A-Level Organic Chemistry,Website---http://hkmothert.tripod.com, Email:lwrncchg@yahoo.com Produced by Lawrence & rock (Seventh edition)February 13, 20052/13/20051 () 12.1:, ,. 12.2: 12.5: > > > > > > > > > > 12.6 C(,) a) :,, b) :, c) : * : ,,.(,,,,) C(/ ,) a) C= C : :(P.S: -,,,) C: . C,, C: C,,,. C-,,,; ,,,; (),. b) ,*: C,. C,,; ,() * ,. e1999 Paper I I6( c)(i)1 Cl Br ? (p.98-108) Cp.99 p.109 : a), b),() C : , C. C, C : a)(30) b) ,() C^ * . * () : (),, : ,, ,. ,(98ASL 8b) ^ ,,,. : (: ,),, ,,: , : : ** ,,. A-Level Organic Chemistry,Website---http://hkmothert.tripod.com, Email:lwrncchg@yahoo.com Produced by Lawrence & rock (Seventh edition)February 13, 20052/13/20052 := CnH2n+ 2 ,= CnH2n ,=CnH2n+ 1OH ,= CnH2n+ 1COOH 13.1 (:,,) C ; 19 C. a)(,,),: ,;b)(SiO2Al2O3,) CONaOHO( CaO)R-C-OHR-C-O-Na+R-H+ CaCO3Ce.g CH3CH= CHCH3 +H2 CH3CH2CH2CH3 (Pt / Ni) C() ,:1) () Cl Cl 2Cl(,) 2) ,, CH3H Cl HCl ClCl ++ CH3+ CH3Cl+ CH3Cl 3) , e.gCl+ CH3CH3Cl 13.2 C,: H2SO4(), 180 e.gCH3CH2 OH CH2= CH2 +H2O (: ,,,p.7) ,()() CH3CH CH2+H2OCH3CHCH3OH/H+ C,:NaOH/ , e.gCH3CHCH3+ NaOH CH3CH= CH2 +NaBr+H2O Br,:NaOH/ ,() e.gCH2CH2 (* ) CHCH +2HClCl Cl * X2/ CCl4. P.S: Zn C O H Br2 2 + HBr HOBr +(HBr) HBr() + - CH2= CH- CH3 +HBr CH3-CH-CH3 +: Br CH3-CH-CH3 Br HOBr() C: , C(VI )() () A-Level Organic Chemistry,Website---http://hkmothert.tripod.com, Email:lwrncchg@yahoo.com Produced by Lawrence & rock (Seventh edition)February 13, 20052/13/20053 CH3CH2CH3+H-OSO3H + CH3CHCH3OSO3H ,() CH3CHCH3OSO3H+H2OCH3CHCH3OH+H2SO4 C(Pt / Ni ) , ,,. e.g RCH= CH2+ H2 RCH2CH3 ,, ,(2001 AL 6b) P.S() RRHH R-C> R-C> R-C> H-C RHHH CH3,, P.S. C( ) : (C= C ) R1R2RHC=C(1)O3/CCl4(2) Zn/H3O+R1R2C=ORH+O=C Remark:1)()C= C 2),. 3) Zn/ H3O+. (a)() * ,H2O2 ; (,) ,,,. CROOR hv/ 2RO RO+CH2= CH2ROCH2CH2 C ROCH2CH2 +CH2= CH2 ROCH2CH2CH2CH2 CRO+ ORROOR R-O-( -CH2-CH2-)n-CH2CH2+R-O-( -CH2-CH2-)n- CH2CH2 R-O-( -CH2-CH2-)n-CH2CH2-CH2CH2-( -CH2-CH2-)n-O- R Remark : (),,.()-,,. (1996ASL(13b(ii))) (b): -(,) ,. (c): ,. -.(HCl) C( VI I ) () * , MnOOOOOHOHH2C CH2CH2=CH2+OH-+ MnO2(s) >1995 AL PI 3(e)(ii)(3 ) O OCH2=CH2COCH2CH2OC A-Level Organic Chemistry,Website---http://hkmothert.tripod.com, Email:lwrncchg@yahoo.com Produced by Lawrence & rock (Seventh edition)February 13, 20052/13/20054 1),() 2),: : ,MnO2(s) ! 