conservation and sustainable use of medicinal …eewmp.com/./images/pdf/5.pdf · protecting...

HALAIB TRIANGLE AREA

Implementing Agency: Faculty of Science, Assiut UniversityPrinciple Investigator: Prof. Dr. Abdel-Aziz Aly Fayed

Co-Principle Investigator: Prof. Dr. Mohamed El-Shanawany

Cairo, Egypt2016

NATIONAL SURVEYSVOLUME 5

CONSERVATION AND SUSTAINABLE USE

OF MEDICINAL PLANTS IN EGYPT

(بدون ترقيم) 4صـ

Front cover photograph by Usama Abdel Rady (Elba Protectorate):

Dracaena ombet

Published by The Egyptian Encyclopedia of the Wild Medicinal Plants Project

Funded by The Academy of Scientific Research and Technology

Copyright © 2016

ASRT & EEAA

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without

the prior written permission of the copyright owner.

Dar El-Kutub No. 0000/00 ISBN 000 000 0

Printed in Egypt at the Printshop of Al Ahram, on behalf of ASRT & EEAA

978-977-13-0426-515922-2016

the

the


Dedicated with respect and gratitude to the memory of the late Professor Dr.

Kamal El-Din Hassan El-Batanouny, National advisor of the project

(1936 – 2011)


This work represents the final report of the project: Conservation and Sustainable Use of Medicinal Plants in Arid and Semiarid Ecosystems (National Surveys),

Funded by UNDP, GEF and EEAA


Editor-in-Chief

Prof. Dr. Rizk, Abdel-Fattah

Editor

Prof. Dr. Omer, El-Sayed Abou Elfotoh

Executive Editor

Prof. Dr. Hammouda, Faiza Mohammed

Editorial Board

Prof. Dr. Abdel-Azim, Nahla Sayed

Prof. Dr. Fayed, Abdel-Aziz Ali

Prof. Dr. Shaltout, Kamal Hussien

Prof. Dr. Shams, Khaled Ahmed

RESEARCH TEAM

1. Prof. Dr. Abdel-Aziz A. Fayed, Botany Department, Faculty of

Science, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt, Principle Investigator.

2. Prof. Dr. Mohamed Ahmad El-Shanawany, Dean, Faculty of

Pharmacy, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt, Deputy Principle

Investigator.

3. Prof. Dr. Salah S. Ahmed, National Research Centre, Department of

Cultivation and Production of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Dokki,

Giza, Egypt.

4. Prof. Dr. Abdel RaoufA. El-Dabaa, Vice Dean, Head of Sociology

Department, Faculty of Arts, Sohag University, Sohag, Egypt.

5. Prof. Dr. Ahmed A. El-Khatib, Botany Department, Faculty of

Science, Sohag University, Sohag, Egypt.

6. Prof. Dr. Momen M. Zareh, Botany Department, Faculty of Science,

Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt.

7. Prof. Dr. Kadry N. Abdel-Khalik, Botany Department, Faculty of

Science, Sohag University, Sohag, Egypt.

8. Prof. Dr. Ibrahim A. El-Garf, Botany Department, Faculty of Science,

Cairo University, Giza, Egypt.

9. Dr. Abdel-Hay A. Farrag, Geology Department, Faculty of Science,


10. Dr. Mohamed A. Hassan, Geology Department, Faculty of Science,


11. Dr. Mohamed A. Kandil, National Research Centre, Department of

Cultivation and Production of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Dokki,

Giza, Egypt.

12. Dr. Mohamed T. Tawfik, Geography Department, Faculty of Arts,

South Valley University, Sohag, Egypt.

13. Dr. Yaser G. Gouda, Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of

Pharmacy, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt.

14. Dr. Ahmed F. Dahy, Geography Department, Faculty of Arts, Sohag

University, Sohag, Egypt.

15. Dr. Hamdy A. Omar, Sociology Department, Faculty of Arts, Sohag

University, Sohag, Egypt.

16. Dr. Nasr M. Sayed, Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Assiut

University, Assiut, Egypt.

17. Dr. Ahmed M. Faried, Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Assiut

University, Assiut, Egypt.

18. Dr. Refat B. Hamed, Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of

Pharmacy, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt.

19. Mr. Usama F. Abdel-Rady, Environmental Researcher, Elba

Protectorate, Red Sea Province, Egypt.

20. Mr. Aly A. Hamed, Researcher, Elba Protectorate, Red Sea Province,

Egypt.

CONTENTS

Introduction ……………………….…….………………………… English Summary…………………………………………………

Arabic Summary ………………………………………….………...

Geographical Location …………………………………………...

Geological Aspects ………………….……………………………

Hydrogeological Situation in Halaib Triangle Area ……………….. Topographical Aspects And Geomorphology …………..…….…....

Sector I: The Red Sea Mountains ……………………………...

Sector II: The Coastal Plain …………………………….……..

Sector III: The Red Sea Coast …………………………………

Prevailing Climatic Conditions ……………………………………..

Plant Life in the Region …………….………………………………

- Vegetation ……………………………………………………

- Habitat Diversity And Land Forms ………………………….

1. Littoral Zone ……………………………

1.a. Littoral zone of Sarimtai valley ……..………

1.b. Littoral zone of Bashwaib valley ……….…..

1.c. Littoral zone of Adaldeet valley ……………..

1.d. Mersa Shab ………………………………….

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e. Mersa Hemaira …………………………….......

2. Coastal Plain ……………….…………………………

3. Highland Area …………………………………..…..

Population …………………………………………………………

The Population Status …………………………………….…

Sections of Main Professions …………………………………

Environment Affairs Organization-Shalateen ………………....

Folk Medicine and Herbs …………………………………… Traditional Knowledge ………………………………………..

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Plant communities …………………………………………………

I. Communities dominated by medicinal plants ……………….

Salvadora persica community ……………………………

Balanites aegyptiaca community …………………….…...

Senna italica community ………………………………….

Citrullus colocynthis community …………………………

Cleome droserifolia community …………………………..

Fagonia bruguieri community ……………………………

Calotropis procera community …………………………...

Asphodelus tenuifolius community ………………………..

Hyoscyamus muticus community …………………………

Moringa peregrine community …………………………...

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Zygophyllum simplex community ………………….……...

Zilla spinosa community ………………………………….

Rumex simpliciflorus community ………………….……...

II. Communities in which medicinal plants are the main associates……………………………………………………..

Euphorbia cuneata community …………………….……..

Acacia tortilis community ….……….…………………….

Tamarix aphylla community ……………………………...

List of medicinal plants recorded in Halaib Triangle Area …………

A. Pharmacopeial plants ………………………………………….

Citrullus colocynthis (L.) Schrad. …………………………

Hyoscyamus muticus L. ……………………………….….

Senna italica Mill. …………………………………….….

B. Plants used in preparation of industrialized drugs……………..

Cymbopogon schoenanthus (L.) Spreng subsp. Proximus

(A. Rich.) Maire and Weiller…….......................................

Delonix elata (L.) Gamble ………………………….…….

Ricinus communis L. ……………………………………...

Salvadora persica L. ……………………………………...

Solanum nigrum L. var. elbaensis Täckh. and Boulos …..

C. Plants used in folk and traditional medicine …………..……….

Aerva javanica (Burnm. f.) Juss. ex Schult. …..………….

Anastatica hierochuntica L. ……………………………...

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Asphodelus tenuifolius Cav. ……………………………...

Balanites aegyptiaca (L.) Delile …………………………

Calotropis procera (Aiton) W. T. Aiton …………………

Capparis decidua (Forssk.) Edgew. ………………………

Cleome droserifolia (Forssk.) Delile ……………………..

Cocculus pendulus (J.R. and G. Forst) Diels……………

Commiphora gileadensis (L.) C. Chr. ……………………

Convolvulus hystrix Vahl …………………………………

Cucumis prophetarum L. …………………………………

Dodonaea viscose (L.) Jacq. …..………………………….

Haplophyllum tuberculatum (Forssk.) Juss. ……………...

Moringa peregrine (Forssk.) Fiori …………….…………

Otostegia fruticosa (Forssk.) Penz.

subsp. fruticosa…….………………………………

Solenostemma arghel (Delile) Hayne …………………….

Tephrosia purpurea (L.) Pers subsp. Apollinea (Delile) Hosni and El-Karemy ….

D. Plants can be considered potential medicinal plants……………..

Fagonia bruguieri DC. …………………………………...

Iphiona scabra DC. ………………………………………

Zygophyllum simplex L. …………………………………..

E. Plants of restricted use confined to Halaib Triangle Area ……...

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xii أمين� - حاليب كتاب

Chrozophora oblongifolia (Delile) Spreng. ………………

Dracaena ombet Kotschy and Peyr. ………………….….

Echinops hussonii Boiss. …………………………………

Euphorbia consobrinaN. E. Br. ………………………….

Farsetia stylosa R. Br. ……………………………………

Oxalis anthelmintica A. Rich. ……………………………

Plicosepalus curviflorus (Benth. ex Oliv.) Tiegh. ……….

Rumex simpliciflorus Murb. ……………………………...

Tephrosia nubica (Boiss.) Baker …………………………

Zilla spinosa (L.) Prantl …………………………….…….

Cultivation ………………………………………………………...

Wild Medicinal Plants propagation ……………………………….

Propagation Experiments ………………………………………….

Recommendations and proposals ………………………………….

References ………………………………………………………….

Appendices ………………………………………………………….

Appendix A: Field Excursions ……………………………….. Appendix B: Lists of healers, medicinal plants traders …….... Appendix C: List of organizations, government departments …. Appendix D: GPS of the sites taken for the different medicinal plants during the course of surveying the investigated area….. Appendix E: Site location map of Halaib Triangle Area and the distribution of the recorded plants. ……………………………

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xiii أمين� - حاليب كتاب

FOREWORD

The Academy of Scientific Research and Technology (ASRT) is the house of the Egyptian experience in the fields of science and technology. The terms of reference of the Academy include planning and promotion of programs and research projects of national and interdisciplinary characters and provide the necessary financial and material resources to implement them. In this regard, the Academy adopted a national project on medicinal plants aimed to documenting scientific information on wild medicinal plants concerning their habitat, botanical characters, geographical distribution, their status; as well as their chemical constituents, folk medicine, pharmacological activities, cultivation efforts and also documentation of their genetic inheritance. This project is one of several academic initiatives for the advancement of the national economy and to prepare a scientific base for these plants.

The Academy of Scientific Research and Technology, on 16.01.2015, announced by national newspapers and websites and official correspondences, interest in adopting the national project for Egypt's wealth (Wealth of Egypt). The Academy received stating about the scattered research group efforts in this regard. Among these efforts was the Project “Egypt-Conservation and Sustainable Use of Medicinal Plants in Arid and Semi-Arid Ecosystems” supported by United Nations Development Program (UNDP), Global Environmental Facility (GEF) and implemented by Egyptian Environmental Affairs Agency (EEAA) during the period 2002 2010. The main objective of the project was to remove the root causes of biodiversity loss and the specific threats to the conservation and sustainable use of globally significant medicinal plants and their habitats in the different Phytogeographic regions of Egypt. It focused on protecting endangered medicinal plant species, introducing small-scale community-based cultivation, harvesting, processing and medicinal plant marketing and protecting intellectual property rights of traditional medicine. This project addressed important studies on medicinal plants in five regions in Egypt: North Western Coastal Region; North Eastern Desert and Red Sea; Halaib Triangle Area, Western Desert and Oases; and North Sinai. Aware of the importance of management of data generated from such studies and allow its valuable information available to researchers and all those interested in medicinal plants, as well as to

prevent the recurrence of such research, the Academy is pleased to finance the publication of the five volumes.

As the use of medicinal plants in Egypt has always been a part of culture that has been passed down from generation to generation, the importance of documenting the indigenous traditional knowledge on medicinal plants will be a vehicle for; (i) preserving cultural heritage, (ii) ethno pharmacological bases of drug research and (ii) preserving of biological diversity. In this regard, ASRT is currently funding projects with the National Research Centre, Misr University for Science and Technology and Agricultural Research Center in this area.

Finally, I would like to express my gratitude by thanking the people who helped and encouraged in the process of editing and publishing these volumes especially the editorial board. Prof. Dr. Mahmoud Mohamed Sakr President, Academy of Scientific Research and Technology

xvi أمين� - حاليب كتاب

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كتاب حاليب - �أمين 1

1

Introduction The present work is considered as the final report of the

conservation and sustainable use of the medicinal plants in Halaib Triangle Area. It represents the medicinal plants and the relevant environmental issues such as geographical location, geological and topographical aspects. It also shows the geomorphology, climatic conditions, plant life, population as well as the traditional knowledge about medicinal plants in the region.

The area under investigation, lies in the southern-east corner of Egypt between latitudes N 22° and 24°, with a total area of about 18000 km2 (Badawy, 1997 and Map 1, 2 and 3).

Halaib Area is being considered as one of the areas with international interest for its delicate and relatively undisturbed ecosystems forming a transition zone between the Afrotropical and Palaearctic zones. This area is considered as a priority region for the establishment of protected areas as defined in the world conservation strategy. The biological diversity of Gebel Elba has been regarded as unique example in North Africa.

The area is considered as a part of the Arabian-Nubian Shield. The Basement rocks in the area are of the Precambrian age, composed of igneous and metamorphic rocks which occupy the western part and is covered with sedimentary rocks in the eastern part of the area. The geological structural and mineral occurrence in the area are important as good economic sources. Groundwater resources could be found in four types of rocks, viz. Fractured basement, Nubian cretaceous sandstone, Miocene limestone and Wadi deposits. The ground water of the fractured basement rock was found to have the best water quality of the four types. There are some islands and coral reefs which extend along the coast.

Concerning the general aspects of the climatic conditions prevailing, Halaib Area is charactrized by elevated temperature in general, but it is relatively less than other areas of the same latitude due to its height above the sea level.

According to the heterogeneity of the habitat, different types of vegetation were recorded. The area is represented by very diverse vegetation communities ranging from mangrove through to mist- cloud forest and wood savana (Parkland). Kassas and Zahran (1967, 1971)

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NATIONAL SURVEYS VOLUME 5

2

reported that the Red Sea coastal land comprises three principal natural systems: 1. Littoral Zone: littoral salt marshes are lands subjected to maritime

influences. Zahran (1983), reported that zonation is a universal characteristic feature of the salt marsh vegetation.

2. Coastal plain: The coastal plain is the ground limited seaward by the

littoral salt marsh and on the inland side by the foot-hills of the Red Sea coastal range. The width of this belt varies as it depends on the local geomorphology.

3. Highland area: The coastal mountains of the Red Sea represent habitat

types of special interest.

Folk medicine is considered as an important element in folk believes, which has an immense importance in this area.This may reflect to the availability of enormous amounts of herbs, heritage believes in folk medicine and the wide experience of inhabitants specially old ones (healers, herbalists and spice dealers). Those inhabitants have a great experience in prescriptions for many diseases running from headach to serious diseases.

During several visits to the investigated area, available traditional information was documented, depending on the available sources, namely the healers, the herbalists, Attarin …etc. Twenty two definite examples of the traditional uses of medicinal plants in folk medicine are included.

The flora of Egypt comprises 2121 species and 153 infraspecific vascular plants (Boulos, 2009). Slightly more than 16 % of these species have been repeatedly reported to be used in medical practices.

Halaib Triangle Area possesses great potentialities of developing drug industry, since certain species, which grow as wild plants in the area have wide applications in medicine.

Within the study area, thirteen plant communities dominated by medicinal plants, were recorded: Salvadora persica, Balanites aegyptiaca, Senna italica, Citrullus colocynthesis, Cleome droserifolia, Fagonia bruguieri, Calotropis procera, Asphodelus tenuifolius, Hyoscyamus muticus, Moringa peregrina, Zygophyllum simplex, Zilla spinosa and Rumex simpliciflorus. In addition, there are three other communities where medicinal plants are the main associates viz.

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Euphorbia cuneata, Acacia tortilis and Tamarix aphylla. Features of habitats supporting each community are described.

A list comprising 46 wild medicinal plants, which were recorded in Halaib Triangle Area, is given, within this list the species are categorized under 5 groups: 1. pharmacopoeial plants, 2. plants, though not pharmacopoeial, but are used in preparation of industrialized drugs, 3. plants used in folk and traditional medicine,4. plants considered potential medicinal plants and 5. plants of restricted use confined to Halaib Triangle area.

Medicinal plants are excellent entry point for making the case of how biodiversity conservation is directly linked to the improvement of livelihoods. The scientific output of the present work generated ample knowledge on methods to germinate, propagate and cultivate the plants. Therefore, providing an alternative to their collection from their wild habitats. Also, these attempts are useful in the conservation ex-situ in the genetic resources conservation.

The present work describes the methods of propagation and cultivation of 23 species: Aerva javanica, Asphodelus tenuifolius, Balanites aegyptiaca, Calotropis procera, Capparis decidua, Citrullus colocynthesis, Commiphora gileadensis, Cymbopogon schoenanthus subsp. proximus, Delonix elata, Dodonaea viscosa, Dracaena ombet, Fagonia bruguieri, Hyoscyamus muticus, Moringa peregrina, Oxalis anthelmintica, Ricinus communis, Rumex simpliciflorus, Salvadora persica, Senna italica, Solanum nigrum var. elbaensis, Solenostemma arghel, Tephrosia nubica and Zilla spinosa.

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Summary

The present work is considered as the final report of the

conservation and sustainable use of the medicinal plants in Halaib Triangle Area.It represents the medicinal plants and the relevant environmental issues.

Halaib Area is considered as one of the areas with an international interest as a result of its unique environmental virgin system, which helps the bio-diversity specially of Gebel Elba which is considered as a unique example in North Africa.

The area is considered as a part of the Arabian-Nubian Shield. The Basement rocks in the area are of the Precambrian age and are composed of igneous and metamorphic rocks.Groundwater resources could be found in four types of rocks, viz. Fractured basement, Nubian cretaceous sandstone, Miocene limestone and Wadi deposits. Also there are some islands and coral reefs which extend along the coast.

The area under investigation is generally characterized by relatively high temperature, but it is still less than other areas on the same latitude and this could be attributed to its relative height above the sea level.

Halaib’s community has different cultural and social features which distinguish them from other cultures of the urban Egyptian communities.The present study aims to understanding of the Halaib Triangle society’s different aspects to help integrating these isolated societies with all community of the Egyptian people to promote the development of life and their customs.

Available traditional knowledge was documented, depending on the available sources namely the healers, the herbalists … etc. Twenty two definite examples of the traditional uses of medicinal plants in folk medicine are given.

Slightly more than 16 % of the species representing the flora of Egypt have been repeatedly reported to be used in medical practices.Among the 384 medicinal species reported in all Egyptian deserts, 66 are growing in Halaib Triangle. These possesses great

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potentialities of developing drug industry, since certain species which grow as wild plants in the area have wide applications in medicine.

Plant communities dominated by medicinal plants, are recorded within the investigated area.A list of the medicinal plants in the area is categorized under five groups: pharmacopoeial plants; plants thought not pharmacopoeial, but are used in preparation of industrialized drugs; plants used in folk and traditional medicine; plants considered potential medicinal plants and plants of restricted use confined to Halaib Triangle Area.

The methods of propagation and cultivation of 23 species, available in our references, are described.

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للنبـاتـات الطبيــة عشـريـن مثـال لالستعمـاالت التقليـديـة تـم تسجيـل اثنيـن و وفـى هـذا الصـدد

عشـابيــن الفـى الطـب الشعبـى والتـى تـم استقائهـا مـن مصـادر مختلفـة تمثلـت فــى الكممــاو و

.وغيـرهـم

ة نبـاتيــة تسـددهــا نبـاتــات عشيــر ةعشــرقـد تـم تسجيــل ثــال ـدراسـة فال وبالنسبـة لمنطقـة

هــذا . ضـافـة الـى ثـال عشائـر أخـرى تشـارك فيهـا النبـاتات الطبيـة بشـمل أسـاسـىألطبيـة با

.بـراز أهـم سمـات البيئـات التـى تكتضـن كـل مـن هـذه العشـائـرأولقـد تـم

النبـاتــات الطبيــة التــى سبــ نـدعــا مـن مجمــد 83نـاول التقـريـر الكـالـى نتائـج دراسـة يت

النبـاتـــات : حيـــت تـــم تجهيـــم ـــائمة مـراتعـــة ســمت الـــى خمـــ فئـــات ،رصـــدها بالمنطقـــة

نبـاتـات ليسـت فـارمـاكـدبيـة و لمنهـا تستخـدم فـى انتـاج عقـا يــر صيـدالنيــة ،الفـارمـاكـدبيـة

نبـاتـــات ثبـــت احتـدائـهـــا علـــى ،التقليـــدى نبـاتـــات تستخـــدم فـــى الطـــب الشعبـــى و ،متـداولـــة

و نبـاتـــات اخـــرى اات استخـــدام مكـــدود ،يـــةبرهـــا طاممـدنـــات هـامـــة و مـــن ثـــم يممـــن اعتب

.يقتصـر فقـط علـى المنطقـة

يقتصــر نمـدهــا فــى مصــر و تتضمـن النبـاتـات التــى مملهــا التقـريــر الكـالــى ستــة أنــدا

:ة مثلـت حـاليبعلـى منطقـ

Dracaena ombet, Euphorbia consobrina, Commiphora gileadensis,

Delonix elata, Dodonaea viscosa and Oxalis anthelmintica

إكثـار النبـاتــات الطبيــة بمنطقــة مثلــت عــن زراعــة و تموكـذلك، ،يتضمـن التقـريـر المقـدمو

بـالغــة فـس سبيــل تقـديــم بـدائــل لجمعــها مــن أمـاكــن نمـدهــا لمـا لذلـك مــن أهميــة ،حـاليـب

مـــن وسـائـــل صـدنـهـــا وســيلة ن مكـــاولة زراعـتهـــا هــس أفس الد ـــت نفســـ فـــو،الطبيعيـــة

.كاستـراتيجيـة للمشـرو الرئيسس

. جــةنـدعـا سـداو بالبـذرة أو بدسـائــل أخــرى كتقنيــة زراعــة األنس 38 إكثار كيفيةتم رصد و

فــس الد ـــت نفســـ فلقـــد أتـريـــت تجـــارب ألكثـــار النبـاتـــات الطبيـــة بمنطقـــة مثلـــت حـــاليب و

للمــرة األولــى خــارج ( Salvadora persica) األراك نبـات أسفـرت عـن زراعـة أنـدا مثـل

.منـاطـ نمـده الطبيـعيـة

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صالملخـــ

ت لـبمنطقـ مث ةالبريـ ةمشـرو صـدن النباتـات الطبيـالتقــرير النهـائــى ل ةالكاليـ ةتمثل الدراسـ

.حاليب

ـــى ـــام عـالمـــى ن ـــرا للن ـــام البيئ ـــى تك ـــى باهتم ـــن المنـاطـــ الت ـــب م ـــة حـالي ـــد منطق وتع

ممــا يجعــل التنــد البيـدلـدتــى فيــ متفــردا ،تتمتـع بــ والــذى مــا زال بمــرا الذيالمتميـم

.مثـال لـم يتمـرر فـى منطقـة ممـال افريقيـا كلهـا تبـل علبـة هـد أن وخـاصـة

ــــة ت ــــة للمنطق ــــدر الممـدن ــــد أن الصخ ــــة نج ــــة الجيـدلـدتي ــــن النـاحي ــــى العصــــر م ــــى ال نتم

و ـــد تـــم رصــد أربعـــة أنـــدا . تتـــألم مـــن صخــدر نـاريـــة و أخـــرى متكـدلــةالبـريممبــرى و

تلـــك األنــدا فـــى أربعـــة أنـــدا مـــن الصخـــدر و تـــم تـدتـــدللميـاه الجـدفيـــة فـــى المنطقـــة و

.تكـديـد تـددة الميـاه فـى كـل نـد

وتنقســـم منطقـــة حـاليـــب طـدبـدغـرافيـــا الـــى ثـــال طـاعـــات تيــدمـدرفـدلـدتيـــة وهـــى

.السهـل السـاحلـى و ماطـئ البكـر األحمـر،سلسلـة تبـال البكـر األحمـر

ـع السمـانـــى البـــدوى بمنطقـــة مثلـــت حـاليـــب بمـالمـــ اتتمـاعيـــة و ثقـافيـــة ويتميـــم المجتمــ

وتهـدف هـذه الـدراسـة الـى فهــم . خـاصـة و تختلـم عـن مجتمـع الكضـر ببـا ـى أنكـاو مصـر

الم ـاهـر االتتمـاعيـة المتبـاينـة لهــذا المجتمــع بغــرل المسـاهمــة فــى ادمـاتــ مــع بـا ــى

.عـادات هـذا المجتمـعلمصـرى مـع االحتفـاظ باصـالـة وتمـع االمج

وفـى هـذه المنطقـة ينعمـ المـدرو الثقـافــى للمجتمــع المـدتــدد بهــا بشمــل واضــ علــى

الطـب الشعبـى المتـداول حيـت نجــد مخــمون كبيــر مــن الـدصفــات الطبيــة المجـربــة للعـديــد

ويلـم سمـان المنطقــة ،األنيميـا و غيـرهـاوالكـروق واآلم الملـى ودا مـن األمـرال مثـل الصـ

.بتلـك الـدصفـات و خصـدصـا كبـار السـن منهـم

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Geographical Location

The study area lies in the southern-east corner of Egypt between the northern latitude N 22° and 24° (Map 1 and 2) with a total area of about 18000 km2 (Badawy, 1997). Its surface could be divided into three different geomorphological sectors namely, Red Sea Mountains, Coastal Plain and the Red Sea Coast. Among the contributions to the geography of the investigated area are those of Badawy (1997), Ball (1912, 1939 and 1942), Brown and Gibson (1938), Dahy (2004), Dickinson (1969), Mohamed (2000) and Williams (1984).

Map 1: Location of Halaib Triangle Area.

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Geological Aspects The geology of the Halaib area was intensively studied by several investigators, among them are: Ball, 1912; Hume, 1935; Bassyouni, 1959; Moharram, 1959; Basta and Saleeb, 1971; Ivanov et al., 1973; Kroner, 1985; Said, 1990; Beniamen, 1991 and EGSMA, 1994. The studied area is a part of the south-eastern region of Egypt. The Eastern Desert consists essentially of a backbone of high rugged parallel mountains near to the Red Sea coasts. These mountains are flanked to the north and west by intensively dissected sedimentary plateaux (Said, 1990).The higher mountains of the Eastern Desert located between the Nile and the Red Sea and much nearer to the coast than to the Nile (Ball, 1912). The Elba-Shendib group is a great mass of spiky mountains lying near the sea. Gebel Elba is considered as a continuation of the granatic formation of the Red Sea hills. Fahmy (1936) reported that the principal mountains of this group are Gebel Eirab (1526 m), Shendib (1912 m), Hanquf (1431 m), Shendodai (1526 m) and Shellal (1409 m) which projects towards the coast out of the group in the south of Gebel Elba (1465 m). Besides these which form clusters of high rugged ridges and bristling peaks, there are some hills lying to the east such as Gebel Karam Elba (556 m), Owauta (529 m) and Hawid (344 m). Others to the south-east such as Gebel Hadal Angir (404 m), Balatitda (592 m), Baladok (404 m), Adarot Moi (286 m), Salat (338 m) and Hadraba (217 m), and to the North-west Gebel Qash Amir (724 m), El-Sela (560 m) and Sul Hamid (572 m). The rocks comprising the studied area are principally igneous and metamorphic deposits of very ancient origin. The igneous rocks of this part of the Eastern Desert form two main divisions, namely an acid division typified by granite, the most prominent in Elba area, rich in flespar and a basic division typified by gabbro (Map 2). On the other hand, only small areas of the south-eastern Egypt are covered by sedimentary rocks. The sedimentary strata area is found only in the north-western and the centers of the area, where the Nubian sandstone, covers so much of the country close east of the Nile terminates in a long south-easterly projection, and along certain areas of the coast, where small outliers of Nubian sandstone, patches of gypseous limestone and coral reefs occur.

