receiptInventorydatabase

Managementinformation

system

Exception

report

Purchasesdatabase

Scanner

Point-of-saletransactionprocessing

system

Itemdatabase

UPC andquantity

Item, quantity,date, time, price

UPC Price

UPC

Quantity,Date,time

Kontrol dan Masalah Manajemen Perencanaan Dimulainya Kembali Bisnis

The process of anticipating and providing for disasters.

Pemulihan Bencana

Pelaksanaan rencana bisnis dimulainya kembali.

Audit sistem pemrosesan transaksi

Pemeriksaan dari TPS dalam upaya untuk menjawab tiga pertanyaan dasar

Apakah sistem memenuhi kebutuhan bisnis?

prosedur dan kontrol apa yang telah ditetapkan?

Apakah prosedur dan kontrol yang benar digunakan?

Traditional TPS –Order Processing Order processing

Processing an order from entry to delivery, including traditional accounting transactions

Schematic

Customer

Order entry/sales configuration

Shipmentplanning

Routing

Scheduling

Shipmentexecution

Invoicing

Finishedproduct

inventory

Customer order in person or via

mail, phone, EDI, internet

OrdersPlanned

shipments

Planned

shipments

& routes

Pick list

Shipped orders

Inventory status

Products

Invoice

Data Flow Diagram of an Order Entry System

Schematic

D1 Products/prices D2 Customer payment history

D3 New orders

D4 Back orders

D5 Rejected orders

3. Authorize

credit

2. Verify

product

numbers

& stock

on hand

1. Collect

order

info

4. Notify

customer

Customer

Back

ordersBack orders

Customer notification

Orders

Product numbers,

inventory levels

D6 Inventory

Products, price

information

Orders

Credit status

Open

orders

Rejected,

partly filled

orders

Rejected

orders

Order Processing Support Systems - Sales Configuration Sales configuration

Ensures that products and services ordered are sufficient to accomplish customer’s objectives and will work well together

Order Processing Support Systems - Shipment Planning Shipment planning

A system that determines which open orders will be filled and from which location they will be shipped

E.g., (from Figure 8.9)

LOC LINK ITEM NUMBER DESCRIPTION ORDERED SHIPPED BO

8 105 10 L1L16028

20 S8276

30 S8279

40

FASENTING TOOL

STAPLE ¾ INCH

STAPLE 1 INCH

SHIPPING CHARGE

3

15

15

EACH

CASE

CASE

3

15

12 3

Order Processing Support Systems - Shipment Execution Shipment execution

A system that coordinates the outflow of all products and goods from the organization, with the objective of delivering quality products on time to customers

Order Processing Support Systems - Inventory Control Inventory control

A system that updates the computerized inventory records to reflect the exact quantity on hand of each stock keeping unit

Status reports

Summarize all inventory items in stock, or shipped over a specified period of time

E.g., see Figure 8.10

Order Processing Support Systems - Invoicing Invoicing

Generates customer invoices based on records received from the shipment execution TPS

E.g., see Figure 8.11

Order Processing Support Systems - Customer Interaction System

Customer interaction A system that monitors and tracks each customer interaction with the company

Request

for

proposal

Sale

Problem, idea,

request for

information

Other

contacts

Market

research

Sales

Marketing

Quality

control

Product

development

Customer

interaction

system

Customer

Order Processing Support Systems - Routing and Scheduling Routing

A system that determines the best way to get goods and products from one location to another

Scheduling A system that determines the best time to deliver goods and services

Purchasing System

Schematic

Raw materials

Packing materials

Spare parts

Inventory control

Purchase order

processing

Receiving

Accounts

payable

Employees

Supplier

Inventory control

status report

Purchase

order

Material

Cheque

InvoiceReceiving

notice

Purchase

order

Purchase

order

request

Purchasing System Inventory control

Maintains stock of items such as raw materials, packing materials, spare parts, and supplies

Purchase order (P.O.) processing A system that helps purchasing department complete transactions quickly and

efficiently

Receiving A system that creates a record of expected and actual receipts Reconciles purchase orders with what is actually received

Accounts payable A system that increases an organization’s control over purchasing, improves cash flow increases profitability, and provides more effective management of current liabilities

