class: name: date: 15 - bio662.dyndns.infobio662.dyndns.info/dse/ws/ws_ch15_e.pdf · new senior...

Class: Name: ( ) Date:

New Senior Secondary Mastering Biology Oxford University Press 2015 (Second Edition)

- 49 -

15 Detecting the environment

15.1 Detecting changes in the environment (Book 2, p. 15-3)

� Irritability (感應性) is the ability of detecting (1) _______________ (刺激) and giving

appropriate (2) _______________ (反應) in organisms.

� A stimulus is detected by (3) _______________ (感受器) in a sense organ (感覺器官). The

receptors send out (4) _______________ _______________ (神經脈衝) to the control centre

(e.g. brain). The control centre sends out nerve impulses to an (5) _______________ (效應器)

(e.g. muscles) to produce an appropriate response.

� The receptors present in the sense organs and the stimulus detected by each type of receptor:

Type of receptor Sense organ Stimulus detected

(6) _______________ (光感受器) (7) _______________ Light

(8) _______________ (機械感受器) (9) _______________

Skin

Sound vibrations

Pressure

(10) _______________ (化學感受器) Nose

Tongue

Chemicals in air

Chemicals in food

(11) _______________ (溫度感受器) Skin Changes in (12) _______________

15.2 Detecting light by the eye (Book 2, p. 15-5)

A Structures around the eye (Book 2, p. 15-5)

� The structures around the eye help the eye to function and remain healthy:

(1) ______________ (眼眉):

- helps prevent sweat from

running into the eye

(3) ____________ ____________ (淚腺):

- produces tears which contain sodium chloride and an enzyme that can kill bacteria

upper and lower (4) _____________ (眼瞼):

- can open and close, and hence we can blink

(2) _____________ (眼睫毛):

- helps trap dirt and prevent it from entering the eye

(5) ____________ ____________ (淚管):

- drains excess tears to the nasal cavity


- 50 -

B Structures of the eye (Book 2, p. 15-6)

� Internal structures of the eye:

Label Structure Description

A (6) _______________ (結膜) � Protects the cornea

B (7) _______________ (角膜) � Allows (8) _______________ to pass through

� (9) _______________ light into the eye

C

(10) _______________

_______________

(水狀液)

� Supplies nutrients and oxygen to the conjunctiva, the

cornea and the lens

� Maintains the (11) _______________ of the eyeball

� Refracts light inside the eye

D (12) _______________ (瞳孔) � Allows light to enter the eye

E (13) _______________ (虹膜)

� Controls the (14) _______________ of the pupil and

hence the (15) _______________ of light entering

the eye

F (16) _______________ (晶體)

� Transparent, elastic and biconvex (雙凸) in shape

� Refracts and (17) _______________ light onto the

retina

G (18) _______________

_______________ (懸韌帶) � Connects the lens to the ciliary body

H (19) _______________

_______________ (睫狀體)

� Changes the (20) _______________ of the lens by

contraction and relaxation of ciliary muscles

A

B

C

D

E

F

G H

I

J

K

L

M

N

O

P

co

nt.


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I (21) _______________

_______________ (眼肌)

� Attaches the eyeball (眼球) to the

(22) _____________ of the skull; contractions of

these muscles enable the eyeball to

(23) _______________ in different directions

J (24) _______________ (鞏膜)

� Protects inner structures

� Provides a surface for attachment of eye muscles

� Maintains the shape of the eyeball

K (25) _______________

(脈絡膜)

� Contains a black (26) _______________ which

absorbs light to reduce reflection of light within the

eye

� Contains (27) _______________ _______________

which supply nutrients and oxygen to cells and

remove waste from them

L (28) _______________

(視網膜)

� Contains rod cells (視桿細胞) and cone cells (視錐細胞)

to detect light

M (29) _______________

_______________ (黃點) � Concentrated with cone cells

N (30) _______________

_______________ (視神經) � Transmits nerve impulses from the retina to the brain

O (31) _______________

_______________ (盲點) � Contains no photoreceptors

P (32) _______________

_______________ (玻璃狀液)

� Maintains the shape of the eyeball

� Refracts light inside the eye

� Go to

Practical 15.1 Examination of a human eye model

(Book 2, p. 15-9; Practical Workbook for SBA 2, p. 15-1)

Practical 15.2 Dissection and examination of an ox eye



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C How do we see? (Book 2, p. 15-11)

1 The process of how we see

� Light rays that enter the eye are refracted by the following structures:

- the (33) _______________, which is responsible for most of the refraction

- the (34) _____________ ______________ and the (35) ______________ ______________

- the (36) _______________, which is responsible for the fine focusing of light rays onto

the yellow spot on the retina.