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Map 3: Geological map of the study Area

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Hydrogeological Situation in Halaib Triangle Area

The hydrogeological units in Halaib-Shalatin Area can be classified into four types: Quaternary aquifer, Miocene Carbonate aquifer, Nubian Sandstone aquifer and Fractured Basement aquifer. These four hydrogeological types can subdivided according to their hydrogeological characteristics into two main groups; granular aquifers and fissured and fractured aquifers. The geoelectrical studies

The geoelectrical studies were carried on the area showed that there are four geoelectrical zones. These zones are representing the main rocks and the main structural features affecting the area (Fig. 1.a, 1.b and 1.c).

Fig. 1.a: Geoelectric section A – Aˉof Wadi Abu Saafa

Fig. 1.b: Geoelectric section B – Bˉof Wadi Ibib

Fig. 1.c: Geoelectric section C - Ćof Wadi Abu Serimtai

b

c

a

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Topographical Aspects and Geomorphology The surface of the investigated area could be divided into three different geomorphological sectors namely; Red Sea Mountains, Coastal Plain and the Red Sea Coast (Maps 3, 4 and 5): Sector I: The Red Sea Mountains: comprises a series of basement complex mountains, with average height ranging between 1000 and 1500 m including Al-Faraid (1366 m); Awamteeb, Abraq, Def, and A’Qaab Al- Nojoom (1353 m); Algarf and Abuhadeed (1763 m); Ma’esa, Adar Kaka and Assa, which lies between wadi Hassium in the north and wadi Aideeb in the west and Gebel Elba group (1437 m): Shidodai (1526 m), Shindeib (1911 m), Shillal (1400 m), Makim (1871 m), Asotriba (2218 m) Andidanob (2089 m) and Abrich (1852 m). Some of these mountains are the remains of mounds of sand rocks, while the others look like dome masses of granite such as Al-Faraid and Elba.

Sector II: The Coastal Plain: It extends between the sea coast and the Red Sea mountains, with wideness ranging between 8 and 35 km and average slope between 6/1000 m and more than 10 m/km. Their surface is covered by sand accumulations from the nearby wadis, including a group of sand sheets near the border, which allows the growth of several halophytic plant species.

Sector III: The Red Sea Coast: It extends from the North-West to the South-East.There are some islands, which extend in front of the coast of the area such as Halaib and Koulalah islands in front of Mersa Halaib. Also, there are coral reefs, which extend along the coast and increase in width towards the south, reaching 250 m (south of Mesrsa Alam). Some of the environmental factors gathered to make seawater suitable to form the coral reef. Among the important, of these, are the characteristics of the sea water: temperature (21°C-22°C), shallowness, clearness and salinity (more than 40 %) (Dahy, 2004).

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Map 3: Base map of the study area.

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Map 4: Topography of the region

Map 5: The main basins in the region

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Photos for Various Landscapes Supporting Medicinal Plants

Fig. 2: Trees of Dracaena ombet characterized by forked stem and branches and other drought – intolerant species on the rocky slopes of Gebel Elba.

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Fig. 3: Fruits of Citrullus colocynthis are conspicuous in a broad level wadi between hills, with fine gravel cover over sandy clay loam soil.

Fig. 4: A substratum of coarse sand mixed with scattered rock detritus showing Cucumis prophetarum.

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Fig. 5: Sediments of rock boulders and fragments in a sandy-clay matrix supporting the growth of Zygophyllum simplex.

Fig. 6: A part of Abu Saafa, wadi-like area, apparently receiving some run-off with Senna italica.

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Fig. 7: Moringa peregrina growing as an individual tree on a mountain side

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Fig. 8: A part of Al-Doayeb area with the elegant plants of Asphodelus tenuifolius.

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Fig. 9: A part of Gebel Karam Elba showing sand plains covering a substratum of

fine sediments which support the growth of Chrozophora oblongifolia.

Fig. 10: Shallow to deep, well-drained soil in Meisah area, with Anastatica hierochuntica (flowering – A, fruiting – B).

A B

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Fig. 11: Halaib, broad and deep wadi-bed with sandy soil and alluvial, depressed area showing the rich growth of Calotropis procera.

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Prevailing Climatic Conditions

The study area is characterized by being mountains and mound area intervened by many valleys with external drainage. The climate of this area is similar to the Red Sea basin climate. It is known by its elevated temperature which is still less than other areas and occurs on the same latitude, due to the height factor. The daily and annual temperature range is limited as being a coastal zone facing the Red Sea with its high wind velocity. The region is also characterized with high moisture ratio. The area is distinguished also by being exposed to the Southeast winds in summer and Northwest winds in winter. In addition, it is not free from clouds except in rare time.The area is considered as one of the most abundant areas in rain in the Eastern Desert, thus it is regarded as the Northern line of the moist orbit zone. Fahmy (1936) reported that the meteorological condition of Elba region is an intermediate situation between the tropical rainy regions and the dry Egyptian rocky deserts with their occasional downpours during winter. Hassib (1951) reported that the highlands are characterized by 400 mm annual rainfall, while the region in general with no more than around 20 mm. Kassas (1956) as well as Kassas and Zahran (1971) reported that the southern block of the Red Sea coastal mountains (Gebel Elba) receive greater water revenue from orographic precipitation than the northern blocks. According to Sheded (2002), Ayyad and Gabbour (1986) and based on the meterological data received from Ras Benas Station (Table 1), during the period from 1964 to 1981, the area is almost rainless and only 12.59 mm annual rainfall was recorded. The mean minimum temperature (11.4 °C) has been recorded in January and the mean maximum (38.7 °C) in July. Ayyad et al., (1993) reported that the arid affinity of the Red Sea coastal land of Egypt receives significant moisture levels at high altitudes in the form of winter rains, dew and mist. A wide fluctuation of climate elements is a characteristic feature of the area under concern. Flefil (1996) reported higher fluctuation range in temperature and relative humidity between summer (23.1 – 46.1 °C, 65 %) and winter (14 – 21.7 °C, 43%). Pich evaporation of the area is higher in summer than in winter (Zahran and Willis, 1992). Precipitation is a very important factor which distinguishes between the highland, and the general region around it. In her recent study on Elba region, and based on the data available (between 1997-1999), from the electronic Shalateen Station (CR-10) that covered only 25 km² surrounding its location, Zaki (2000) reported wide fluctuations in air temperature

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between winter and summer seasons. The maximum evaporation power was 8.1 mm/day in summer that falls to a minimum value during autumn (1.2 mm/day). Wind velocity varied in the different months of the year and the amount of rainfall was 24.9 mm/day (October 1997) but dropped to 0.00 during October 1998. During the winter months of 1999, no rainfall was recorded. In general, the southern part of the Egyptian desert is one of the most extremely arid areas of the world. Table 1: Meteorological data of Ras Benas station. Average of 17 years (1964-1981).

Months Temperature (°C) Rainfall

(mm)

Relative humidity

(%) Evaporation Min. Max.

January 11.4 24.5 0.8 59.5 7.8 February 12.5 26 0.01 57.2 8.3 March 14.5 28.4 0.1 51.2 11.8 April 18.3 32.3 0.2 39.6 15.5 May 21.4 35 0.3 34.8 20.8 June 23.7 38.5 - 34.7 23.7 July 24.8 38.7 - 40.8 20.4 August 24.4 38.4 - 35 20.6 September 23.9 37.1 tr 40 20.7 October 21.4 34.7 7.4 49.7 13.5 November 17.7 29.3 4.1 61.7 8.58 December 14.8 26.4 0.03 62.4 7.6 Mean 12.49/12 47.2 Source: Sheded (2002).

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Fig. 12: Monthly temperature range (Ras Benas station-maximum of 17 years

(1964-1981).

Fig. 13: Monthly rates of rainfall in Ras Benas and Halaib

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Plant Life in the Region

Vegetation: According to the heterogeneity of habitat, different types of vegetation were recorded. The vegetation of desert coastal plain shows a mosaic pattern. It also shows distinct seasonal aspects mainly due to the rich growth of ephemerals during the late winter and early spring. Consequently, the floristic composition of the desert coastal plain ecosystem comprises greater number of species compared with that of the littoral salt- marsh ecosystem. The area is represented by very diverse vegetation communities ranging from mangrove through to mist- cloud forest and wood, savana (Parkland). The mountains are important for their unique mist vegetation including Ombet (Dracaena ombet) forest which covers extensive areas on the north facing slopes of Gebel Elba. Other species found in association with the Ombet include Dodonaea viscosa, Ficus cordata subsp. salicifolia, Pistachia khinjuk, Acacia etbaica, Acacia mellifera, Moringa peregrina, Olea europaea subsp. cuspidate and Rhus abyssinica as well as ferns and bryophytes (Kassas and Zahran, 1971). In the valleys, the vegetation is more typical of Saharan and Sahelian steppe – the dominant tree form is the Acacia thornbush of Acacia tortilis and Acacia ehrenbergiana associated with Ziziphus spp. and ground flora such as Rumex vesicarius (Goodman, 1985). River channels, such as Wadi Akwamtra, have dense growth of Acacia spp., Balanites aegyptiaca, Olea europaea subsp. cuspidata, Moringa peregrina and Rhus abyssinica. The coastal plain is dominated by Acacia tortilis, Acacia oerfota, Euphorbia cuneata and Balanites aegyptiaca. Patches of mangrove vegetation are found on the shore line south of Shalteen and consist of Avicennia marina and Rhizophora muricata (Kassas and Zahran, 1971). The main community types dominated the southern part of the Egyptian Red Sea plain are: Salsola baryosma, Suaeda monoica, Acacia tortilis, Zygophyllum coccineum, Panicum turgidum, Lycium shawii, Acacia ehrenbergiana, Capparis decidua, Leptadenia pyrotrchnica and Salvadora persica (Zahran and Willis, 1992). Ahmed (1998) recorded 75 species confined in their distribution in Egypt to Gebel Elba. Some of these plants were recorded on high altitudes; Onychium divaricatum, Oxalis anthelminitica, Umbilicus botryoides, Olea europaea subsp. cuspidata, Dodonaea viscosa, Maytenus senegalensis, Pavonia trilopa, Lantana viburnoides, Leucas neufliseana, Scrophularia arguta, Barleria hochestetteri, Ruellia patula and Achyrocline glumacea. Other species were recorded on high altitude, through the presence of their individuals

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may extends to lower altitude; i.e., Dracaena ombet, Delonix elata, Commiphora gileadensis and Rhus abyssinica var. etbaica. Sarimtai valley represents a unique example for the drainage lines. Plant cover of this valley varies according to the depth of deposites and water potentialities and is dominated by Acacia spp. along its channel and residual hills. Acacia tortilis co-dominate along the main water ways and the obviously elevated terraces which separate them. Acacia ehrenbergiana may dominate the shallow veneered gullies and small tributaries as well as the rocky slopes of the bounding mountain (Zaki, 2000). Moreover, she reported that rocky slopes also support Cocculus pendulus which is rare. Calotropis procera is of wide occurrence in some tributaries attaining considerable sizes. One of the main constituents of the plant cover is Maerua crassifolia, which is always overgrazed. The undergrowth is dominated by dense growth of Panicum turgidum. The phanerophyte Balanites aegyptiaca occurs as scattered individuals mostly close to the outskirting mountainous chains attaining sizes reflecting the poor ground water potentialities. Maerua oblongifolia, one of the endangered plants, was recorded twice as climber on a shrub of Acacia tortilis where it covers almost the whole crown or hanged on an unaccessible moderate slope of the bounding mountain. Habitat Diversity and Land Forms: Kassas and Zahran (1967, 1971) reported that the Red Sea coastal land comprises three principal natural systems: littoral salt marshes, coastal desert plain and coastal hills and mountains. Ahmed (1996) studied the ecological features and biodiversity of Shalateen-Halaib area and divided it, according to its phyto-eco-geo-morphological features into: coastal salt marshes (littoral zone), coastal plain and highlands. 1. Littoral Zone: Zahran (1982) reported that the littoral salt marshes are lands subjected to maritime influences. Their formation takes place through the silting up of lagoons or shore-line areas protected by sand or shingle bars. Furthermore, he reported that zonation is a universal characteristic feature of the salt marsh vegetation. An ideal example of the zonation pattern of salt march vegetation is seen in the Red Sea littoral salt marshes. The mangal (mangrove) communities occupy the first zone which is permanently covered with sea water. The second zone is characterized by saline soil which is covered with sea water during high tide and is dominated by Halopeplis perfoliata in certain areas or Halocnemum

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strobilaceum and / or Arthrocnemum macrostachyum (= Arthrocnemum glaucum) in others. The inland zone is successively dominated by Limonium axillare, Aeluropus massauensis, Sporobolus spicatus, Zygophyllum album, Nitraria retusa or Suaeda monoica. Ahmed et al., (1994) and Ahmed (1996) reported that the main plant communities in the littoral zone of Shalteen-Halaib area are those dominated by Avicennia marina, Arthrocnemum macrostachyum, Suaeda monoica, Halopeplis perfoliata and Limonium axillare. Kassas and Zahran (1967) reported that Avicennia marina usually grows inpure stands. Within a stretch of about 40 km, Rhizophora mucronata may be mixed with Avicennia marina as a co-dominant or as an abundant associate, or it may form pure stands, where the two species grow together, Rhizophora mucronata forms an open layer higher than such a thick and almost continuous bushy canopy of Avicennia marina. Ahmed (1996, 1999) recorded Avicennia marina in Mersa Shab and Mersa Hemaira, while Rhizophora mucronata was recorded only in Mersa Shab. Zaki (2000) studied 5 areas among the littoral zone namely, Sarimtai valley, Bashwaib valley, Adaldeet valley, Mersa Shab and Mersa Memairat: 1.a. Littoral zone of Sarimtai valley: The downstream portion of Sarimtai valley is bounded with either low terraces or scattered residual hills, with very narrow and short delta. Its main channel incise to the basement complex and metamorphic rocks. Owing to this geomorphological nature, the salt affected littoral zone is a very narrow strip. Plant cover is dominated by the succulent undershrub Zygophyllum album, a species of wide ecological amplitude, which occupies the shore line. The following inland strip is dominated by Halopeplis perfoliata. This salt affected zone covers a strip not exceeding 20 m in width. Following this belt the comparatively deep narrow water course of the valley (2.75 km) is bare. Plant life is confined to the bounding terraces where the following species were recorded; Aerva javanica, Calotropis procera, Centropodia forsskaolii, Chrozophora plicata, Eragrostis cilianensis, Monsonia nivea, Panicum turgidum, Zygophyllum simplex, Lycium shawii, Maerua crassifolia and Acacia tortilis.

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1.b. Littoral zone of Bashwaib valley: In the coastal downstream extension of Bashwaib valley the following zones are distinguished: 1. A sand encroached bare shoreline between 2 and 4 m wide. 2. A zone of wet salt-marsh occupying the following coastal inland extention which is subjected to maritime influences. Its plant cover is dominated by Arthrocnemum macrostachyum with Zygophyllum album as the main associate. Scattered stunted individuals of Halopeplis perfoliata were also recorded covering a thin belt in the end of this zone. 3. Dry salt-marshes which occupy the more elevated inland zone. It extends westwards from the shore-line for about 500 m. Its plant cover is dominated by Anabasis setifera, where Suaeda monoica, Suaeda vera, Halopeplis perfoliata, Salsola imbricata and Aeluropus littoralis are main associates. 1.c. Littoral zone of Adaldeet valley: Adaldeet is a hummocky littoral zone. Small mounds of sand are accumulated around the plants on the foreshore. These hummocks gradually coalesce forming longitudinal sand dunes running inland attaining the prevailing wind direction. Suaeda monoica dominates the plant cover along an extensive area extending inland for a distance of about 600 m, including the littoral zone and sand dune chains. Halopeplis perfoliata is the main associate in the coastal low lying narrow strip. Other associates include Salsola imbricata, Anabasis setifera and Aizoon canariense, Zygophyllum simplex, Zygophyllum coccineum, Lotus deserti and Astragalus annularis were recorded in the interdunal extensions of this community, whereas Zygophyllum simplex, Lotus deserti, Euphorbia granulata, Euphorbia scordifolia, Heliotropium bacciferum, Neurada procumbens, Cenchrus pennisetiformis and Cyperus conglomeratus were recorded on the slopes of the longitudinal sand dune chains. 1.d. Mersa Shab: Mersa Shab is the estuary of Shab valley and Ibib valley on the Red Sea. Mersa Shab is characterized by longitudinal belts, island-like of mangrove vegetation extending for several hundred meters. All the accessible surveyed belts are dominated by Avicennia marina with Rhizophora mucronata as a very common associate. The terrestial side of this large estuary is dominated by Arthrocnemum macrostachyum associated with Halopeplis perfoliata and Suaeda monoica.

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1.e. Mersa Hemaira: It is the outlet of Dagalai valley which lies about 40 km to the north of Shalateen. Avicennia marina forms dense cover on the shore-line. The coastal strip is locally raised over the sea level due to silting up by deposits which are washed down from the drainage lines intersecting the surrounding mountain chains or by accumulated Aeolian sands. In the second zone, following the mangrove vegetation, Atriplex farinosa dominates, associated by Chrozophora plicata, Halopeplis perfoliata and Sarcocornia fruticosa. 2. Coastal Plain: The coastal plain is the ground limited seaward by the littoral salt marsh and on the inland side by the foot-hills of the Red Sea coastal range. The width of this belt varies as it depends on the local geomorphology. Its seaward edge is often a few meters higher in level than the littoral zone. Zahran and Zaki (1977) reported that the soil of desert coastal plain is usually non-saline, and the plant growth is confined to the drainage system (wadis) where run-off collects. Within the coastal plain of Elba area, the following phyto-ecogeomorphological units may be identified, namely drainage lines, residual hills, fans or deltaic portion of the main wadis and the general surface (Zaki, 2000): 1. Drainage lines: These are represented in the downstream extentions of Di-ib valley and Bashwaib valley traversing the coastal plain after their flowing out of the mountainous chains. 1.a. Di-ib Valley is one of the largest drainage system dissecting the coastal plains in the south-east portion of Egypt. The concerned downstream extension is dissected with a number of intermittent streams.The plant cover is dominated by Suaeda monoica with Salsola imbricata as the main associate. Other associates include Panicum turgidum, Pulicaria arabica, Aerva javanica, Cyperus conglomeratus , Fagonia cretica, Polycarpaea repens, Aristida adscensoinis, Cenchrus pennisetiformis, Anthemis melampodina, Coalachyrum brevifolium, Euphorbia granulata, Euphorbia scordifolia, Heliotropium bacciferum, Launaea capitata, Zygophyllum simplex, Asphodelus tenuifolius, Lotononis platycarpa, Cleome amblyocarpa together with very rare individuals of Schweinfurthia pedicellata and Polygala erioptera.

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1.b. The downstream extension of Bashwaib Valley (5 km N of Abu Ramad Village) traverse the coastal plain after receiving a broad network of tributaries cutting across the strongly undulated gravelly slopes following the hills to the east. It is of interest to note here that among these tributaries, cutting across the gravelly elevated plain and along its course traversing the low lying coastal plain for about 2 km west of the shore-line, the plant cover is a good example for the savanna vegetation type, in which shrubs (Acacia tortilis, Capparis decidua and Lycium shawii) dominate this layer, whereas dense cover of the perennial grass Panicum turgidum dominates the ground layer. Proceeding towards the Red Sea, Salsola imbricata dominates, associated with Acacia tortilis, Anabasis setifera, Maerua crassifolia, Cadaba glandulosa and Cadaba farinose which are also recorded as very rare associate. 3. Highland Area: The coastal mountains of the Red Sea represent habitat types of special interest. The richest example is Gebel Elba. The richness of plant life of Gebel Elba qualifies it as one of the main phytogeographical regions of Egypt (Drar, 1936; Täckholm, 1956, 1974; Hassib, 1951 and Ayyad et al., 1993). Kassas and Zahran (1971) reported that along the north and east slopes of Gebel Elba, four main altitudinal zones may be distinguished: 1. a base zone of Euphorbia cuneata 2. a zone of Euphorbia consobrina (= Euphorbia nubica) 3. a zone of Acacia etbaica. 4. a top zone with patches of Dracaena ombet, Euclea schimperi, Dodonaea viscosa, Jasminum sp., and several ferns and mosses. They added that on the southern slopes, plant growth is mostly confined to streams and comprises open scrub of Commiphora opbalsamum and Acacia tortilis. Ahmed (1998) reported 75 species confined in their distribution in Egypt to Gebel Elba. Zahran (1964) reported that along the slopes of the mountains the vegetation reflects different habitat conditions of the different slopes or in zones of the same slope. The moisture regime and air temperature are the foremost ecological factor. Cavelier (1996) reported that with increasing altitude in tropical mountains there is a decrease in the mean soil temperature and air temperature. Barry (1981) added that the mean annual air temperature decreases with altitude due to a drop in atmospheric pressure and air density with increasing elevation.

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Ahmed (1997) studied the floristic composition along wadis intersecting the north, north-eastern and southern flanks of Gebel Elba. He found that the highest numbers of plant species were recorded along Wadi Acowand Wadi Yahameib (129 and 144 species, respectively), compared to other surveyed wadis. According to Abdel Rahman et al., (1989), the landforms of the study area could be divided into three groups: Bahada plain, Faulted mountains and hills and Coastal forms. Bahada plain is formed by the alluvial fans of the wadis Meisa, Shaab, Sifeira and some other smaller wadis. Drainage lines dissect this plain. Faulted mountains and hills project from Bahada surface, especially in the western part, of which Gebel Homra Dom (390 m) is the largest and highest. Gebel Homra Dom is a part of a larger block to the east; there is another low hilly block (150 m) crossed by wadi Meisa. In the northern part, several volcanic hills extend along a line trending north-northwest. These hills are the southern group of hills of the same origin and appear on the two plates of Wadi Hodein and Shalateen. Lagoons, spits, hooks, coral reefs and sabkhas developed along the Red Sea coast (El-Rakaiby et al., 1996). The largest lagoon is that one lying between Mersa Shab and Mersa Abu Suma (10 km long). In this locality, several smaller lagoons developed within the complex of spits and hooks that separate the large lagoon from the sea. Other lagoons with irregular shape formed to the North of Mersa Abu Suma and to the south of Mersa Shab. Coral reefs (bluish tone) occur along the marine margins of the coastline. Inland, coastal sabkhas occupy a narrow strip except for the area lying to the south of Mersa Shab where the sabkha is about three kilometers. Al-Gohary and Yousef (2002) contributed to the flora and vegetation of some wadis in the middle part of Gebel Elba district. They recorded 197 species, of which 92 species are annuals, 103 perennials, 2 biennials and 64 species confined to Gebel Elba.They recorded 12 desert plants for the first time to the surveyed area, while another 6 species were recorded as new to Egypt, namely Oligomerus rotundifolius, Pulicaria schimperi, Conyza sp., Rhynchosia sp., Salsola sp. and Salvia sp. According to Zaki (2000), two main phyto-eco-geo-morphological units are distinguished within the mountainous area of Gebel Elba: 1. Drainage lines: Sarimtai Valley represents a unique example of these drainage lines. It is one of the largest drainage systems in the southern section of the Egyptian Red Sea coast. Geo-morphologically, the water channel of the valley is always dissected by intermittent water streams almost filled with sandy deposits, bound with either low terraces in the

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coastal extensions or scattered hills or mountains up to its master upstream tributaries in Egypt. According to the geomorphology of this valley, the following habitats were distinguished: valley bed, extreme sides, terraces and rocky slopes. Plant cover of this valley varies according to the depth of deposits and water potentialities and is dominated by Acacia species along its channel and residual hills. Acacia tortilis codominates along the main water ways and the obviously elevated terraces which separate them. Acacia ehrenbergiana may dominate the shallow veneered gullies and small tributaries as well as the rocky slopes of the bounding mountains. Rocky slopes also support Cocculus pendulus which is rare. Calotropis procera is of wide occurrence in some tributaries attaining considerable sizes. One of the main constituents of the plant cover is Maerua crassifolia, which is always overgrazed. The undergrowth is dominated by dense growth of Panicum turgidum. Balanites aegyptiaca occurs as scattered individuals mostly close to the outskirting mountainous chains attaining sizes reflecting the poor ground water potentialities. Maerua oblongifolia was recorded twice, as a climber on a shrub of Acacia tortilis where it covers almost the whole crown, or hanged on an unaccessible moderate slope of the bounding mountain. Among the recorded species, which are confined in their distribution in Egypt to Gebel Elba are the following: Pupalia lappacea, Rhynchosia minima, Commiphora opobalsamum, Pavonia triloba, Hibiscus micranthus, Lantana viburnoides, Solanum forsskaolii, Scrophularia arguta, Ifloga spicata subsp. elbaensis, Ophioglossum polyphyllum and Actinopteris semiflabellata. 2. Mountainous slopes: This type of habitat was represented by slopes bounding Acaw Valley, a tributary of Aideib Valley dissecting the northwest flanks of Gebel Elba. Zaki (2000), reported three altitudinal zones, or habitat types could be recognized as follows: 2.a. The mist habitat was distinguished on the high altitudinal zone of Gebel Elba. The species in this habitat, which are recorded in Gebel Elba include: Oxalis anthelmintica, Umbilicus botryoides, Olea europaea subsp. cuspidata, Grewia villosa, Lantana viburnoides, Scrophularia arguta, Achyrocline glumacea and the fern Onychium divaricatum. Another species were recorded on high altitudes and their individuals were recorded also in the lower zoneinclude Dracaena ombet, Commiphora gileadensis and Rhus abyssinica.

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2.b. On the moderate zone, where the environmental conditions are different from the other two habitats, the following plant species were recorded in shaded moist extreme sides of Acaw Valley: Cheilanthes coriacea, Actinopteris semiflabellata and Aneilema aequinoctiale. Another plant species that were recorded in this altitude include Acacia tortilis, Ochradenus baccatus, Commiphora opobalsamum, Grewia tenax, Convolvulus hystrix and Leucas neuflizeana. 2.c. In the lower zones of Acaw Valley, which receive much sedimentation from the run-off, the vegetation is dominated by Acacia tortilis. Other associated species include: Balanites aegyptiaca, Lycium shawii, Euphorbia cuneata, Euphorbia consobrina, Forsskaolea tenacissima, Caylusea hexagyna, Rumex vesicarius, Cucumis prophetarum, Spergula fallax and Tephrosia appolina.

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Photos of the Vegetation Units in Halaib Triangle Area

Fig. 14: The downstream of Wadi Al-Doayeb, showing the floods patrialy submergimg Acacia trees.

Fig. 15: Slopes of Wadi Aideib, Gebel Elba, showing a dense vegetation of Balanites aegyptiaca and Acacia tortilis subsp. tortilis

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Fig. 16: A general view of Wadi Moqr, El-Gerf area

Fig. 17: A part of Qash-Amer mountains with a typical grassland stand of Panicum turgidum and Cymbopogon schoenanthus subsp. proximus.

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Fig. 18: A general view of the mangrove vegetation lining the shore-line of Mersa Sha’ab, Red Sea coast, trees of Avicennia marina are clear.

Fig. 19: The mobile sand dunes of Wadi Al-Doayeb, with Acacia tortilis subsp. Tortilis (on the right)

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Fig. 20: A general view of Al-Gerf mountains, showing heavy vegetation of Acacia tortilis scrubland

Fig. 21: A part of Wadi Sarara Saremtai, with Calotropis procera on the left and Acacia tortilis in the background.

