chuong 1.ppt
TRANSCRIPT
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C«ng nghÖ dËp nguéi
Ch¬ngI
C¾t h×nh & ®ét lç
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Ch¬ngI.c¾th×nh&§étlç
1.1.ChuÈnbÞvËtliÖu.ChuÈnbÞvËtliÖugåmc¸cc«ngviÖcsau:-TÈygØ:Líp«xitbªnngoµi®îctÈys¹chb»ngc¸cph¬ngph¸pnh:tÈythñc«ng,phunc¸t,phunbi,b»ngtianíc,dïngaxit,kiÒm,…-Lµmph¼ngvËtliÖu.
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1.1.1.XÕph×nhphab¨ng.a.C¸cph¬ngph¸pxÕph×nh.XÕph×nhphab¨nghîplýph¶c¨ncøvµoc¸cyÕutèsau.
- HiÖusuÊtsödôngvËtliÖuph¶ilínnhÊt.- §¶mb¶ochÊtlîngs¶nphÈm.- ThuËnlîichoc«ngtythaot¸ctrªnkhu«n.
- KÕtcÊukhu«n®¬ngi¶n,®ébÒncñakhu«ncao.
- N¨ngsuÊtlao®éngcao,sèlÇnphab¨ngÝt.
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Ch¬ngI.c¾th×nh&§étlç
Cã2ph¬ngph¸pxÕph×nhc¬b¶nsau:-XÕph×nhcãphÕtheotoµnbé®êngbaocñavËtdËpc¾t.§¶mb¶o®échÝnhx¸ccaovÒh×nhd¸ngvµkÝchthíc.Songl·ngphÝvËtliÖu
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Ch¬ngI.c¾th×nh&§étlç
-XÕph×nhkh«ngcãphÕhoÆccãÝt:TiÕtkiÖmvËtliÖunhngkhãxÕp,kÕtcÊukhu«nvµ®åg¸ph¶ichÝnhx¸c.
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Ch¬ngI.c¾th×nh&§étlç
b.HiÖusuÊtsödôngvËtliÖu.HiÖusuÊtsödôngvËtliÖu®îctÝnhtheoc«ngthøcsau.
Trongs¶nxuÊtngêitacãthÓtÝnhhiÖusuÊtsödôngvËtliÖutheobíc,theob¨nghaytheotÊm.
%100.ph
vd
F
F
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Ch¬ngI.c¾th×nh&§étlç
VD.XÕph×nhvíivËttrßn.
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Ch¬ngI.c¾th×nh&§étlç
VD.XÕph×nhvíih×nhphøct¹p.
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Ch¬ngI.c¾th×nh&§étlç
c.TrÞsèm¹chnèivµmÐpthõa.- M¹chnèi:Lµkho¶ngc¸chnhánhÊtgi÷ac¸cvËttrªnb¨ngvËtliÖu.
- MÐpthõa:lµkho¶ngc¸chnhánhÊttõmÐpvËtc¾t®ÕnmÐpb¨ngvËtliÖu.
TrÞsèm¹chnèithùctÕcÇn®¶mb¶ochÊtlîngs¶nphÈmcao,tiÕtkiÖmvËtliÖu,®ébÒncñakhu«ncao,antoµnchoviÖc®aph«ivµo.
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Ch¬ngI.c¾th×nh&§étlç
TrÞsèm¹chnèivµmÐpthõaphôthuécvµoc¸cyÕutèsau.
- KÕtcÊuh×nhd¸ngcñavËtc¾t.KÕtcÊuphøct¹p,b¸nkÝnhnháth×trÞsèm¹chnèit¨ng.
- KÝchthíccñavËtc¾t.KÝchthíccñavËtc¾tlínth×trÞsèm¹chnèit¨ng.
- ChiÒudµyvËtliÖudËp.KhichiÒudµyt¨ngth×trÞsèm¹chnèit¨ng(trab¶ng).
- TÝnhchÊtc¬häccñavËtliÖu.KhitÝnhdÎocñavËtliÖut¨ngth×trÞsèm¹chnèicòngt¨ng.