1)() ;2)(,) 13.3() C: / () * () * C-C / , : sp2,,, C-C-C 120 , C(Br2), C (a)():50,or : H2SO4HNO3(1: 1 ) HNO3H2SO4NO2+ ++H3O++HSO4- (b)(c) :FeX3 (i.e.Cl,FeCl3) , 60 ClCl2+ + HClFeCl3 : H2SO4,80, ,30-50 SO3HH2SO4(l)80C (d):AlX3(Cl,AlCl3) +CH3CH2BrCH2CH3+HBrp.8 C: (VI I )KMnO4/ H3O+, CH2CH2CH3COOHKMnO4/H+ C H3CH3C CH3 Remarks : ,,. : CO-Na+O+ NaOH + Na2CO3 13.4 : ,, : , X1 , : ,()(). (-CH3),(-NO2) ,,. ()(),() (,) C( p.2)+HX+X2/ CCl4 C( ) :RH ( ) +X2 R-X +HX ( ) C() :[ PBr3 , HX ] RCH2CH2OH+ NaX+ H2SO4 RCH2CH2X ( )RCH2CH2OH+ HX RCH2CH2X ( )+ H2O RCH2CH2OH+ SOCl2 RCH2CH2Cl+ SO2( g) + HCl ( g)( ,)3RCH2CH2OH+ PX3 3RCH2CH2X+ H3PO3 RCH2CH2OH +PCl5 RCH2CH2Cl+POCl3 + HCl( ) ( P.S :HCl+AgNO3( aq) AgCl ( s) )A-Level Organic Chemistry,Website---http://hkmothert.tripod.com, Email:lwrncchg@yahoo.com Produced by Lawrence & rock (Seventh edition)February 13, 20052/13/20055 C a)+ X2FeX3 b)() NO2NH2N NClHNO3,H2SO4(l)60CSn/HClNaNO2 HCl,0C+-CuX2100CX CSN1 (,=k[ R-X] ,) RX R +X (,) R +X R-Nu CSN2 (,= k[ R-X] [ Nu ] ) Nu +R-X [ NuRX ] Nu-R +X (a): ,(SN1); (SN2)(b): (-I )SN(C-I ) (c) :-CH3,,,(SN1),,. SN2 ,-CH3 ,, (d): SN2 (SN1 ) (e) : SN1 ,,. SN2 , . , SN1 SN2 ,(V) ,AgX ,,. !AgCl(s),AgBr(s),AgI (s) (,NO3-) 1-(SN1 ,H2O Nu) 1-. a)NaOH (,) Remark: b)/ (,CN) N :C R XN R-C X+-C2H5OH + e.g CH3CH2CH2Br + KCN CH3CH2CH2CN +KBr:CH3CH2CH2CN +H3O+CH3CH2CH2COOH (!,,,p.12 ) :CH3CH2CH2CN CH3CH2CH2CH2NH2(CLiAlH4/ CH2O) [ p.8 HCN C= O ] C(,,p.13) SN2: A-Level Organic Chemistry,Website---http://hkmothert.tripod.com, Email:lwrncchg@yahoo.com Produced by Lawrence & rock (Seventh edition)February 13, 20052/13/20056 CH3-X+ NH3CH3NH2 + HXCH3-NH2 + CH3-XCH3-NH-CH3 + HXCH3-NH-CH3 + CH3-XCH3-N-CH3 + HXCH3CH3-N-CH3 + CH3-XCH3[CH3-N-CH3]+CH3CH3 * NH3,,CH3X , ,R-X NH3mole ,() P.S,. :C(,SN) :NaOH/ ,; HHHHHXHHHHC-CC2H5OH/NaOHC=C+HX e.g CH3CHCH3 +NaOHCH3CH= CH2 +NaBr +H2O Br SN:1)ROH 2) 3)(2,3 ) * () C():CH3OH+ Na CH3O-Na+ NaOH , :C2H3O-Na++CH3CH2Cl CH3CH2OCH2CH3 ( ) +NaCl (P.S: ,,H2C= CH2 ) Ca): (CCl2= CHCl)(CCl2= CCl2) : ,,. b)(PVC) nCHCl = CH2 -( -CHCl - CH2-)n- c)()nCF2= CF2 -( -CF2-CF2-)n- :(/ ! ) 1) , AgNO3( aq) / NaOH, HNO3, AgNO3(aq)AgCl(s). : +NaOH +NaClHNO3 NaCl ( aq) + AgNO3( aq) NaNO3( aq)+AgCl ( s)2)AgNO3(aq)/ AgI (s)(* AgBr(s)) !1)[ ];2)() [ ,] 13.5: ,, C[ ! ()] C(: ,) + + (C6H12O6) + + 2C2H5OH + 2CO2 COO R-COR + H2OR-C- OH +ROH C(* ,SN2 ) CH2CH2CH2CH2HO-CH2BrHO-+ CH2CH3CH2BrHO CH2 Br-+ * ,. A-Level Organic Chemistry,Website---http://hkmothert.tripod.com, Email:lwrncchg@yahoo.com