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Fig. 22: Rocky slopes of Acaw, Gebel Elba, with rich vegetation of Acacia etbaica and Acacia mellifera

Fig. 23: Drainage system of Wadi Al-Doayeb, showing typically rich vegetation of mixed species after a rainy season

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Fig. 24: A general view of Wadi Abu Saafa, Abraq

Fig. 25: A part of Wadi Aideib, Gebel Elba showing Acacia tortilis scrubland

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Fig. 26: The downstream of Wadi Ib-ib, covered with sluggish water stream of the year 2005

Fig. 27: Deef area, where the trees of Balanites aegyptiaca reaching a height of 8 m

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Fig. 28: Three trees of Dracaena ombet, characterized by slender growth, and scattered bushes of other drought-intolerant species on the slopes

of Wadi Aretray-Yahmeib, Gebel Elba area

Fig. 29: Rocky tops in Kansisrob supporting the growth of Delonix elata trees

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Fig. 30: A part of Baaneet area with the large climber Cocculus pendulus supported by Acacia tortilis

Fig. 31: Slightly undulating sand sheets near Bir Gamadlam showing the growth of Hyoscyamus muticus

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Population The Bedouin societies and their distinguished social culture occupy an important spot on the social and cultural map of the different Egyptian societies as a result of the expanded desert lands of Egypt. The cultures of these desert societies have their own special social aspects which distinguish them as Bedouins and differ in some features from the other cultural Egyptian societies. Thus, Bedouins have their own beliefs and behaviour. Some social and cultural anthropological studies refer to that sub-cultures have in general several problems in comparison with the greater society to which they belong. One of the problems, for example, is the difficulty of some of these cultures to cope with the social and economic development. Since there are difficulties in the reaction of the Bedouin societies towards the greater and dominating population of the country, this would lead to some problems concerning their integration with other urban or civilized cultures by keeping on their identity, then the difficulty of merging with the Egyptian society as a whole. The ecological conditions of Halaib Triangle area, as being isolated through the previous historical periods, have participated in the incarnation of these problems. An example of such problems is the conflict which occurred between Egypt and Sudan several years ago. However the area under investigation has been prevailed over the last twenty years by new systems, habits, traditions and cultures were observed among the bedouin groups who dwell into Shalateen, Halaib and the mountain of Elba. That is what this study tries to look through and to define the habits and traditions connected to some social occasions, and to designate how the folk medicine is practiced, and the medicinal plants were used. This study searched for more understanding of the society’s different aspects to help integrating these isolated societies with the greater societies of the Egyptian people for promoting the development of life and their customs, accordingly many problems which the policy makers encounter in this society will disappear. This study also aims to find some of the scientific bases which may help in developing and maximizing the opportunities of such population to make choices of their life, without being separated completely from their communities. Among the contributions to the local communities of the investigated area are those of Badr (1996), Briggs (1995), Briggs et al., (1999), Dabis

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(1999), Khalil (1999), Murray (1951), Newbold (1935), Sandars (1933), Seligman (1959), Starky (1999) and Young (1996). Two main Egyptian tribes inhabiting the area, namely Ababda and Basharia. Rashayda, Atman and Hindu are tribes dewelling Shalateen area fortrade between Egypt and Sudan. The Population Status:

The population inhabiting, Shalateen, including its small villages, and according to 1999 census reaches 11633 persons: 6210 male and 5423 female. The number of people living in the urban areas is 5078 and those living in rural areas are 6555 persons. The population of Halaib is around 1665 persons, 903 of them are males and 762 are females. Table 2 represents data of this area. Table 2: Population, residents and gender in Shalateen city and Halaib region

Area Number of Population Total Male % Female %

Shalateen

Urban Rural

2804 3406

55.2 52.0

2274 3149

44.8 48.0

5078 6555

Total 6210 53.4 5423 46.6 11633

Halaib

Urban Rural

- 903

- 54.2

- 762

- 45.8

- 1665

Total 903 54.2 762 45.8 1665 Note: Shalateen comprises Shalteen town, Wadi Abraq, Wadi Houfein, Abu Ramad, Al-Gahliah, Wadi Saaf, Wadi Deef, Raas Hadrabah and Mersa Hemeirah; whereas Halaib comprises Halaib and Gebel Elba mountain. Source: The central Agency for Mobilization and Statistics, The General Enumeration of Population, Housing and Buildings, The Outcomes of Housing Conditions, The Red Sea Governorate (April, 1999: 8).The Unit of Shalateen, The Red Sea Governorate (enumeration of 19.5.2003).

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Sections of Main Professions: Table 3: Population and main professions in Shalateen (More than 15 years)

Main Professions Population Total Male Female 1- People working in shops and

service centers 222 3 225

2- Farmers, farm workers and people working in pasture 2323 35 2358

3- Craftsmen 187 - 187 4- Normal professions 154 - 154 5- Not enrolled 219 2910 3129 Total 3105 2948 6053 Source: The Central Agency for Mobilization and Statistics, the final outcomes of population enumeration, ibid: 73-74. The table indicates that most people work in pasturage and farming, and they represent about 2358 workers of the total workers. The second category is those who work in shops and service centers such as super markets. People who work in crafts and related professions represent 187 workers. People who work in normal professions represent 154 workers. Unemployed people who do not join any profession account to 3129 persons of the total population. Environment Affairs Organization-Shalateen There are two medical units, one in Shalateen city and the other in Abu Ramad. There are also three hospitals, two in Shalateen and one in Abu Ramad, in addition to three clinics in Shalateen city. The whole area harbor four pharmacies and three succor units. In addition to the above mentioned services, there are the Environment Affairs Organization, city registry in Shalateen city, local council, Agricultural administration, Desert researche center and Animal health care institute. In addition, there are civil services such as bus stations, the elderly house of social affair unit, fire station, police stations in Abu Ramad and Shalateen. Also, there are four bakeries, and youth and sport center in Shalteen city.

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Folk Medicine and Herbs: Folk medicine is considered as an important element in folk believes and it has an immense importance in Halaib and Shalateen community. As herbs are available with enormous amounts and represent a part of the necessary crops for the community. The heritage believes give folk medicine a significant role in this community. Beside the wide experience of inhabitants, especially old ones (physicians, herbalists and spice dealers), folk medicine is a mean of recovering from many diseases. The inhabitants have a great experience in presenting prescriptions for many diseases beginning with headache till burns, kidney diseases and anaemia. The spice dealers have a basic role in marketing, but their experience enabled them to perform the roles of precautionary and therapeutic folk medicine. The therapeutic role varies giving prescriptions for treating headache, diarrhea, constipation, colic, ophthalmic diseases, allergy, stomach ache, ears, teeth, kidney pebbles, fever, and several other diseases. In Halaib Triangle community, folk medicine reflects the interaction between the human and the ecological system, as the environmental resources contain herbs, trees, stones, and sands which are not useful without the human experience of using and dealing with them.

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Fig. 32: Mersa She’eb, research team

Fig. 33: Mersa She’eb, research team and some assistance

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Fig. 34: Al Souk area- The market of Shalateen old city

Fig. 35: A part of Shalateen new city (Hajar Al-Asaas quarter)

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Fig. 36: A part of Shalateen international market (Al-Souk Al-Dawly). Notice the

heavy-loaded vehicles used for transporting goods between Egypt and Sudan

Fig. 37: Wholesalers bargaining for the exchange of their goods

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Fig. 38: Wood-cutting of old trees in Halaib Triangle Area for preparation of charcoal

Fig. 39: A heap and bags of charcoal ready for sale or to be exported to other places

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Fig. 40: Bir Gamadlam

Fig. 41: Preparation of GABANA (a traditional drink like coffee) by some inhabitant

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Traditional Knowledge about Medicinal Plants in the Region

During several visits to the investigated area, available traditional knowledge was documented, depending on the available sources, namely the healers, the herbalists and Attarin. *The following are 22 definite examples of the traditional uses of medicinal plants in folk medicine. 1. Disease: Vitiligo- (ـدن الجلـد فـى بقـع متفـر ـةتغيرل) :البهـاق It is one of the most common diseases in the region. Al-Hook plant (Farsetia stylosa) is used for treatment of the disease. The young branches is collected from the plant, dried then toasted on fire till it changes to the black colour after which it is powdered. The powder is added to a quantity of sesame oil and used to polish the affected spots of the skin. Dose (Uses): twice daily for 7-10 days where the symptoms are alleviated. Note: To cure this disease, the following treatment is also applied: Neela – نيل Chrozophora oblongifolia plant is used. The powder of the dried leaves is used. A small amount of water is added to the powder and the skin is rubbed with it twice daily for about 2 days or till relief. 2. Disease: Renal colic – الملدىالمغص Shagaret el-Ghazal Haplophyllum tuberculatum plant is used in its treatment. A decoction is prepared from the dried branches. Dose (Uses): Two cups of the warm decoction daily (morning and evening) for 3 days, where the symptoms are relieved. The dose can be repeated in case of pain recurrence. 3. Disease: Stomach ache – المعدة مغص A mixture of Hargal + Half barr (Solenostemma arghel + Cymbopogon schoenanthus subsp. proximus) is used. The parts used from the first plant

تغير لون

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are the flowers after their dryness, while those used from the other plant are the dried young branches, taking in consideration that the percent of al-Hargal flowers must be more than the branches of Half barr. A decoction is prepared from the mixture of the two parts after boiling for a relatively long period. Dose (Uses): Two warm cups, one in the morning and other afternoon for 5-6 days. The dose must be taken completely even if there was a relief at the beginning. Note: To cure this disease, the following treatment is also applied: Laseit - .plant is used (Cocculus pendulus) السيت The fruits are the parts used, (the fruits are lenticular in shape with width about 0.5 cm). Ripe fruits are only used having black colour where its local name is “Al-Se’eb” - السعيـب. A decoction of the fruits in water is made, filtered and the filtrate is drunk after adding ghee to it (it can be drunk without ghee). Dose: a cupful to be taken at morning till the case becomes better. 4. Disease: Spinal cord pains – العمدد الفقرى آالم Al Hook Akwateem Echinops hussonii plant is used. The roots of the plant are used, where very thin slices are prepared and tied with a bandage on the spinal cord for about a month (avoid wetting with water). 5. Disease: Ascariasis – ألسمارسا Hantitrob Oxalis anthelmintica plant is used. The plant part used is the underground parts (the bulbs) where its width reaches about 1.5 cm. Dose (Uses): 10-15 Bulbs to be taken before breakfast for 3 days. 6. Disease: Scorpion bite – لعقربا لدغة Al Ghormol Zygophyllum simplex plant is used.

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The part of the plant is the root. A part of the root is tied on the bite’s place for one month. Note: To cure this disease, the following treatment is also applied: Khoshyaat “Shekayah” - ميماي (Fagonia bruguieri) plant is used which is tied near the bite’s place. 7. Disease: Anaemia – (فقر الدم) األنيميا Plants used in the treatment are mixture of Mayouk + Gouy + Tomay + Arak (Tephrosia nubiaca + Delonix elata + Moringa peregrina + Salvadora persica) The part used from these plants is the crust. The mixture is prepared by mixing equal quantities of the crusts of these plants and boiled for a comparatively long time. Dose (Uses): A warm cup of the decoction to be taken three times daily for a week. 8. Disease: Malaria – االمالري Plants used in a mixture of: Shegart el-Ghazal + Senamaccy + Half barr (Haplophyllum tuberculatum + Senna italica + Cymbopogon schoenanthus subsp. proximus) The whole plants parts are used and a decoction of the mixture is prepared. Dose (Uses): Twice daily (morning and evening) for about 4 days or till recovery. 9. Disease: Chest pains –المآ الصـدر Al-Mesha’ab –المشـعب (Tephrosia nubica) plant is used. The green leaves are crushed and then added to normal tea. Dose: A cupful is taken when needed.

املالريا

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10. Disease: Carbuncles - الخـراريـج a. Al-Awat – العـدات Arnebia hispidissima plant is used. A small part of

the stem is tied on the carbuncle directly.

b. Goola - تدل Plicosepalus curviflorus plant is also used where the seeds are powdered and placed on the carbuncle.

c. The powder of Al-Gabaat- تــابات Ziziphus spina-christi seeds can also be used in the same way as the previous methods.

11. Disease: Bronchial asthma- الشعبـىالربد : Reihaan - ريكـان Ocimum forsskaolii plant is used. The dried leaves are used where they are smoked as cigarettes when needed or it can be smoked using Kados - كـادوس (it is a small piece of goats bones that must be chosen as a pipe’s shape). Kados can also be made of owaidat - أويــدات stone (local name of Sarabantina stone). This type of stone is sold in a single store owned by Mr. Ahmed Essa Mohamed Ammar in Abu-Ramad city. This stone is brought from Gebel Elba region (Fig. 42). 12. Disease: Tonsillitis - اللـدزتيـنالتهـاب Teerah – يرهـت Rumex simpliciflorus plant is used. The stem is cut into small pieces about 2 cm long each. These small pieces are connected using a rope as if it is a necklace and placed around the neck near the tonsils for few days until the patient recovers. These pieces can also be placed in a tube made of goat’s skin named locally “Oko”-أوكو (Fig. 43). 13. Disease: Children diseases - األطفـالأمـرال Ashteet-molouk-أمـتيت ملـدق (the gum of Acacia asak) is used. Its yellow colour resembling that of bee’s honey.

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Fig. 42: KADOS;a pipe-like stone brought from Gebel Elba, and stuffed by dried leaves of Reihan (Ocimum forsskaolii)

to be smoked for treatment of Bronchial Asthma

Fig. 43: OKO; a tube of goat’s skin rolled and stuffed by Teerah (Rumex simpliciflorus) and placed around the patient’s neck for

treatment of Tonsillitis

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A piece of the Acacia asak crust is crushed and added to the gum of the plant to make a paste which is used as follows: a. Infants of age 2-3 months having bronchitis- الشعبـى األلتهـاب : A piece of this paste is added to ghee produced from goats’ milk and boiled then filtered. The filtrate is drunk after its temperature becomes suitable. b. Ears pain and in the case of pus- in children of االم االان مع وتدد صديدone year age: a piece of the paste is boiled in ghee (produced from goats’ milk) and drops of the filtrate are dropped in the ear while sleeping. c. Nile’s fever (tremors with fever and comma): which is named “Al-Werdah” – الدرده in the study area. In this case pieces of the paste is placed in hot water, hot tea, gabanah - تبنـة (a local drink as coffee commonly used in this region) or boiled milk.

Dose: taken three times daily for a week or recovery. d. This paste is sometimes burnt like “incene- بخـدر” in houses. 14. Disease: Joints pain- المفـاصلاالم A hole of about 50 cm depth is made in the ground where Haglig - هجلـيج (Balanites aegyptiaca) or Dada’a- دد (Olea europaea subsp. cuspidata) plant is placed on burning coal, which produces very heavy smoke. At the same time, the body of the patient is rubbed with sesame oil and covered with thick blankets, then placed in this hole after the fire had been put out to vaporize his body with the produced smoke for enough time. The patient starts sweating and remains in this condition for a period while changing the position of his body. He stays in this way till his sweat dries completely after which he would feel better. 15. Disease: Head scalp and hair growth diseases – أمرال فروة الرأس و

نمد الشعر

Omm bait –أم بيت Dracaena ombet plant is used. The leaves are used after drying and crushing to make powder. The powder of the dried leaves is boiled in ghee produced from goats’ milk, the head scalp is then rubbed with it. 16. Disease: Low back pain - ال هـر أسفـل آالم Hook - دكـه Farsetia stylosa plant is used. هوك -

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Parts of the roots are tied on the affected area where the case is relieved. 17. Disease: Diarrhea - االسهـال It is cured with the same previous method. 18. Disease: Influenza -األنفلـدنـما A mixture of Argel - حـرتـل (Solenostemma arghel), Shagaret El ghazal-

الالغمالشجرة Haplophyllum tuberculatum and Half barr- لمحبر (Cymbopogon schoenanthus subsp. proximus) is used. A decoction of the mixture is prepared and taken 3 times daily for about 2-3 days. 19. Disease: Food poisoning- الغذاو تسمم Handal seeds- الكنضلبذور Citrullus colocynthesis are used. The seeds are fried, powdered then a small amount of water is added to it and then inhaled. This will lead to vomiting excluding everything in the stomach. It can also be swallowed for the same purpose, but it is intolerable. 20. Disease: Low back and knee pains - ال هـر مـع الـركبتيـن أسفلآالم Fresh Citrullus colocynthis fruits are cut and places on the knee for about an hour. 21. Disease: Joints, neck and muscles pain- العن و العضالتو المفاصل آالم A paste of the seeds and fruits of Qarad – رل (pods of Acacia nilotica, brought from the Nile Valley) are used. 22. Disease: Body sores – الجسـد رح : The ground parts of Sahanoon -سـكندن (Lycium shawii) are used where they are chopped into parts of about 5 cm long and tied on the affected area of the body.

الشجرة الغزال حلف بر

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Table 4: Twenty two definite examples of the traditional uses of medicinal plants together with the plant(s) used.

Disease Plant Used

1. Vitiligo Either Farsetia stylosa or Chrozophora oblongifolia

2. Renal colic Haplophyllum tuberculatum

3. Stomach ache Either Solenostemma arghel + Cymbopogon schoenanthus subsp. proximus or Cocculus pendulus

4. Spinal cord Echinops hussonii 5. Ascariasis Oxalis anthelmintica

6. Scorbion bite Either Zygophyllum simples or Fagonia bruguieri

7. Anaemia Tephrosia nubica + Delonix elata + Moringa peregrina + Solenostemma arghel

8. Malaria Haplophyllum tuberculatum + Senna italica + Cymbopogon schoenanthus subsp. proximus

9. Chest pains Tephrosia nubica subsp. nubica 10. Carbuncles Arnebia hispidissima 11. Bronchial asthma Ocimum forsskaolii 12. Tonsillitis Rumex simpliciflorus 13. Children diseases:

a. Bronchitis b. Ears pain with pus c. Nile fever (Al-Werdah)

Acacia asak (Gum + bark) Acacia asak (Gum + bark) Acacia asak (Gum + bark)

14. Joints pain Balanites aegyptiaca 15. Head scalp and hair growth diseases

Dracaena ombet

16. Low back pain Farsetia stylosa 17. Diarrhea Cocculus pendulus

18. Influenza

Solenostemma arghel +Haplophyllum tuberculatum +Cympobogon schoenanthus subsp. proximus

19. Food poisoning Citrullus colosynthis (Seeds) 20. Low back and Knee pains Citrullus colosynthis (Fruits) 21. Joints, neck and muscles pains

Acacia nilotica (fruits from outside the study area)

22. Body sores Lycium shawii

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Photos of the Healers, Traders

and Medicinal Plants Collectors, … ect.

Fig. 44: Mr. Mohamed Hasay, the healer of Wadi Aideib, Gebel Elba,

Halaib Triangle, The Red Sea Governorate, Egypt

Fig. 45: Mr. Arkeeb, the healer of Wadi Yahmeib, Gebel Elba,


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Fig. 46: Mr. Mohamed Sherif Amer, the healer of Abu Ramad,


Fig. 47: Mr. Haraka, a known trader of Hargal and Half Barr (Solenostemma

arghel and Cymbopogon schoenanthus subsp. proximus) Shalateen city, Halaib Triangle, The Red Sea Governorate, Egypt

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Fig. 48: Mr. Hassan Bakr Ali, another well-known trader of Hargal and Half

Barr, Shalateen city, Halaib Triangle, The Red Sea Governorate, Egypt

Fig. 49: Mr. El-Dawwi, a famous charcoal trader and Half Barr (but his trade

focused mainly on charcoal), Shalateen city, Halaib Triangle, The Red Sea Governorate, Egypt

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Fig. 50: Some medicinal plants collectors, with some collections of their trade,

Shalateen city, Halaib Triangle, The Red Sea Governorate, Egypt

Fig. 51: Mr Mohamed Mostafa Khozam (on the left), the owner of the main

agency who took the charge of commercial import of medicinal plants from the Sudan and Mr. Ibrahim Gad El-Kareem Mohamed (on the right),

the owner of “Al-Sheikh” Attar shop, Shalateen City, Halaib Triangle,The Red Sea Governorate, Egypt

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Fig. 52: “Etarat Al-Sheikh” Attar shop at Shalateen city,


Fig. 53: “Etarat Al-Barakah” another Attar shop at Shalateen city,


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Plant Communities

Several works dealt with the plant communities in the eastern deserts of Egypt: Batanouny, 1973 and 1979; Batanouny and Baeshin, 1982; El-Sharkawy and Fayed 1975; El-Sharkawy et al., 1982 a & b, 1984, 1987, 1988, 1990; Hassib, 1951; Kassas and Girgis, 1964, 1965, 1970 and 1972; Kassas and Imam, 1959; Kassas and Zahran, 1962,1965; Zahran and Willis, 1992. The following are the plant communities recorded in the area of investigation: I. Communities dominated by medicinal plants: 1. Salvadora persica community Salvadora persica may grow as trees, but in most cases it forms patches covering mounds of soft deposits. This is probably due to the repeated cutting of the young branches, which are used by the local communities. This assemblage is represented in the study area on the silt terraces of the upstream parts of Wadi Ma’arafawy, Otefeek, Karam Elba, Meisah, Al-Erk and Yahmeib (170-213 m). Acacia tortilis, Leptadenia pyrotechnica, Calotropis procera and Solenostemma arghel are the common associates. Less common associates are Balanites aegyptiaca, Capparis decidua, Cocculus pendulus, Lycium shawii, Ochradenus baccatus and Ziziphus spina-christi. 2. Balanites aegyptiaca community The vegetation dominated by Balanites aegyptiaca is mostly confined to the montane country of Wadi Yahmeib, Aideib, Abu Seefa and Deef (274-498 m). The plant cover of the Balanites aegyptiaca community varies from 10% to 40%. The conspicuous tree layer includes the dominant species having the greater cover, together with several common associates such as Acacia tortilis and Ziziphus spina-christi. The abundant associates are Calotropis procera and Salvadora persica. Common ones are Ochradenus baccatus, Maerua crassifolia and Solenostemma arghel.

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Other less common associates are Cleome droserifolia, Salsola imbricata subsp. imbricata, Aerva javanica, Cocculus pendulus, Ricinus communis and Citrullus colocynthis. 3. Senna italica community Senna italica is a wide xerophyte within Halaib Triangle area. The community dominated by this species inhabits the foot ridges and areas with fine textured soil. It is recorded along Ma’arafawy slopes, Otefeek, Karam Elba, Meisah, Al-Erka and Yahmeib (170-213 m). The plant cover ranges from 5% to 25%. The dominant species may form almost pure stands. Among the associates which are recorded: Acacia tortilis, Balanites aegyptiaca, Aerva javanica, Crotalaria microphylla, Panicum turgidum, Cenchrus ciliaris, Dipterygium glaucum, Senna alexandrina, Heliotropium zeylanicum, Solenostemma arghel, Eragrostis amabilis, Stipagrostis hirtigluma and Pulicaria undulata. 4. Citrullus colocynthis community This community is present on sand plains covering substrata of fine sediments. It is found in Wadi Al-Esaila, Baneit, Saeeb, Ma’arafawy, Deef and Abraq (250-431 m). The cover is often dense (about 40%), contributed mainly by Citrullus colocynthesis, which forms large patches of prostrate growth. The most common associates include Chrozophora oblongifolia, Calotropis procera, Hyoscyamus muticus, Zilla spinosa subsp. spinosa, Aerva javanica, Leptadenia pyrotechnica, Crotalaria microphylla, Parietaria debilis, Gisekia pharnaceoides, Reseda pruinosa, Tribulus pentandrus and Leysera leyseroides. Note: Citrullus colocynthis is also a main associate of Euphorbia cuneata community. 5. Cleome droserifolia community The dominant species forms low cushions of spreading growth that may not exceed 30 cm in height. It may accumulate pads of soft material and it grows in isolated patches confined to particular position among the coarse boulders. The occurrence of this community is confined to Equab area, Ma’arafawy and El-Gerf (154-685 m).

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The associates include Acacia tortilis, Leptedenia pyrotechnica, Lycium shawii, Panicum turgidum, Cucumis prophetarum, Caylusea hexagyna, Indigofera hochstetteri, Citrullus colocynthis, Heliotropium strigosum, Felicia dentata, Artemisia judaica, Launaea mucronata and Corchorus depressus. 6. Fagonia bruguieri community This community occurs on gravelly plains in El-Gerf, Abu-Saafa, Deef and Farsh Al-Hodein (210-600 m). The plant cover is thin (10-20%). Among the associates which were recorded are: Farsetia longisiliqua, Citrullus colocynthis, Aristida mutabilis, Eragrostis amabilis, Morettia philaeana, Zilla spinosa subsp. spinosa, Heliotropium ramosissimum, Pulicaria incisa subsp. incisa, Launaea nudicaulis, Salsola imbricata subsp. imbricata, Crotalaria senegalensis, Astragalus eremophilus, Indigofera spinosa and Reichardia tingitana. 7. Calotropis procera community The vegetation dominated by Calotropis procera is common on deep alluvial soil in Agway (Halaib), Hadraba, Halaib, Sarara-Saremtai, Wadi Shellal, Qombeet, Al-Doayeb, Hodein and Meisah (10-340 m). The plant cover is relatively considerable, reaching up to 30%. It is stratified into four layers. The upper stratum is thin and includes Acacia tortilis and Balanites aegyptiaca. The shrub layer is most conspicuous, containing the dominant, Ochradenus baccatus and Tamarix nilotica. The suffrutescent layer includes Capparis decidua, Indigofera spinosa, Farsetia longisiliqua, Lycium shawii and Senna italica. In the ground layer are Cynodon dactylon, Cenchrus ciliaris, Digitaria nodosa, Tribulus bimucronatus, Citrullus colocynthis, Convolvulus prostratus and Salvia aegyptiaca (Fig. 62). 8. Asphodelus tenuifolius community Tha plant growth dominated by Asphodelus tenuifolius occurs in wadi beds on alluvial deposits and alluvial sediments among stones. The ground surface is remarkably cracked when dry, indicating the high proportion of fine sediments. It is found in Yahmeib, Aideib, Yoyder, Wadi Al-Doayeb, Adleeb, Ebeb, Gebel Hamra-Doom and Meisah (20-330 m).

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Plant cover is about 35% and the dominant species contributes most of it. Associates include: Filago prolifera, Enneapogon scabra, Bromus pectinatus, Arnebia hispidissima, Citrullus colocynthis, Monsonia nivea, Convolvulus siculus, Commicarpus helenae, Malva prviflora, Trianthema portulacoides, Forsskaolea tenacissima and Boerhavia repens. 9. Hyoscyamus muticus community The vegetation dominated by Hyoscyamus muticus is confined to Gamadlam and Delta of Al-Doayeb (40-100 m). It usually occurs on the silty deposits overlain by thin sheets of sand. The cover ranges between 20% and 70%, contributed mainly by the dominant. The most common associates are Calotropis procera, Salsoa imbricata subsp. imbricata, Tamarix nilotica, Indigofera spinosa and Zygophyllum simplex. Other associates include Panicum turgidum, Chloris virgata, Senecio flavus, Pulicaria incisa subsp. incisa, Ifloga spicata, Plantago ciliata, Cistanche tubulosa, Kickxia hastata, Corchorus trilocularis, Anagalis arvensis, Asphodelus tenuifolius and Launaea massauensis. 10. Moringa peregrina community Patches that cover limited areas of the upstream runnels of the drainage systems represent this assemblage. These are runnels collecting water at the foot of the higher mountains. Moringa peregrina is confined to the foot of the mountains of Al-Mashbah, Aideib, Hankouf (Qad-Abay gaab); 300-800 m. The ground where the dominant species grows is usually covered with coarse rock detritus, a typical character of the upstream runnels at the foot of the mountains. The associates include Acacia tortilis, Leptadenia pyrotechnica, Zilla spinosa subsp. spinosa, Cleome droserifolia, Aerva javanica, Capparis sinaica, Artemisia judaica, Chrozophora oblongifolia, Capparis decidua, Fagonia bruguieri, Pulicaria incisa subsp. incisa, Hyoscamus muticus, Salvia aegyptiaca, Lavandula coronopifolia, Lycium shawii and Ochradenus baccatus. 11. Zygophyllum simplex community The ephemeral vegetation dominated by Zygophyllum simplex is found on the gravelly and rocky slopes of Wadi Ma’arafawy, Abraq, Mersa She’eb, Aideib, Yahmeib and Adleib (5-310 m). It occurs on the gravelly and rocky slopes. Due to its physiographic location, low water resources and

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the lack of surface deposits characterize this habitat. Fine sediments are trapped among the gravel and cobbles. Plant cover is about 20%. The common associates are Aizoon canariense, Ifloga spicata subsp. elbaensis, Kickxia hastata, Filago desertorum, Fagonia indica var. indica, Leysera leyseroides, Launaea capitata, Cleome chrysantha and Farsetia stylosa. 12. Zilla spinosa community This community is widespread within the channels of Wadi Hodein, Abraq area and Deef (60-380 m). Common perennial associates are Calligonum polygonoides subsp. comosum, Leptadenia pyrotechnica, Aerva javanica, Artemisia judaica, Solenostemma arghel, Acacia tortilis, Cleome droserifolia, Fagonia schmperi. Abundant and common ephemerals are Asphodelus tenuifolius, Aizoon canariense, Senecio flavus, Polygala irregularis, Reichardia tingitana, Polycarpaea robbairea, Ifloga spicata, Lotus glinoides and Arnebia hispidissima. 13. Rumex simpliciflorus community This community is found in runnels crossing stony slopes and ridges with conglomeratus in Yahmeib, Aideib, Gebel Hamra-Doom, Al-Doayeb and Sararah (70-680 m). The plant cover is small, ranging from 5 to 15%. Most of the associated species were recorded at foothills and in spots with alluvial sediments. The associates include Lycium shawii, Fagonia tenuifolia, Dipterygium glaucum, Euphorbia scordifolia, Sclerocephalus arabicus, Cenchrus pennisetiformis, Aerva lanata, Citrullus colocynthis, Farsetia stylosa, Polygala erioptera, Indigofera spiniflora, Arnebia hispidissima, Filago desertorum and Forsskaolea tenacissima (Fig. 66).

