computer architecture? 計算機アーキテクチャとは？...

Introduction to Computer Architecture

Introduction to Computer Architecture

Masaki Aonohttps://www.kde.cs.tut.ac.jp/~aono/CA-2019.html

Computer architecture?計算機アーキテクチャとは？

Computer architecture?計算機アーキテクチャとは？

Design principle and guideline

Usually “firmware” and “assembler” are the elements of computer architecture（計算機アーキテクチャ）, sitting between system software (OS) and hardware, filling the semantic gaps between them

In charge of the efficient workload distribution to maximize performance between OS and hardware

Determine the ISA (Instruction Set Architecture命令セット) or the specification of machine language

2

ISA, Neumann Computer命令セットアーキテクチャ、ノイマン型計算機

ISA, Neumann Computer命令セットアーキテクチャ、ノイマン型計算機

Instruction Set Architecture (ISA) is to design a machine language based on the functional specification of the machine

The prototype is the von Neumann computer architecture Stored program Keep both programs and data in storage Sequential execution

Computer = {CPU, main memory, bus, I/O device}

3

Von Neumann フォン・ノイマンVon Neumann フォン・ノイマン

Born in Hungary, grew up in USA, mathematician and physicist (IQ 190)

Designed the Vacuum-tube computers such as EDSAC (1949) and EDVAC (1952)

4

https://www.iq-test.net/what-is-john-von-neumann-iq-pms100.html

HISTORY OF COMPUTERS

5

Computers born （1940s）

ENIAC：18,000 Vacuum tubes. World’s first computer. Pre-Neumann computer. In 1943, by Mauchly & Eckert in Pennsylvania Univ. Published in 1946.

Programming means manual cable switches

6

https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/ENIAC

Early Computer: EDSAC（1949）Early Computer: EDSAC（1949）

World’s first Neumann type computer. Element is vacuum tube.

World’s first Neumann type computer. Element is vacuum tube.

7

https://www.capital.fr/economie-politique/john-von-neumann-1903-1957-sa-theorie-des-jeux-a-change-les-regles-de-la-negociation-740528

Computers （1950s:HW）Computers （1950s:HW）

UNIVAC： world’s first commercial Neumann computer. 1951, Mauchly & Eckert

Magnetic drum: 1KB capacity

8

https://www.thoughtco.com/the-history-of-the-univac-computer-1992590

Early Software （1950s:SW）Early Software （1950s:SW）

FORTRAN： world’s first high level program language by John Backus. On IBM704 (made of transistors)

FORTRAN： world’s first high level program language by John Backus. On IBM704 (made of transistors)

9

https://history.computer.org/pioneers/backus.html

Computers （1960s：HW）Computers （1960s：HW）

IBM 360： made of IC（Integrated） circuit. Debut in 1964 for Tokyo Olympic. It is the first time term Architecture was used.IBM 360： made of IC（Integrated） circuit. Debut in 1964 for Tokyo Olympic. It is the first time term Architecture was used.

Forerunner of IC memory: ＩＣ（semiconductor）. An example of successful commercialization of Neumann computer

Forerunner of IC memory: ＩＣ（semiconductor）. An example of successful commercialization of Neumann computer

10

https://www.nbcnews.com/tech/gadgets/5-reasons-love-mad-mens-new-star-ibm-360-n101716

Computers （1960s:HW） cont.Computers （1960s:HW） cont.

IBM 360：Inside consists of magnetic core memory and numerous cables between integrated circuits.IBM 360：Inside consists of magnetic core memory and numerous cables between integrated circuits.

Program was executed by punch card (papers). This trend continued until 1980s.

Program was executed by punch card (papers). This trend continued until 1980s.

11https://www.computerhistory.org/revolution/mainframe-computers/7/161/565

https://www.alamy.com/a-magnetic-core-memory-board-from-an-ibm360-system-from-ca-1966-image64096895.html

Computers （1960s：HW） cont.Computers （1960s：HW） cont.

Used with IBM 360. One tape had approximately 8MB storage.

Magnetic tape drive: often used for data backup till early 1990s.

TV drama “Time Tunnel” was broadcast in 1960s. Magnetic drives gave us futuristic feelings in those days.

12

http://www.starringthecomputer.com/feature.html?f=535

https://www.telecomtv.com/content/ibm/no-end-in-sight-for-magnetic-tape-storage-as-ibm-and-sony-squeeze-201-gigabits-per-square-inch-15863/

Software: （1960s：SW）Software: （1960s：SW）

Grace Hopper（female） designed COBOL (COmmon Business Oriented Language) programming language. It is still alive nowadays. In COBOL, every data field has to be described in detail how many bits they require.

Grace Hopper（female） designed COBOL (COmmon Business Oriented Language) programming language. It is still alive nowadays. In COBOL, every data field has to be described in detail how many bits they require.