Produced by Lawrence & rock (Seventh edition)February 13, 20052/13/20057 ,;^ ! RI > RBr> RCl ,R-I ,I- C (a) : (1)(LiAlH4)/ ,(2) (b) : (NaBH4/ H2O) (a) (i)R-COOH RCH2OH ( )(ii)R-COOR RCH2OH+ ROH ( ,) (a),(b) (iii)R-CHO RCH2OH ( )(iv)R-CO-R R-CH-R( )OH P.S (V) R-CN R-CH2NH2(p.4 ) (p.3) C: (p.6) N NCl+-H2OOH+ N2+ HCl ,(>>) ---, OHO+ H2O+ H3O+ NaHCO3( s)NaOH( aq) RCOOH R-OH NaHCO3(s)XX NaOH( aq)X OH+NaOH +O-Na+H2O : : : C-O 1 () ,CH3,, ! , () ,(+ ) RCOOH +NaHCO3(aq) RCOONa +CO2(g)+H2O(l) :>>>> -OH ,,. C(+PCl5,p.4) C( / / ) : [ O] O[ O] O ()RCH2OHR-C-H ( ) R-COH ( ) [ O] K2Cr2O72-/ H+KMnO4-/ H+ ,KMnO4-/ OH-,R-COO- : OH[ O] O ()R-CH-RR-C-R +H2O +[ O] C(,NaOH,) (a): H2SO4,180 (b): / CH3CH2OHCH2= CH2+ H2O 2RCH2OHRCH2OCH2R +H2O * , A-Level Organic Chemistry,Website---http://hkmothert.tripod.com, Email:lwrncchg@yahoo.com Produced by Lawrence & rock (Seventh edition)February 13, 20052/13/20058 C (a)RCOOH (: H2SO4,) OO R-COH + HORR- C-OR +H2O (b) OO R-C-Cl+ HORR- C-OR +HCl (c) C(,) 2CH3CH2OH+ Na 2CH3CH2O-Na++ H2 ( )CH3CH2O-Na++ H2O CH3CH2OH+ NaOH ()(,p.6)C---: , : OOH. CH3-C- ()CH3-CH- :I2/ NaOH (2NaOH +I2 NaI O+NaI+H2O NaI O/ ) OHOOH+O R-CH-CH3 R-C-CH3 R-C-ONa+ CHI3( s)R-C-OH () / ! , ,: : ,,:[ ZnCl2,HCl] 15 1 5 2 :HCl ZnCl2 ( ) 3* R-OHR-Cl+H2O * HCl ,(SN1 ,3) ,C-O ,. () (a) +2Na +H2 (b) + NaOH + H2O (c) OH OC O ROH-R-C-ClOR-C-O-C-RO OO+Cl-R-C-O-O (d) OHBrBrOHBr+Br2+ HBr : ,*-1,2-(-1,4-) HOCOCOOH COCOOCH2CH2On nHOCH2CH2OH+n-1,2- - 1,4 - H+ * ,,. 13.6 :( 1). (2). (3). C() () (p.7) C-(p.4) ,; A-Level Organic Chemistry,Website---http://hkmothert.tripod.com, Email:lwrncchg@yahoo.com Produced by Lawrence & rock (Seventh edition)February 13, 20052/13/20059 OC-Cl R OC-R + OC-Cl Al Cl3 OC ,C +,,O - ,. C( HCN) [ ,-,,-] : ()N CC O N C C O N C C OH:+-..H+ ,C-O ,Nu ,,O OOHOH e.g1) CH3CH2C-CH3 CN-/ H+CH3CH2C-CN H3O+ CH3CH2-C-COOH CH3CH3 CH3 CH3CH= C-COOH * HCN ,KCN ,HCN ,,CN ,; ,,CN HCN+ NaOH NaCN +H2O C( I V) (Na2SO3)/ ((I V),NaHSO3) (a)(: ) OO NaOH C+NaHSO3R-C-SO3HR-C-SO3Na RRRR ! ,HSO3-SO2SO32-, ,. (b) / , 1)+ + 2), 3)/ , 4), 5) , 6). () : , CC= O +H2NOHC= NOH +H2O CH3CH3 e.gC= O +H2NOHC= NOH +H2O HH( / ) C2,4-()(: ) HH C= O +H2NNC= NN+ H2O * ,,.. C(,,) :2AgNO3(aq) + 2NaOH(aq) Ag2O(s)+H2O+2NaNO3 Ag2O(s) +4NH3 (aq)+H2O(l) 2Ag(NH3)2OH () ,. e!. :O C RONH4+H C ROAg(NH3)2OH Ag(s)++ A-Level Organic