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II. Communities in which medicinal plants are the main associates: 1. Euphorbia cuneata community (in which Aerva javanica and Chrozophora oblongifolia are main associates): Euphorbia cuneata is one of the most abundant species within the coastal hills, the foot-hills and the base zone of the Elba mountain. The vegetation dominated by this species is found in runnels crossing stony slopes of Aideib, Kansisrob, Yahmeib Abu-Saafa and Karam Elba (266-442 m). The plant cover is small ranging from 5 to 15%. Tree and shrub layer is represented by the dominant, Maerua crassifolia, Acacia asak, Acacia tortilis, Lycium shawii and Chrozophora oblongifolia. Dwarf shrubs and perennial herbs include Fagonia schimperi, Abutilon pannosum, Solanum incanum, Centropodia fragilis, Indigofera spinosa, Panicum turgidum and Forsskaolea tenacissima. Annuals include Reseda pruinosa and Euphorbia granulata. Main associated species include Aerva javanica, Senna alexandrina, Blepharis edulis and Citrullus colocynthis. 2. Acacia tortilis subsp. tortilis community (in which Cocculus pendulus, Solenostemma arghel, Ricinus communis, Aerva javanica, Haplophyllum tuberculatum, and Senna italica are among the associates) This assemblage is common in depressions, wide wadis, wadi terraces and major drainage systems with deep sediments. It is recorded in Al-Saeeb, Baneet, Al-Aseeh, Aideib and Kansisrob (123-390 m). The ground surface is covered with gravels, stones and conglomeratus (Fig. 54). The plant cover is not homogenous, ranging between 10 and 30%. Tree and shrub layer is represented by Balanites aeyptiaca, Ziziphus spina-christi, Cocculus pendulus, Ochradenus baccatus, Calotropis procera, Capparis decidua, Maerua crassifolia, Salvadora persica, Leptadenia pyrotechnica and Lycium shawii. Solenostemma arghel is the most common member of the suffrutescent layer which also includes Aerva javanica, Senna italica and Indigofera spinosa. The ground layer is represented by few individuals of Ricinus communis, Cleome droserifolia and Citrullus colocynths and may be enriched by ephemerals during rainy seasons. 3. Tamarix aphylla community (in which Covolvulus hystrix and Cucumis prophetarumare main associates)

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The vegetation dominated by Tamarix aphylla has a limited range of distribution in the study area. It is confined to the limestone country of Abu Gerfan, Abu Saafa and Baneit (31-350 m). The habitat supporting the growth of the dominant species, namely the terrace of the main wadi, is characterized by relatively deep soil. Plant cover ranges between 25% and 40% with the dominant species contributing the major part of it. Associated species occur particularly in sites where soil is much coarser-grained and accordingly drier, or in areas where individuals of Tamarix have been eradicated. Common associates are Lycium shawii, Panicum turgidum, Covolvulus hystrix, Anabasis setifera, Capparis decidua, Cucumis prophetarum, Cenchrus ciliaris, Salsola imbricata subsp. imbricata, Forsskaolea tenacissima, Aizoon canariense, Morettia philaeana and Centaurea aegyptiaca.

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Fig. 54: A community dominated by Acacia tortilis subsp. tortilis,

lower slopes of Wadi Aideib, Gebel Elba

Fig. 55: Apart of Wadi Yahmeib, Gebel Elba, with rich vegetation of

Balanites aegyptiaca and Acacia ehrenbergiana

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Fig. 56: Wadi Yahmeib, Gebel Elba, where shrubs of Acacia tortilis reach up to 5 m height

Fig. 57: A general view of the vegetation lining the shore-line of Mersa Sha’ab, Red Sea coast. Arthorcnemum macrostachyum dominated in the foreground

and Avicennia marina in the background

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Fig. 58: A general view of Wadi Al-Eseila, with a rich vegetation of Acacia tortilis

Fig. 59: A part of Wadi Al-Erqa, with a dense vegetation of Aerva javanica and Zilla spinosa. One tree of Acacia tortilis is clear in the background

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Fig. 60: A part of Wadi Shendeb with a stand of Aerva javanica and Acacia ehrenbergiana

Fig. 61: A general view of Wadi Shellal with scattered growth of Capparis decidua and Panicum turgidum

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Fig. 62: A community dominated by Calotropis procera, Wadi Al-Doayeb

Fig. 63: A part of Wadi Abraq with a typical stand of Cleome droserifolia

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Fig. 64: A general view of Wadi Yoyder with a grasslandof Panicum turgidum, Cymbopogon schoenanthus subsp. proximus and bushes of Acacia ehrenbergiana

Fig. 65: A part of Wadi Al-Doayeb, showing a vegetation dominated by Calotropis procera and Acacia tortilis

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Fig. 66: A community dominated by Rumex sempliciflorus

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List of Medicinal Plants Recorded in Halaib Triangle Area: A. Pharmacopoeial plants: 1. Citrullus colocynthis (L.) Schrad. 2. Hyoscyamus muticus L. 3. Plantago afra L. 4. Senna alexandrina Mill. 5. Senna italica Mill. B. Plants used in preparation of industrialized drugs:

1. Cymbopogon schoenanthus (L.) Spreng. subsp. proximus (Hochst. ex Rich.) Maire and Weiller 2. Cyperus rotundus L. 3. Delonix elata (L.) Gamble 4. Ricinus communis L. 5. Salvadora persica L. 6. Solanum nigrum L. 7. Tribulus terrestris L. 8. Ziziphus spina-chridti (L.) Desf.

C. Plants used in folk and traditional medicine:

1. Aerva javanica (Burnm. f.) Juss. ex Schult var. javanica var. bovei Webb 2. Anastatica hierochuntica L. 3. Artemisia judaica L. 4. Asphodelus tenuifolius Cav. 5. Balanites aegyptiaca (L.) Delile 6. Calotropis procera (Aiton) W. T. Aiton 7. Capparis decidua (Forssk.) Edgew. 8. Cleome droserifolia (Forssk.) Delile 9. Cocculus pendulus (J.R. and G. Forst) Diels 10. Commiphora gileadensis (L.) C. Chr. 11. Convolvulus hystrix Vahl 12. Cucumis prophetarum L. subsp. dissectus (Naudin) C. Jeffrey 13. Cyperus rotundus L. var. rotundus 14. Dodonaea viscosa (L.) Jacq. 15. Haplophyllum tuberculatum (Forssk.) Juss. 16. Moringa peregrina (Forssk.) Fiori 17. Otostegia fruticosa (Forssk.) Penz. subsp. fruticosa 18. Solenostemma arghel (Delile) Hayne

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19. Tephrosia purpurea (L.) Pers. subsp. purpurea subsp. apollinea (Delile) Hosni and El-Karemy

D. Plants can be considered potential medicinal plants:

1. Fagonia bruguieri DC. 2. Iphiona scabra DC. 3. Rumex vesicarius L. 4. Zygophyllum simplex L.

E. Plants of restricted use confined to HalaibTriangle Area:

1. Chrozophora oblongifolia (Delile) Spreng. 2. Dracaena ombet Kotschy and Peyr. 3. Echinops hussonii Boiss. 4. Euphorbia consobrina N. E. Br. 5. Farsetia stylosa R. Br. 6. Oxalis anthelmintica A. Rich. 7. Plicosepalus curviflorus (Benth. Ex Oliv.) Tiegh. 8. Rumex simpliciflorus Murb. 9. Tephrosia nubica (Boiss.) Baker 10. Zilla spinosa (L.) Prantl subsp. spinosa

The identity of all species must be scrutinized and confirmed. Therefore, we have resorted to several basic floras, monographs and Taxonomic revisions of Egyptian groups: Ali et al., 1977-1989; Boulos, 1995, 1999, 2000, 2002 and 2005; Cope and Hosni, 1991; Fayed 1978 and 1991; Fayed and Zareh, 1987, 1988 and 1989; Fayed and Mohamed, 1990a and 1990b; Feinbrun-Dothan, 1978 and 1986; El-Hadidi et al., 1984; El-Husseini, 1986; El-Naggar, 1987; Hosni, 1978 and 1984; Hosny, 1978 and 1984; Täckholm, 1974; Zareh, 1987; Zohary, 1966 and 1972; The phytogeographical regions of Egypt as well as the general distribution of every species are according to Boulos (l. c.).

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A. Pharmacopoeial plants

1. Citrullus colocynthis (L.) Schrad., Linnaea 12: 414 (1838). Arabic: Handal حنضل; Hanzal حن ل . It is a plant that grows in sandy plains and desert wadis. Its leaves are used in traditional medicine as diuretic, while the fruits are used as purgative, anthelmentic, antipyretic and carminative. In Morocco, it is used as antihypertensive and antidiabetic, while in Algeria used for diabetes, cancer and to treat the haemorrhoids. In addition, in the United Arab Eimerates it’s used for its anti-inflammatory activity. Citrullus colocynthis is reported as a purgative, anti-inflammatory, anti-tumour, having insulinotropic effect, and causes reduction in plasma level of aspartate aminotransferase and lactic dehydrogenase, smooth muscle and cardiovascular effect and anti-bacterial activity are reported. A group of triterpenoids, the cucurbitacins, are the main constituents which are assumed to exhibit preventive action on experimental hepatitis and liver cirrhosis induced in rats in addition to inhibition of protein synthesis in the liver, enhanced activities of liver transaminases, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and alkaline phosphatase as well as a decreased albumin concentration in the serum point to hepato-toxicity in experimental studies and human intoxications. The roots are useful in breast inflammation and arthritis. The roots and fruits are used in treatment of snake and scorpion bite. Distribution within the study area: Al-Esaila, Baneit, Saeeb,

Maarafawy, Deef and Abraq (250-431 m). 2. Hyoscyamus muticus L., Man. 1: 45 (1767). Arabic: Semm el-faar سم الفار ; Sakaran سمران . It is a plant that grows in the desert wadis and plains. It is used in traditional medicine as it relieves painful spasmodic conditions of non-striated muscles, characteristic of lead colic and irritation of the bladder. It is used to allay nervous irritation of hysteria and irritable cough. Fresh leaf cataplasm allays pain. Smoke of the plant as cigarettes is effective against asthma. It is used in toothache, cough mixtures and for treatment of some forms of fever. It is reported to have antispasmodic effect, as cerebral and spinal sedative, hypnotic, narcotic in insomnia when opium cannot be used. It also relieves the gripping caused by drastic purgatives. It is prescribed in cases of irritable bladder, in irritable cough, and to allay nervous irritation of various forms of hysteria.

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The aerial parts and seeds contain alkaloids as hyoscaymine, hyoscine, apoatropine, nor-atropine, nor-hyoscine in addition to ketones, acids and sterols. Distribution within the study area: Gamadlam and delta of Al-Doayeb

(40-100m). 3. Senna italica Mill., Gard. Dict., ed. 8. no. 2 (1768). Arabic: Sana (Senna-mekki) سناممى; Sala (Sela)-mekki سلميم

;Sherqaan (by the local community of Sinai) مر ان . It is a plant of Arabian origin, and is grown as a summer crop. It is widely acknowledged in traditional medicine as purgative. Decoction of the crushed seeds is used as a stimulant laxative. In addition, Senna italica is reported as a CNS depressant, sedative, anti-inflammatory, anti-pyretic, analgestic, anti-neoplastic and anti-viral. Plant powder is taken orally for elephantiasis. It is a pharmacopoeial plant. The leaves and pods contain anthrone glycosides, which are transformed by drying at 20-50˚C to sennosides A and B. Ten flavonoids, including tamarixetin 3-rutinoside-7-rhamnoside, β-sitosterol, stigmasterol, α-amyrin and 1,5-dihydroxy-3-methyl anthraquinone were identified from the plant. Distribution within the study area: Abu Saafa, Abraq, Yahmeib, El-

Gerf, Al-Doayeb and Aideib (70-544 m).

B. Plants used in preparation of industrialized drugs 1. Cymbopogon schoenanthus (L.) Spreng. subsp. proximus (Hochst. ex

Rich.) Maire and Weiller, Pl. Min. Cogn. Pug. 2: 14 (1815).

Arabic: Halfa barr حلفا بر ; Hashw barr حشد بر; Mahaareib (by the local community of Halaib Triangle Area) مكريب .

It is a plant that grows in dry sandy places and rocky slopes. It is widely used in traditional medicine in the form of an infusion as antispasmodic and diuretic, carminative, tonic, anti-rheumatic and as anti-diarrheal agent. It is reported as ovicidal and larvicidal against Aedes aegypti and Anopheles gambiae complex mosquitoes, antihyperglycemic, and reduced of the activity of cytochrome P450 system in the liver of diabetic rats compared to alloxan-treated rats. The aerial parts contain sesquiterpenes as proximadiol, elemol, β –eudesmol, 5-hydroxy--eudesmol, 1-hydroxy--eudesmol, 1-

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hydroxy--eudesmol, 5-hydroperoxy--eudesmol and 7,11-dihydroxycadin-10(14)-ene. Distribution within the study area: Daqdeib, Sol Hamed and Qash

Ameer (50-660 m). 2. Delonix elata (L.) Gamble, Fl. Madras 1(3): 396 (1919). Arabic: It is known by the local community of Halaib Triangle Area,

where the plant grows in Egypt, as: Ogoay أتدى; Goayتدى; Moshleekh مشليخ.

It is a plant that grows on stony hillsides of Halaib Triangle Area. It is reported to have anti-inflammatory effect. Distribution within the study area: Kansisrob and Aideib (64-700 m). 3. Ricinus communis L., Sp. Pl., ed.1, 1007 (1753). Arabic: Kharwaʼa خرو. It is a plant that grows in the wadis, plains and sandy soil. Spontaneous in Southeast Egypt. Its Spontaneous occurrence in the country probably represents the northernmost locality for the range of this tropical species. Its root bark is used in traditional medicine as a purgative while the root decoction is used for rheumatism, anti-inflammatory, abdominal pain, toothache, and kidney and bladder troubles. The leaves are rubbed on the joints to relieve pain and the cataplasm of fresh leaves cure boils. The dried flower is mixed with honey as anti-diarrheotic. It is reported to have several biological effects: insecticidal, anti-fertility, CNS stimulant, anti-mycotic, scorpion venom antidote, anti-implantation and anti-conceptive, inhibition of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase, anti-tumor, anti-conceptive estrogenic, anti-inflammatory and free radical scavenging activities. It contains the alkaloid ricinine, some flavonoids as quercetin and kaempferol. Three toxic proteins and agglutinin: ricins A, B and C and ricinus agglutinin, Ricin D, Alkanes (C26–C29), primary alcohols (C22–C38), aldehydes (C26 and C28), fatty acids (C20–C34) and triterpenoids (lupeol, β- and α-amyrin) and a series of n-alkane-1,3-diols. Distribution within the study area: Al-Doayeb area (70-80 m).

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4. Salvadora persica L., Sp. Pl., ed.1, 122 (1753). Arabic: Araak أراك; Raak راك ; Miswaak مسداك. It is a plant that grows in the desert wadis, coastal and inland sandy plains. It is used in traditional medicine as antirheumatic and stimulant, a remedy for gastritis, gonorrhoea and diabetes and as toothbrush. The wood of the plant, boiled in oil, constitutes a liniment against contusions. Bark is tonic; powdered bark is used for bites of poisonous animals. Powdered leaves are mixed with millet flour. It is reported as anti-bacterial, anti-inflammatory and hypoglycemic. It showed adverse effects on male and female reproductive system and fertility, antibacterial and analgesic effect, anticonvulsant, sedative effects, hypolipidemic activity, antiulcer activity, antimicrobial against Streptomyces mutans, Streptomyces faecalis and Candida albicans in addition it showed effect on exploratory locomotor activity. The stems contain syringin, salvadoside, lignan glycosides: liriodendrin and salvadoraside while the aerial parts contain flavonoids. The root bark contains alkaloids, trimethylamine, salt and sulphur compounds and salvadoricine. In addition the plant contains salvadourea, sitosterol, manisic acid, -sitosterol, -sitosterol glucoside, octacosanol, 1-triacontanol, saponins andvolatile oil containing benzyl nitrile, eugenol, thymol, isothymol, eucalyptol, isoterpinolene, and β-caryophyllene. Distribution within the study area: Ma’arafawy slopes, Otefeek, Karam

Elba, Meisah, Al-Erqa and Yahmeib (170-213 m). 5. Solanum nigrum L., Sp. Pl., ed.1, 186 (1753). Arabic: Anab (Enab) ed-deeb عنب الديب; Bandoret-deeb بندوره ديب It is a plant that grows on sandy soils. It is used as enema in traditional medicine, a remedy for convulsions, local application to the anthrax pustule, for malaria, black-water fever abdominal pain, headache, ulcers, wounds and inflammation of urinary bladder, also as diuretic and emetic. It is reported as antiulcerogenic, hepatoprotective, CNS-depressant, cytoprotective, cytotoxic and antioxidant. It also has molluscicidal effect against Biomphalaria alexandrina, Bulinus truncatus and Lymnaea natalensis and larvicidal activities against Aedes caspius and Culex pipiens, antineoplastic and hypotensive effects. It contains saponins and sapogenins: tigogenin, diosgenin, uttronin A, uttroside A and B, nigrumnins I and II, sterolidal alkaloids as -2-solamargine, solamargine, solasonine, - and - solamargine, - and - solanigrine flavonoids as quercetin-3-glycosides.

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Distribution within the study area: Wadi Yahmeib, Ma’araeawy Yahmeib andAideib (230-490 m).

C. Plants used in folk and traditional medicine

1. Aerva javanica (Burnm. f.) Juss. ex Schult in Roem.and Schult. Syst. Veg. 5, 565 (1820). Arabic: Toorf طرف; Araa أرى; Shagaret el-ghazal مجره الغمال It is a plant that grows on sandy and stony wadis and desert plains. Roots and flowers are used in traditional medicine for rheumatism and kidney troubles, while the root paste is applied to the face to treat acne-like conditions. The entire herb paste is used in toothache and in scorpion and snake bites.It is reported as anticancer, antibacterial, smooth muscle relaxant and antispasmodic activities. It contains flavonoids e.g. aervenone, chrysin-7-o-galactoside, kaempferol glycosides, kaempferol, isorhamnetin glycosides, saponins and coumarins. It also contains alkaloids as 10-methoxy canthin-6-one, 10-hydroxy canthin-6-one, sterols and tritepenes: lupeol, -sitosterol, -amyrin, -amyrin, -sitosterol glucoside, nonacosane, nonacosanol, tritriacontane, tetratriacontane and oleanolic acid. Distribution within the study area: Aideib, Kansisrob, Yahmeib, Abu

Saafa and Karam Elba (266-442 m). 2. Anastatica hierochuntica L., Sp. Pl., ed.1, 641 (1753). Arabic: Kaff Mariam كم مريم; Kamaash كماش It is a plant that grows in alluvial, sandy and stony desert. It is used in traditional medicine for fatigue, uterine haemorrhage and is used by women as a charm for child birth. The infusion of dry plant reduces the pain, facilitates the child birth and is used for emmenagogue, cold and epilepsy. It possesses a hepatoprotective effect. The plant contains: - Flavonoids: as anastatins A and B, naringenin, eriodictyol, aromadendrin, (+)-taxifolin, 3’-O-methyltaxifolin, (+)-epitaxifolin and quercetin, luteolin and luteolin 7-O- glucoside. - Hydrocarbons, β-sitosterol, campesterol, stigmasterol and cholesterol. - Aromatic compounds: p-hydroxybenzoic acid, p-methoxybenzoic acid, 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid, 3,4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde, vanillin and acetovanillone.

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- Phenylpropanoids: trans-cinnamic acid, trans-ferulic acid coniferaldehyde. - Lignans: 1,2-bis-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-propane-1,3-diols [erythro form and threo form], evofolin B, (+)-isolariciresinol, (+)-pinoresinol, ficusal and balanophonin. - Flavonolignans; (+) - and (−)-silychristins, silybin, and isosilybin. Distribution within the study area: confined to Meisah area; about

290m. 3. Asphodelus tenuifolius Cav., Anal. Cienc. Nat. 3: 46, t. 27, f. 2 (1801). Arabic: Borwaaq (by the local community of Sinai) برواق It is a plant that grows along the stony roadsides, mountain slopes, alluvial soils and edges of cultivated land. In traditional medicine, its roots paste is applied locally on wounds infested with worms and the plant used as a diuretic. It is reported to have antibacterial activity. It contains anthraquinone derivatives, 1, 8-dimethoxynaphthalene, 2-acetyl-8-methoxy-3-methyl-1-naphthol, 2-acetyl-1, 8-dimethoxy-3-methylnaphthalene, stigmasterol and -sitosterol. Distribution within the study area Yahmeib, Aideib, Yoyder, Wadi Al

Doayeb, Adleeb, Ebeb, Gebel Hamra-doom and Meisah (20-330 m).

4. Balanites aegyptiaca (L.) Delile, Descr. Egypte, Hist. Nat. 263, t. 28, f. 1 (1814). Arabic: Higleeg هجليج; Shaashoat (by the local community of

Halaib Triabgle Area) مامدآت It is a plant that grows in the desert wadis and plains. It is used in traditional medicine in fishing, jaundice, as anthelmentic, purgative, vermifuge, emetic, in the treatment of leucoderma, malaria and syphilis. Infusion of the leaves and bark is used as antiseptic, while the fruits extract is used as antidiabetic.It is reported as anti-inflammatory, anti-nociceptive, antioxidant, fasciolicidal against Fasciola gigantica, cardiovascular, antidiabetic, molluscicidal and hypocholesterolemic. The fruits, seeds, leaves and bark, contain alkaloids as N-trans-feruloyltyramine and N-cis-feruloyltyramine, fatty acids, saponins: balanitesin, balanitin-1, -2 and -3, balanitin-3; 6-methyl diosgenin, balanitoside and pregnane glycosides: [pregn-5-ene-3,16,20(R)-triol 3-

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O-(2,6-di-O--l-rhamnopyranosyl)--d-glucopyranoside and pregn-5-ene-3,16,20(R)-triol 3-O--D-glucopyranoside], sapogenins, yamogenin, vanillic acid, syringic acid and 3-hydroxy-1-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-1-propanone. Distribution within the study area: Yahmeib, Aideib, Al-seeb, Abu

Saafa and Deef (274-498 m). 5. Calotropis procera (Aiton) W. T. Aiton, Hort. Kew., ed. 2, 2:

78(1811). Arabic: Oshar عشار; Osher عشر It is a plant that grows in the sandy desert plains and alluvial soils close to cultivation. It is used in traditional medicine for fever, joint pain, muscular spasm and constipation. It is also used for impotency, headache and asthma and to destroy lice. The latex is widely used in dermal fungal infections, as antimicrobial, purgative, externally as counter irritant and as antirheumatic. It is reported as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and anti-diabetic. It causes permanent endothelial cell injury after intracorneal penetration of the milky latex. The plant possessed several activities viz. spasmogenic effect and antinociceptive activity of the latex, anthelmintic activity against Haemonchus contortus, ascaricidal effect, effect on myocardial infarction, estrogenic and anti-implantation activity, anti-diarrhoeal, antibacterial, anti-ulcer activity against aspirin, indomethacin, ethanol, indomethacin + ethanol, or stress-induced ulcerations, insecticidal activity to Sarcophaga haemorrhoidalis, antipyretic and analgesic activity. It contains cardenolide, 2''-oxovoruscharin, proceragenin, 5α-cardenolides, organic carbonate, stigmasterol, β-sitosterol, calotropterpenyl ester, calotropursenyl acetate and calotropfriedelenyl, hydrocarbon compounds, C-6, C-24 diepimer of stigmast-4-en-6β-ol-3-one and C-18 isoursane pentacyclic triterpene. Distribution within the study area: Agway (Halaib), Hadraba, Halaib,

Sarara- Saremtai, Wadi Shellal, Qombeet, Al-Doayeb, Hodein and Meisah (10-340 m).

6. Capparis decidua (Forssk.) Edgew., Proc. Linn. Soc. Bot. 6: 148 (1862).

Arabic: Tondop طندب; Sodaad سداد. It is a plant that grows in desert wadis, sandy and alluvial plains. The bark is used in traditional medicine as haemostatic, astringent for wound and

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sores.The branches are used as analgesic for rheumatism, toothache, for cardiac problem, fever and cough. It is also used as anthelmintic, aphrodisiac, diaphoretic, emmenagogue, aperient, appetizer and laxative, for the treatment of asthma, coughs, vomiting, piles, ulcer, boil swellings, urinary troubles, antidote to poison, cardiac troubles, and infections of joints. The juice of the fresh plant is dropped into the ear to kill worms. It is reported as antidiabetic, and has oxidative stress activity. It causes reduction in plasma triglycerides, total lipids and phospholipids concentration, it also possesses anti-inflammatory activity, hypolipidemic effect and antiplasmodial activity. It contains alkaloids, [isocodonocarpine, 14-N-acetylisocodonocarpine, 15-N- acetylcapparisine] and flavonoids. Distribution within the study area: Agway (Halaib), Sarara-Saremtai, Yahmeib (Al-Doayeb), Meisah, Haythoub and Umm Toneideb (40-430 m). 7. Cleome droserifolia (Forssk.) Delile, Descr. Egypte, Hist. Nat. 250 (1814). Arabic: Afein عفين; Mishtar مشيط It is a plant that grows in stony, sandy wadis and plains. The oaste of the powder is used in traditional medicine topically for treatment of wounds and dermatitis. A dose of 5 g of powder is taken before meal for treatment of hyperglycemia. It is very toxic if given intraperitoneally. It is reported for suppression of NO production in activated macrophages, in addition to its antimicrobial, antihistaminic activity, relaxant, diuretic and mild tranquilizing effects. It contains flavonoids: [5,4'-dihydroxy-6,7,8,3',5'-pentamethoxyflavone, 5,4'-dihydroxy-6,7,8,3'-tetramethoxyflavone (8-methoxycirsilineol), kaempferol-3,7-dirhamnoside, isorhamnetin-3-gluco-7-rhamnoside, kaempferol-3-gluco-7-rhamnoside, quercetin-3-gluco-7-rhamnoside, kaempferol, artemitin,5,7,4`-trihydroxy-3-methoxy flavone, 5,7,4`-trihydroxy-3,3`-dimethoxy flavone, jaceosidin, axillarin, 5,4`-dihydroxy-3,6,3,8,3`, -pentamethoxy flavone, 5-dihydroxy-3,6,7,3`,4`,5`-hexamethoxy flavone], stigmasterol, -sitosterol, triterpenes, saponins, coumarins, alkaloids, docosanoic acid, volatile oils and gluosinolates. Distribution within the study area: Equab, Ma’arafawy, Aquatewa and

Al-Gerf (154-685 m).