In 1960s, ALGOL60 was invented, which affected a lot in later languages including Pascal and C. The basic unit was described in block “begin --- end”.

In 1960s, ALGOL60 was invented, which affected a lot in later languages including Pascal and C. The basic unit was described in block “begin --- end”.

13

https://www.biography.com/scientist/grace-hopper

Computers （1970s：HW）Computers （1970s：HW）

IBM 370： the world’s first computer which adopted “micro-program”. Also, the concept of “family” was used (i.e. 370 family). 370 is an example of Neumann style computers.

IBM 370： the world’s first computer which adopted “micro-program”. Also, the concept of “family” was used (i.e. 370 family). 370 is an example of Neumann style computers.

14

https://www.computerlanguage.com/results.php?definition=IBM+370

Computers （1970s：HW） cont.Computers （1970s：HW） cont.

ILLIAC 4：Parallel computer (array type, SIMD). Non-Neumann computer example.

ILLIAC 4：Parallel computer (array type, SIMD). Non-Neumann computer example.

15https://airandspace.si.edu/multimedia-gallery/illiac-ivcomputernasa-amesjpg

Computers （1970s：HW） cont.Computers （1970s：HW） cont.DEC PDP-11：In 1970s, so-called “mini” computer emerged with UNIX operating system. Examples include PDP-11 and VAX-11 (32 CISC) from DEC.

DEC PDP-11：In 1970s, so-called “mini” computer emerged with UNIX operating system. Examples include PDP-11 and VAX-11 (32 CISC) from DEC.

Ken Thompson and Dennis Ritchiedeveloped C programing language for UNIXoperating system in PDP-11. The rumor has it that Bill Gates got interested in computers through PDP-10 in high school days.

Ken Thompson and Dennis Ritchiedeveloped C programing language for UNIXoperating system in PDP-11. The rumor has it that Bill Gates got interested in computers through PDP-10 in high school days.

Gordon Bell: developer of PDP series and VAXGordon Bell: developer of PDP series and VAX

16

http://www.hampage.hu/pdp-11/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_Bell

https://spectrum.ieee.org/tech-history/cyberspace/the-strange-birth-and-long-life-of-unix

Software: （1970s：SW） C/Unix, PascalSoftware: （1970s：SW） C/Unix, Pascal

PascalNiklaus Wirth from (ETH) Switzerland is the developer of Pascal

PascalNiklaus Wirth from (ETH) Switzerland is the developer of Pascal

Ken Thompson and Dennis Ritchie received awards on UNIXand C language from President Clinton in 1990s.

Ken Thompson and Dennis Ritchie received awards on UNIXand C language from President Clinton in 1990s.

17

https://www.nationalmedals.org/laureates/kenneth-l-thompson# https://www.comp.hkbu.edu.hk/dlecture/wirth/nwprofile.php

Computers （early 1980s：HW） VLSI, PCComputers （early 1980s：HW） VLSI, PC

VLSI: Very Large Scale Integrated Circuit

Macintosh: Steve Jobs from Apple introduced Macintosh PC, boasting of new user interface.

18

http://codeformiami.org/what-is-vlsi-technology/https://altaonline.com/rebooting-steve-jobs/

https://history-computer.com/ModernComputer/Personal/Macintosh.html

Computers （1970-80s：Supercomputer emerged）

CRAY-1, X/MP: CRAY-1 has peak performance of 160MFLOPS, 800MFLOPS with X/MP, vector-based supercomputer. The first CRAY-1 had a debut in 1976, and used in USA Los Alamos National Laboratory. Seymour Roger Cray designed this。

CRAY-1, X/MP: CRAY-1 has peak performance of 160MFLOPS, 800MFLOPS with X/MP, vector-based supercomputer. The first CRAY-1 had a debut in 1976, and used in USA Los Alamos National Laboratory. Seymour Roger Cray designed this。

Seymour Roger CrayFather of supercomputer, founder of Cray Research Inc.

Seymour Roger CrayFather of supercomputer, founder of Cray Research Inc.

19

https://www.mrynet.com/cray/docs.html

http://www.edubilla.com/inventor/seymour-cray/

Computers （1980s：HW） EthernetComputers （1980s：HW） Ethernet

Ethernet: began spread as an infra structure of Local Area Network (LAN).

Ethernet: began spread as an infra structure of Local Area Network (LAN).

Ethernet: Robert Metcalfe developed and made it possible for public use.

Ethernet: Robert Metcalfe developed and made it possible for public use.

20

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_area_network

https://www.cnbc.com/2017/06/13/what-ethernet-co-inventor-bob-metcalfe-learned-from-steve-jobs.html

Software: （1980s：SW） C++, Mac GUISoftware: （1980s：SW） C++, Mac GUI

C++: Bjarne developed C++ when he was with ATT. Currently he is with Morgan Stanley (Inc.) born in Denmark.