P.O. Example (Click to view)

Accounting System Accounting systems

Consist of…

Budget

Accounts receivable

Accounts payable

Payroll

Asset management

General ledger

Accounts Payable Example (Click to view)

Financial Systems

Schematic

Customer

Accounts

receivable

Asset

management

Accounts

payable

Payroll

BudgetCustomer

General

ledger

Time

cards

Paycheques

Labour costs

Expense

transactions

Asset depreciation

Amounts owed by company

Amounts paid by company

Cost of assetsPayments

Amounts owed by customers

Amounts paid by customers

Financial Systems -Accounts Receivable Accounts receivable

A system that manages the cash flow of the company by keeping track of the money owed the company on charges for goods sold and services performed

‘Statement of Account’ Example (Click to view)

Financial Systems –Accounts Receivable Accounts receivable aging report

Tells managers what bills are overdue, either customer by customer or in a summary format

‘Aging Report’ Example (Click to view)

Financial Systems - Payroll Payroll…

Generates payroll checks and stubs, as well as W-2 statements at the end of the year for tax purposes

Financial Systems - Payroll Payroll journal

Helps managers monitor total payroll costs for an organization and the impact of those costs on cash flow

Financial Systems -Asset Management Asset management transaction processing system

A system that controls investments in capital equipment and manages depreciation for maximum tax benefits

Financial Systems - General Ledger

Electronic Commerce (E-commerce) Business-to-business problems

Inadequate models

Integrating with existing systems

Improving relationships with suppliers, customers, distributors.

Consumer problems Wait for images to download

Security of credit information

Figuring out the ordering process

Currently a small part of all commerce

Five Stage Model ofE-Commerce The stages consumers experience in the sales life cycle

Schematic

Buyer

1. Search and

Identify5. After sales

service

4. Product &

service

delivery

2. Selection

& negotiation

3. Purchasing

Traditional

delivery

Electronic

distribution

Buying Over the Internet

Prepare list of

items neededLog on to

internet

Access

supplier’s

home

page

Browse

supplier’s

catalog

Pick items

Fill out request

for quotation

form

Review response to request for quotation

Place order

Input sent to

supplier’s

order entry

system

Forecasted Volume of E-Commerce

Mode 1997 2000

Consumer $0.5 billion $7 billion

Business $8.0 billion $66 billion

Purchasing Products and Services Electronically Establish credit with suppliers

Secure E-commerce transactions

Secure financial transaction (SFT)

SET = “secure electronic transaction”

CyberCash

SET ‘Discussion’ (1)Short for Secure Electronic Transaction, a new standard that willenable secure credit card transactions on the Internet. SET hasbeen endorsed by virtually all the major players in the electroniccommerce arena, including Microsoft, Netscape, Visa, andMastercard.

By employing digital signatures, SET will enable merchants to verifythat buyers are who they claim to be. And it will protect buyers byproviding a mechanism for their credit card number to be transferreddirectly to the credit card issuer for verification and billing without

SET ‘Discussion’ (2)the merchant being able to see the number.

The first applications based on SET are expected appeared in 1998.

Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) ERP

Real-time monitoring of business functions

Advantages Eliminate costly, inflexible legacy systems

Provide improved work processes

Provide access to data for operational decision making

Upgrading technology infrastrucutre

Disadvantages Time consuming, difficult, expensive to implement

Make radical changes in how a company operates

Lack of vendor responsiveness in light of high demand

ERP ExamplesSoftware Vendor Name of Product

Avalon Software Avalon CIM

qad.inc MRG/PRO

Oracle Oracle Manufacturing

SAP America SAP R/3

Baan Triton

PeopleSoft PeopleSoft

J.D. Edwards World

Example of an ERP System - SAP/R3 Clients in the SAP system

Application servers in the SAP system

Business application programming interfaces (BAPIs)

Database server in the SAP systems

Objects in the SAP system

Repository

Tables

SAP Three-Tier Client/Server Architecture

Client

desktop

computers

Application

servers

Database

server

Business Application Programming Interface (BAPI)

Business

processes

BAPI

(public interface)

SAPsoftware

Standard

results

Results consistent with current

version of SAP software

Standard request

for data or processing

Request for data or processing consistent

with current version of SAP software