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Ch¬ngI.c¾th×nh&§étlç
-Ph¬ngph¸p®ab¨ngvËtliÖu.- Ph¬ngph¸pdËpc¾t.KhiquanhiÒukhu«nth×trisèm¹chnèicòngt¨ng(®Ó bï l¹i ®é cong vªnh cña vËt liÖu). NÕuvËtc¾tcãsöatinhth×trÞsèm¹chnèit¨nglªntõ20–30%
TrÞsèm¹chnèi®îctratrongc¸cb¶ngtrongsætaydËpnguéiphôthuécvµovËtliÖu,chiÒudµy,h×nhd¹ng,kÝchthícvËtdËp.
Trong thùc tÕ trÞ sè m¹ch nèi kh«ng ®Òu xung quanh vËt dËp, dËp c¾t chØ cã m¹ch nèi ë 1 bªn lµm cho ®é bÒn cña khu«n gi¶m.
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d.TÝnhto¸nchiÒuréngb¨ngvËtliÖu.
ViÖctÝnhchiÒuréngb¨ngvËtliÖuphôthuécvµoh×nhd¹ngcñavËtdËp,kÝchthícbµnm¸y,®échÝnhx¸ccñas¶nphÈm,…
Thamkh¶otrongsætaydËpnguéi.
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e.C¾t(pha)b¨ngtrªntÊmvËtliÖu.YªucÇukhic¾tb¨ng.- HiÖusuÊtsödôngvËtliÖutrªntoµntÊmlµcaonhÊt.
- SèlÇnc¾tthµnhb¨nglµÝtnhÊt.- ThuËnlîichothaot¸ccñac«ngnh©n.- KÕtcÊukhu«ndËp®¬ngi¶n.- PhÇnthõacñatÊmcßnsödông®îc.- Khic¾tb¨ng®ÓuèncÇnchóý®ênguènph¶ivu«nggãcvíithícñakimlo¹i.
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Cã3ph¬ngph¸pc¾tsau:- C¾tngang.- C¾tdäc.
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Ch¬ngI.c¾th×nh&§étlç
- C¾tphèihîp.
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1.1.2.C¾tvËtliÖutÊm.a.C¾tvËtliÖutÊmb»ngdao.Qu¸tr×nhc¾t®øtvËtliÖutr¶iqua3giai®o¹nliªntôc.
- Giai®o¹nbiÕnd¹ng®µnhåi.- Giai®o¹nbiÕnd¹ngdÎo.- Giai®o¹nc¾t®øt.C¸clo¹im¸yc¾tvËtliÖutÊmbaogåm.
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Ch¬ngI.c¾th×nh&§étlç
Lùcc¾t
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*M¸yc¾tlìib»ng.
lµhÖsèphôthuécvµochiÒudµyvµ®écøngcñavËtliÖu.
cSLP .. 1000
.. SPA (kG) (kGm)
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*M¸yc¾tlìinghiªng.
(KG)(KGm)
tg
SP c..5,0 2
1000
.. tgLPA
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*M¸yc¾tdao®Üa.
M.lµm«menquay.m.lµsècÆpdaoc¾t®Üakhic¾tnhiÒudao
.lµgãc¨ncñadaoc¾t®Üa.(®é)k.lµhÖsèkÓ®Õnsùkh«ng®ång®ÒucñavËtliÖuk=1,2–1,4
(KG)
tg
mSP c ...3,0 2
cDSkM .cos...125.0 2
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b.C¾tvËtdËptrongkhu«n.- C¾tkh«ngcãphÕ.ChñyÕudïng®Óc¾tb¨ngthµnhph«irêi,chظpdông®îcvíic¸cph«ih×nhvu«ng,ch÷nhËt,tamgi¸c,…khic¾tthêngchØc¾t1phÝanªnchÊtlîngs¶nphÈmkh«ngchÝnhx¸c,dÔcongvªnhnhÊtlµkhic¾tvËtliÖumáng.
- C¾tcãphÕ.Khic¾tcÇn®ÞnhvÞvµbíccñaph«ichÝnhx¸c.
ChÊtlîngcñavËtc¾tphôthuécvµochiÒudµycñaph«i(thêngtõcÊp8–10).
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1.2.qu¸tr×nhc¾th×nhvµ®étlç.Qu¸tr×nhc¾t®étchialµm3giai®o¹n.