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Note: the severe exploitation as a medicinal plant led to the disappearance of considerable areas of its populations (El Hadidi and Hosni 2000). 8. Cocculus pendulus (J.R. and G. Forst) Diels in Engl., Pflanzenr. 46: 237 (1910). Arabic: Libbakh el-gabal لبخ الجبل; Oleiq علدق; Silaangoab and

Laseitgabal (by the local community of Halaib Triangle Area) لست تبل and سالنجدب

It is considered as climbers on trees, on cliffs or prostrate plant. The fruits are used in traditional medicine to make intoxicant drink, while the roots are used as antipyretic, cholagogue and diuretic. It is reported to have cholinesterase inhibitory activity. The root extract has antispasmodic and relaxant effect, while the leaves extract has anticancer action. It contains alkaloids e.g. bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloids: kurramine-2'-beta-N-oxide, kurramine-2'-alpha-N-oxide, (+)-kohatamine, (+)-1,2-dehydrokohatine, (+)-1,2-dehydrokohatamine, (+)-5'-hydroxyapateline, (+)-5’-hydroxytelobine, (+)-1,2-dehydro-2’-nortelobine, (+)-siddiquine and (+)-siddiquamine, (+)-kohatine, (+)-kunamine, (+)-norpenduline, (+)-cheratamine, cocsulin, biscoclaurine alkaloids: cocsulin, cocsolin, cocsulinin, pendulinin and pendulin. Distribution within the study area: Al-Saeeb, Baneet, Al-Aseeh, Aideib

and Kansisrob (23-390 m). 9. Commiphora gileadensis (L.) C. Chr., Dansk Bot. Arkiv. 4(3): 18 (1922). Arabic: Gafal تفل; Mayoak (by the local community of Halaib Triangle

Area) ميدك It is a plant that grows in sandy plains and hillsides. It is used in traditional medicine as antiseptic and expectorant. In the Arabian folk medicine, used for the treatment of various diseases including sore throat, cough, laryngitis, chronic bronchitis and inflammations due to rheumatism and arthritis. A tincture has been beneficially used in treatment of chest diseases, stomach, kidney, rheumatic pains and scurvy. It is reported to have ulcer protective, hepatoprotective, hypotensive and bradycardiac effects. The ethanolic extract possesses anti-inflammatory, analgesic and diuretic activities in laboratory animals. It contains volatile oil, resin, flavonoids, saponins, sterols and/or triterpenes and oxidizing enzyme.

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Distribution within the study area: Otefek, Aideeb slopes and Kansisrob (80-480 m).

10. Convolvulus hystrix Vahl, Symb. Bot. 1: 16 (1790). Arabic: Shibreeq مبري; Shibreem (by the local community of Sinai)

مبريم It is a plant that grows in sandy desert plains and wadis. It is used in traditional medicine as purgative. It can be used as a source of ferulic acid for pharmaceutical preparations. It contains stilbene, carboxylic acid, sterols as -sitosterol and stigmasterol, oleanolic acid, vanillin, vanillic acid, syringic acid, ferulic acid, isoferulic acid and isoscopoletin. Distribution within the study area: Abu Gerfan, Abu Saafa and Baneit

(1-350 m). 11. Cucumis prophetarum L., Cent. Pl. 1: 32 (1755). Arabic: Heneidlaan حنيضالن; Handlaan (by the local community of

Sinai) حنضالن It is a plant that grows in sandy, stony plains and wadis. It is used in traditional medicine as purgative, laxative, diuretic, analgesic, sedative and emollient. It is reported to possess anti-tumour, cytotoxic and anti-infective effects. It contains several cucurbitacins, a mixture of isocucurbitacins and dihydroisocucurbitacins, sitosterol-3-glucoside and prophentosterol. Distribution Within the study area: Aideib slopes, Kansisrob and

Yahmeib (82-300 m). 12. Dodonaea viscose (L.) Jacq., Enum. Syst. Pl. Carib. 19 (1760). Arabic: Neeh (by the local community of Halaib Triangle Area) ني It is a plant that grows in mountain ledges. It is used in traditional medicine in the treatment of stomach disorders, as anti-pruritic, for fever, sore throat, antirheumatic, for haemorrhoids and as toothbrush. It is reported as antimicrobial against Streptococcus pyogenes and Staphylococcus aureus and had strong activity against Coxsackie virus B3 and influenza A virus, against Candida albicans and selected Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. It also possesses a smooth muscle

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relaxant activity, antioxidant, phagocytosis enhancing and molluscicidal activities. It contains diterpenes e.g. 15,16-epoxy-5,9-diepicleroda-3,13(16),14-trien-20,19-olide, methyl dodonates A, B and C, ent-15, 16-epoxy-9-- H-labda-13(16)14-diene-3-, 8--diol, several flavonoids including acacetin-7-methyl ether, 4',5,7-trihydroxy-3,6-dimethoxyflavone, pinocembrin, santin, penduletin, aliarin, isorhamnetin 3-rhamnogalactoside, 5-hydroxy-3,6,7,4`-tetramethoxyflavone, 5,7,4`-trihydroxy-3,6-dimethoxyflavone,5,7-dihydroxy-3`-(3- hydroxymethylbutyl)-3,6,4`-trimethoxyflavone, viscosol , sakuranetin, 6-hydroxykaempferyl 3,7-dimethyl ether, hautrivaic acid, saponins e.g. dodonosides A and B and sterols e.g. -sitosterol, stigmasterol. Distribution within the study area: Aideib slopes and Yahmeib (830-

850 m). 13. Haplophyllum tuberculatum (Forssk.) Juss., Mém. Mus. Hist. Nat.

Paris 12: 528, t. 17, no. 10 (1825). Arabic: Shagaret erreh (by the local community of Sinai) مجره الري;

Derratah درات; Mogeineena مجينين

It is a plant that grows on sandy, stony desert wadis and alluvial plains. The flowering and fruiting branches are used in traditional medicine as febrifuge, for vomiting, local antipoison, nausea, constipation, difficult child birth, anaemia, rheumatism and gastric pain. In the North of Oman, the juice expressed from the leaves is used as a remedy for headache, arthritis, remove warts and freckles from the skin and also to treat skin discoloration, infections and parasitic diseases. In Saudi Arabia the plant is used to treat malaria, rheumatoid arthritis and gynecological disorders. It is reported as antibacterial and antifungal against E. coli, Salmonella choleraesuis and Bacillus subtilis. The oil also affected Curvularia lunata and Fusarium oxysporium. The plant is also used to treat malaria, rheumatoid arthritis and gynecological disorders in addition to its antiplasmodial activity against Plasmodium falciparum. The flowering and fruiting branches contain volatile oil from which thirty compounds were identified. The most abundant oil components are beta-phellandrene (23.3%), limonene (12.6%), (Z)-beta-ocimene (12.3%), beta-caryophyllene (11.6%). In addition to some alkaloids as haplotubinone and haplotubine, (+)-dihydroperfamine, tubacetine, tubasenecine, Lignans as diphyllin and justicidin A and B.

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Distribution within the study area: Al-Doeib and Yahmeib (Al-deyoub) (70-180 m).

14. Moringa peregrina (Forssk.) Fiori, Agric. Colon. 5: 59 (1911). Arabic: Yassar ساري ; Baan بان;Habb el-yassar (seeds) حب اليسار; Habb

el-baan (seeds) حب البان. It is a plant that grows in rocky slopes and wadis. It is used in traditional medicine in the treatment of headache, fever, abdominal pain, constipation, burns, back and muscles pains and during labour and as astringent, counter irritant and diuretic. The seeds and their oil contain C3 and C4 isothiocyanates; 5,5-dimethyl-oxazolidine-2-thione; 4-(4’-O-rhamnosyloxy) benzyl isothiocyanate; 4-(4’-O-acetyl--L-rhamnosyloxy) benzyl isothiocyanate, in addition to fixed oil similar to olive oil. Distribution within the study area: Al-Mashbah, Aideib, Hankouf and

Sararah (Qad-Abay gaab); 300-800 m. 15. Otostegia fruticosa (Forssk.) Penz., Atti Congr. Bot. Genova 356

(1892). Arabic: Sharma مرم; Khassah (by the local community of Sinai) خس;

Sabeeb-abbeik (by the local community of Halaib Triangle Area) سبيب أنبيك

It is a plant that grows on stony ground. The infusion of flowering branches is used in traditional medicine as a remedy for sun-stroke. It is reported to possess antimicriobial activity. It contains labdane diterpenes: otostegin A, otostegin B, 15-epi-otostegin B, preleoheterin, leoheterin, leopersin C, 15-epi-leopersin C, ballonigrin, vulgarol, an iridoid glucoside: (8-O-acetylharpagide) and volatile oil. Distribution within the study area: Sambeek-Enbeek, Wadi Kansisrob,

Akaw, Ma’arafawy Yahmeib, Aideib and Gebel Hamra-Doom (18-500 m).

16. Solenostemma arghel (Delile) Hayne, Getreue Darstell. Gew. 9. t. 38 (1825).

Arabic: Hargal حرتل; Farongoon (by the local community of Sinai) فرنجدن

It is a plant that grows on stony and sandy wadis. It is used in traditional medicine in treatment of coughs, gastrointestinal and urinary cramps, as a purgative, antipyretic, expectorant and antispasmodic. It has fungitoxic,

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antimicrobial, antitumour and anticancer activities also it possesses effect on the cardiac muscle. The leaves and aerial parts contain some hydroxypregnene derivatives e.g. stemmin C, pregnane glycosides: stemmosides C and D, pregnane ester glycosides: stemmoside A and stemmoside B, secopregnane glycosides: argeloside A and B, several phenolic compounds: solargin I-IV, and some flavonoids as astragalin and kaempferol-3-O--rhamnopyranosyl-(1→2)- -glucopyranoside. Distribution within the study area: Ma’arafawy (Abraq) and Daqdeib (160-898 m). 17. Tephrosia purpurea (L.) Pers., Syn. Pl. 2: 329 (1807). Arabic: Omay عمى;Wideina ودين . It is a plant that grows on the Nile banks and desert wadis. It is used in traditional medicine as fish poison, anthelmintic, purgative, diuretic, in treatment of cough and in cases of tightness of the chest. The root bark is given in cases of obstinate colic and the root is given in dyspepsia and chronic diarrhoea. It is also used as a tonic, anthelmintic for children, useful in treatment of obstructions of liver, spleen and kidneys. It is reported as immunomodulatory for modulation of both the cell-mediated and the humoral components of the immune system, as a chemopreventive agent against renal oxidative stress and carcinogenesis induced by N-diethylnitrosamine and KBrO3 and skin antioxidant. It causes abrogation of the tumor-promoting effect of croton oil, inhibits degranulation of mast cells, possesses insecticidal and repellent properties, inhibition of the growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and hypoglycaemic effect.

It contains several flavonoids as (+)-tephrorins A and B, (+)-tephrosone, tephrosin, pongaglabol, and semiglabrin in addition to β-sitosterol, ursolic acid and -spinasterol. Distribution within the study area Wadi Aideib, Yahmeib, Wadi Kansisrob and Abu Seefa (266-380).

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D. Plants can be considered potential medicinal plants

1. Fagonia bruguieri DC., Prodr. 1: 407 (1824). Arabic: Khoshyaat خشيات It is a plant that grows in sandy and stony desert wadis. It contains erythroxan diterpenes: fagonone, 16-O-acetylfagonone, 7--hydroxyfagonene, 8-Methoxyflavones: [herbacetin-3,7,8-trimethyl ether, gossepetin-3,8,3`,4`-tetramethyl ether, 5,7,4`-trihydroxy-3,8,3`-trimethoxyflavone, ternatin, herbacetin-3,8-dimethyl ether], fagonin and oleanolic acid. Distribution within the study area: El-Gerf, Abu-Saafa, Deef and Farsh

Al-Hodein (210-600 m).

2. Iphiona scabra DC. in Decne., Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot., sér.. 2, 2: 263 (1834).

Arabic: Dafeera دفيره; Dhafret el-gemal and Atana (by the local community of Sinai) ضفره الجمال and عتن

It is a plant that grows on stony and sandy deserts. It contains flavonoids: 3-sulphate, 3,4’-disulphate, 3,7,4’-trisulphate of isorhamnetin, 3,7-disulphate, 3,7,4’-trisulphate of quercetin; 7-sulphate of hispidulin; 3-glucosides and 3-galactosides of isorhamnetin; 3-glucosides and 3-galactosides quercetin; artemetin, salvigenin and 5-hydroxy-3,6,4’-tetramethoxyflavone, sesquiterpenes: 10-epi-cubebolxyloside, -elemol, were also isolated e.g. xylopyranoside: eudesmane and secoeudesmane derivatives.

Distribution within the study area: ad-Aby gaab, Gebel Hamra-doom

and Hankouf (180-730 m).

3. Zygophyllum simplex L., Man. 68 (1767). Arabic: Qarmal رمل It is a plant that grows on desert wadis, sandy plains and edges of salt marshes. It contains flavonoids as 6’-(2-E-butenoyl) isorhamnetin-3-O-glucoside, isorhamnetin, isorhamnetin 3-O-glucoside, kaempferol 3-O-rutinoside, sitosterol glucoside and quinovic acid 3-α-L-rhamnoside. Distribution within the study area: Mersa-She’eb, Aideib, Yahmeib,

Yoyder and Adleib (5-310 m).

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E. Plants of restricted use confined to Halaib Triangle Area 1. Chrozophora oblongifolia (Delile) Spreng., Syst. Veg. 3: 850

(1826),syn. Lam. Arabic: Neela نيل; Ghobbayra-a غبيره. Distribution within the study area: Karam Elba, Aideib, Al-Esaila and

Abraq (213-405 m). 2. Dracaena ombet Kotschy and Peyr., Pl. Tinn. 47 (1867). Arabic: Omm beit أم بيت (by the local community of Halaib Triangle

Area) Distribution within the study area: Arterai, Shendeib and Aideib (340-

850 m). 3. Echinops hussonii Boiss., Diagn. Pl. Orient., ser. 1, 10: 86 (1849). Arabic: Agdeem (by the local community of Halaib Triangle Area)

أتديمDistribution within the study area: Aideib area (332-870 m). 4. Euphorbia consobrina N. E. Br. In Dyer, Fl. Trop. Afr. 6(1): 555(1911). Arabic: Libbeina لبين Distribution within the study area: Gebel Karam Elba, Aideib,

Yahmeib Ma’arafawy, Wadi Kansisrob, Hankouf, Marfay, Akaw and Akwamtra (214-600 m).

5. Farsetia stylosa R. Br. in Denham and Clapp., Narr. Travels Africa, App. 216 (1826). Arabic: Not available Distribution within the study area: slopes of Wadi Aideib; 480m. 6. Oxalis anthelmintica A. Rich., Tent. Fl. Abyss. 1: 124 (1847). Arabic: Not available Distribution within the study area: slopes of Wadi Ma’arafawy and

Wadi Aideib (700-800 m).

7. Plicosepalus curviflorus (Benth. Ex Oliv.) Tiegh.., Bull. Soc. Bot. France 41: 504 (1894).

Arabic: Not available

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Distribution within the study area: Wadi Aideib, Yahmeib and Ba’aneet (270-477 m).

8. Rumex simpliciflorus Murb., Acta Univ. Lund. 35 (3): 11 (1899). Arabic: Hommeid حميض Distribution within the study area: Hamra-doom, Al-Doayeb and

Sararah (70-680 m). 9. Tephrosia nubica (Boiss.) Baker in Oliv., Fl. Trop. Afr. 2: 125 (1871) subsp. nubica Arabic: Hanaeet (by the local community of Halaib Triangle Area)

حنيت Distribution within the study area: Gebel Karam Elba (230 m). 10. Zilla spinosa (L.) Prantl in Engl. and Prantl, Natürl. Pflanzenfam. III

(2): 175 (1891).subsp. spinosa Arabic: Zilla زل; Silla سل Distribution within the study area: Wadi Hodein, Abraq area and Deef

(60-380 m).

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Cultivation

Wild Medicinal Plants Propagation: 1- Aerva javanica (Burnm. f.) Juss. ex Schult. Propagation: by seeds. 2- Balanitis aegyptiaca (L.) Delile Propagation: The plant could be propagated either by seeds or by cuttings: Seeds: for seed germination, the full mature seeds should be soaked in water for about two weeks (soaking water must be changed every two days) until the mesocarp, with its sugars, organic acids and organic substances are removed. Then the light brown kernel is cultivated in a mixture of sand and peat moss (1:1). Suitable moister should be available in this mixture. Germination takes place after about one month. After complete germination, the seedlings should be transferred to full-light site for normal growth. The growth rate is very low and the seedlings could be planted in the permanent soil after about three months at a distance not less than 5 meters apart. Cuttings: cuttings (taken from semi woody shoots) are used to propagate Balanitis aegyptiaca. Cuttings are generally 3 to 5 inches long. Using each cutting is a rapid and successful method for Balanitis aegyptiaca propagation. Rooting hormones, such as IBA are recommended. 3- Chrozophora oblongifolia (Delile) Spreng. Propagation: not available in our references. 4- Citrullus colocynthis (L.) Schard. Propagation: Citrulus colocynthis could be propagated by seeds, but the problem is that seeds may show strong dormancy (Koller et al., 1963, Mayer and Poljakoff, 1963). Many attempts have been carried out to break the dormancy of the Citrullus colocynthis seeds. The attempts were as follows:

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- Exposure to 40o C temperatures in light or darkness (Koller et al., 1963).

- Exposure to constant temperature of 20o C in Light for 12 hours (Mayer and Poljakoff 1963), then to alternating temperature 20o C/30o C (16 h/8h) in continuous light or dark (Koller et al., 1963).

- Soaking in hydrochloric acid 10 % concentration for 10 minutes or sodium hydroxide 10 % concentration for 10 minutes (Koller et al., 1963).

- Removal of seed coat and germinate at 25o C or 30o C in dark (Koller et al., 1963).

- Removal of the seed coat and germination in dark at 33o C (Bhandari and Sen, 1973).

- Cracking the seed coat and germination in moist sand at 30-35 0C (Fursa and Gvozdeva,1971).

5- Cleome droserifolia ( Forssk.) Delile Propagation: Cleome droserifolia could be propagated directly by seeds or by tissue culture (Khafagi, 2000). Seeds are surface sown, or under light cover, in spring inside greenhouse. The seeds usually germinate within a period of 5 - 14 days at 25°C. When the seedlings are large enough to handle, prick them out into individual pots, then plant them out in late spring. Note that day time temperatures below 20 °C depress germination. 6- Cocculus pendulus (J.R. and G. Forst) Diels Propagation: no data is available on the propagation of Cocculus pendulus. 7- Commiphora gileadensis (L.) C. Chr. Propagation: propagation by cuttings is more reliable than by seeds. Cuts should be taken readily either in early summer before flowering or in early fall on the semi-ripe wood. 8- Convolvulus hystrix Vahl Propagation: no references are available on Convolvulus hystrix propagation.

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9- Cucumis prophetarum L. Propagation: no information is available on the propagation of Cucumis prophetarum. 10- Cymopogon schoenanthumus (L.) Spring. subsp. proximus (A. Rich.) Maire and Weiller Propagation: the plant could be propagated by dividing its root clump. The plants should be 3 to 4 years old. Plantation is carried out in spring at distance 40 x 60 cm. Harvesting takes place every 3 to 5 months, depending on the environmental conditions. 11- Delonix elata (L.) Gamble Propagation: Delonix elata is widely cultivated in the tropics; it is a hermaphroditic and deciduous tree. Flowering takes place during hot season or the period of early rain, normally around March. Fruit ripening occurs between the months of May and July. It is easily grown from poles. Direct seeding is favorable. Seeds could be pretreated by scarification using concentrated nitric acid or by soaking in water for 24 hours. High germination rates (75 % during 42-56 days) were obtained after 7-minute acid treatment (Rokhade and Nalawadi 1989). Delonix elata is a fast growing tree raised easily from seeds. This plant needs maximum light requirements; therefore, it should be exposed to full sunlight. Young seedlings require protection from browsers. Pollarding, lopping and trimming are recommended management practices. 12- Dodonaea viscosa (L.) Jacq. Propagation and cultivation: The plants could be propagated either by seeds or cuttings. Seeds are sown in spring in greenhouse. The seeds germinate after three weeks in the cold weather. After the seedlings are large enough to handle, they are transferred to individual pots in a fairly sunny part. Cuttings of half ripe wood are planted in July or August in a frame, and after rooting, they are transferred to individual pots (Brickell, 1990 and Huxley, 1992). For cultivation, the plant requires a light well drained soil in a sunny position (Huxley, 1992). It succeeds in almost any fertile soil and a hot dry position, resists drought and salt winds. Plants are difficult to transplant when they are more than 60 cm tall.

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13- Fogonia bruguieri DC. Propagation: plant could be propagated easily by seeds. 14- Haplophyllum tuberculatum (Forssk.) Propagation: no data are available about its propagation methods. 15- Salvadora persica L. Propagation and management: The plant could be propagated by germination of seeds which exhibit no dormancy but the fruit pulp contains germination inhibitors that should be removed before sowing. The process of seed germination starts by soaking it in water at 30-35o C for 24-72 hours, but under saline soaked, deplumed seeds will germinate in 24 hours. Seedlings have been raised in the nursery for up to 3 years before transplanting in the field. Tree management: For high seed settings and seed oil content, harvesting is recommended 3 months after seed setting. This may be due to the utilization of food reserve in the cotyledons for the development of fruit pulp, and can be seen as the pulp content of fruit increases. The branches are repeatedly cut to produce short stems that are harvested for tooth brushes. S. persica is generally a slow growing tree. 16- Senna italica Mill. Three species of Senna plants were found in Halaib Triangle area: Senna italica, Senna alexandrina and Senna holoseicea. Propagation: All Senna species could be successfully and easily propagated by seeds. No data about their propagation either by cuttings division, air layers grafting or tissue culture are available. It is recommended that scarifying seeds and then soaking them encourages germination (Lilleeng-Rosenberger, 1998). Also, Stratton et al., (1998) recommend scarifying the seeds and soaking them in hot water for up to 24 hours.

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Germination periods are variable, ranging from five to fifteen days. Senna plants are a summer crop, cultivated in April and could be cultivated in a wide range of soil types, but prefer the light sandy soil. Fertilization is recommended for obtaining an economic yield. The time of harvest depends on the drug to be used, whether from leaves, fruits or both. In case of leaves cutting would be 2-3 times, while the in case of fruits harvesting generally in July and daily picking of the fruits is required (Batanouny, 1999). 17- Anastatica hierochuntica L. Propagation: no data are available on the propagation of Anastatica hierochuntica. 18- Asphodelus tenuifolius Cav. Propagation: 1- Asphodelus tenuifolius could be propagated either by seeds or by division. By seeds sown in March/April in a greenhouse. Germination usually takes place in 1-3 months at 15 °C (Rice. G., 1988), and when the seedlings are large enough to handle, they should be transplanted out into individual pots for at least their first winter. When the plants are large enough, they should be transplanted out into their permanent positions in late spring or early summer. 2- Division method takes place in early spring or autumn (Sanders. T., 1926). 19- Calotropis procera (Ation) W. T. Ation Propagation: 1- Propagation by seeds: In nature, seeds spread by wind or water over large distances and local stands increase in size by suckering. Seeds should be sown by scattering them on the soil surface 1/4-1/2 inch apart, and then cover with about 1/4 inch of additional soil mix. Then the soil surface must be gently mist with water to dampen the additional soil mix that has been added. In an effort to improve germination rates, many gardeners place the seeds in packets made from paper towels and soak them in warm water for 24 hours prior

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to planting. This method seems to work especially well for seeds of species that require vernalization. After the seeds are sown in the flats, cover each flat with a clear plastic cover or a plastic bag to keep the seeds from drying out while germinating. Then, place the flat in a warm sunny window, or in a greenhouse. Most seeds will germinate in 7-10 days. After germintions, remove the plastic covering from the flats. Once the seedlings have emerged, the soil should be kept moist by watering the flat from the bottom. The soil should be kept moist but not to the extent that the seedlings get too wet - such conditions contribute to fungal growth that can kill the young seedlings (damping off). Thinning can reduce damping off of the seedlings. The plants are ready to be transplanted when its height is about 3-6 inches. Before transplanting, the plants should be acclimatized in outdoor conditions for a few days, then placed in a sheltered location during the day and brought them indoors at night. The seedlings should be planted 6-24 inches apart. Newly transplanted plants should be watered frequently. 2- Propagation by cuttings: Cutting is a method of producing new plants in a relatively short time. It avoids some of the difficulties of growing seeds. Cut the stems underwater, and then coat the bottom of the cuts with a strong rooting hormone. The stems should be placed in sand, vermiculite, or potting soil that is kept continuously moist. Cuttings can usually be transplanted in 6-10 weeks. Probability of success is best when cuttings are composed green stems (1/3 inch diameter) are obtained from plants fertilized two weeks earlier. 20- Capparis decidua (Forssk.) Edgew. Propagation: Plants could be propagated either by seeds or by vegetative cuttings. 1-Seeds: Capparis seeds are miniscule and take time to mature into transplantable seedlings. Fresh Capparis seeds germinate readily, but only in low percentages. Dried seeds become dormant and are notably difficult to germinate and, therefore, require extra measures for growth. Dried seeds should be initially immersed in warm water (40°C) and then soaked for 1 day. Seeds should be wrapped in a moist cloth, placed in a sealed glass jar and kept in the refrigerator for 2 - 3 months. After refrigeration, soak the

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seeds again in warm water overnight. Plant the seeds 1 cm deep in a loose well drained soil media. Young caper plants can be grown in a greenhouse in a preferable minimum temperature of 10°C. 2- Stem Cuttings: Collection of cuttings should be in February, March or April. The stems are obtained from the basal portions that are greater than 1 cm diameter and 8 cm in length with 6-10 buds. Use a loose well drained media with bottom heat. A dip in IBA solution of 1.5 to 3.0 ppm is recommended (15 seconds). A 70% rooting percentage would be considered good. 21- Dracanea ombet Kotschy and Peyr. Propagation: 1- Stem cutting: Tip cuttings (taken from the tip of the plants) are used to propagate such common ornamental plants. Tip cuttings are generally 3 to 5 inches long and are removed from parent plant at a point just below a leaf. 2- Cane cuttings: Cane cuttings are used for propagating Dracaena - like similar plants which produce cane, that are leafless stems. The cane is cut up into small pieces 2-3 inches long. The cuttings are placed on their sides slightly below the surface of the rooting medium. A bud will eventually sprout and form a new stem when the cutting is rooted. 3-Air layering: - It is a method extremely useful in shortening certain plants which

became leggy. The following steps must be applied :- - With a sharp knife, make an upward and downward slanting cuts

1-1.5 inches long and about one-quarter to one-half way through the stem.

- Insert a matchstick or toothpick into the wound to prevent it from healing over.

- Dust a small amount of rooting hormone into the incision. - Remove leaves or twinges on the chosen stem about 3-4 inches

above ten incision point.

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- Wrap the wound with two handfuls of moist sphagnum moss to form a ball around the stem.

- Wrap the moss with plastic film. - After several weeks, roots should be visible near the edges of the

moss ball. - Remove the plastic film and serve the rooted tip from the stock plant

at a point just below the moss ball and roots. - Put the rooted layer in the recommended soil mixture. The remaining

portion of the cane can be saved and new buds will arise on it. (Hartmann, et al., 1968; Loewer, P. 1975).