Chemistry,Website---http://hkmothert.tripod.com, Email:lwrncchg@yahoo.com Produced by Lawrence & rock (Seventh edition)February 13, 20052/13/200510 O R-C-R +Ag( NH3)2OH C(,) (! ) CuSO4 + +NaOH Cu () [ ] O C RONa+Cu2OH+H C ROCu2+NaOH + +4+ 2+ +H2O ! ,. . C(,C-C ) :KMnO4/ H+K2Cr2O7/ H+ (p.6,/ ) :Ag(NH3)2OH (,) (Cu2+) Cp.7 CLiAlH4()NaBH4()p.8 + H2Pt / Ni ,()() C-.. C ! C OOOO e.gCH3CH= CH-C-H NH3 >R-H ! , () OC: C OOO C-OH C-OH C-Nu +OH- Nu C(* , RCOO-Na++ HCl RCOOH+ NaCl) C A-Level Organic Chemistry,Website---http://hkmothert.tripod.com, Email:lwrncchg@yahoo.com Produced by Lawrence & rock (Seventh edition)February 13, 20052/13/200511 ,()NaHCO3Na2CO3. OO R-C-OH +NaHCO3 R-C-O-Na++ CO2+ H2O C/ ,(,) ( NH3 >R-COO- ,) OOOO R-C-O-C-R +2NH3 R-C-NH2 +R-C-O-NH4+ OOOO R-C-O-C-R +2NH2R R-C-NHR +R-C-O-NH3+R OOOO R-C-O-C-R +2NHRR R-C-NRR +R-C- O-NH2+RR C(,p.2) ONaOHO( CaO)R-C-OHR-C-O-Na+R-H +CaCO3 ROH :-CH3 >1 >2 >3 RCOOH:HCOOH >CH3COOH >RCH2COOH >R2CHCOOH >R3CCOOH () A-Level Organic Chemist ryProduced by Lawrence & rock (Sevent h edit ion)2/ 13/ 200512 C RONH2C R NC ROOH C ROOC ROClC ROOR'C RONHR'C RONR2'RCH2NH2R-NH2+H2O/H3O+ +H2O/OH- ++NH4+NH3+H3O+/ SOCl2PCl3PCl5++SO2(g)+HCl(g)H3PO3POCl3+HCl(g)P2O5+H2O+NH3Br2/NaOH (1)LiAlH4/(2)H3O++H3O++R'OH+NH4Cl+2NH2R'R2'NH2ClR'NH3Cl+2NHR2'+++R'OHH3O+/ ()+NH3( ) !(1),,,2RX,3RX . (,p.5 p.8) (2),,,: C ROOHC ROC RONH2O-NH4++NH3(NH4)2CO3+ NaOH (3):(),,,() (4) ,() (5)(,! ) OH2OOH+O R-C-O-R+ NaOHR-C-O-Na++ ROHR-C-OH (6)(p.8,) O( 1) Li Al H4/ e.g CH3-O- C-CH2CHO( 2)H3O+HOCH2CH2CH2OH +CH3OH (7) : I ) I I ) NaOH : I ) I I ) OOH+/ OH-O : R-C-O-C-R +H2O2R-C-OH OOOO R-C-O-C-R +ROH- R-C-O-R +R-C-OH ( R-O-> R- COO-) ( NH4)2CO3CO2 ,100,-;-200 -,,. ,PCl5 C ROOR'C ROCl+PCl5+POCl3+ R'ClA-Level Organic Chemistry,Website---http://hkmothert.tripod.com, Email:lwrncchg@yahoo.com Produced by Lawrence & rock (Seventh edition)February 13, 20052/13/200513 () : ,,. OR R-C-N-H..O= C HN-H H SN? Cl- RCOO- R-O- NH2- H:- R:- () : OO R-C-Cl + H2O R-C-OH +HCl( HCl + AgNO3( aq)AgCl( s))OOOH-/ O R-C-O-C-R +H2O2R-C-O- OOH-/ O R-C-O-R +H2OR-C-O-+ROH ( )OOH-/ O R- C- NH2 +H2OR-C-O-+ NH3( g)[ ] () : C OC H OH C C C: (VI I ).