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1.2.Khehëgi÷achµyvµcèi.Khehëgi÷achµyvµcèilµhiÖusègi÷akÝchthíclµmviÖccñacèivµchµy.
- Khehëhîplýth×vÕtnøtcñavËttõchµyvµcèisÏgÆpnhautheo®êngth¼ng.
- NÕukhehëqu¸nhálµmchovÕtnøtkh«ngtrïngnhau.Quans¸tthÊycã2d¶is¸ngëtrªnvµdíi,ëgi÷axïx×lính×nhr¨ngca.
- NÕukhehëqu¸línlµmchovÕtnøtkh«ngtrïngnhau.MétbªnbÞvuètdµilªn1bªnbÞbaviaxuèngdíi
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-TrÞsèkhehëphôthuécchñyÕuvµob¶nchÊtvµchiÒudµycñavËtliÖu.§îcx¸c®Þnhtheob¶ngtra.
- KhichÕt¹ochänZmin,khilµmviÖc®ÕnZmaxth×cÇnkh«iphôcl¹ikhu«nmíisödông®îc.
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1.4.X¸c®ÞnhkÝchthícvµdungsaichÕt¹ocñachµyvµcèi.
Môc®Ých:§¶mb¶o®échÝnhx¸ccñas¶nphÈm,khehëhîplývµgiíih¹nmßnchophÐp.
- Khic¾th×nh,kÝchthíccñacèiquyÕt®ÞnhkÝchthíccñas¶nphÈm,v×vËylÊykÝchthíccñacèilµmchuÈnvµthuhÑpchµy.
- Khi®étlç,kÝchthíccñachµyquyÕt®ÞnhkÝchthíccñas¶nphÈm,v×vËylÊykÝchthíccñachµylµmchuÈnvµmëréngcèi.
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1.4.1.Chày, cối cắt hình và đột lỗ tròn
a.Ph¬ngph¸pchÕt¹oriªng.SödôngkhichÕt¹ohµnglo¹tchµy,cèicãtÝnhl¾plÇncao.
*.C¾th×nh.TrongtrênghîpnµykÝchthícdanhnghÜacñacèi®îclÊyb»ngkÝchthícgiíih¹nnhánhÊtcñas¶nphÈm.
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KÝchthíccñacèi:KÝchthíccñachµy:Trong®ã:-lµdungsaichÕt¹ocèi-lµdungsaichÕt¹ochµyZmin-lµkhehë2phÝanhánhÊtgi÷achµyvµcèi
DDdc
)(DDc
)( minZDDch
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*.§étlç.TrongtrênghîpnµykÝchthícdanhnghÜacñachµy®îclÊyb»ngkÝchthíc(lç)giíih¹nlínnhÊtcñas¶nphÈm.
KÝchthícchµy.kÝchthíccèi.
dDdch
)(dDc
)( minZdDc
)(dDc
)( minZdDc
)(dDc
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Chóý:- Tæng dung sai chÕ t¹o chµy vµ cèi
kh«ng ® îc v ît qu¸ hiÖu sè khe hë lín nhÊt vµ nhá nhÊt
- Gi¸ trÞ tuyÖt ®èi cña dung sai chÕ t¹o chµy hoÆc cèi ph¶i nhá h¬n hoÆc b»ng 1/4 dung sai chÕ t¹o s¶n phÈm.
minmax ZZ
4;
4
minmax ZZ
4;
4
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b.Ph¬ngph¸pchÕt¹ophèihîp.Ph¬ngph¸pnµysödôngtrongs¶nxuÊt®¬nchiÕchaykhu«ncã®échÝnhx¸ccao.
Ph¬ngph¸pnµysaukhichÕt¹oxongchµy(cèi)th×lÊy®ãlµmchuÈn®Ógiac«ngcèi(chµy).
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*.Khic¾th×nh,kÝchthícs¶nphÈmdocèiquyÕt®ÞnhchonªnlÊykÝchthíccèilµmchuÈn.
CèiVíiCèichÕt¹ovíichµysaochokhehën»mtronggiíih¹n
)(DDc
4
maxmin ZZ
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*.Khi®étlç,kÝchthícs¶nphÈmdochµyquyÕt®ÞnhchonªnlÊykÝchthícchµylµmchuÈn.