C++: Bjarne developed C++ when he was with ATT. Currently he is with Morgan Stanley (Inc.) born in Denmark.

Macintosh: concept of GUI had a great impact on later computers and mobile devices.

Macintosh: concept of GUI had a great impact on later computers and mobile devices.

Bjarne Stroustrup

21

https://history-computer.com/ModernComputer/Personal/Macintosh.html

https://twitter.com/stroustrup/status/302902962915794944

Computers （1990s：HW） fiber, wwwComputers （1990s：HW） fiber, www

Optical Fiber: public use began in 1990s. Richard Kao (China) received Nobel physics award in 2009.

Optical Fiber: public use began in 1990s. Richard Kao (China) received Nobel physics award in 2009.

WWW: Tim Berners-Lee as an evangelist of WWW and Semantic Web.

WWW: Tim Berners-Lee as an evangelist of WWW and Semantic Web.

22

https://www.polytechnichub.com/fiber-optic-communication/

https://www.theregister.co.uk/2018/03/12/tim_bernerslee_says_regulation_of_the_web_may_be_needed/

Software: （1990s：SW） M$, LinuxSoftware: （1990s：SW） M$, Linux

Windows: in 1995, Windows95 had a great success. Bill Gates is a founder of Microsoft.

Windows: in 1995, Windows95 had a great success. Bill Gates is a founder of Microsoft.

Linux: Linus Torvalds developed Linux while he was a university student in Helsinki, Finland.

Linux: Linus Torvalds developed Linux while he was a university student in Helsinki, Finland.

23

https://news.microsoft.com/de-de/bill-gates-auf-der-cebit/https://www.silicon.co.uk/software/open-source/linus-torvalds-back-in-charge-238187

Computers （90s～2000：HW）Computers （90s～2000：HW）

PC cluster: distributed parallel processing has been established in this decade (e.g. Google Inc.)

PC cluster: distributed parallel processing has been established in this decade (e.g. Google Inc.)

Lap-top PC boom: in late 1990s, there was a huge boom for lap-top PC (Windows/Mac).

Lap-top PC boom: in late 1990s, there was a huge boom for lap-top PC (Windows/Mac).

24http://www.fnal.gov/projects/ckm/ckm_cluster/

https://pc.watch.impress.co.jp/docs/2003/1008/ibm_2.jpg

Moore’s Law （ＣＰＵ+memory）Moore’s Law （ＣＰＵ+memory）

Gordon Moore

the number of transistors in a dense integrated circuit doubles approximately every two years 25

https://www.computerhope.com/people/gordon_moore.htm

https://hightechforum.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Moores-law-1.png

Moore’s Law （1971-2016）https://ourworldindata.org/technological-progress/Moore’s Law （1971-2016）https://ourworldindata.org/technological-progress/

26

Computers （2000s：HW ）Computers （2000s：HW ）

Earth simulator: 40 TFLOPS speed, 640 nodes, 5120 processors, 10ＴＢ memoryEarth simulator: in 2002, this was the

fastest.

27

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth_Simulator

Computers （2000s：HW） IBMComputers （2000s：HW） IBM

IBM Blue Gene/L:10 TFLOPS speed (in 2004)IBM Blue Gene/L:10 TFLOPS speed (in 2004)

IBM Blue Gene/L：supercomputer IBM created. Initially the target was to assist Genome analysis.

IBM Blue Gene/L：supercomputer IBM created. Initially the target was to assist Genome analysis.

28

https://linuxdevices.org/ibms-bluegene-l-tops-supercomputer-list/ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_Blue_Gene

Computers （2000s：HW） IBM cont.Computers （2000s：HW） IBM cont.

eServer IBM Blue Gene： 73TB main memory. OS is CNK/SLES 9, CPU is PowerPC 440 700MHz (2.8 GFLOPS), situated at Laurence Livermore national laboratory, boasting of 100,000 nodes.

478.2 TFLOPS speed (from LINPACK benchmark), supposed to do nuclear weapon simulation and material evaluation under high temperature.

eServer IBM Blue Gene： 73TB main memory. OS is CNK/SLES 9, CPU is PowerPC 440 700MHz (2.8 GFLOPS), situated at Laurence Livermore national laboratory, boasting of 100,000 nodes.

478.2 TFLOPS speed (from LINPACK benchmark), supposed to do nuclear weapon simulation and material evaluation under high temperature.