� The image formed on the retina is (37) _______________ (real / virtual), upside down,

(38) _______________ inverted and (39) _______________ (larger / smaller) than the object.

� The image is detected by (40) _______________-_______________ cells, which send nerve

impulses.

� Nerve impulses are transmitted along the (41) _______________ _______________ to the

(42) _______________ _______________ (視覺中心) in the brain.

� The brain interprets the nerve impulses as an upright image of the object.

2 The light-sensitive cells

� The retina contains two types of light-sensitive cells: (43) _______________ cells and

(44) _______________ cells.

Rod cells Cone cells

Sensitivity to light intensity

Sensitive to (45) _____________ light Sensitive to (46) _____________ light

Vision Black and white vision (47) _______________ vision

(by red, green and blue cone cells)

Distribution on retina

Throughout (48) _______________,

none at yellow spot and blind spot

Concentrated at (49) _____________

spot, none at (50) _____________ spot

� �

�

�

�


- 53 -

3 The blind spot

� The blind spot is the place where the (51) _______________ _______________ leaves the

eyeball.

� Since there are no (52) _______________ at the blind spot, no nerve impulses can be

generated and sent to the brain. Any images formed on the blind spot (53) _______________

(can / cannot) be seen.

D How does the eye control the amount of light entering it? (Book 2, p. 15-16)

� The (54) _______________ muscles (環肌) and

(55) _______________ muscles (放射肌) of the iris

are involved in changing the size of the pupil, so as

to control the amount of light entering the eye.

▲ Muscles of the iris and the pupil

� Changes in the eye in bright light and dim light conditions:

In bright light In dim light

Side view Front view

Side view Front view

Circular muscles of iris

(56) _______________

(Contract / Relax)

(57) _______________

(Contract / Relax)

Radial muscles of iris

(58) _______________

(Contract / Relax)

(59) _______________

(Contract / Relax)

Pupil (60) _______________

(Constricts / Dilates)

(61) _______________

(Constricts / Dilates)

Amount of light entering the eye

(62) _______________

(Increases / Decreases)

(63) _______________


radial muscles

circular muscles

pupil


- 54 -

E How can we see objects at different distances clearly?

(Book 2, p. 15-18)

� The lens can change in (64) _______________ (曲率) to adjust the degree of

(65) _______________ of light in the eye.

� The ability of the eye to focus on objects at different distances is called (66) _____________

_______________ (視覺調節).

� Changes in the eye when focusing on near objects and distant objects:

Focusing on near objects Focusing on distant objects

Light rays from objects

(67) _______________ Almost (68) _______________

Circular ciliary muscles

(69) _______________

(Contract / Relax)

(70) _______________

(Contract / Relax)

Suspensory ligaments

Tension (71) _______________

(increases / decreases)

(i.e. become slackened)

Tension (72) _______________

(increases / decreases)

(i.e. are pulled)

Lens (73) _______________ (More / Less)

convex

(74) _______________ (More / Less)

convex

Refraction of light

(75) _______________


(76) _______________


light rays from a distant object

circular ciliary muscles

lens

suspensory ligaments

light rays from a near object


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F What are the causes of eye defects and their corrections? (Book 2, p. 15-21)

1 Short sight

� A short-sighted (近視) person can see (77) _______________ (near / distant) objects clearly

but not (78) _______________ (near / distant) objects.

Cause Correction

� Lens being too (79) _______________

(thin / thick)

� Wear (81) _______________

(concave / convex) lenses

� Eyeball being too (82) _______________

(short / long)

� Wear (84) _______________


correction lens image formed

on the retina


image formed

(83) ______________________

(in front of / behind) the retina


on the retina


image formed

(80) ______________________



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2 Long sight

� A long-sighted (遠視) person can see (85) _______________ (near / distant) objects clearly

but not (86) _______________ (near / distant) objects.

Cause Correction

� Lens being too (87) _______________

(thin / thick)

� Wear (89) _______________


� Eyeball being too (90) _______________

(short / long)

� Wear (92) _______________


3 Colour blindness

� People with (93) _______________ _______________ (色盲) cannot distinguish some or all

colours. It is caused by the deficiency or defect of one or more of the three types of

(94) _______________ cells.

� The most common type is (95) ______________-______________ colour blindness (紅綠色盲).

It is caused by defects of the red or green cone cells, or both.

� Total colour blindness (全色盲) is rare.