(p.3) 5C2O42-(aq) +2MnO4-(aq) +16H+(aq) 2Mn2+(aq) +10CO2(g)+8H2O(l) C,: 6.6 (p.8) HH (CH2)6HHH(CH2)6HCO O(CH2)4Cn n HOOC-(CH2)4-COOH +NN NN13.8 NH3,; ,,,.1> 2> 3(N-H,) C/ (SN2 ,p.5) C C NO2CH3NO2NH2CH3NO2Sn/HCl2) :a) H2/ Pt, Ni , Pd b)/ ,:Fe,Zn,Sn /HCl c) SnCl2/ HCl +NaOH NO2COOC2H5H2/PtNH2COOC2H51) NO2CHOSnCl2H-ClNH3CHONaOHNH2CHO3) C:CH3( CH2)3NH2+ H3O+ CH3( CH2)3NH3++ H2O +NH3+Cl-NH2HCl() () ,: NaOHNaCl ++ +H2ONH3+Cl-NH2 C,, RNH2 +H2ORNH3+ +OH- . :OH- > >H2O , ,3>2>1>NH3> > / NH3,(, A-Level Organic Chemistry,Website---http://hkmothert.tripod.com, Email:lwrncchg@yahoo.com Produced by Lawrence & rock (Seventh edition)February 13, 20052/13/200514 ),. * ! ,.,,,,.(1997 ASL) C[ ] ,()(p.11) OC ClONHCNH2OC ClHOC NN+HClCH3NH2+ CH3CH3CH3+ HCl++N- Remark : / ,. ,. C( I I I ) () (I I I )NaNO2(s)+ HCl(aq)NaCl(aq)+ HNO2(aq) (I I I ) a)NaNO2/ HCl+ H2O() R-NH20-5[ R-NN: Cl ] R-OH +N2( g) () :CH3CH2NH2 +HNO2 CH3CH2OH +N2( g) +H2O () CH2NH2CH2OH+ H2O + N2 (g)+ HNO20 - 5C b)NH2N N Cl NaNO2/HCl0 - 5 C+:+ NaCl + 2H2O N N Cl CN N N ClX+:CuCNKCN+:CuX100 C c) -2-() N NOHNaOHN NO HNaCl OH2++ ++ () : ,. : , H RCCOOHNH2 - C,,-,.,2-,,.() ,,. ,,,. C(),,. () H RCCOOH NH2 H RCCOO-NH3 NH2HOOCe,-NH2-COOH . ,,(),,,(),. C,. (a)() (b)() C/ ,, .: A-Level Organic Chemistry,Website---http://hkmothert.tripod.com, Email:lwrncchg@yahoo.com Produced by Lawrence & rock (Seventh edition)February 13, 20052/13/200515 HH (),(CN) .! ,.. C.,/ ;().. 12.7/ (I R) ,I R . ! O-H ,. :2- : n H2NCONH2 +n HCHO -[ -NHCONHCH2-]n- +( n-1)H2O 2-:CH3CHCCOOCH3Hn(n ) , : ,,( 3 ) : ()().,,,.,. 2001 AL 8aI I (3 ) 1),; 2),, 3) . 4),. 5)/ , 6). P.S : . (P.S: : ,,.) 2000 ASL 10b(ii): NaCl(aq) ,1,2-,1--2 .. :NaCl(aq)Cl-CH2BrCH2+. 1997 ASL 8b(iii): ,(), : -OH ,. A-Level Organic Chemistry,Website---http://hkmothert.tripod.com, Email:lwrncchg@yahoo.com Produced by Lawrence & rock (Seventh edition)February 13, 20052/13/200516 :COCOOCH2CH2On 1999 AL:H COC OOO H COC OOC H3O CH3, HOCH2CH2OH ,.. ,. ,,. ,/. 1997 ASL 8b: : : ,,,,. 2000 PI I7b : , ,. 1995 ASL :11.,BOD Pass t he sewage t hrough a screen (filt er) which t raps/ removes large solids . Add ( aerobic) bact eria t o break down carbohydrat es and prot ein (organic mat t ers) int o simpler subst ances () Add chlorine (or by ot her means)t o kill t he bact eria. 2001 AL 6a(ii) CFC :(4 ) / ,,Cl :CCl3F (UV) CCl2F+Cl : Cl+O3 ClO+O2 ClO+O3 Cl+2O2 / . P.S(2000AL) : CF3CH2F CFC C-F C-Cl,,F. 2001 AL 6c :BHT(3 ) O2 ROO BHT -OH ,,. A-Level Organic Chemistry,Website---http://hkmothert.tripod.com, Email:lwrncchg@yahoo.com Produced by Lawrence & rock (Seventh edition)February 13, 20052/13/200517 OHC(CH3)3(H3C)3CCH3C(CH3)3(H3C)3CCH3+ ROOO+ROOH P.S: ROO,RCOO (2000AL , 4marks)NO2,,:UV NO2 NO +O (: ),/ . O +O2 O3 O + / O3 + / +O2 +NO2 / (5 12 ) (2000AL , CE ) : /,. ///,,. 