29

https://asc.llnl.gov/computing_resources/bluegenel/ https://asc.llnl.gov/computing_resources/bluegenel/

Computers （2010s：HW） JapanComputers （2010s：HW） Japan

Kei (京)：during 2010-2011, Kei was the world fast supercomputer. 10PFLOPS speed, developed by Riken and Fujitsu. OS: Linux, CPU:SPARC 64 VIIIfx, 88000, liquid cooler, 860000 nodes, DDR3 SDRAM, Open MPI

Kei (京)：during 2010-2011, Kei was the world fast supercomputer. 10PFLOPS speed, developed by Riken and Fujitsu. OS: Linux, CPU:SPARC 64 VIIIfx, 88000, liquid cooler, 860000 nodes, DDR3 SDRAM, Open MPI

30

https://www.gizmodo.jp/2019/02/k-computer.html Kei was shut down in August , 2019.

Computers （2010s：HW） IBM SequoiaComputers （2010s：HW） IBM Sequoia

Sequoia：world fastest supercomputer in June, 2012. Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. IBM. 157 million CPUs.Sequoia：world fastest supercomputer in June, 2012. Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. IBM. 157 million CPUs.

31

https://www.digitaltrends.com/computing/ibms-sequoia-tops-the-worlds-fastest-supercomputer-list/

Computers （2015：HW） ChinaComputers （2015：HW） China

天河2号：world second fastest supercomputer in June, 2016. 1ノードあたり5個のインテルXeon Ivy BridgeプロセッサとXeon Phiプロセッサで構成されており、総ノード数は16,000

天河2号：world second fastest supercomputer in June, 2016. 1ノードあたり5個のインテルXeon Ivy BridgeプロセッサとXeon Phiプロセッサで構成されており、総ノード数は16,000

32https://linux.softpedia.com/blog/Ubuntu-Is-Now-Running-on-World-s-Fastest-Supercomputer-442733.shtml

RaName Computer ManufaCountry Year Total CoMflops/WArchiteProcessOperatinAccelera1 Tianhe-2 (Mi TH-IVB-FEP Cluster, NUDT China 2013 3120000 1901.54 Cluster Intel Xeon Kylin LinuxIntel Xeon P2 Titan Cray XK7 , Opteron 6 Cray Inc. United States 2012 560640 2142.77 MPP Opteron 62Cray Linux NVIDIA K23 Sequoia BlueGene/Q, Power BIBM United States 2011 1572864 2176.58 MPP Power BQCLinux None4 K computerSPARC64 VIIIfx 2.0GFujitsu Japan 2011 705024 830.18 Cluster SPARC64 Linux None5 Mira BlueGene/Q, Power BIBM United States 2012 786432 2176.58 MPP Power BQCLinux None6 Piz Daint Cray XC30, Xeon E5-2Cray Inc. Switzerland 2012 115984 2697.2 MPP Xeon E5-26Cray Linux NVIDIA K27 Shaheen II Cray XC40, Xeon E5-2Cray Inc. Saudi Arabia 2015 196608 1953.77 Cluster Xeon E5-26Cray Linux None8 Stampede PowerEdge C8220, XeDell United States 2012 462462 1145.92 Cluster Xeon E5-26Linux Intel Xeon P9 JUQUEEN BlueGene/Q, Power BIBM Germany 2012 458752 2176.82 MPP Power BQCLinux None

10 Vulcan BlueGene/Q, Power BIBM United States 2012 393216 2177.13 MPP Power BQCLinux None

Supercomputer RankingJune, 2015


http://www.top500.org

33

Computers （2017：HW） ChinaComputers （2017：HW） China

神威太湖之光 (Sunway TaihuLight)：world fastest supercomputer in June, 2016. 総ノード数は40,960神威太湖之光 (Sunway TaihuLight)：world fastest supercomputer in June, 2016. 総ノード数は40,960 34

https://newatlas.com/supercomputer-china-taihulight-processor-petaflops/43982/




名称国プロセッサコア数 RmaxTFLOPS

1 Sunway TaihuLight 中国 Sunway MPP 1000万 93014

2 Tianhe-2 (Milkyway-2) 中国 Intel Xeon 312万 33862

3 Piz Daint スイス Cray , Xeon (Tesla P100)

36万 19590

4 Titan USA Cray, Opteron (Tesla K20x)

56万 17590

5 Sequoia USA IBM BlueGene 157万 17173

6 Cori USA Cray, Xeon 62万 14014

7 Oakforest-PACS 日本 Primergy, Xeon 55万 13554

8 K computer 日本 Sparc, Tofu 70万 10510

9 Mira USA IBM BlueGene 78万 8586

10 Trinity USA Cray, Xeon 30万 810035

Computers （2018：HW ） IBMComputers （2018：HW ） IBM

Summit: The U.S. Department of Energy's Oak Ridge National Laboratory (IBM): 200 Peta Flops (Tennessee)Summit: The U.S. Department of Energy's Oak Ridge National Laboratory (IBM): 200 Peta Flops (Tennessee) 36