� Colour blindness is an (96) _______________ eye defect that (97) _______________

(can / cannot) be cured or corrected by wearing lenses.


on the retina


image formed

(91) ______________________



on the retina


image formed

(88) ______________________



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15.3 Detecting sound by the ear (Book 2, p. 15-26)

A Structures of the ear (Book 2, p. 15-26)

� The human ear consists of three main parts: the (1) _______________ ear (外耳), the

(2) _______________ ear (中耳) and the (3) _______________ ear (內耳).

� Structures of the ear:

Label Structure Description

A (4) _______________ (耳廓) � Collects sound waves in the air

B (5) _______________

_______________ (聽道) � Directs sound waves to the eardrum

C (6) _______________ (鼓膜) � Converts sound waves to sound (7) ______________

D (8) _______________

_______________ (聽小骨)

� (9) _______________ and transmit vibrations from

the eardrum to the oval window

E (10) _______________

_______________ (卵圓窗)

� (11) _______________ vibrations from the ear bones

to the inner ear

F (12) _______________

_______________ (半規管) � Detect the (13) _______________ of head movement

A B C

D F G H

J

outer ear middle ear inner ear

I

E

co

nt.


- 58 -

G (14) _______________ (耳蝸)

� Contains (15) _______________ _______________

_______________ (感覺毛細胞) which detect

vibrations and send nerve impulses to the brain

H (16) _______________

_______________ (聽神經)

� Transmits nerve impulses from the cochlea to the

brain for (17) _______________

I (18) _______________

_______________ (圓窗)

� Releases fluid pressure to the air in the

(19) _______________ ear

J (20) _______________

_______________ (耳咽管)

� (21) _______________ pressure between the middle

ear and the atmosphere

� Structure of the cochlea:

� When the (24) _______________ vibrates, the hairs of the sensory hair cells are

(25) _______________. The sensory hair cells are (26) _______________. They send nerve

impulses along the (27) _______________ _______________ to the auditory centre in the

brain for interpretation.

� Go to

Practical 15.3 Examination of a human ear model


upper and lower canals filled with

(22) _______________ (外淋巴)

central canal filled with

(23) _______________ (內淋巴)

sensory hair cell

sensory hair cell

hair of sensory hair cell

nerve fibres of sensory hair cells form auditory nerve


- 59 -

B How do we hear? (Book 2, p. 15-29)

� The process of how we hear:

Step Description

I a The ear bones amplify and transmit vibrations from the eardrum to the oval

window.

II b Nerve impulses travel along the auditory nerve to the auditory centre to produce

the sensation of hearing.

III c Sensory hair cells in the central canal are stimulated and they send out nerve

impulses.

IV d Vibrations in the perilymph are transmitted to the endolymph of the central

canal.

V e The pinna collects and directs sound waves along the auditory canal to the

eardrum.

VI f Vibrations in the perilymph are transmitted to the round window, which bulges

outwards into the middle ear to release fluid pressure.

VII g The oval window vibrates, making the perilymph in the upper canal of the

cochlea vibrate.

VIII h Sound waves cause the eardrum to vibrate.

I: (28) ________ II: (29) ________ III: (30) ________ IV: (31) ________

V: (32) _______ VI: (33) _______ VII: (34) _______ VIII: (35) _______

I II III IV V

sensory hair cells

perilymph

endolymph

VI

auditory centre

VII VIII

Key: transmission of vibration transmission of nerve impulse


- 60 -

15.4 Detecting light by plants (Book 2, p. 15-31)

� The responses of plants usually involve (1) _______________ of certain parts of the body

towards or away from the stimulus.

� The directional growth movement of a part of a plant in response to a (2) _______________

stimulus (單側刺激) is called (3) _______________ (向性).

A How do plants respond to light? (Book 2, p. 15-31)

� The directional growth movement of a part of a plant in response to unilateral light is called

(4) _______________ (向光性).

▲ Growth response of the shoots

and roots to unilateral light

� Shoots respond to light by growing (5) _______________

(towards / away from) it. They are (6) _______________

(positively / negatively) phototropic. This response enables

the leaves to obtain the maximum amount of light for

(7) _______________.

� Roots respond to light by growing (8) _______________

(towards / away from) it. They are (9) _______________

(positively / negatively) phototropic. This response enables

the roots to grow deep into the soil to get better

(10) _______________.

� Go to

Practical 15.4 Investigation of the phototropic responses of shoots and roots


B What substance controls phototropic response in plants? (Book 2, p. 15-32)

� (11) _______________ (胚芽鞘) are commonly used in the study of

tropism because:

- their response to light is easy to observe

- they grow (12) _______________

- they are small and easy to handle, making them easy to be

grown in (13) _______________ numbers.