1999ASL(7I e) : BHT. 1999 ASL 10d: 6 10 (P.S:1999 AL 6b(ii)5 10 ) 10e : ,. 7a: UV . 1998 ? ASL 11c : / ,. 13 : : > ----BHA/ BHT > (Winkler Met hod)(1997,1998 ASL) / : (VI )(I I ) (VI ) 1.,(VI )(I I ) 8OH-(aq) +4Mn2+(aq)+O2(aq) + 2H2O (l) 4Mn( OH)3(s) 2.(VI )I2 (I2mol = O2mol / 2) 2Mn(OH)3(s) + 2I-(aq) +6H+(aq) 2Mn2+(aq) + I2(aq)+ 6H2O(l) 3.I2 I2(aq) +2S2O32-(aq)2I-(aq) +S4O62-(aq) I3-(aq) +2S2O32-(aq) 3I-(aq) +S4O62-(aq) () ,,. :1)S2O32-(aq)mol 2)mol , S2O32-(aq) :I2( aq) =2: 1 ,I2: O2 = 2: 1 S2O32-(aq) :O2 =4: 1 3),mol ,mol (32) 103 ,DO (mg dm3) 1997 ASL 6 : NaCl , : () 1995 ASL 7b : SO2. ASL OCHEMessay A-Level Organic Chemistry,Website---http://hkmothert.tripod.com, Email:lwrncchg@yahoo.com Produced by Lawrence & rock (Seventh edition)February 13, 20052/13/200518 1995 ASL 14.(15 ) 14.Chemical knowledge I nt roduct ion:--Definit ion of isomersm :t he occurrence of more t han one st ruct ure for a given molecular formula. --t he abilit y of c t o cat enat e and t o form st able c-c single bond and mult ipe bond can give rise t o a number of st ruct uree for a given formula. St ruct uralisomerism :isomers t hatdiffer because t heir at oms are in a differentorder --different carbon chain e.g. CH3CH2CH2ClandCH3CHClCH3 (any example of funct ion isomer) --different posit ion for t he funct ional group e.g. CH3CH2CH2ClandCH3CHClCH3 (any example of posit ionisomer) -- differentkind of funct ional group e.g. CH3CH2CH2ClandCH3OCH3 (any example of funct ion isomer) (St ereoisomerism):isomers t hatdiffer in t he arrangementof at oms/groups of at om in space --Geomet rical isomer 9617 (9M) 1996 ASL 15. ,(15 ) 15. Chemical knowledge A.Occurrence of carbon in nat ure (Any THREE of t he following +claborat ion) -As element al carbon :diamond ,graphit e and in coals and ant hracit e -as CO2 :from respirat ion ,decomposit ion of living organism, burning of fuel -in minerals such as malachit e ( basic copper carbonat e). magnesit e (magnesium carbonat e)and calcit e calcium (carbonat e) -in living organisms as prot eins, carbohydrat es, fat s and oils -in crude oil :mainly as hydrocarbons. B.Abilit y of C t o form a large