4808 Power systems (9126 CPU), 6 Tesla V100 (27648 GPU)25Gbps data transfer speed

https://techable.jp/archives/78345





1 Summit USA IBM Power Sys. AC922

228万 122300


3 Sierra USA IBM Power Sys. S922LX 157万 71610

4 Tianhe-2 (Milkyway-2) 中国 Intel Xeon 312万 33862

5 AI Bridg. Cloud Infra. (Fujitsu) 日本 Prim. Xeon(Tesla V100 SXM2)

39万 19880

6 Piz Daint スイス Cray, Xeon(Tesla P100)

36万 19590

7 Titan USA Cray, Opteron (Tesla K20x)

56万 17590

8 Sequoia USA IBM BlueGene 157万 17173

9 Trinity USA Cray, Xeon 98万 14137

10 Cori USA Cray, Xeon 62万 1401437





1 Summit USA IBM Power Sys. AC922 241万 148600

2 Sierra USA IBM Power Sys. S922LX

157万 94640


4 Tianhe-2A 中国 Intel Xeon 498万 61444

5 Frontera USA Cell C6420, Xeon Platinum 8280 28C

44万 23516

6 Piz Daint スイス Cray XC50, Xeon (Tesla P100)

38万 21230

7 Trinity USA Cray XC40, Opteron (Tesla K20x)

97万 20158

8 AI Brid. Cloud Inf. 日本 Primergy CX2570 39万 19880

9 SuperMUC-NG ドイツ ThinkSystem SD650, Xeon

30万 19476

10 Lassen USA IBM Power Sys. S922LC 28万 1820038

Software: （90s-2000：SW） Java, PythonSoftware: （90s-2000：SW） Java, Python

Java (1995): James Gosling created Java while he was with Sun Microsystems Inc.

Java (1995): James Gosling created Java while he was with Sun Microsystems Inc.

Python (1996): Dutch developer, Guido Van Rossum created Python. He was with by Google until 2012, now he is in Dropbox.

Python (1996): Dutch developer, Guido Van Rossum created Python. He was with by Google until 2012, now he is in Dropbox.

39

http://www.coreservlets.com/ https://japan.cnet.com/article/35025475/

Software: （90s-2010s） Google (Search, Map)Software: （90s-2010s） Google (Search, Map)

Google founders: Page & Brin: they were students of Stanford Univ.

Google founders: Page & Brin: they were students of Stanford Univ.

Larry Page to Sundar Pichai:Google’s CEOs just changedLarry Page to Sundar Pichai:Google’s CEOs just changed

40

http://www.countrydetail.com/google-belongs-country-origin-location/

https://www.gettyimages.co.jp/%E5%86%99%E7%9C%9F/google-car?sort=mostpopular&mediatype=photography&phrase=google%20car

History of Computers （2000-2010s：HW ）History of Computers （2000-2010s：HW ）

ASIC examples: special purpose ICsASIC examples: special purpose ICs

DSP / cFFT, VLIW architecture

Acceleration sensor tip (TUT), MEMS as a micro chip

Pocket pH meters using IFET sensors (kind of ASIC )

Pocket pH meters using IFET sensors (kind of ASIC )

Apple watchApple watch

41

History of Computers （2000-2010s：HW ）History of Computers （2000-2010s：HW ）

Gigabit Ethernet

Current fastest WLAN router for family users: 1,300Mbps speed with two 5GHz 8as well as 2.4GHz) 802.11 ac/n/a clients

Current fastest WLAN router for family users: 1,300Mbps speed with two 5GHz 8as well as 2.4GHz) 802.11 ac/n/a clients

WLAN connectionWLAN connection

42

Computers （00-10s：HW） iPod, iPad, iPhoneComputers （00-10s：HW） iPod, iPad, iPhone

iPod, iPad, iPhone：iPod(2001), iPad(2010-), iPhone(2007-) life style has dramatically changed. iPod, iPad, iPhone：iPod(2001), iPad(2010-), iPhone(2007-) life style has dramatically changed.

iPad: multi-touch (pinching), virtual keyboard, photo, music, eBook, WiFi, etc.iPad: multi-touch (pinching), virtual keyboard, photo, music, eBook, WiFi, etc.

43

https://www.cultofmac.com/124565/an-illustrated-history-of-the-ipod-and-its-massive-impact-ipod-10th-anniversary/

https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/gadgets-and-tech/news/steve-jobs-apple-ipad-children-technology-birthday-a6893216.html

https://www.businessinsider.com/how-steve-jobs-almost-leaked-the-original-iphones-existence-2012-7

Computers （2010s：SW） cloudComputers （2010s：SW） cloud

SaaS: Software as a Service

PaaS: Platform as a Service

HaaS: Hardware as a Service

IaaS: Infrastructure as a Service

Cloud services: Dropbox, OneDrive, Google drive, Amazon cloud etc.Cloud services: Dropbox, OneDrive, Google drive, Amazon cloud etc.