4- Tissue culture technique: Dracaena plants can be also propagated by tissue culture where tissues from shoot tips of actively growing terminals are selected. Certain media are used for propagating the tissues as mentioned by Miller and Murashige (1976). 22- Echinops hussonii Bioss. Propagation: no data was found. 23- Euphorbia consobrina N.E.Br. Propagation: no available data. 24- Farsetia stylosa R. Br. Propagation: no data was found 25- Hyoscyamus mutics L. Propagation: Hyosycamus plant could be cultivated by seeds. The germination percentage is very low due to seed dormancy. Therefore, a lot of seeds should be sown to increase the germination rate. After germination, the seedlings should be transplanted in the permanent field. 26- Iphiona scabra DC. Propagation: no data are available.

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27- Moringa pergrina (Forssk.) Fiori Propagation: Moringa plants could be grown easily either by seeds or cuttings. Seeds should be planted at 1 to 2 cm depth, and germination takes place after 1 to 2 weeks. The bio-activity of the seeds drops after 2 years. Cuttings must be 45-100 cm long and 4-5 cm diameter. They should be taken from the woody parts of the branches of the previous year. Cuttings can be cured for 3 days in the shade, and then planted in a nursery or an open field. 28- Otostegia fruticosa (Forssk.) Penz. Propagation: no data could be obtained. 29- Oxalis anthelmintica A. Rich. Propagation: 1- Plants could be divided in the winter time when they are preferably not in bloom. 2- It could be propagated by bulbs by the following method:

- Dig up the plant using a hand held trowel without damaging roots or scaly bulbs.

- Separate the 2 inch bulbs connected at the base. - Break each bulb into about 1/2 inch sections. - Place a small amount of rooting hormone with a fungicide. - Plant a section of bulb in pots in location with morning sun or in

semi-shaded conditions. - New plants usually start showing up within few weeks after planting.

Plantation by bulbs is carried out in warm temperature, in spring and early summer, with a full sun not more than 25% shade. One of the most common reasons for the absence of flowering is the lack of light. The soil should be kept moist at all times for optimum growth and flowering. It should be fertilized weekly during the growing and flowering season. Water should be restricted during winter so that the tuber does not rot. Uses: Leaves of Oxalis species have been eaten as a vegetable (Kiple and Ornelas, 2000). American Indians ate wood sorrel, and the leaves were used for scurvy treatment (Erichsen-Brown, 1979). As scurvy is caused by a deficiency of vitamin C, found in most green plants, this treatment

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proved to be effective. Also, Oxalis anthelmintica have been used orally for liver and digestion disorders (Natural Medicines Comprehensive Database, 2000). 30- Plicosepalus curviflorus (Benth. Ex.Oliv.) Tiegh. Propagation: no data are available. 31- Ricinus communis L. Castor bean is reported to tolerate bacteria, disease, drought, high pH, heat, insects, low pH, nematodes, poor soil, salt, slope, virus, weed, wind and wilt (Duke, 1985). It is probably native to Africa, and has been introduced and cultivated in many tropical and sub-tropical areas of the world. Cultivation: Castor is propagated by seeds which retain their viability 2-3 years. After seeded-bed has been prepared, seeds are cultivated either by machines in mechanized countries or by hand in the un-mechanized societies. Using machines, castor seeds are planted 3.7-7.5 cm deep in rows 1m apart. Seeds are placed about 25 cm apart in rows at a rate of 15 g/ha (about 6 kg/fed). For unmechanized societies, seeds are planted 60-90 cm apart, 2-4 seeds per hill, and then thinned to one plant. This gives about 30000 plant per ha (about 12000 plants/fed). Recommended fertilization doses are 90 kg N/ha (about 36 kg N/fed) and 40-50 kg P2O5/ha (about 15-20 P2O5/fed). Time of sowing varies with the locality, and it ranges from May to July (Reed 1976). Under the Egyptian conditions, Castor bean plant is cultivated as an annual crop. It is cultivated in April and May as summer crop, and its growth period is about 180 days. The optimum yield obtained when plants are cultivated on rows 60 cm apart, and 3 plants per hill with distances 45 cm between hills. The plants are fertilized with the ratio of 25 kg P2O5/ha and 50 kg N/fed and irrigated as required according to soil type and temperature. Final irrigation should be 3-4 weeks before harvest (Ahmed, 1966). Harvesting, yields and economics: Fruits of castor bean are harvested when plants are fully mature and the leaves are dry. Harvesting may be done manually or by completely mechanized methods. Average seed yields range from 900-1300 kg/ha, and some improved open- Pollinated varieties in Brazil and USA yield

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1300-5000 kg/ha. In Egypt, the seed yield ranges from 500-1400 kg/fed, according to the plant density and fertilization doses. The oil content in seeds ranges from 35-55 % depending on the variety and method of extraction. After removing capsules or hulls and the seed coat from the kernel, extraction is carried out either by a press or by solvent techniques. 32- Rumex simpliciflorus Murb. Propagationand cultivation: Rumex simpliciflorus could be propagated either by seeds or by division of the plants in spring. The seeds are sown in spring in a cold frame. When they are large enough to handle, the seedlings are transplanted out into individual pots and planted outdoor in summer. The flowers are hermaphrodite (have both male and female organs) and are pollinated by wind. The plant can grow in light (sandy), medium (loamy) and heavy (clay) soils. Also, it can grow in acidic, neutral and basic (alkaline) soils. The plant can also grow in semi-shade (light woodland) or no shade. It requires moist soil. 33- Solanum nigrum L. var. elbaensis Täckh. and Boulos Propagation and planting: Propagation is mainly by seed; seedling development is epigeal. Shoot cuttings may be used as propagates, though plants propagated in this way branch, spread and yield less than those propagated by seed (Mwafusi 1992). Plantlets have also been regenerated from Solanum nigrum mesophyll chloroplasts (Wang and Xia 1983). Cultivation: This species is semi cultivated in a few countries in Africa and Indonesia. It is largely utilized as a vegetable and fruit source when harvested from plants growing spontaneously as weeds in the cultivated fields, or in weedy plant communities, under trees, along fences and roads, in shaded areas, near buildings and on waste land. Some communities' semi cultivates the vegetable in home gardens or in fertile land portions near homesteads. There are few reports on the cultivation of the garden huckleberry for its fruits in North America; (Fisher, 1977), for example, considered that this species (i.e. Solanum scabrum) was an excellent fruit

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crop for growing on small areas of land or in 12-inch (about 30-cm) pots filled with “good rich soil”. 34- Solenstemma arghel (Delile) Hayne Propagation and cultivation: The plant could be easily propagated by seeds which germinate in a wide temperature range. The maximum germination was observed at 35 °C. Pre sowing of seeds with growth stimulators e.g. GA3 or IAA promote their germination. Seeds germinate better, grow faster and generate more fruits in sandy soils. 35- Tephrosia nubica (Boiss) Baker Propagation: Tephrosia nubica is propagated by seeds. Its seeds have dormancy or mechanisms which prevent their germination. Most delay mechanisms are chemical, but a few are physical, primarily an impermeable seed coat. The effective treatments to stimulate germination are multiple cycles of warm and cold 40-70-40-70 °C. 36- Tephrosia purpurea (L.) Pers. subsp. apollinea (Delile) Hosni and El-karemy Propagation: no data were found 37- Zilla spinosa (L.) Prantl Propagation: Zilla spinosa is propagated by seeds. 38- Zygophyllum simplex L. Propagation: Propagation methods were not found in the literature.

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Propagation experiments Several experiments have been carried out in an attempt to germinate most of economic medicinal species; the data obtained are as follows: 1-Balanites aegyptiaca: Seeds have been cultivated after the treatments which have been maintained in the former report. The treated seeds were cultivated in pots at the end of March 2005; germination began after about three weeks from sowing date. The seedlings of Balanites aegyptiaca reach 20 cm in height (Fig. 67).They are fertilized by foliar compound fertilizer and irrigated weekly. 2- Salvadora persica: Though trials for growing Salvadora plants by either stem or root cuttings failed in obtaining any growth, yet attempts of growing plants by germinating the ripe seeds succeeded. Seeds from the ripe fruits were obtained from different Elba sites in April 2005. The seeds were soaked in current water for 72 hours, and then cultivated in pots in the greenhouse. The moisture in the pots was adjusted at suitable range for germination. The percentage of succeeded germinated seeds was very low (not more than 2 %). Germination took a period ranging from two weeks to about one month. The rate of the succeeded seedling growth is shown in the enclosed photo (Fig. 69). Active tissues from growing Salvadora seedlings were used in an attempt to propagate the plant using tissue culture technique (Fig. 70).

Materials and methods: Shoot tips excised from the greenhouse plant, were surface sterilized with 70 % ethanol for 1 min, followed by 20 % commercial Clorox (contained 5.25 % sodium hypochlorite) for 20 min. After three successive rinses in sterile distilled water, the explants (about 0.25 cm in length) were placed in glass tubes containing 20 ml of MS (Murashige and Skoog, 1962) basal medium supplemented with 30 g /l sucrose, 100 mg /l myo-inositol and solidified with 7 g /l agar. Four concentrations of the cytokinin BA (0.25, 0.5, 1, 2 mg /l), in combination with 0.5 mg /l NAA as auxin were added to the media prior to autoclaving (121C and a pressure of 1.2 kg cm-2 for 20 min) and the pH was adjusted to 5.8 (using 1 M NaOH or HCl). After 4 weeks, the produced shoots were excised from proliferating

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shoot cultures and placed on MS-medium supplemented with 0.5 mg /l each of NAA and BA (as the best medium in starting stage). For rooting shoots, they were transferred (after 30 d of cultivation) to MS medium supplemented with different concentrations of IBA (0.0, 1, 2 and 3 mg /l). All cultures were maintained in a growth room at 25 2C under a 16-h photoperiod (irradiance of about 40 mol m-2 s-1 provided by cool white fluorescent lamps). Abbreviations: BA - 6-benzyladenine; IBA - 3-indolebutyric acid; NAA - -naphthaleneacetic acid; Results: Muliplication stage: Table 5: Effect of different concentration of NAA and BA on proliferation of shoots

Growth regulators Concentration (mg/l)

No. of shoots

Shoot length (cm)

Time of shoot initiation (days)

0.5 (NAA) + 0.25 (BA) 5.0 ± 0.1 2.0 ± 0.09 10 0.5 (NAA) + 0.5 (BA) 20 ± 0.2 7.0 ± 0.3 8 0.5 (NAA) + 1.0 (BA) 15 ± 0.3 4.0 ± 0.1 7 0.5 (NAA) + 2.0 (BA) 18 ± 0.2 3.0 ± 0.2 7 It could be observed from Table (5) that MS-medium supplemented at the level of 0.5 each of NAA and BA, gave the best results for shoot proliferation. Rooting stage: For rooting shoots they were excised and transferred to MS medium supplemented with different concentrations of IBA (0.0, 1, 2 and 3 mg /l). All cultures were maintained in a growth room at 25 2 C under a 16-h photoperiod (irradiance of about 40 mol m-2 s-1 provided by cool white fluorescent lamps).

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Table 6: Effect of different concentration of IBA on rooting of proliferated shoots IBA Concentration

(mg/l) No of roots Root length

(cm) Time of roots

initiation (days) 0.0 3.0 ± 0.1 2.0 ± 0.09 20 1.0 - - - 2.0 1.0 ± 0.3 4.0 ± 0.1 25 3.0 4.0 ± 0.2 6.0 ± 0.2 15

- After one month, shoots were rooted in MS medium supplemented

with 3 mg/l IBA as observed from Table (6). The best medium for initiation of roots was MS-medium supplemented with 3 mg/l IBA followed by MS-medium containing 2.0 mg/l IBA.

- Rooted shoots were transferred to pots containing peat-moss and

sand ratio (1:1) and plantlets were covered with plastic bags and incubated in the growth chamber for one month. After one month, these plants will be transferred to big pots and grown in the green-house.

3- Delonix elata 4- Haplophyllum tuberculatum 5- Cucumis prophetarum Ripe seeds from the above three plants were obtained from an Elba site and were cultivated in pots after they were handled with the suitable treatments for stimulating their germination. However, these treatments were not completely successful. 6- Commiphora opobalsamum Terminal middle and basic cuts from Commiphora gileadensis were collected from Elba region, thereafter treated with different rooting hormones (e.g. IBA indole butyric acid and IAA indole acetic acid) in different concentrations for each. Results were of minor importance and other trials with various treatments will be carried out in further studies hoping to get better results (Fig. 68).

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Fig. 67: Vigorous growth of Balanites aegyptiaca plant in pot after

treatment with foliar fertilizers and watered weekly

Fig. 68: Cuttings off taken from different parts of

Commiphora gileadensis growing in pot after treatment with rooting hormones

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Fig. 69: Different growth stages of Salvadora persica seedlings

grown in pots in a green house experiment

Fig.70: Active tissues from growing Salvadora persica seedlings applying of

different types of media in an attempt to propagate them by the tissue culture technique

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Recommendations and Proposals

The research team who is in charge of Halaib Triangle Area presented here recommendations and proposals that we hope will be taken into consideration while designing the management of Halaib Triangle Area. They are subject to further and deeper discussions. 1. In order to pledge the involvement of the local communities for a settlement procedure, effective and easy agreements should be looked for between the local people and the implementing agencies. This would give the right to the communities to command and co-manage the natural resources according to their valuable conservation knowledge (IUCN: 2000). For Halaib Triangle Area, a protocol is urged to be signed firstly between EEAA and the representatives of the local communities in order to consider the full involvement of the original inhabitants either men or women. This is a necessity for conventions and agreements for such a combined project. 2. Further discussions between the local communities and the implementing agencies is hoped to be advanced with exchanging experience between the two partners. 3. Promotion of cultivation of medicinal plants is warranted. The soil is fertile and has been formed by the desecration of rocks that have been thrown down by floods caused by the rains along the coast, extending for about 230 km, with a width ranging between 10 to 40 km (Shehata, 1997). Such soils are characterized by low salinity with over abundance of nutritional elements. This is clearly indicated by the dense plant cover in certain localities of the area (El-Hassanein and Gaber, 1997). Fertile areas which could be used for cultivation and growth of medicinal plants in Halaib Triangle Area is estimated to be 17188 feddans of which 1200 feddans are already cultivated, the remainder are found in planes formed by floods: Hodein valley (about 900 feddans), Saferah or Abu Saferah (about 1,500feddans), Ebeb or Abeeb (about 60,000 feddans), Kraf-Doaib (about 100,000feddans). Other smaller canyons (She’eb and Maisah) are estimated to be more than 700 feddans. In addition, mangrove (Avicennia marina) which grows on sea water has been used by inhabitants as fodder plant for cattle (Mohamed, 2000). 4. Heavy rain which often takes place in the area during autumn and winter, and accumulates in the different valleys, occasionally cause

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destructive floods. Water from rain in one season was estimated as 5 billion cubic meter (Shehata, 1997). Unfortunately this large amount of fresh water is wasted, since they are driven directly to the sea by deep slopes of the hills and mountains of this area. Such huge amounts of lost water could be used for drinking and irrigation if dams and reservoirs would have been built. Observation of flood routes is a must to indicate the ideal places for their construction; this aims to: a. using such fresh water to improve and promote the cultivation of

medicinal plants. b. avoid and deliberately keep floods away of the settlements

already found there, or those planned to be built. This area, particularly, will have several promising projects for tourism on the coastal areas.

5. More intensive studies and investigations on the suitable places of underground water are strongly recommended to increase the sources of water supply. Special attention should be given to digging more wells with the help of the inhabitants of the area for their excellent experience in recognizing the expected locations of available underground water. 6. Intensive investigations on the most promising medicinal plants are urgently needed. It is preferred that studies on these plants should be carried out in a descending order (according to the list of medicinal plants recorded in Halaib Triangle Area page 79). The objective of such studies is to increase their production and the extraction of active constituents. This necessitates the establishment of small labs for plant collection and extraction of physiologically active constituents from such medicinal plants. 7. Exclusive completion of local knowledge and experience of the usage of these medicinal herbs for treatment of different diseases aiming for implementing the laws of ownership concepts. 8. It is hoped that facilities should be presented to the local communities of Halaib Triangle Area to start cultivating those plants through fixed protocols. Experience and consultations should be presented, according to these agreements, particularly in the field of cultivation and harvesting. At the same time, financial and logistic support should be presented in exchange for marketing these medicinal plants.

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9. Development of grazing lands in the area. 10. Setting up environmental and forecasting stations to secure basic data (database) that are essential for sustainable development of the area. 11. Encouraging intensive studies and research to discover more mineral resources in the area, aiming at the investment of such minerals, in addition to the already discovered ones. Those of high economic values should be considered for such search. Also establishment of industrial settlements around the mining areas to attract more citizens in order that the southern part of the country be inhabited with qualified and handicrafts population. 12. Construction of communication centers to hold development activities in the area. Shalteen and Abu Ramad cities have only local and limited telephone communication centers with a small capacity of only 200 telephone-lines (Shehata, 1997). 13. Gebel Elba Protected Area should favor the restoring of traditional activities in the respect of the ecosystem. However, alternative activities should be encouraged and taught to the inhabitants which could enhance and increase their income and economic status. 14. The management of Halaib Triangle Area could have a health component. It is desirable that the communities should be helped and encouraged. The EEAA could establish some sort of cooperation with the Ministry of Health in order to identify the urgent requirements of those who live in remote areas. The synergy should be clearly based on a protocol of cooperation. The EEAA is called to operate for establishing an institute (or a high school) for hygiene education. 15. The management plan should also strongly support the establishment of national non-governmental organizations that would facilitate the involvement of the communities in the control of the area, as well as the discussions between representatives. 16. Cultural heritage should be kept under control and observation. Mindful activities could keep the attention of the communities to understand and keep on their own regional traditions.

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References: Abdallah, M. S. and Sa’ad, F. M. 1977. Medicinal plants of Egypt. I. A Preliminary survey, Notes Agr. Res. Centre Herb. Egypt 4: 1-18. Abdel-Halim, O.B. 1992. A Phytochemical Study of Certain Plants Belonging to the Family Leguminosae. Ph.D. Thesis, Mansoura University, Egypt. Abdel Rahman, S., Labib, F. and Abdel Rahman, M. 1989. Land suitability For certain crops in the western desert of Egypt, J. Soil Sci.1-12. Agharkar, S.P. 1991. Medicinal plants of Bombay presidency. Pbl. Scientific Publishers, Jodhpur, India: 209-210. Ahmed, A. M. 1996. Ecological studies and biodiversity in Shalatein-Halaibarea. The first annual report. Academy of Scientific Research and Technology. Cairo, Egypt (in Arabic). Ahmed, A. M. 1997. Ecological studies and biodiversity in Shalatein- Halaibarea. The second annual report. Academy of Scientific Research and Technology. Cairo, Egypt (in Arabic). Ahmed, A. M. 1998. Ecological studies and biodiversity in Shalatein-Halaibarea. The third annual report. Academy of Scientific Research and Technology, Cairo, Egypt (in Arabic). Ahmed, A. M. 1999. Ecological studies and biodiversity in Shalatein-Halaibarea. Final report. Academy of Scientific Research and Technology, Cairo, Egypt (in Arabic). Ahmed, S. S. 1966. Physiological response of Castor bean to different plant density and soil fertility. M.Sc. Thesis, Faculty of Agric. Ain Shams University. Ahmed, A. M., Hamad, F. A. Abd El-Rahman, S. M. and Abo El-Naser, H. M. 1994. Exploration report of Shalatein-Abu Ramad-Halaib D. R. C. Matarya, Cairo, Egypt (in Arabic). Ahmad, V.U., Ismail, N. and Amber, A.U.R. 1989. Socodonocarpine from Capparis decidua Phytochemistry 28(9): 2493-2495.

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Appendices

Appendix A: Field Excursions

The Following 6 excursions were carried out between January and August 2005 (Maps 6 –10). Botanical, ecological and geographical surveys were carried out. Specimens of medicinal plants have been collected. Furthermore, social aspects and available traditional knowledge were documented as well as many photographs illustrating the different aspects have been taken: 1. Kadry Abdel-Khalik led alone the first excursion (16-23 January 2005), since it was intended to be a preliminary one (Map 6). 2. The second excursion was supervised by Abdel-Aziz Fayed (3-13 February 2005) accompanied by Ahmed El-Khatib, Ibrahim El-Garf, Momen Zareh, Kadry Abdel-Khalik, Mohamed Tawfik, Hamdy Omar, Ahmed Fawzy, Yaser Ghalab and Usama Fathallah. Ali Hamid (B. Sc.) and Mrs. Gamee Osman (social researcher, Environment Affairs Organization, Shalatein-Abu Ramad), were also involved in the activities of the second excursion (Map 6). 3 and 4. The investigated area was visited twice between April and June 2005. The excursions were supervised by Mr. Usama Fathalla Abdel-Rady, environmental researcher, Elba protectorate. Mr. Ali Hamed, researcher, Elba protectorate, participated in the activities, in addition to some native assistants (Maps 7 and 8). The main aim of both excursions was to collect GPS data about the distribution sites of different wild medicinal plants growing in the investigated area (Confirm also the GPS tables of sites taken for the species; second quarterly report). 5 and 6. The investigated area was visited twice again between May and August 2005, under the supervision of Mr. Usama Fathalla Abdel-Rady, Mr. Ali Hamed in addition to some native assistants (Maps 9 and 10). The main aim of both excursions was to collect more GPS data about the distribution sites of different wild medicinal plants growing in the investigated area (Confirm also the GPS tables of sites taken for the species; third quarterly report).

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Map 6: Surveyed localities in the Halaib Triangle Area

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Map 7: Field trip track 1


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Appendix B:

Lists of healers, medicinal plants traders, collectors and agencies who

take the charge of commercial imports of medicinal plants between the Sudan and Egypt

A. Healers 1. Mohamed Hasay Mohamed Ali: Race: Al-Ameraab Date of Birth: 9. 5. 1912 ID No. 7221, Qoseir, Red Sea Governorate. Original profession: Pastoral. Residence: Gebel Elba; Wadi Aideeb. Mohamed Hasay mother tongue is the Kousheiah language لغـــةالمدميـــة , or Bagawyالبيجــــاوي (The Bega language, it is unwritten and unreaded language). Therefor, a translation of the conservation was carried out by Mrs. Gamee Othman Mohamed (grand daughter of Mohamed Hasay), in her residence in Abu Ramad on 9th Fabruary 2005. 2. Hamed Taleb Mohamed Kashif (famous name Hamed Doqaab or Hamed Dogaab or even Arkeeb). Residence: Gebel Elba; Wadi Yahmeib. Original profession: Pastoral (now depending totally on his experience as a healer). He has no ID, but seems over 90 years old, leaning upon a staff on walking. Like the preceeding healer, speaking Kousheiah.We were able to follow his conversation through the translation of Mr. Ibrahim Hamed Essa (Environment Affairs Organization, Shalatein reserves administration), in addition to his son Hussein Hamed Taleb, who speaks a little bit Arabic. We met Mr. Hamed Taleb Kashif on 10 February 2005, at Mr. Ibrahim Hamed Essa’s residence in Abu Ramad. We spoke with Mr. Hamed Taleb and he informed us about the trditional uses of a limited number of medicinal plants in folk medicine. As we discussed the matter with his companions, they told us that he is very selfish person and knows a lot and vital information about the uses of several more medicinal plants, but he considered this knowledge as his main source of income.We still hope that we can bring additional information in a forthcoming trial.

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3. Mohamed Sherif Mohamed Amer: Race: Al-Ameraab. Date of Birth: 9.6.1933. ID-National No. 23306093100131. Original profession: Pastoral. Residence: Abu Ramad, Shalatein, Red Sea Governorate. Mohamed Sharif can speak fluent Arabic and he is cooperative, so we were able to report much of his knowledge. B. Herbalists (Medicinal plans traders): 1. Mohamed Awad Hamed (famous name El-Dawwi الضـــدى): Date of Birth: 12. 5. 1958, Umm Al-Shalatein. ID No. 4450, Qoseir, Red Sea Governorate. Original profession: Pastoral (but know is a well known trader). Residence: Al-Shalatein. El-Dawwi trade focused mainly on Charcoal, Hargal and Half Barr. 2. Hassan Babkr Ali: Like the preceding trader, but his trade focused on Hargal and Half Barr only. 3. Haraka حركــ : A known trader of Hargal and Half Barr, no more information was available about his ID, because he refused, although we photographed him. The above mentioned herbalists (or traders) depending on several collectors (Herbalists), of those the following could be mentioned: Ahmed Essa Mansour (Bishari), Ali Taha Essa (Bishari) and Nasr Ali Mohamed (Bishari). C. Attarin: There are only two Attarin shops in Shalatein city, whereas in Abu Ramad, very limited amounts of medicinal herbs are sold in the supermarkets. The different medicinal plants sold in both shops of Shalatein were recorded, photographed together with notes about their demand and uses.

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Appendix C: List of organizations, government departments and private sector consulted 1. Mr. Abdeen Saeed Mousa: Manager of Shalateen Local Unit, Red Sea Governorate, Halaib Triangle, Egypt, in 5.2.2005. 2. Mr. Abdel-Radi Khalil Mohamed Khalil: Agriculture Administration, Shalateen, Red Sea Province, Halaib Triangle, Egypt, in 5.2.2005. 3. Mrs. Gamee Othman Mohamed: Social Researcher, Environment Affairs Organization, Shalateen-Abu Ramad, Red Sea Province, Halaib Triangle, Egypt, 5-11.2.2005. 4. Hamed Taleb Mohamed Kashif: Fact teller, Elba region, Wadi Yahmeib, Red Sea Province, Halaib Triangle, Egypt. 5. Mr. Hussein Abdel-Sayed Mansour: Fact teller (ID no. 3110031; Date of Birth: 22.4.1943; Shalateen), Red Sea Province, Halaib Triangle, Egypt. 6. Mr. Mohamed Hadi Ali Karar: Fact teller, Wadi Doayeb region, Red Sea Province, Halaib Triangle, Egypt. in 6.2.2003. 7. Osama Ibrahim: Fact teller, Environment Affairs Organization, Shalateen Reserves Administration, Red Sea Province, Halaib Triangle, Egypt. 8. The Red Sea Governorate, Shalateen local Unit (19.5.2003, enumeration), Red Sea Province, Halaib Triangle, Egypt. 9. The Administration of Elba natural reserves, The Enlightenment and Inhabitant Unity, Hand crafts, Elba Natural Reserves, Red Sea Province, Halaib Triangle, Egypt.

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Appendix D: GPS of the sites taken for the different medicinal plants during the course of surveying the investigated area 1. Aerva javanica (Burm. f.) Juss. ex Schult.