▲ An oat coleoptile


- 61 -

� Some investigations of phototropism:

Charles Darwin (1880)

Investigation Result

� Conclusion / Explanation:

- The results of coleoptiles A and B show that the (14) _______________ is necessary for

growth.

- The results of coleoptiles A, C and D show that the tip is (15) _______________ to

unilateral light.

Boysen-Jenson (1913)



- The tip produces a substance that is (16) _______________ in nature, because it can

pass through the (17) _______________ _______________ but not the

(18) _______________ _______________.

- This chemical moves down from the tip and causes growth (19) _______________ the

tip.

A B C

agar block tip placed on agar block

mica plate

A B C

� Unilateral light

decapitated coleoptiles

A B C D

intact coleoptile

tip removed (decapitated)

light-proof cap

light-proof collar

A B C D

� Unilateral light


- 62 -



- The chemical produced by the tip passes down the (20) _______________ side of the

coleoptile.

Paal (1919)



- The side with the displaced tip receives a (21) _______________ (higher / lower)

concentration of the chemical.

- This side grows more (22) _______________ (rapidly / slowly), causing bending.

A B

tip put on left side of cut end

tip put on right side

of cut end

A B

� In darkness

A B

mica plate inserted on illuminated side

A B

� Unilateral light mica plate inserted

on shaded side


- 63 -

Went (1926)



- While the chemical produced by the tip diffuses into the agar block, light causes an

(23) _______________ distribution of the chemical.

- The shaded side has a (24) _____________ (higher / lower) concentration of the chemical.

- The (25) _____________ side grows more rapidly, causing the shoot to bend towards light.

� The chemicals that cause bending are called (26) ______________ (生長素). They are a group

of plant hormones produced in small amounts at the (27) _____________ of shoots and roots.

� The most common naturally occurring auxin is (28) ______________ ______________ (IAA).

It is produced mainly in the (29) _______________ meristems. It is transported to the region

of (30) _______________, where it promotes (31) _______________ (primary / secondary)

growth by increasing the rate of cell elongation.

C How does light affect the distribution of auxins? (Book 2, p. 15-35)

� Two hypotheses:

i Light destroys auxins.

ii Light causes auxins to move away from the illuminated side to the shaded side of the

coleoptile.

tip removed from coleoptile

mica plate

Unilateral light In darkness

agar blocks B

X Y

X Y

A

B

X Y

tip removed

agar block placed

on cut end

A

� In darkness tip placed on

agar block for

some time


- 64 -

� Investigations for testing the above hypotheses:

Investigation Results


- Since both coleoptiles A and B bend to the same degree, the agar blocks have collected

(32) _____________________ (the same / different) amount(s) of auxins regardless of

light or dark condition.

- This shows that light (33) _____________________ (destroys / does not destroy) auxins.

Investigation Results

D

24° 24°

C

E F

12° 31°

coleoptiole tip

C

� Unilateral light In darkness

D

L R

L R

mica plate

E F

L R

Unilateral light In darkness

L R

mica plate

A

B

24°

24°

agar block A

coleoptiole tip

agar block A

� Uniform light In darkness

decapitated coleoptile

A

In darkness In darkness

B agar block B

agar block B


- 65 -


- (34) _______________ _______________ stop the lateral transport of auxins. As light

does not destroy auxins, both coleoptiles C and D receive (35) _____________________

(the same / different) amount(s) of auxins and they bend to the same degree.

- Coleoptile (36) __________ bends the most. This shows that light causes auxins to move

from the (37) _______________ side to the (38) _______________ side.

D How does the concentration of auxins affect the growth of

shoots and roots? (Book 2, p. 15-36)

� Different parts of a plant respond differently to the same concentration of auxins:

▲ Effects of auxin concentrations on the growth of roots and shoots of oat seedlings

� Lower auxin concentrations (10–6

to 10–2

ppm) (39) _______________ (promote / inhibit) root

growth.

� Most auxin concentrations which promote (40) _______________ (root / shoot) growth

(10–6

to 10–3

ppm) are too low to promote (41) _______________ (root / shoot) growth

� The concentration which produces the greatest (42) _______________ (root / shoot) growth

(10–4

ppm) is lower than that which produces the greatest (43) _______________ (root / shoot)

growth (1 ppm).

� Higher auxin concentrations (above 10–2

ppm) (44) _______________ (promote / inhibit)

shoot growth but (45) _______________ (promote / inhibit) root growth.

