compounding/composition definition silkworm 蚕 honey-bee 蜜蜂 tear gas 催泪弹 each expresses...
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Compounding/Composition
Definition silkworm 蚕 honey-bee 蜜蜂 tear gas 催泪弹 Each expresses one concept. They are called compounds.
Compounding/Composition
Form of writing silkworm honey-bee tear gas
solid
hyphenatedopen
Compounding/Composition
Differences between compounds and free phrases:
tear gas easy chair good friend red rose
compounds
free phrase
Compounding/Composition
Characteristics: 1. Stress pattern: `— — compound `tear gas `easy chair —`— free phrase good `friend red
`rose
The stress falls on the first element in C. The stress falls on the second in FP.
Compounding/Composition
2. Meaning: black mail: hot potato: dog days: the youngest daughter:
讹诈棘手的问题三伏天
老闺女
Compounding/Composition
3. Grammatical features : easy chair red tape fine art hot line
easier chair
reddest tapefinest art
cold line
compounds
free phrase
Formation of compounds
Word classes of compounds: Most compounds are nouns and
adjectives Next come verbs. Compounds of other part of speech are
few. everyday, something, nobody,
whatever, nowhere, within, underneath, into, upon
Formation of compounds
1. Noun compounds end product, information
highway, netspeak heartbeat, toothache breakwater, swearword software, deadline sleepwalking, airconditioning
n + n
n + vv + na + nn + v-ing
Formation of compounds
washing machine, cleaning lady stockholder, crime reporter outbreak, downfall have-not, sit-in going-over, carryings-on up-bringing
英汉对照
v-ing+nn+v+eradv+vv+advv-ing+advadv+v-ing
Formation of compounds
2. Adjective compounds n+v-ing
n+a a+a n+v-ed a/adv+v-ed
record-breaking, time-consuminga+v-ing high-sounding, easy-goingblood-thirsty, love-sick
bitter-sweet, dark-blueheart-felt, custom-builthard-won, well-written
Formation of compounds
a/adv+n-ed num+n num+n-ed adv+v-ing v-ed+adv v-ing+a a+n
honey-mouthed, sharp-tongueddouble-decker, two-leg
one-eyed, six-fingered
out-going, on-coming
worn-out, washed-upburning-hot, freezing-coldfull-length, red-letter
Formation of compounds
v+n v+adv (1), (3) and (5) are very productive.
英汉对照
break-neck, cut-ratethrow-away
Formation of compounds
3. Verb compounds Through conversion honeymoon to honeymoon firstname to firstname sweet-talk to sweet-talk
Formation of compounds
Through backformation proof-reading to proofread breast-feeding to breast-feed bottle-feedingto bottle-feed chain-smoker to chain-smoke mass-production to mass-produce
英汉对照
Formation of compounds
Lexicalization 词化 1. Hyphenation pay to take home take-home-pay ahead of schedule ahead-of-sched
ule devil may care devil-may-care twist and turn twist-and-turn round the clock round-the-clock
Formation of compounds
Example: too-eager-not-to-lose champion a middle-of-the-road politician A spirited discussion sprung up
between a young girl who says that women had outgrown the jumping-on-a-chair-at-the-sight-of-a-mouse era and a major who says that they haven’t.
Formation of compounds
2. Rearrangement (nouns) a worm that glows a person who designs computers cup for drinking walk in one’s sleep fly like a dragon
glowworm
computer-designerdrinking-cupsleep-walkingdragonfly
Formation of compounds
(adjectives) take breath made at home mean well sick for missing home weary of war retarded in language
breath-takinghome-madewell-meanthomesickwar-weary
Language-retarded
Formation of compounds
Compounding is the easiest means to use to make new words.
If we need a word which is not found, we can easily make one by lexicalization through hyphenation or rearrangement.