ChµyVíiCèichÕt¹ovíichµysaochokhehën»mtronggiíih¹n
)(dDch
4
maxmin ZZ
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1.4.2.Chày, cối cắt hình và đột lỗ kh«ng tròn
a. C¾th×nh.KÝchthícvµdungsaicñas¶nphÈm
c¾th×nhlµc¬së®ÓthµnhlËpvßnglµmviÖccñacèi.ChµylÊytheocèisaochokhehën»mtrongkho¶ng
(TrÞ sè khe hë 1 phÝa lÊy theo sæ tay)TÊtc¶c¸ckÝchthícvßnglµmviÖccña
cèichialµm3d¹ng:t¨ng,gi¶mvµkh«ngthay®æi.
maxmin ZZ
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+.C¸ckÝchthíct¨ng.kÝchthícdanhnghÜacñacèib»ngkÝchthícnhánhÊtcñas¶nphÈm,dungsailÊydÊucéngvµb»ng1/4dungsaicñas¶nphÈm(L lµ chu vi ph«i)
víi minLLt
c 4
minLLt
c 4
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+.C¸ckÝchthícgi¶m.kÝchthícdanhnghÜacñacèib»ngkÝchthíclínnhÊtcñas¶nphÈm,dungsailÊydÊutrõvµb»ng1/4dungsaicñas¶nphÈm
víi+.C¸ckÝchthíckh«ngthay®æi,
víi
maxLLgc 4
)
2( minLLkd
c
4
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b.§étlç.KÝchthícvµdungsaicñalç®étlµ
c¬së®ÓthµnhlËpvßnglµmviÖccñachµy.CèilÊytheochµysaochokhehën»mtrongkho¶ng
(TrÞ sè khe hë 1 phÝa lÊy theo sæ tay)
TÊtc¶c¸ckÝchthícvßnglµmviÖccñachµychialµm3d¹ng:t¨ng,gi¶mvµkh«ngthay®æi.
maxmin ZZ
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+.C¸ckÝchthíct¨ng.kÝchthícdanhnghÜacñachµyb»ngkÝchthícnhánhÊtcñalç,dungsailÊydÊucéngvµb»ng1/4dungsaicñas¶nphÈm(L lµ chu vi lç)
víi minLLt
ch4
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+.C¸ckÝchthícgi¶m.kÝchthícdanhnghÜacñachµyb»ngkÝchthíclínnhÊtcñalç®ét,dungsailÊydÊutrõvµb»ng1/4dungsaicñas¶nphÈm
víi+.C¸ckÝchthíckh«ngthay®æi,
víi
maxLLgch 4
4
)
2( minLLkd
ch
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1.5.Lùcc¾th×nhvµ®étlç.1.5.1.X¸c®Þnhlùcc¾th×nhvµ
®étlç.Lùcc¾th×nhhay®étlçphôthuécvµokÝchthích×nhhaylç,chiÒudµytÊm,c¬tÝnhcñavËtliÖu,khehëgi÷achµyvµcèi,h×nhd¸ngvµtr¹ngth¸imÐpc¾tcñachµyvµcèi.
LùcdËp®îctÝnhtheoc«ngthøcsau:
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Trong®ã.K=1,1-1,3-lµhÖsèkÓ®Õnsùkh«ng®ång®ÒuvÒchiÒudµyvµtÝnhchÊtcñavËtliÖu,mÐpc¾tbÞmßn,chÕt¹ovµl¾pghÐpkh«ngchÝnhx¸c.
L-lµchuvivËtc¾thay®étlç.S-lµchiÒudµyvËtdËp.c–øngsuÊtc¾tcñavËtliÖu.kG/mm2.
cSLkP ... )(kG
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C«ngdïng®Óc¾th×nhvµ®étlç®îcx¸c®Þnhtheoc«ngthøc.
A=a.S.P (kGm)Trong®ã.a–lµhÖsèphôthuécvµochiÒudµyvµ®écøngcñavËtliÖu,a=0,4–0,7(tØ lÖ nghÞch)
S–lµchiÒudµyvËtliÖu,mm P–lµlùcc¾thay®étlç.
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1.5.2.C¸cbiÖnph¸pgi¶mlùcc¾t-®ét
Gi¶mlùcc¾tlµmt¨ng®ébÒncñachµy,cèi,t¨ngkh¶n¨ngc«ngnghÖcñathiÕtbÞ.