� Very high auxin concentrations (above 102 ppm) (46) _______________ (promote / inhibit)

both root and shoot growth.

concentration of auxins (ppm, parts per million)

10–6

10–4

10–2

1 102

104

perc

enta

ge

inh

ibitio

n

perc

enta

ge

stim

ula

tion

100

50

0

50

100

150

200

gro

wth

resp

on

se

roots shoots


- 66 -

E The mechanism of phototropic response in shoots and roots (Book 2, p. 15-37)

� The growth of the shoot and the root under light coming from all directions:

� The growth of the shoot and the root under unilateral light:

shoot

root

light from all directions

auxins

auxins

(47)

______________

distribution of auxins

The shoot

grows straight

upwards.

The root

grows straight downwards.

Auxins are produced at shoot tip and root tip.

Auxins are produced at shoot tip and root tip.

shoot

root

auxins

auxins

unilateral light

Auxins move from the

(48) ______________ side to the

(49) ______________ side.

Higher auxin concentration

(50) ______________ shoot growth.

Thus, the (51) ______________

side grows faster and the shoot bends

towards the light.

Higher auxin concentration

(52) ______________ root growth.

Thus, the (53) ______________

side grows faster and the root bends

away from the light.


- 67 -

Answers

Ch 15 Detecting the environment

15.1 1 stimuli 2 responses 3 receptors 4 nerve impulses 5 effector

6 Photoreceptor 7 Eye 8 Mechanoreceptor 9 Ear 10 Chemoreceptor

11 Thermoreceptor 12 temperature

15.2 1 eyebrow 2 eyelash 3 tear gland 4 eyelids 5 tear duct

6 Conjunctiva 7 Cornea 8 light 9 Refracts 10 Aqueous humour

11 shape 12 Pupil 13 Iris 14 size 15 amount

16 Lens 17 focuses 18 Suspensory ligament 19 Ciliary body

20 thickness 21 Eye muscle 22 orbit 23 rotate 24 Sclera

25 Choroid 26 pigment 27 blood vessels 28 Retina 29 Yellow spot

30 Optic nerve 31 Blind spot 32 Vitreous humour 33 cornea

34 aqueous humour / vitreous humour 35 vitreous humour / aqueous humour 36 lens

37 real 38 laterally 39 smaller 40 light-sensitive 41 optic nerve

42 visual centre 43 rod / cone 44 cone / rod 45 dim 46 bright

47 Colour 48 retina 49 yellow 50 blind 51 optic nerve

52 photoreceptors 53 cannot 54 circular 55 radial 56 Contract

57 Relax 58 Relax 59 Contract 60 Constricts 61 Dilates

62 Decreases 63 Increases 64 curvature 65 refraction 66 eye accommodation

67 Diverging 68 parallel 69 Contract 70 Relax 71 decreases

72 increases 73 More 74 Less 75 Increases 76 Decreases

77 near 78 distant 79 thick 80 in front of 81 concave

82 long 83 in front of 84 concave 85 distant 86 near

87 thin 88 behind 89 convex 90 short 91 behind

92 convex 93 colour blindness 94 cone 95 red-green 96 inherited

97 cannot


- 68 -

15.3 1 inner 2 middle 3 outer 4 Pinna 5 Auditory canal

6 Eardrum 7 vibrations 8 Ear bones 9 Amplify 10 Oval window

11 Transmits 12 Semicircular canals 13 direction 14 Cochlea 15 sensory hair cells

16 Auditory nerve 17 interpretation 18 Round window 19 middle 20 Eustachian tube

21 Equalizes 22 perilymph 23 endolymph 24 endolymph 25 bent

26 stimulated 27 auditory nerve 28 e 29 h 30 a

31 g 32 d 33 c 34 b 35 f

15.4 1 growth 2 unilateral 3 tropism 4 phototropism 5 towards

6 positively 7 photosynthesis 8 away from 9 negatively 10 anchorage

11 Coleoptiles 12 rapidly 13 large 14 tip 15 sensitive

16 chemical 17 agar block 18 mica plate 19 below 20 shaded

21 higher 22 rapidly 23 uneven 24 higher 25 shaded

26 auxins 27 tips 28 indoleacetic acid 29 apical 30 elongation

31 primary 32 the same 33 does not destroy 34 Mica plates 35 the same

36 F 37 illuminated 38 shaded 39 promote 40 root

41 shoot 42 root 43 shoot 44 promote 45 inhibit

46 inhibit 47 even 48 illuminated 49 shaded 50 promotes

51 shaded 52 inhibits 53 illuminated

class: name: date: 15 - bio662.dyndns.infobio662.dyndns.info/dse/ws/ws_ch15_e.pdf · new senior...

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