no. of compounds (any THREE of t he following ) -t he abilit y t o cat enat e:C forms st rongcovalentbond wit h it self -t he abilit y t o form single and mult iple bond -combinat ion wit h ot her element s (such as N, O,Cl)t o give funct ional groups wit h differentpropert ies. -elect ronegat ivit y of C is nott oo low or t oo high result ing in weak polarit y in C-X bonds. (X is anot her element ). Thus noteasily at t acked by polar subst ances. C.I mport ance of cart on compounds (any THREE of t he following ) -carbon dioxide in phot osynt hesis/ keeping t he surface of t he eart h warm -lime st one :for making building mat erial such as cementand concret e -crude oil :for t he product ion of fuels and pet rochemicals including plast ics , fert ilizers, drugs ,pest icides , det ergent s, dyes ,cosmet ics, et c -in living organisms :carbohydrat es as source of energy, prot eins for body building , vit amins for growt h and repair. (9M) 1997 ASL 15.,,(15) 15.Chemical Knowledge Auses of haloakanes (any Four of t he following used .For each use , 1/ 2 marks for st at ing t he use ; 1/ 2 marks for t he propert y/ propert ies on which t he use is based ;1/ 2 marks for an appropriat e example) A-Level Organic Chemistry,Website---http://hkmothert.tripod.com, Email:lwrncchg@yahoo.com Produced by Lawrence & rock (Seventh edition)February 13, 20052/13/200519 --Solvent:haloalkanes can dissolve mostorganic compounds e.g. CHCl3 and CCl4 usedas solventin laborat ory ;CH3CCl3 as t hinner et c. --Fire ext inguisher : flammabilit y decrease in no.of halogen at oms/ high vapour densit y can blanketfire/ elect rical insulat or e.g. BTM & BCF for put t ing outelect ric fires --Aerosol propellant s : high vapour pressure/ low b.p.e.g. CFCs. --Refrigerant:low t oxicit y / high lat entheatof vaporizat ion e.g. Freons --Synt het ic regent:haloalkanes readily undergo subst it ut ion /eliminat ion t o give alcohols alkenes ,nit riles et c. +example --Organochlorine pest icide :kills insect s by dest roying t heir cent ral nervous syst em e.g. DDT B.Environment al problems associat ed wit h banned haloalkanes Ozone deplet ion --Ozone in t he st rat osphere : can reduce t he amountof harmful UV radiat ion reaching t he ground (amountof O3 is quit e st eady) --Discussion of how CFCs can affectt he amountof ozone in t he st rat osphere :t he