22.2 41672 N,36.370832 E; 22.240682 N,36.371069 E; 22.240674N,36.371484 E; 22.203206 N,36.390361 E; 22.203814 N,36.389761 E

2. Salvadora persica L.

22.213647N,36.431489 E;22.203808 N,36.431217 E;22.255531N,36.423645 E;22.255727 N,36.423781 E;22.255851 N,36.423844 E;22.256034 N,36.423926 E;22.256034 N,36.423926 E;22.256160 N,36.424067 E;22.256424 N,36.424114 E;22.256414 N,36.424212 E;22.256542 N,36.4 24215 E;22.208075 N,35.248494 E;22.207069 N,36.336296 E;22.339156 N,35.597577 E;22.345165 N,35.599901 E;22.346850 N,35.599102 E;22.341977 N,35.598182 E

3. Balanites aegyptiaca (L.) Delile

23.311383 N,34.804200 E; 23.301433 N,34.803717 E; 23.301567 N,34.803300 E; 23.301833 N,34.802317 E; 23.301850 N,34.802050 E; 23.301717 N,34.801767 E; 23.301717 N,34.802600 E; 23.264917 N,34.950500 E; 23.264817 N,34.950150 E; 23.264817 N,34.949883 E; 23.264 433 N,34.950017 E; 23.264550 N,34.950283 E; 23.264683 N,34.950717 E; 23.264050 N,34.950150 E; 23.264567 N,34.949600 E; 23.264300 N,34.949733 E; 23.264317 N,34.948617 E; 23.229967 N,34.901583 E; 23.229767 N,34.901467 E; 23.229767 N,34.901750 E; 23.230200 N, 34.893811 E; 23.205583 N,34.840683 E; 22.997883 N,34.866100 E; 22.998050 N,34.866383 E; 22.997667 N,34.866367 E; 22.998317 N,34.866517 E; 22.997550 N,34.866233 E; 22.997933 N,34.866383 E; 22.998450 N,34.866250 E; 22.998450 N,34.865967 E; 22.997933 N,34.866 111 E; 22.998050 N,34.866517 E; 22.997283 N,34.866367 E; 22.997150 N,34.866783 E; 22.997250 N,34.866250 E; 22.997150 N,34.867067 E; 22.997017 N,34.867067 E; 22.997017 N,34.866917 E; 22.996517 N,34.866350 E; 22.996517 N,34.866217 E; 22.996517 N,34.866500 E; 22.641583 N,35.053233 E; 22.567250 N,35.310817 E; 22.355572 N,35.968209 E; 22.322833 N,35.787278 E; 22.247129 N,36.367861 E; 22.243727 N,36.368905 E; 22.241685 N,36.369082 E; 22.241236 N,36.369149 E; 22.269269 N,36.393719 E; 22.269275 N,36.393443 E; 22.26 9526 N,36.393726 E; 22.269400 N,36.393584 E; 22.271280 N,36.389762 E; 22.270769 N,36.389611 E; 22.271272 N,36.390176 E; 22.268349 N,36.394664 E; 22.266494 N,36.394120 E; 22.266681 N,36.394486 E; 22.266445 N,36.393513 E; 22.266056 N,36.393642 E; 22.266293 N ,36.394615 E; 22.265919 N,36.394053 E; 22.265925 N,36.393777 E; 22.266561 N,36.394069 E; 22.266564 N,36.393930 E; 22.266419 N,36.394756 E; 22.266173 N,36.394197 E; 22.266427 N,36.394342 E; 22.266424 N,36.394480 E; 22.266427 N,36.394342 E; 22.266416 N,36.39 4894 E; 22.255048 N,36.385017 E; 22.253463 N,36.384580 E; 22.250357 N,36.381937 E;

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22.258406 N,36.378827 E; 22.258391 N,36.378953 E; 22.262305 N,36.374885 E; 22.263923 N,36.372593 E; 22.263412 N,36.372443 E; 22.269197 N,36.369345 E; 22.268898 N,36.365024 E; 22.268473 N,36.364000 E; 22.266716 N,36.364326 E; 22.266423 N,36.363674 E; 22.266689 N,36.363266 E; 22.266429 N,36.363398 E; 22.265311 N,36.361568 E; 22.261251 N,36.350619 E; 22.261291 N,36.350705 E; 22.264669 N,36.361422 E; 22.260287 N,36.349036 E; 22.2 61297 N,36.349023 E; 22.260294 N,36.349161 E; 22.264175 N,36.361440 E; 22.264158 N,36.361270 E; 22.263519 N,36.361118 E; 22.263390 N,36.361115 E; 22.263519 N,36.361118 E; 22.263519 N,36.361118 E; 22.263521 N,36.360980 E; 22.262583 N,36.360043 E; 22.261923 N,36.360042 E; 22.261871 N,36.359946 E; 22.261306 N,36.359608 E; 22.260924 N,36.360168 E; 22.259166 N,36.360185 E; 22.259508 N,36.357024 E; 22.259489 N,36.357016 E; 22.259620 N,36.356881 E; 22.259495 N,36.356740 E; 22.263213 N,36.353028 E; 22.263170 N,36.3 53198 E; 22.263480 N,36.351833 E; 22.261684 N,36.337607 E; 22.261779 N,36.346904 E; 22.262013 N,36.346854 E; 22.262527 N,36.347245 E; 22.262644 N,36.347421 E; 22.262647 N,36.347283 E; 22.260007 N,36.348169 E; 22.259794 N,36.348459 E; 22.259937 N,36.347771 E; 22.259124 N,36.348251 E; 22.259157 N,36.348167 E; 22.261219 N,36.341724 E; 22.261093 N,36.341583 E; 22.256693 N,36.348789 E; 22.257078 N,36.343007 E; 22.257335 N,36.343013 E; 22.257846 N,36.343163 E; 22.255693 N,36.348360 E; 22.256530 N,36.344651 E; 22. 254279 N,36.347865 E; 22.254685 N,36.346818 E; 22.254691 N,36.346541 E; 22.254691 N,36.346541 E; 22.254528 N,36.348195 E; 22.253156 N,36.346857 E; 22.253268 N,36.346922 E; 22.253268 N,36.346922 E; 22.253802 N,36.345968 E; 22.253682 N,36.345551 E; 22.253948N,36.345142 E; 22.253828 N,36.344725 E; 22.253562 N,36.345133 E; 22.253314 N,36.344713 E; 22.252343 N,36.348143 E; 22.252463 N,36.348560 E; 22.252971 N,36.348849 E; 22.252586 N,36.348840 E; 22.250641 N,36.345564 E; 22.250715 N,36.346033 E; 22.250008 N,36. 346118 E; 22.250070 N,36.346155 E; 22.250195 N,36.346296 E; 22.253219 N,36.336837 E; 22.253596 N,36.337261 E; 22.255764 N,36.338141 E; 22.253610 N,36.336570 E; 22.252716 N,36.336273 E; 22.253604 N,36.336846 E; 22.253462 N,36.337534 E; 22.251343 N,36.340522E; 22.251508 N,36.338731 E; 22.252108 N,36.340817 E; 22.251880 N,36.339430 E; 22.248001 N,36.342972 E; 22.245223 N,36.342003 E; 22.245919 N,36.341637 E; 22.246434 N,36.341649 E; 22.246822 N,36.341520 E; 22.247210 N,36.341391 E; 22.247333 N,36.341670 E; 22 .247981 N,36.341409 E; 22.247976 N,36.341685 E; 22.246828 N,36.341244 E; 22.246308 N,36.341508 E; 22.246813 N,36.341934 E; 22.247465 N,36.341535 E; 22.247842 N,36.341959 E; 22.245514 N,36.342594 E; 22.246536 N,36.342894 E; 22.247562 N,36.343057 E; 22.24717 1 N,36.343324 E; 22.246154 N,36.342747 E; 22.245768 N,36.342738 E; 22.246545 N,36.342480 E; 22.247570 N,36.342643 E; 22.246034 N,36.342330 E; 22.246679 N,36.342207 E; 22.247313 N,36.342637 E; 22.247319 N,36.342360 E; 22.247442 N,36.342640 E; 22.246922 N,36 .342914 E; 22.246933 N,36.342351 E; 22.246928 N,36.342627 E; 22.247450 N,36.342225 E; 22.242474 N,36.341602 E; 22.242944 N,36.342533 E; 22.243326 N,36.342680 E; 22.243709 N,36.342827 E; 22.244095 N,36.342836 E; 22.243201 N,36.342539 E; 22.243075 N,36.34239 8 E; 22.243695 N,36.343518 E; 22.244483 N,36.342708 E;

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141

22.243975 N,36.342419 E; 22.243720 N,36.342275 E; 22.243569 N,36.343376 E; 22.243715 N,36.342551 E; 22.243338 N,36.342128 E; 22.244100 N,36.342560 E; 22.244220 N,36.342978 E; 22.243612 N,36.341306 E; 2 2.243881 N,36.340759 E; 22.243863 N,36.341588 E; 22.244254 N,36.341321 E; 22.243489 N,36.341026 E; 22.244763 N,36.341609 E; 22.244503 N,36.341741 E; 22.245123 N,36.342861 E; 22.243352 N,36.341438 E; 22.243092 N,36.341570 E; 22.243084 N,36.341984 E; 22.2450 16 N,36.342306 E; 22.245914 N,36.341913 E; 22.244754 N,36.342023 E; 22.244497 N,36.342017 E; 22.239748 N,36.340351 E; 22.240399 N,36.341229 E; 22.241421 N,36.341530 E; 22.242438 N,36.342106 E; 22.241656 N,36.342640 E; 22.241005 N,36.343039 E; 22.240088 N,3 6.343846 E; 22.239440 N,36.344107 E; 22.239711 N,36.343423 E; 22.241144 N,36.342490 E; 22.240639 N,36.342064 E; 22.239862 N,36.342322 E; 22.239890 N,36.340941 E; 22.239876 N,36.341631 E; 22.241136 N,36.342904 E; 22.240770 N,36.341929 E; 22.240622 N,36.342892 E; 22.240627 N,36.342616 E; 22.240759 N,36.342481 E; 22.236341 N,36.344724 E; 22.236481 N,36.344175 E; 22.234924 N,36.344828 E; 22.237766 N,36.344205 E; 22.236 611 N,36.344592 E; 22.235690 N,36.345123 E; 22.235944 N,36.345267 E; 22.236581 N,36.345558 E; 22.236190 N,36.345825 E; 22.236849 N,36.345012 E; 22.238294 N,36.343527 E; 22.238788 N,36.344506 E; 22.238389 N,36.345187 E; 22.238360 N,36.340352 E; 22.239114 N, 36.341199 E;22.239116 N,36.341061 E; 22.239365 N,36.341481 E; 22.236207 N,36.344997 E; 22.236204 N,36.345135 E; 22.236195 N,36.345549 E; 22.236207 N,36.344997 E; 22.237115 N,36.344604 E; 22.236204 N,36.345135 E; 22.235818 N,36.345126 E; 22.236978 N,36.3450 15 E; 22.236978 N,36.345015 E; 22.236218 N,36.344445 E; 22.235567 N,36.344844 E; 22.232171 N,36.341175 E; 22.229075 N,36.341651 E; 22.228569 N,36.341225 E; 22.229863 N,36.340841 E; 22.231151 N,36.340734 E; 22.232699 N,36.340494 E; 22.230911 N,36.339894 E; 22.229883 N,36.339875 E; 22.228972 N,36.340406 E; 22.228 332 N,36.340252 E; 22.231134 N,36.341562 E; 22.233987 N,36.340387 E; 22.235926 N,36.339880 E; 22.238114 N,36.339794 E; 22.237594 N,36.340058 E; 22.232850 N,36.339393 E; 22.235784 N,36.340567 E; 22.254252 N,36.340330 E; 22.236771 N,36.339278 E; 22.237343 N, 36.339776 E; 22.235952 N,36.338638 E; 22.236609 N,36.337963 E; 22.237740 N,36.339233 E; 22.237074 N,36.340322 E; 22.235809 N,36.339325 E; 22.236729 N,36.338385 E; 22.237106 N,36.338803 E; 22.237485 N,36.339088 E; 22.236851 N,36.338659 E; 22.236589 N,36.338 929 E; 22.236454 N,36.339202 E; 22.236703 N,36.339622 E; 22.236826 N,36.339901 E; 22.236440 N,36.339892 E; 22.237477 N,36.339503 E; 22.236206 N,36.338782 E; 22.235689 N,36.338908 E; 22.236472 N,36.338374 E; 22.236449 N,36.339478 E; 22.236580 N,36.339343 E; 22.236586 N,36.339067 E; 22.236700 N,36.339760 E; 22.237483 N,36.339226 E; 22.237351 N,36.339361 E; 22.237480 N,36.339365 E; 22.235033 N,36.338235 E; 22.234789 N,36.338886 E; 22.235298 N,36.339175 E; 22.235957 N,36.338362 E; 22.235703 N,36.338217 E; 22.23 4689 N,36.337503 E; 22.234549 N,36.338052 E; 22.234415 N,36.338325 E; 22.234407 N,36.338739 E; 22.234926 N,36.338475 E; 22.235195 N,36.337929 E; 22.235569 N,36.338491 E; 22.235432 N,36.338902 E; 22.235052 N,36.338616 E; 22.235192 N,36.338067 E; 22.235186 N ,36.338343 E; 22.235435 N,36.338764 E; 22.235563 N,36.338767 E;

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22.235566 N,36.338629 E; 22.233156 N,36.337919 E; 22.233644 N,36.338307 E; 22.234304 N,36.337494 E; 22.233661 N,36.337479 E; 22.234295 N,36.337908 E; 22.233910 N,36.337899 E; 22.234024 N,36.33 8592 E; 22.234446 N,36.336807 E; 22.234955 N,36.337095 E; 22.234410 N,36.338601 E; 22.234415 N,36.338325 E; 22.233647 N,36.338169 E; 22.233778 N,36.338034 E; 22.233784 N,36.337758 E; 22.233921 N,36.337347 E; 22.233278 N,36.337331 E; 22.231201 N,36.334791 E; 22.231519 N,36.335356 E; 22.231382 N,36.335767 E; 22.231750 N,36.336605 E; 22.232404 N,36.336068 E; 22.232904 N,36.336770 E; 22.233024 N,36.337187 E; 22.232910 N,36.336494 E; 22.232281 N,36.335788 E; 22.232147 N,36.336062 E; 22.232393 N,36.336620 E; 22.2 31136 N,36.335209 E; 22.231128 N,36.335623 E; 22.231244 N,36.334926 E; 22.233021 N,36.337325 E; 22.231887 N,36.336193 E; 22.232019 N,36.336058 E; 22.233912 N,36.341963 E; 22.234193 N,36.342878 E; 22.234076 N,36.342322 E; 22.233702 N,36.341761 E; 22.233696 N,36.342037 E; 22.233819 N,36.342316 E; 22.233825 N,36.342040 E; 22.233839 N,36.341350 E; 22.233830 N,36.341764 E; 22.233822 N,36.342178 E; 22.234679 N,36.344270 E; 22.235213 N,36.343316 E; 22.235353 N,36.342767 E; 22.234564 N,36.343577 E; 22.234559 N,36.3 43853 E; 22.235713 N,36.344019 E; 22.235330 N,36.343871 E; 22.234562 N,36.343715 E; 22.235581 N,36.344153 E; 22.235204 N,36.343730 E; 22.234958 N,36.343172 E; 22.235318 N,36.344423 E; 22.235324 N,36.344147 E; 22.234964 N,36.342896 E; 22.234953 N,36.343448 E; 22.235335 N,36.343595 E; 22.235444 N,36.344565 E; 22.235196 N,36.344144 E; 22.235321 N,36.344285 E; 22.235522 N,36.344759 E; 22.238251 N,36.344964 E; 22.238400 N,36.344635 E; 22.236212 N,36.344721 E; 22.237883 N,36.344761 E; 22.238137 N,36.344905 E; 22. 237746 N,36.345172 E; 22.237883 N,36.344761 E; 22.237757 N,36.344620 E; 22.238026 N,36.344073 E; 22.237763 N,36.344343 E; 22.237749 N,36.345034 E; 22.237623 N,36.344893 E; 22.238269 N,36.344770 E; 22.238534 N,36.344362 E; 22.237760 N,36.344481 E; 22.237760N,36.344481 E; 22.241159 N,36.345889 E; 22.241065 N,36.346356 E; 22.240816 N,36.345935 E; 22.240565 N,36.345653 E; 22.240702 N,36.345245 E; 22.241678 N,36.354921 E; 22.237847 N,36.358986 E; 22.239189 N,36.356255 E; 22.239455 N,36.355847 E; 22.239563 N,36. 356817 E; 22.240066 N,36.357381 E; 22.240186 N,36.357798 E; 22.238883 N,36.358596 E; 22.240052 N,36.358071 E; 22.239552 N,36.357369 E; 22.240371 N,36.355041 E; 22.240983 N,36.356574 E; 22.239135 N,36.358878 E; 22.238135 N,36.357473 E; 22.239046 N,36.356943E; 22.240474 N,36.356286 E; 22.239983 N,36.355169 E; 22.241008 N,36.355332 E; 22.242162 N,36.355498 E; 22.241779 N,36.355350 E; 22.241639 N,36.355899 E; 22.241617 N,36.357004 E; 22.241379 N,36.356031 E; 22.242530 N,36.356335 E; 22.240223 N,36.356004 E; 22 .241463 N,36.356838 E; 22.238889 N,36.358320 E; 22.238361 N,36.358998 E; 22.240963 N,36.357541 E; 22.240214 N,36.356418 E; 22.240743 N,36.355745 E; 22.241885 N,36.356458 E; 22.242265 N,36.356743 E; 22.242773 N,36.357031 E; 22.240103 N,36.355587 E; 22.23877 5 N,36.357627 E; 22.238883 N,36.358596 E; 22.237987 N,36.358437 E; 22.239557 N,36.357093 E; 22.241100 N,36.357130 E; 22.248355 N,36.357994 E; 22.248338 N,36.358546 E; 22.247997 N,36.362979 E; 22.247534 N,36.363084 E; 22.246611 N,36.364167 E; 22.247137 N,36 363627 E; 22.247543 N,36.362670

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143

E; 22.216229 N,36.394273 E; 22.216495 N,36.395087 E; 22.216617 N,36.395174 E; 22.216722 N,36.395450 E; 22.217122 N,36.395456 E; 22.232952 N,36.403680 E; 22.232929 N,36.403753 E; 22.233060 N,36.403618 E; 22.233060 N,36.40361 8 E; 22.233060 N,36.403618 E; 22.232932 N,36.403615 E; 22.232929 N,36.403753 E; 22.233060 N,36.403618 E; 22.232935 N,36.403477 E; 22.233358 N,36.401692 E; 22.233355 N,36.401830 E; 22.216026 N,36.400445 E; 22.203204 N,36.390361 E; 22.203380 N,36.390337 E; 2 2.213313 N,36.390269 E; 22.203251 N,36.390333 E; 22.203562 N,36.389942 E; 22.203517 N,36.389926 E; 22.206917 N,36.389574 E; 22.206738 N,36.389589 E; 22.206615 N,36.389310 E; 22.206864 N,36.389730 E; 22.206613 N,36.389448 E; 22.206735 N,36.389727 E; 22.2068 64 N,36.389730 E; 22.206870 N,36.389454 E; 22.206872 N,36.389316 E; 22.206875 N,36.389178 E; 22.207130 N,36.390030 E; 22.207115 N,36.390012 E; 22.207112 N,36.390150 E; 22.207112 N,36.390150 E; 22.206984 N,36.390147 E; 22.207239 N,36.390130 E; 22.207115 N,3 6.391112 E; 22.207244 N,36.390015 E; 22.207115 N,36.390012 E; 22.206870 N,36.389454 E; 22.207197 N,36.390152 E; 22.207109 N,36.390288 E; 22.207238 N,36.390291 E; 22.207238 N,36.390291 E; 22.207109 N,36.390280 E; 22.207237 N,36.390358 E; 22.207246 N,36.3898 77 E; 22.207109 N,36.390288 E; 22.207238 N,36.390291 E; 22.207238 N,36.390291 E; 22.207238 N,36.390291 E; 22.207238 N,36.390291 E; 22.207112 N,36.390150 E; 22.207244 N,36.390015 E; 22.207235 N,36.390429 E; 22.207297 N,36.390412 E; 22.207238 N,36.390291 E; 22.212953 N,36.390821 E; 22.203114 N,36.390744 E; 22.202988 N,36.390603 E; 22.202857 N,36.390738 E; 22.270045 N,36.405757 E; 22.269803 N,36.405060 E; 22.269660 N,36.405747 E; 22.269785 N,36.405888 E; 22.268234 N,36.408104 E; 22.271589 N,36.407867 E; 22.268 711 N,36.407555 E; 22.268346 N,36.407097 E; 22.268728 N,36.407244 E; 22.268922 N,36.407171 E; 22.267796 N,36.407941 E; 22.267823 N,36.407499 E; 22.267817 N,36.407775 E; 22.267689 N,36.407772 E; 22.230002 N,36.402302 E; 22.230656 N,36.401765 E; 22.230522 N, 36.412138 E; 22.219873 N,36.400376 E; 22.233287 N,36.411220 E; 22.230646 N,36.408394 E; 22.232176 N,36.408983 E; 22.232705 N,36.408305 E; 22.233242 N,36.407214 E; 22.232407 N,36.410232 E; 22.233490 N,36.407634 E; 22.233490 N,36.407634 E; 22.233184 N,36.409 975 E; 22.231437 N,36.407446 E; 22.231437 N,36.407446 E; 22.232168 N,36.409397 E; 22.225500 N,36.408545 E; 22.225882 N,36.408693 E; 22.226265 N,36.408840 E; 22.226262 N,36.408978 E; 22.226650 N,36.408849 E; 22.226513 N,36.409260 E; 22.220228 N,36.408556 E; 22.219613 N,36.407712 E; 22.219848 N,36.408270 E; 22.219728 N,36.407853 E; 22.219591 N,36.408264 E; 22.219877 N,36.406890 E; 22.219751 N,36.406749 E; 22.219883 N,36.406614 E; 22.219751 N,36.406749 E; 22.219751 N,36.406749 E; 22.220008 N,36.406755 E; 22.21 9946 N,36.407224 E; 22.221779 N,36.408179 E; 22.222021 N,36.408875 E; 22.221747 N,36.409697 E; 22.221253 N,36.408719 E; 22.220984 N,36.409265 E; 22.220014 N,36.406479 E; 22.221370 N,36.409274 E; 22.235030 N,36.407809 E; 22.235030 N,36.407809 E; 22.234890 N, 36.418358 E; 22.234770 N,36.407941 E; 22.235607 N,36.407161 E

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144

4.Commiphora gileadensis (L.) C. Chr. 22.219149 N,36.383569 E; 22.209195 N,36.382744 E; 22.209158 N,36.384538 E; 22.256799 N,36.424221 E; 22.256934 N,36.423948 E; 22.239783 N,36.371048 E

5. Delonix elata (L.) Gamble

22.241225 N,36.369701 E; 22.240908 N,36.370049 E; 22.240954 N,36.370385 E; 22.241076 N,36.370665 E; 22.241079 N,36.370522 E; 22.240817 N,36.370796 E; 22.240302 N,36.370784 E; 22.240174 N,36.370780 E; 22.240180 N,36.370505 E; 22.241202 N,36.370806 E; 22.240 679 N,36.371208 E; 22.241818 N,36.371211 E; 22.241188 N,36.371496 E; 22.241062 N,36.371355 E; 22.241442 N,36.371640 E; 22.240542 N,36.371619 E; 22.240671 N,36.371622 E; 22.240796 N,36.371763 E; 22.240925 N,36.371766 E; 22.240285 N,36.371612 E; 22.240791 N,36.372039 E; 22.240 919 N,36.372042 E; 22.240788 N,36.372177 E; 22.240160 N,36.371471 E; 22.240154 N,36.371747 E; 22.240020 N,36.372020 E; 22.240017 N,36.372158 E; 22.240020 N,36.372020 E; 22.240782 N,36.372453 E; 22.240779 N,36.372591 E; 22.240905 N,36.372732 E; 22.239757 N, 36.372291 E; 22.218647 N,36.393208 E; 22.218752 N,36.393054 E; 22.218759 N,36.392394 E; 22.218901 N,36.392091 E; 22.219164 N,36.391821 E; 22.218915 N,36.391401 E; 22.208125 N,36.372362 E; 22.208408 N,36.371126 E; 22.208945 N,36.370034 E; 22.209604 N,36.369 221 E; 22.210530 N,36.368001 E

6. Cleome droserifolia (Forssk.) Delile

23,23.613 N,35,22.199 E; 23,23.521 N,35,22.199 E; 23,23.509 N,35,22.123 E; 23,23.436 N,35,22.135 E; 23,23.441 N,35,22.150 E; 23,23.413 N,35,22.119 E; 23,23.409 N,35,22.100 E; 23,23.417 N,35,22.083 E; 23,23.424 N,35,22.108 E; 23,23.432 N,35,22.092 E; 23,23. 424 N,35,22.125 E; 23,23.414 N,35,22.112 E; 23,23.416 N,35,22.158 E; 23,23.416 N,35,22.142 E; 23,23.416 N,35,22.150 E; 23,23.416 N,35,22.125 E; 23,23.408 N,35,22.150 E; 23,23.416 N,35,22.133 E; 23,30.560 N,35, 5.865 E; 23,30.565 N,35, 5.856 E; 23,30.564 N, 35 ,5.855 E; 23,30.569 N,35, 5.838 E; 23,30.570 N,35, 5.822 E; 23,30.572 N,35, 5.830 E; 23,30.690 N,35, 5.832 E; 23,30.705 N,35, 5.840 E; 23,30.651 N,35, 5.806 E; 23,30.643 N,35, 5.823 E; 23,30.605 N,35, 5.772 E; 23,30.598 N,35, 5.789 E; 23,30.582 N,35, 5.772 E; 23,30.644 N,35, 5.798 E; 23,30.651 N,35, 5.831 E; 23,30.690 N,35, 5.815 E; 23,30.651 N,35, 5.806 E; 23,30.651 N,35, 5.798 E; 23,30.659 N,35, 5.789 E; 23,30.658 N,35, 5.848 E; 23,30.582 N,35, 5.788 E; 23,30.651 N,35, 5.798 E; 23,30.590 N,35, 5.805 E; 23,31.574 N,35, 5.805 E; 23,30.636 N,35, 5.831 E; 23,30.643 N,35, 5.823 E; 23,30.573 N,35, 5.816 E; 23,30.587 N,35, 5.789 E; 23,30.611 N,35, 5.797 E; 23,30.601 N,35, 5.798 E; 23,30.620 N,35, 5.764 E; 23,30.629 N,35, 5.755 E; 23,30.642 N,35, 5.408 E; 23,30 .648 N,35, 5.416 E; 23,30.633 N,35, 5.421 E; 23,30.626 N,35, 5.396 E; 23,30.634 N,35, 5.379 E; 23,30.642 N,35, 5.362 E; 23,30.673 N,35, 5.354 E; 23,30.711 N,35, 5.363 E; 23,30.696 N,35, 5.380 E; 23,30.672 N,35, 5.388 E; 23,30.680 N,35, 5.371 E; 23,30.825 N ,35 ,5.337 E; 23,30.856 N,35, 5.231 E;