+.NungvËtliÖu.KhinhiÖt®ét¨nglµmgi¶møngsuÊtc¾tdo®ãlùcc¾tgi¶m®i.
Chó ý: BÒ mÆt s¶n phÈm xÊu, chi nªn dïng khi S ≥ 3 mm, s¶n phÈm co kho¶ng (0,6 – 0,8)%, víi thÐp cacbon cao vµ thÐp hîp kim ph¶i ñ ®Ó khö øng suÊt.
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+.Dïngchµy,cèicãmÆtlînsãng.Thêngdïngvíis¶nphÈmlín,s¶nphÈmtrungb×nhchØnªndïngmÆtchÐo
Chó ý. Khi c¾t hay ®ét lç xong ph¶i lµm ph¼ng s¶n phÈm.
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+.Khu«nc¾t®étcãnhiÒuchµyth×bètrÝthµnhnhiÒubËc.
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1.6.x¸c®Þnht©m¸plùcT©m¸p¸plùccñakhu«nlµ®iÓm®Ætcñatængc¸clùcc¾th×nhvµ®étlçcñakhu«n.Trängt©mkhu«nph¶itrïngvíit©ml¾plçc¸nkhu«ntrongkhèitrîtcñam¸yÐp.
- §èivíic¸cvßngc¾tcã2trôc®èixøngth×t©m¸plùcn»mëgiao®iÓmcña2trôc®ã.
- §èivíic¸cvßngc¾tcã1trôc®èixøngth×t©m¸plùcn»mëtrªntrôc®ã.
- T©m¸plùccñakhu«n®îcx¸c®Þnhtheo2ph¬ngph¸p:Gi¶ithÝchvµbiÓu®å.
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1.6.1.Ph¬ngph¸pgi¶itÝch.C¬sëcñaph¬ngph¸pnµydùatrªn®ÞnhluËt:“Tængm«mencñac¸clùcthµnhphÇn®èivíi1trôcnµo®ãb»ngm«mencñatænghîplùc®ã®èivíitrôc®ã”
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*.§èivíikhu«nc¾th×nhd¹ngphøct¹p.- §Æt1hÖto¹®éxoybªnngoµih×nhc¾t.
- Chiavßngc¾tthµnhnh÷ng®o¹nth¼ngvµh×nhcong®¬ngi¶n,x¸c®Þnhtrongt©mcñachóngvµkho¶ngc¸ch.
x1,x2,x3,…®Õntrôcy
vµy1,y2,y3,…®Õntrôcx-Lùcc¾t®îcxemlµph©nbè®ång®ÒutheochiÒudµic¸c®o¹nth¼ngl1,l2,l3,…chonªn®iÓm®Ætcñanã®îcxemnh®Ætëträngt©mcñac¸c®o¹n®ã.
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y
xA
B
CD
E G
HK
o
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Lùcc¾t®îctÝnhnhsau:P1=l1.S.cP2=l2.S.cP3=l3.S.c
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- Lùcc¾ttænghîpP=P1+P2+P3+…
- §iÓm®ÆtcñahîplùcP®îcx¸c®Þnhtheoc«ngthøcsau:
n
nn
n
nno lll
xlxlxl
PPP
xPxPxPx
...
...
...
...
21
2211
21
2211
n
nn
n
nno lll
ylylyl
PPP
yPyPyPy
...
...
...
...
21
2211
21
2211
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*.§èivíikhu«nc¾t-®étbètrÝnhiÒuchµy.
- §ÆthÖto¹®éxoyngoµih×nhc¾t.
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- X¸c®Þnhc¸ckho¶ngc¸chcñac¸cträngt©m®Õntrôcto¹®é.x1,x2,x3,…;y1,y2,y3,..
- TÝnhchuvic¸cvßngc¾tL1,L2,L3,…
n
nno LLL
xLxLxLx
...
...
21
2211
n
nno LLL
yLyLyLy
...
...