mechanism ; every molecule of CFCs can dest roy t housand of O3 molecules --The environment al problems:reduce crop yield/ highincidenceof skin cancer Organochlorineinsect icides e.g. DDT / lindane --t oxic t o cold-blooded creat ures such as fishes;int erfere wit h t he calcium met abolism in birds/ fat -soluble , accummulat es up a food chain t o a let hal level --non-select ive, causes dist urbance t o nat ures ecological balance Global warming --CFCs can efficient ly t rap I R radiat ion reradiat edfrom t he eart h causing global warming --effectof global warming :air circulat ion and rainfall pat t erns may change/ melt ing of polar ice caps/ ecosyst ems may be disrupt ed (9M) 1998 ASL 15. ,(15 ) 15. Chemical Knowledge AEnvironment al problems caused (Maximum 1 1/ 2 marks for each pollut ion problem +some elaborat ion ; 1 1/ 2 marks should only be awarded t o very good anwers) --greenhouse effect :emission of CO2 produced by combust ion of coal cause global warming --air-borne part icles :cause damage t o respirat ory syst em/ combinat ion of N2 &O2 t o from Nox --indust rial smog :a mixt ure of fly ash ,soot,SO2 and volat ile organic compounds (VOC);reduces visibilit y/ t oxic --t hermal pollut ion :discharge of hotwat er from cooling syst em int o rivers/ seas, causes a decrease in DO in wat er --solid wast e :solid residue from t he burning ofcoal (Also acceptphot ochemical smog)B. Measures t o reduce t he environment alproblems (Any 3 of t he following ) --inst allat ion of elect rost at ic precipit at or t o reduce t he amountof suspended part icles emit t ed --inst allat ion of scrubbers (flue gas desulphurizat ion syst em):wash flue gas wit h alkaline solut ion t o remove SO2/ Nox --landfill :bury solid wast e --limit at ion of s cont entin fuels (9M) 1999 ASL 15. A-Level Organic Chemistry,Website---http://hkmothert.tripod.com, Email:lwrncchg@yahoo.com Produced by Lawrence & rock (Seventh edition)February 13, 20052/13/200520 15. < The End>2001 8 26 ,2001/ 09/ 30 I SI S/ Draw (Fift h Edit ion) 2001/ 11/ 4 Sixt h Edit ion ()Since 2002/ 2/ 14 Sevent h Edit ion () 2002/ 2/ 15 PDF updat e version 2005/ 02/ 12 O R-C-OR + H2O OSOCl2OSO2( g)+HCl ( g)R-C-OH + PCl3R-C-Cl+ H3PO3 PCl5POCl3 +HCl ( g) + NH3( NH4)2CO3*O R-C-O-NH4+OBr2/ NaOH R- C- NH2R-NH2( ) R-CN +H2ORCH2NH2( ) : 2002 A-l evel lwrncchg@yahoo.com < END>