44

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud_computing

GPGPU（2010s）GPGPU（2010s）

45

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galileo_(supercomputer)

https://www.amazon.co.jp/ELSA-NVIDIA-Tesla-K80%E6%90%AD%E8%BC%89-ETSK80-24GER/dp/B00SSNGKQO

GPGPU（2010s）GPGPU（2010s）

GPGPU = General-Purpose computing on Graphics Processing Units 46

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CUDA

Personally-made PC history (last 15 years)Personally-made PC history (last 15 years)

Late 1990sLate 1990s

PC mother: North + South bridges

North bridge: CPU, memory, VGA

South bridge: USB bus, PCI bus, ATA bus

48

Late 1990sLate 1990s PC motherboard

Ethernetポート

USBポート

49

Another PC around year 2000Another PC around year 2000

North bridge: CPU, memory, VGA(PCI-Express)

South bridge: USB bus, PCI bus, ATA (SATA) bus 50

Early 2000s ＰＣ（motherboard）Early 2000s ＰＣ（motherboard）

PC motherboard: North + South bridge

North bridge: CPU, memory, VGA

South bridge: USB bus, PCI bus, ATA bus

51

Recent Motherboard (2012）Recent Motherboard (2012）

North bridge: socketLGA2011allows CPU(Core i7), memory (DDR3, max 8, 128GB)

South bridge: USB（3.0, 2.0）bus, PCI Express bus, Serial ATA (3.0 Gb/s), eSATA, Gigabit Ether(1000M b/s) bus

Intel Rapid Storage Technology: recognize 3TB or more

52

Recent motherboard (2013-14）最近のマザーRecent motherboard (2013-14）最近のマザー

USB3.0 (5Gbps)> USB2.0 (480Mbps)

South bridge: Serial ATA(3.0 Gb/s, 6.0 Gb/s) 53

Recent motherboard (2015）最近のマザー (X99)Recent motherboard (2015）最近のマザー (X99)

Memoryを8枚挿せる

54

Recent motherboard (2016）ワークステーションマザー (ASUS Z10PE-D8 WS)Recent motherboard (2016）ワークステーションマザー (ASUS Z10PE-D8 WS)

Dual CPU

(Intel Xeon E5-26xx)

55

LGA2011-v3Intel C612 chipsetDDR4 x 8 (max 512GB)USB 3.0x10PCIe 3.0 x 16 x 7SATA 6Gb/s x 121000BASE-T x 2

High End Motherboard (2018)Ex. SUPERMICRO (X11DPi-NT) High End Motherboard (2018)Ex. SUPERMICRO (X11DPi-NT)

Dual CPU

(Intel Xeon Gold 61xx)

56

LGA3647Intel C622 chipsetDDR4 2666MHzx16(max 2TB) LRDIMMUSB 3.0x10PCIe 3.0 x 16 x 4SATA 6Gb/s x 1410G BASE-T x 2

Video card (2013-2015)GPUVideo card (2013-2015)GPU

NVIDIA Geforce GTX 760

Tesla K20: PCI-Express, no video output

GPU example：GPU: NVIDIA Tesla K20

CUDA core：2496

GPU freq(周波数)：706MHz

単精度演算性能： 3.52TFlops

memory (メモリ)：5GB GDDR SDRAM

DVI, HDMI, cable

57

GPU examples (2016-)GPU examples (2016-)NVIDIA Quadro P6000

GPU detail：単精度演算性能： 14 TFLOPS

倍精度演算性能: 7 TFLOPS

memory (メモリ)：16GB

NVIDIA Tesla V100

GPU detail：コア数： 3840

単精度演算性能： 12 TFLOPS

memory (メモリ)：24GB GDDR5X

58

CPU related devicesCPU関連デバイス (North bridge）CPU related devicesCPU関連デバイス (North bridge）

Intel Core i7-5960X3.00GHz, 8 cores

Xeon SilverXeon Silver

Intel Xeon Silver4114, 10 core, L3 cache, 20 threads, 3.00GHz

CPU（IntelのCPUの変遷：1993年以降）CPU（IntelのCPUの変遷：1993年以降）

Pentium: i486の後継として“5”を意味するギリシャ語のPentaとラテン語のiumから作られた造語。以降Intelのブランド名となった。1993年デビュー。

Pentium4: Netburstアーキテクチャのもと、多段パイプラインや多段キャッシュなどの技術が用いられている。2001年デビュー。

Core 2 Duo: 現在のIntel製CPUの主流であり、２つのコアを内部にもつことから、この名前がついている。キャッシュは共有するので、デュアルプロセッサのXeonとは異なり、発熱を抑える設計に変更された。2006年デビュー。