21
2211
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1.6.2.Ph¬ngph¸pbiÓu®å.Ph¬ngph¸pnµysödôngc¸cvÐct¬lùc®Óx¸c®Þnh,tÝnhto¸nquanhiÒubíc,ph¬ngph¸pnµycho®échÝnhx¸ckh«ngcao,nhngdÔthùchiÖn.
a.§èivíikhu«nc¾t-®étphøct¹p.ThøtùlËpbiÓu®ånhsau:*Theoc¹nhcñakhu«nx©ydùnghÖtrôcto¹®éXOY.
*Chiavßngc¾tthµnhnh÷ngphÇn®¬ngi¶nvµx¸c®Þnhträngt©mcñachóng.
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*Tõc¸cträngt©mkÎc¸c®êngsongsongvíitrôcXvµY,trªn®ã®Ætc¸cvect¬lùcthµnhphÇnt¬ngøngtheo1tûlÖxÝnhnhÊt®Þnh(Px1=Py1=L1).
Px1,Px2,Px3,…
Py1,Py2,Py3,…
*KÎ1®êngth¼ngsongsongbÊtkúvíitrôcY,®ÆtliªntiÕpc¸cvÐct¬Py1,Py2,Py3,…lªntrªn®ãvµnèi®Õn1®iÓmObÊtkúb»ngc¸ctia1,2,3,…
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*Kήêng1’//1c¾tqua®ênggiãngcñavect¬Py1,tõgiao®iÓmkÎ2’//2c¾tqua®ênggiãngcñavect¬Py2,kÎt¬ngtùvíic¸c®êngcßnl¹i.
*Quagiao®iÓmcña®êng1’vµ9’kήêngnn’//OY.
*T¬ngtùkÎmm’//OX.*Giao®iÓmnn’vµmm’lµt©m¸plùccñakhu«n.
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b.§èivíikhu«nc¾t-®étnhiÒuchµy.C¸cbícgåm:- §ÆthÖtrôcto¹®éXOY.- TÝnhchuvic¸ch×nhc¾t-®ét.- X¸c®Þnhtrongt©mc¸ch×nhvµqua®ãkÎc¸c®êngth¼ng//víitrôcXvµtrôcY.
- §Ættrªn®ãc¸cvect¬lùct¬ngøngvíichiÒudµic¾ttheo1tûlÖxÝchchäntríc.
- TiÕptheonhbíctrªn.
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1.7.lùcth¸ovËtc¾tvµphÕliÖu.-Saukhi®ét,c¾tdotÝnh®µnhåicñavËtliÖumµvËtc¾thayphÕliÖudÝnhtrongcèihaytrªnchµy.
-Lùc®Óth¸ovËtliÖurakháichµyvµvËtc¾trakháicèiphôthuécvµochiÒudµyvµtÝnhchÊtvËtliÖu,kÝchthícvµchÕ®éb«itr¬n.
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1.7.1.Lùcth¸ophÕliÖu.Lùcth¸ophÕliÖurakháichµy®îctÝnhtheoc«ngthøc.
Qt = Kt.P
P–lµlùcc¾thay®étlç.Kt–lµhÖsèphôthuécvµovËtliÖuvµs¬®åc¾t.
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1.7.2.Lùc®ÈyvËtc¾t.Lùcdïng®Ó®ÈyvËtc¾ttõtronglßngcèih×nhtrôrangoµirakháicèih×nhtrô®îctÝnhtheoc«ngthøc.
Qd = K®. n. P
P–lµlùcc¾thay®étlç.Kt–lµhÖsèphôthuécvµovËtliÖuvµs¬®åc¾t.
n–SèvËtdËptronglßngcèih×nhtrô
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1.8.KÕtcÊukhu«nc¾th×nh®étlç.
1.8.1.KÕtcÊucñachµycèi.*Chµyc¾th×nhvµ®étlç.-ChµyghÐp:Södôngkhic¾th×nhvµ®étlçlín.
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-Chµynguyªnvíih×nhd¸ngmÐpc¾tkh¸cnhau.
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-Chµycãvßngc¾tphøct¹p,phÇnl¾pghÐp®îclµmtrßnhayh×nhch÷nhËt.
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*.Cèic¾th×nhvµ®étlç.
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1.8.2.KÕtcÊucñakhu«nc¾th×nhvµ®étlç.
*.Khu«nc¾t-®étkh«ngcãdÉnhíngcìnhávµtrungb×nh.
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*.Khu«nc¾th×nhcìlín.
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