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CPU（IntelのCPUの変遷：2010年以降）CPU（IntelのCPUの変遷：2010年以降）

Core i7 393 (3.28GHz)

水冷クーラー

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Intel HEDT Processor Road Map(High-End Desk Top)Intel HEDT Processor Road Map(High-End Desk Top)

Intel HEDT Family Gulftown Sandy

Bridge-E Ivy Bridge-E Haswell-E Broadwell-E Skylake-X Kaby Lake-X

Process Node 32nm 32nm 22nm 22nm 14nm 14nm 14nm

Flagship SKU Core i7-980X

Core i7-3960X

Core i7-4960X

Core i7-5960X

Core i7-6950X Core i7-7000 Core i7/i5-

7000 Series

Max Cores/Threads 6/12 6/12 6/12 8/16 10/20 18/36 4/8

Clock Speeds 3.33/3,60 GHz

3.30/3.90 GHz

3.60/4.00 GHz

3.00/3.50 GHz

3.00/3.50 GHz

TBD/4.50 GHz

4.30/4.50 GHz

Max Cache 12 MB L3 15 MB L3 15 MB L3 20 MB L3 25 MB L3 24.75 MB L3 8 MB L3Max PCI-Express Lanes 32 Gen2 40 Gen2 40 Gen3 40 Gen3 40 Gen3 44 Gen3 16 Gen3

Chipset Compatibility

X58 Chipset X79 Chipset X79 Chipset X99 Chipset X99 Chipset X299 X299

Socket Compatibility LGA 1366 LGA 2011 LGA 2011 LGA 2011-3 LGA 2011-3 LGA 2066 LGA 2066

Memory Compatibility

DDR3-1066 DDR3-1600 DDR3-1866 DDR4-2133 DDR4-2400 DDR4-2667 DDR4-2667

Launch Q1 2010 Q4 2011 Q3 2013 Q3 2014 Q2 2016 Q3 2017 Q2 2017

http://wccftech.com/intel-skylake-x-kaby-lake-x-q2-2017-roadmap-leak/63

Intel Xeon系 Road Map(Purley and Basic Platform)Intel Xeon系 Road Map(Purley and Basic Platform)

Product Family Intel Xeon E5-2600/4600 V4

Intel Xeon E7-8800/4800 V4





Process Node 14nm 14nm 14nm 14nm 10nm 10nm

Max Cores/Threads 22/44 24/48 26/52 28/56 30-32?

/60-64?32-34?/64-68?

Max Cache 55 MB 60 MB 65 MB 70 MB 75-80? 80-85?

Max PCI-Express Lanes

40 PCI-E Gen3

32 PCI-E Gen3

48 PCI-E Gen3

48 PCI-E Gen3

>48 PCI-E Gen3

>48 PCI-E Gen3

TDP Range 55-145W 115-165W 45-160W 110-160W 45-160W 110-160W

Socket Socket R3 Socket R1 Socket P Socket P Socket P Socket P

DDR4 Memory Support

4-Channel DDR4

4-Channel DDR4

6-Channel DDR4

6-Channel DDR4

6-Channel DDR4

6-Channel DDR4

Launch Q1 2016 Q2 2016 1H 2017 2017 2018 2018

http://wccftech.com/intel-skylake-x-kaby-lake-x-q2-2017-roadmap-leak/64

Memory (mainly DRAM)Memory (mainly DRAM)

Laptop memory：smaller sized memories are used

Desktop memory：a variety of memories have been used for desktop PC

DDR38GB DDR3

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Memory (latest:DDR4)Memory (latest:DDR4)

DDR4

Server memory (ECC registered)16GB DDR4, 288pin

チップ規格モジュール規格

メモリクロック(MHz)

バスクロック(MHz)

転送速度(GB/秒)

DDR4-1600 PC4-12800 100 800 12.8

DDR4-1866 PC4-14900 116 928 14.8

DDR4-2133 PC4-17000 133 1066 17.0

DDR4-2400 PC4-19200 150 1200 19.2

DDR4-2666 PC4-21333 166 1333 21.3

DDR4-3200 PC4-25600 200 1600 25.6

DDR4-4266 PC4-34100 266 2132 34.1

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Memory (future forecast)

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I/O devices (South bridge）I/O devices (South bridge）

Flash memory: (EPROM)Flash memory: (EPROM)

SD-card memory：1999年にSanDisk社、パナソニック、東芝の3社が共同開発。携帯電話、携帯音楽プレーヤ、デジカメ等に使用される。USBメモリと同じくフラッシュメモリ(RAM,ROMの中間的要素を持つ）でできている。マイクロSDカードでも最近では128GB以上のものが登場している。

USB memory：フラッシュメモリと

も呼ばれる半導体メモリで、最近では、USBメモリスティックがフロッピーディスクに代わり流行している. 最大は1TBをこえる。

*：USB memory is classified into low speed USB1.1 (R:10MB/s, W:1MB/s）, USB2.0 relatively high speed(R:30MB/s, W:20MB/s), and highest speed USB3.0 (~1GB/s)69

SDカード系の変遷SDカード系の変遷

SD-card memory history. 10MB/sec (SDXC 300MB/s) data transfer. Mobile phone, digital camera, and portable music players. International standard has been fixed.

SDHC (SD High Capacity) and SDXC upto 2TB. exFAT system, SDHC is FAT32

SD = Super Density, SDＸC has larger capacity. 70

HDD (Hard Disk Device）HDD (Hard Disk Device）

Parallel ATA(EIDE)：EIDE can connect upto 2 devices

Parallel ATA(EIDE)：EIDE can connect upto 2 devices

The maximum capacity of SATA HDD is 12TB (as of September 2017)The maximum capacity of SATA HDD is 12TB (as of September 2017)

SATA connector: faster than ATA (EIDE)SATA connector: faster than ATA (EIDE)

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S-ATA (Serial ATA)S-ATA (Serial ATA)

Parallel ATA VS Serial ATA: Upper is ATA, down is SATA.Parallel ATA VS Serial ATA: Upper is ATA, down is SATA.

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SSD ((Flash) Solid State Drive)SSD ((Flash) Solid State Drive) Fast (random) I/O (free of waiting for seek and

rotation) Robust against shocks Low power, low heat Light Smaller capacity compared with HDD Largest reasonable price capacity is 2TB.

Price per capacity is expensive Faster life-end compared with HDD

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CD-ROM/-R/-RWCD-ROM/-R/-RW

Inside CD-ROM deviceCD-ROM media: ~700MB

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DVD-ROM/RAM/-R/+R/-RW etc.DVD-ROM/RAM/-R/+R/-RW etc.

DVD media: single face 4.7GB, double faces 9.4GB

Inner DVD: IDE/SATA interface

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HD DVD, Blue-ray DiscHD DVD, Blue-ray Disc

Blue-ray Disc: either 25GB or 50GBHD DVD media: compatible with DVD, single 15GB, double 30GB

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USB3.0USB3.0

77http://www.tij.co.jp/lsds/ti_ja/analog/glossary/usb30.page

HDD, SSD, DVD size comparisonHDD, SSD, DVD size comparison

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Wearable PC examplesWearable PC examples

Google glasses: Google Maps, Google+, Gmail, Google Now ZYPAD wrist PC

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https://memeburn.com/2012/05/google-ceo-larry-page-spotted-rocking-project-glass-glasses-video/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZYPAD

Smart Phones (e.g. iPhone)

iPhone XOrganic ELFace Id110,000Yen, 64GB

iPhone 8Fingerprint IdGlass body

iPhone 6

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http://www.wallpaper-box.com/smartphone/a6-cpu-iphone6%E5%A3%81%E7%B4%99/

https://www.itmedia.co.jp/news/articles/1711/28/news077.html

iPhone X iPhone 8 iPhone 8 PLUS iPhone 7 iPhone 7 PLUS

CPU Apple A11 Apple A11 Apple A11 Apple A10 Apple A10

画面サイズ 5.8インチ 4.7インチ 5.5インチ 4.7インチ 5.5インチ

画面解像度 2436x1125 1334x750 1920x1080 1334x750 1920x1080

カメラ背面:1200万画素前面:700万画素

背面:1200万画素前面:700万画素




最大データ通信速度(下り) 800Mbps 800Mbps 800Mbps 450Mbps 450Mbps

Bluetooth Bluetooth5.0 Bluetooth5.0 Bluetooth5.0 Bluetooth4.2 Bluetooth4.2

耐水防水 IP67 IP67 IP67 IP67 IP67本人認証顔認証指紋認証指紋認証指紋認証指紋認証

本体サイズ(横x縦x厚み)

70.9x143.6x7.7mm

67.3x138.4x7.3mm

78.1x158.4x7.5mm

67.1x138.3x7.1mm

77.9x158.2x7.3mm

重量 174g 148g 202g 138g 188g

iPhone recent history

http://www.pcfreebook.com/article/453731784.html81

Summary (おわりに)Summary (おわりに) How a computer executes instructions can be

understood by learning the architecture of Neumann-type computer ノイマン型計算機を仕組みを理解することを通し、計算機内

で命令がいかに処理されるかを修得する

Computer architecture can be understood by means of assembly language (MIPS) as an interface between HW and SW ノイマン型計算機アーキテクチャの基本概念を理解するため、

ハードウェアとソフトウェアのインターフェイス（をMIPSアセンブラを通して）のあり方を考察する

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computer architecture? 計算機アーキテクチャとは？...

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