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145

23,30.828 N,35, 5.323 E; 23,30.828 N,35, 5.307 E; 23,30.843 N,35, 5.298 E; 23,30.851 N,35, 5.282 E; 23,30.805 N,35, 5.298 E; 23,30.813 N,35, 5.281 E; 23,30.813 N,35, 5.265 E; 23,30.829 N,35, 5.248 E; 23,30.829 N,35, 5 .231 E; 23,30.837 N,35, 5.215 E; 23,30.875 N,35, 5.249 E; 23,30.882 N,35, 5.266 E; 23,30.883 N,35, 5.257 E; 23,30.843 N,35, 5.332 E; 23,30.890 N,35, 5.266 E; 23,30.882 N,35, 5.282 E; 23,30.859 N,35, 5.307 E; 23,30.821 N,35, 5.256 E; 23,30.836 N,35, 5.240 E ;23,31.837 N,35, 5.223 E; 23,30.813 N,35, 5.290 E; 23,30.821 N,35, 5.273 E; 23,30.813 N,35, 5.298 E; 23,30.882 N,35, 5.324 E; 23,30.937 N,35, 5.241 E; 23,30.929 N,35, 5.275 E; 23,30.936 N,35, 5.292 E; 23,30.944 N,35, 5.308 E; 23,30.967 N,35, 5.284 E; 23,3 1.975 N,35, 5.267 E; 23,30.914 N,35, 5.199 E; 23,30.915 N,35, 5.174 E; 23,30.923 N,35, 5.149 E; 23,30.945 N,35, 5.175 E; 23,30.953 N,35, 5.191 E; 23,30.899 N,35, 5.191 E; 23,30.883 N,35, 5.199 E; 23,30.907 N,35, 5.157 E; 23,30.892 N,35, 5.165 E; 23,30.876 N,35, 5.173 E; 23,30.990 N,35, 5.301 E; 23,30.928 N,35, 5.308 E; 23,30.883 N,35, 5.215 E; 23,30.868 N,35, 5.198 E; 23,30.970 N,35, 5.335 E; 23,30.966 N,35, .351 E; 23,30.936 N,35, 5.325 E; 23,30.943 N,35, 5.342 E; 23,30.997 N,35, 5.343 E; 23,30.907 N,35, 4 .983 E; 23,30.909 N,35, 4.998 E; 23,30.909 N,35, 5.015 E; 23,30.939 N,35, 5.041 E; 23,30.925 N,35, 4.973 E; 23,30.909 N,35, 4.998 E; 23,30.901 N,35, 5.006 E; 23,30.886 N,35, 5.023 E; 23,30.893 N,35, 5.040 E; 23,30.901 N,35, 5.057 E; 23,30.939 N,35, 5.057 E ;23,31.939 N,35, 5.041 E; 23,30.940 N,35, 5.032 E; 23,30.948 N,35, 5.007 E; 23,30.878 N,35, 5.040 E; 23,30.925 N,35, 5.007 E; 23,30.885 N,35, 5.056 E; 23,30.932 N,35, 5.015 E; 23,30.924 N,35, 5.024 E; 23,30.901 N,35, 5.023 E; 23,30.908 N,35, 5.073 E; 23,3 1.939 N,35, 5.041 E; 23,30.947 N,35, 5.057 E; 23,30.894 N,35, 5.015 E; 23,30.916 N,35, 5.065 E; 23,30.901 N,35, 5.040 E; 23,30.947 N,35, 5.049 E; 23,30.902 N,35, 4.956 E; 23,30.895 N,35, 4.939 E; 23,30.879 N,35, 4.939 E; 23,30.879 N,35, 4.922 E; 23,30.864 N,35, 4.905 E; 23,30.849 N,35, 4.897 E; 23,30.833 N,35, 4.897 E; 23,30.818 N,35, 4.880 E; 23,30.803 N,35, 4.871 E; 23,30.787 N,35, 4.871 E; 23,30.779 N,35, 4.887 E; 23,30.756 N,35, 4.895 E; 23,30.741 N,35, 4.887 E; 23,30.733 N,35, 4.870 E; 23,30.726 N,35, 4.853 E; 23,30.742 N,35, 4.828 E; 23,30.726 N,35, 4.811 E; 23,30.734 N,35, 4.795 E; 23,30.742 N,35, 4.778 E; 23,30.750 N,35, 4.761 E; 23,30.774 N,35, 4.745 E; 23,30.743 N,35, 4.719 E; 23,30.735 N,35, 4.736 E; 23,30.720 N,35, 4.744 E; 23,30.871 N,35, 4.972 E; 23,30.856 N,35, 4.955 E; 23,30.840 N,35, 4.947 E; 23,30.825 N,35, 4.938 E; 23,30.810 N,35, 4.930 E; 23,30.794 N,35, 4.929 E; 23,30.779 N,35, 4.929 E; 23,30.763 N,35, 4.929 E; 23,30.755 N,35, 4.946 E; 23,30.712 N,35, 4.761 E; 23,30.704 N,35, 4.777 E; 23, 31.696 N,35, 4.794 E; 23,30.696 N,35, 4.811 E; 23,30.695 N,35, 4.836 E; 23,30.726 N,35, 4.853 E; 23,30.733 N,35, 4.887 E; 23,30.717 N,35, 4.911 E; 23,30.725 N,35, 4.928 E; 23,30.763 N,35, 4.962 E; 23,30.802 N,35, 4.963 E; 23,30.840 N,35, 4.972 E; 23,30.878N,35, 4.998 E; 23,30.918 N,35, 4.915 E; 23,30.911 N,35, 4.889 E; 23,30.880 N,35, 4.881 E; 23,30.865 N,35, 4.872 E; 23,30.780 N,35, 4.854 E; 23,30.780 N,35, 4.837 E; 23,30.734 N,35, 4.836 E; 23,30.764 N,35, 4.895 E; 23,30.703 N,35, 4.811 E; 23,30.758 N,35, 4.761 E;

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146

23,30.740 N,35, 4.945 E; 23,30.764 N,35, 4.904 E; 23,30.694 N,35, 4.894 E; 23,30.771 N,35, 4.912 E; 23,30.756 N,35, 4.904 E; 23,30.732 N,35, 4.945 E; 23,30.748 N,35, 4.962 E; 23,30.687 N,35, 4.877 E; 23,30.702 N,35, 4.920 E; 23,30.764 N,35, 4.921E; 23,30.764 N,35, 4.912 E; 23,30.710 N,35, 4.903 E; 23,30.710 N,35, 4.878 E; 23,30.734 N,35, 4.795 E; 23,30.720 N,35, 4.727 E; 23,30.727 N,35, 4.778 E; 23,30.758 N,35, 4.770 E; 23,30.712 N,35, 4.761 E; 23,30.710 N,35, 4.886 E; 23,30.719 N,35, 4.752 E; 23 ,31.712 N,35, 4.744 E; 23,30.688 N,35, 4.819 E; 23,30.771 N,35, 4.946 E; 23,30.772 N,35, 4.845 E; 23,30.720 N,35, 4.736 E; 23,30.771 N,35, 4.921 E; 23,30.702 N,35, 4.894 E; 23,30.712 N,35, 4.761 E; 23,30.809 N,35, 4.963 E; 23,30.809 N,35, 4.955 E; 23,30.76 3 N,35, 4.937 E; 23,30.887 N,35, 4.914 E; 23,30.727 N,35, 4.736 E; 23,30.817 N,35, 4.955 E; 23,30.703 N,35, 4.853 E; 23,30.763 N,35, 4.954 E; 23,30.727 N,35, 4.736 E; 23,30.712 N,35, 4.761 E; 23,30.735 N,35, 4.728 E; 23,30.680 N,35, 4.802 E; 23,30.734 N,35 ,4.811 E; 23,30.741 N,35, 4.862 E; 23,30.741 N,35, 4.870 E; 23,30.826 N,35, 4.896 E; 23,30.826 N,35, 4.888 E; 23,30.826 N,35, 4.905 E; 23,30.833 N,35, 4.905 E; 23,30.780 N,35, 4.862 E; 23,30.757 N,35, 4.870 E; 23,30.695 N,35, 4.869 E; 23,30.687 N,35, 4.83 6 E; 23,30.696 N,35, 4.811 E; 23,30.755 N,35, 4.954 E; 23,30.696 N,35, 4.777 E; 23,30.711 N,35, 4.777 E; 23,30.703 N,35, 4.802 E; 23,30.688 N,35, 4.827 E; 23,30.687 N,35, 4.852 E; 23,30.702 N,35, 4.878 E; 23,30.704 N,35, 4.761 E; 23,30.917 N,35, 4.965 E; 2 3,31.826 N,35, 4.896 E; 23,30.710 N,35, 4.895 E; 23,30.719 N,35, 4.752 E; 23,30.743 N,35, 4.703 E; 23,30.751 N,35, 4.678 E; 23,30.759 N,35, 4.653 E; 23,30.775 N,35, 4.636 E; 23,30.783 N,35, 4.619 E; 23,30.791 N,35, 4.594 E; 23,30.799 N,35, 4.570 E; 23,30.8 17 N,35, 4.545 E; 23,30.792 N,35, 4.553 E; 23,30.784 N,35, 4.569 E; 23,30.776 N,35, 4.594 E; 23,30.768 N,35, 4.619 E; 23,30.760 N,35, 4.636 E; 23,30.744 N,35, 4.652 E; 23,30.736 N,35, 4.677 E; 23,30.813 N,35, 4.653 E; 23,30.805 N,35, 4.670 E; 23,30.760 N,3 5 4.612 E; 23,30.743 N,35, 4.694 E; 23,30.744 N,35, 4.677 E; 23,30.775 N,35, 4.628 E; 23,30.751 N,35, 4.703 E; 23,30.767 N,35, 4.636 E; 23,30.776 N,35, 4.603 E; 23,30.760 N,35, 4.644 E; 23,30.791 N,35, 4.603 E; 23,30.759 N,35, 4.653 E; 23,30.752 N,35, 4.6 52 E; 23,30.760 N,35, 4.636 E; 23,30.751 N,35, 4.686 E; 23,30.759 N,35, 4.661 E; 23,30.743 N,35, 4.711 E; 23,30.759 N,35, 4.661 E; 23,30.775 N,35, 4.636 E; 23,30.784 N,35, 4.527 E; 23,30.761 N,35, 4.502 E; 23,30.739 N,35, 4.468 E; 23,30.716 N,35, 4.443 E; 23,31.716 N,35, 4.468 E; 23,30.723 N,35, 4.518 E; 23,30.745 N,35, 4.577 E; 23,30.761 N,35, 4.544 E; 23,30.755 N,35, 4.401 E; 23,30.785 N,35, 4.435 E; 23,30.831 N,35, 4.478 E; 23,30.816 N,35, 4.478 E; 23,30.831 N,35, 4.511 E; 23,30.838 N,35, 4.520 E; 23,30. 816 N,35, 4.444 E; 23,30.755 N,35, 4.376 E; 23,30.756 N,35, 4.334 E; 23,30.725 N,35, 4.334 E; 23,30.709 N,35, 4.350 E; 23,30.717 N,35, 4.384 E; 23,30.716 N,35, 4.409 E; 23,30.746 N,35, 4.493 E; 23,30.769 N,35, 4.477 E; 23,30.800 N,35, 4.511 E; 23,30.793 N, 35 ,4.419 E; 23,30.824 N,35, 4.453 E; 23,30.770 N,35, 4.427 E; 23,30.785 N,35, 4.452 E; 23,30.769 N,35, 4.519 E; 23,30.792 N,35, 4.536 E; 23,30.777 N,35, 4.519 E; 23,30.769 N,35, 4.502 E; 23,30.724 N,35, 4.418 E; 23,30.831 N,35, 4.495 E;

147


147

23,30.786 N,35, 4.412 E; 23,30.786 N,35, 4.402 E; 23,30.786 N,35, 4.419 E; 23,30.771 N,35, 4.368 E; 23,30.625 N,35, 4.332 E; 23,30.664 N,35, 4.300 E; 23,30.725 N,35, 4.309 E; 23,30.710 N,35, 4.300 E; 23,30.702 N,35, 4.317 E; 23,30.694 N,35, 4.333 E; 23,30.671 N,35, 4.333 E; 23,31.648 N,35, 4.349 E; 23,30.624 N,35, 4.366 E; 23,30.617 N,35, 4.349 E; 23,30.602 N,35, 4.332 E; 23,30.648 N,35, 4.308 E; 23,30.695 N,35, 4.300 E; 23,30.664 N,35, 4.316 E; 23,30.663 N,35, 4.325 E; 23,30.709 N,35, 4.384 E; 23,30.701 N,35, 4.409 E; 23,30 .687 N,35, 4.317 E; 23,30.717 N,35, 4.392 E; 23,30.702 N,35, 4.308 E; 23,30.710 N,35, 4.309 E; 23,30.694 N,35, 4.317 E; 23,30.695 N,35, 4.300 E; 23,30.656 N,35, 4.324 E; 23,30.679 N,35, 4.333 E; 23,30.492 N,35, 4.464 E; 23,30.546 N,35, 4.448 E; 23,30.586 N ,35 ,4.365 E; 23,30.547 N,35, 4.373 E; 23,30.538 N,35, 4.457 E; 23,30.468 N,35, 4.472 E; 23,30.286 N,35, 4.260 E; 23,30.332 N,35, 4.294 E; 23,30.378 N,35, 4.337 E; 23,30.423 N,35, 4.371 E; 23,30.469 N,35, 4.405 E; 23,30.385 N,35, 4.354 E; 23,30.301 N,35, 4 .277 E; 23,30.386 N,35, 4.320 E; 23,30.385 N,35, 4.345 E; 23,30.431 N,35, 4.388 E; 22,38.080 N,35, 3.306 E; 22,38.034 N,35, 3.329 E; 22,31.940 N,35, 8.192 E; 22,32.001 N,35, 8.284 E; 22,32.078 N,35, 8.302 E; 22,32.162 N,35, 8.387 E; 22,32.261 N,35, 8.455 E ;22,32.331 N,35, 8.531 E; 22,32.429 N,35, 8.624 E; 22,32.490 N,35, 8.699 E; 22,32.558 N,35, 8.792 E; 22,31.862 N,35, 8.291 E; 22,31.946 N,35, 8.367 E; 22,31.952 N,35, 8.458 E; 22,32.044 N,35, 8.534 E; 22,32.183 N,35, 8.570 E; 22,32.220 N,35, 8.678 E; 22,3 2.226 N,35, 8.778 E; 22,32.209 N,35, 8.869 E; 22,32.285 N,35, 8.954 E; 22,32.431 N,35, 9.047 E; 22,32.325 N,35, 8.855 E; 22,32.409 N,35, 8.981 E; 22,32.377 N,35, 9.030 E; 22,32.299 N,35, 9.112 E; 22,32.398 N,35, 9.196 E; 22,32.598 N,35, 8.676 E; 22,32.537 N,35, 8.600 E; 22,32.469 N,35, 8.524 E; 22,32.362 N,35, 8.415 E; 22,32.444 N,35, 8.674 E; 22,32.519 N,35, 8.808 E; 22,32.189 N,35, 8.628 E; 22,32.129 N,35, 8.544 E; 22,32.037 N,35, 8.476 E; 22,32.124 N,35, 8.361 E; 22,32.254 N,35, 8.413 E; 22,32.291 N,35, 8.538 E; 22,32.375 N,35, 8.598 E; 22,32.512 N,35, 8.741 E; 22,32.363 N,35, 8.955 E; 22,32.187 N,35, 8.803 E; 22,32.173 N,35, 8.728 E; 22,32.315 N,35, 9.029 E; 22,32.367 N,35, 9.171 E; 22,32.125 N,35, 8.810 E; 22,32.223 N,35, 9.011 E; 22,32.240 N,35, 8.313 E; 22,32.398 N,35, 8.656 E; 22,32.230 N,35, 8.446 E; 22,32.007 N,35, 8.401 E; 22,33.409 N,35,10.359 E; 22,33.432 N,35,10.385 E; 22,33.485 N,35,11.118 E; 22,33.541 N,35,12.736 E; 22,33.469 N,35,12.779 E; 22,33.254 N,35,13.153 E; 22,33.232 N,35,13.174 E; 22, 33.125 N,35,13.098 E.

7. Cymbopogon schoenanthus (L.) Spreng.

22.626833 N,35.180820 E; 22.257043 N,36.268963E 8. Citrullus colocynthis (L.) Schrad.

23,23.616 N,35,22.201 E; 23,24.968 N,34,47.835 E; 23,18.072 N,34,48.259 E; 23,17.728 N,34,52.422 E; 23,17.874 N,34,53.562 E; 23,24.987 N,34,47.722 E; 23,18.087 N,34,48.131 E; 3,18.074 N,34,47.914 E; 23,17.878 N,34,53.461 E;

148


148

23,17.748 N,34,53.367 E; 23,17.8 84 N,34,52.341 E; 23,13.885 N,34,53.622 E; 23,13.939 N,34,53.606 E; 23,14.814 N,34,53.729 E; 23,14.794 N,34,53.768 E; 23,14.809 N,34,53.752 E; 23,14.825 N,34,53.702 E; 23,14.849 N,34,53.669 E; 23,14.802 N,34,53.735 E; 23,14.826 N,34,53.660 E; 23,14.833 N,3 4,53.677 E; 23,14.802 N,34,53.752 E; 23,14.842 N,34,53.610 E; 23,14.818 N,34,53.710 E; 23,14.818 N,34,53.718 E; 23,14.818 N,34,53.685 E; 23,14.826 N,34,53.694 E; 23,14.842 N,34,53.594 E; 23,14.827 N,34,53.602 E; 23,14.835 N,34,53.577 E; 23,14.835 N,34,53.5 85 E; 22,38.854 N,35, 3.200 E; 22,38.714 N,35, 3.215 E; 22,37.502 N,35, 3.483 E; 22,34.000 N,35,18.773 E; 22,29.741,35,22.473 E; 22,29.599 N,35,22.670 E; 22,29.487 N,35,22.917 E; 22,29.701 N,35,22.563 E; 22,29.698 N,35,22.223 E; 22,29.612 N,35,22.321 E; 22 ,29.561 N,35,22.187 E; 22,29.459 N,35,22.734 E; 22,29.606 N,35,22.711 E; 22,29.524 N,35,22.535 E; 22,29.651 N,35,22.845 E; 22,29.603 N,35,22.387 E; 22,29.636 N,35,22.812 E; 22,29.555 N,35,22.536 E; 22,29.750,35,22.381 E; 22,29.621 N,35,22.786 E; 22,29.503 N,35,22.901 E; 22,29.587 N,35,22.437 E; 22,29.613 N,35,22.279 E; 22,29.549 N,35,22.428 E; 22,29.530 N,35,22.627 E; 22,29.474 N,35,22.809 E; 22,29.619 N,35,22.869 E; 22,29.434 N,35,22.875 E; 22,29.792 N,35,22.698 E; 22,29.788 N,35,22.964 E; 22,39.843 N,35,2 1.565 E; 22,40.975 N,35,21.784 E; 22,41.152 N,35,22.319 E.

9. Cucumis prophetarum L.

22.274141 N,36.370521 E; 22.273929 N,36.370401 E; 22.245776 N,36.368366 E; 22.240351 N,36.371408 E; 22.217723 N,36.393852 E; 22.217794 N,36.393900 E; 22.203561 N,36.389939 E; 22.207174 N,36.390121 E; 22.205056 N,36.390101 E; 22.206216 N,36.389990 E; 22.205 176 N,36.390518 E; 22.203359 N,36.390283 E; 22.204151 N,36.390355 E; 22.205699 N,36.390116 E; 22.204413 N,36.390085 E; 22.202824 N,36.390745 E; 22.202985 N,36.390741 E; 22.207074 N,36.392410 E; 22.203268 N,36.390587 E; 22.204131 N,36.391321 E; 22.205162 N ,36.391218 E; 22.206187 N,36.391371 E; 22.206561 N,36.391932 E; 22.207355 N,36.390846 E; 22.203751 N,36.391036 E; 22.204393 N,36.391051 E; 22.204902 N,36.391340 E; 22.205921 N,36.391778 E; 22.206718 N,36.390555 E; 22.205927 N,36.391502 E; 22.235365 N,36.40 7536 E

10. Cocculus pendulus (J.R. and G. Forst) Diels

22.678941 N,35.041772 E; 22.671120 N,35.043170 E; 22.667104 N,35.044552 E; 22.587035 N,35.289884 E; 22.582674 N,35.293461 E; 22.581897 N,35.293864 E; 22.581240 N,35.294823 E; 22.679058 N,35.365051 E; 22.677881 N,35.363426 E; 22.677780 N,35.362420 E; 22.675 658 N,35.362458 E; 22.669553 N,35.356249 E; 22.668460 N,35.354385 E; 22.664542 N,35.360622 E; 22.534588 N,35.506775 E; 22.241794 N,36.369057 E; 22.241388 N,36.369163 E; 22.240974 N,36.369419 E; 22.217198 N,36.394277 E; 22.216504 N,36.394071 E; 22.233440 N, 36.413914 E; 22.218098 N,36.395611 E; 22.218010 N,36.395478 E; 22.215081 N,36.399964 E; 22.240439 N,36.406077 E; 22.269614 N,36.414035 E; 22.233129 N,36.412597 E;

149


149

22.225497 N,36.408683 E; 22.226836 N,36.400015 E; 22.229377 N,36.401458 E; 22.227443 N,36.401 687 E; 22.261331 N,36.410518 E; 22.221575 N,36.399474 E; 22.220681 N,36.399176 E; 22.221038 N,36.400566 E; 22.203269 N,36.390550 E; 22.202857 N,36.390738 E; 22.202591 N,36.391146 E

11. Chrozophora oblongifolia (Delile) Spreng.

23.416331 N,34.793977 E; 23.416207 N,34.793557 E; 23.416458 N,34.794118 E; 23.416332 N,34.793837 E; 23.247384 N,34.893479 E; 22.202871 N,36.425510 E; 22.199214 N,36.435662 E; 22.664544 N,35.360622 E; 22.239835 N,36.368871 E; 22.240363 N,36.371436 E; 22.217 987 N,36.393956 E; 22.203358 N,36.390282 E; 22.204186 N,36.389472 E; 22.203908 N,36.389659 E; 22.204296 N,36.389530 E; 22.215795 N,36.399197 E; 22.215670 N,36.399056 E

12. Dodonaea viscosa (L.) Jacq.

22.214112 N,36.347409 E; 22.203392 N,36.346289 E; 22.202930 N,36.362434 E; 22.202807 N,36.362155 E; 22.203182 N,36.362716 E; 22.202048 N,36.361584 E; 22.202819 N,36.361603 E

13. Senna italica Mill.

23.417911 N,34.800969 E; 23.417860 N,34.801056 E; 23.416121 N,34.797250 E; 23.416162 N,34.797460 E; 23.416041 N,34.796761 E; 23.416045 N,34.796483 E; 23.416048 N,34.796204 E; 23.415910 N,34.797038 E; 23.415784 N,34.796758 E; 23.417666 N,34.800966 E; 23.41 7669 N,34.800688 E; 23.417415 N,34.800405 E; 23.417159 N,34.800262 E; 23.417156 N,34.800541 E; 23.417281 N,34.800822 E; 23.417277 N,34.801240 E; 23.417016 N,34.801515 E; 23.416883 N,34.801932 E; 23.417137 N,34.802214 E; 23.417526 N,34.801941 E; 23.417917 N,34.801528 E; 23.417658 N,34.801663 E; 23.417034 N,34.799982 E; 23.416900 N,34.800398 E; 23.416895 N,34.800817 E; 23.416891 N,34.801235 E; 23.416131 N,34.797313 E; 23.415906 N,34.797317 E; 23.416032 N,34.797598 E; 23.416415 N,34.797882 E; 23.416038 N,34.7 97141 E; 23.416402 N,34.798997 E; 23.416521 N,34.799835 E; 23.416384 N,34.800531 E; 23.416265 N,34.799693 E; 23.416270 N,34.799274 E; 23.415758 N,34.798989 E; 23.415763 N,34.798570 E; 23.416645 N,34.800255 E; 23.416283 N,34.798159 E; 23.416025 N,34.798156 E; 23.417005 N,34.802491 E; 23.416744 N,34.802767 E; 23.416611 N,34.803183 E; 23.416349 N,34.803598 E; 23.415831 N,34.803870 E; 23.415696 N,34.804426 E; 23.415432 N,34.804980 E; 23.415300 N,34.805257 E; 23.415036 N,34.805811 E; 23.414644 N,34.806363 E; 23. 414382 N,34.806778 E; 23.414248 N,34.807195 E; 23.413991 N,34.807191 E; 23.414124 N,34.806775 E; 23.414387 N,34.806360 E; 23.414518 N,34.806083 E; 23.414781 N,34.805668 E; 23.414914 N,34.805252 E; 23.415175 N,34.804976 E; 23.415437 N,34.804561 E; 23.416091N,34.803594 E; 23.416225 N,34.803178 E; 23.416485 N,34.802902 E; 23.416492 N,34.802345 E; 23.416360 N,34.802622 E; 23.416099 N,34.802897 E; 23.415967 N,34.803174 E; 23.415834 N,34.803591 E; 23.415570 N,34.804145 E; 23.413607 N,34.807046 E; 23.414005 N,34. 815936 E;

150


151

23.414922 N,34.804554 E; 23.415059 N,34.803859 E; 23.415583 N,34.803030 E; 23.416239 N,34.801923 E; 23.416630 N,34.801510 E; 23.416635 N,34.801092 E; 23.415976 N,34.802477 E; 23.415450 N,34.803446 E; 23.414925 N,34.804276 E; 23.414531 N,34.804967E; 23.414268 N,34.805522 E; 23.413748 N,34.805933 E; 23.413343 N,34.807601 E; 23.412820 N,34.808291 E; 23.412299 N,34.808841 E; 23.411910 N,34.809115 E; 23.411135 N,34.809383 E; 23.410485 N,34.809932 E; 23.410218 N,34.810765 E; 23.409944 N,34.812155 E; 23.410060 N,34.813272 E; 23.410195 N,34.812717 E; 23.410591 N,34.811885 E; 23.410597 N,34.811328 E; 23.410340 N,34.811324 E; 23.410993 N,34.810497 E; 23.410 737 N,34.810354 E; 23.411130 N,34.809801 E; 23.411778 N,34.809392 E; 23.411916 N,34.808557 E; 23.412695 N,34.808010 E; 23.413085 N,34.807597 E; 23.413349 N,34.807043 E; 23.413743 N,34.806351 E; 23.413483 N,34.806626 E; 23.413224 N,34.806762 E; 23.413090 N, 34.817179 E; 23.412828 N,34.807594 E; 23.412569 N,34.807729 E; 23.412309 N,34.808005 E; 23.412048 N,34.808280 E; 23.411656 N,34.808832 E; 23.411395 N,34.809108 E; 23.413468 N,34.807881 E; 23.410874 N,34.809658 E; 23.410482 N,34.810211 E; 23.410733 N,34.810 772 E; 23.411775 N,34.809671 E; 23.410335 N,34.811742 E; 23.412817 N,34.808569 E; 23.411513 N,34.810085 E; 23.411255 N,34.810082 E; 23.414116 N,34.807472 E; 23.414150 N,34.804544 E; 23.413499 N,34.805232 E; 23.414359 N,34.808730 E; 23.415273 N,34.807627 E; 23.415942 N,34.805405 E; 23.414941 N,34.802882 E; 23.414290 N,34.803570 E;

23.415472 N,34.801494 E; 23.411665 N,34.807996 E; 23.411889 N,34.810927 E; 23.409419 N,34.813124 E; 23.409682 N,34.812570 E; 23.409536 N,34.814102 E; 23.395031 N,34.844017 E; 23.39 5175 N,34.842764 E; 23.395317 N,34.841651 E; 23.395722 N,34.839983 E; 23.395585 N,34.840678 E; 23.395369 N,34.837190 E; 23.395516 N,34.835659 E; 23.395956 N,34.831064 E; 23.396752 N,34.828984 E; 23.395943 N,34.832179 E; 23.394373 N,34.845262 E; 23.392993 N ,34.842315 E; 23.393177 N,34.837578 E; 23.392957 N,34.834369 E; 23.392984 N,34.832139 E; 23.393399 N,34.829635 E; 23.393940 N,34.827412 E; 23.395259 N,34.824642 E; 23.396920 N,34.825640 E; 23.399447 N,34.818565 E; 23.401017 N,34.816356 E; 23.404531 N,34.81 2918 E; 23.404124 N,34.814725 E; 23.406189 N,34.814196 E; 23.407241 N,34.812258 E; 23.406091 N,34.811545 E; 23.402968 N,34.814570 E; 23.394985 N,34.826032 E; 23.395612 N,34.827435 E; 23.393800 N,34.828386 E; 23.393384 N,34.830889 E; 23.393579 N,34.836190 E; 23.393284 N,34.839392 E; 23.392872 N,34.841617 E; 23.392460 N,34.843842 E; 23.392557 N,34.846492 E; 23.391799 N,34.845366 E; 23.391434 N,34.843549 E; 23.393612 N,34.833402 E; 23.393716 N,34.835495 E; 23.396224 N,34.830092 E; 23.395584 N,34.829804 E; 23. 393114 N,34.840503 E; 23.397490 N,34.820908 E; 23.310014 N,34.825990 E; 23.309925 N,34.826540 E; 23.310716 N,34.825804 E; 23.311382 N,34.820879 E; 23.311414 N,34.820152 E; 23.311294 N,34.819453 E; 23.310657 N,34.818887 E; 23.309890 N,34.818459 E; 23.309387 N,34.817477 E; 23.311577 N,34.817228 E; 23.311719 N,34.816115 E; 23.313150 N,34.814742 E; 23.309269 N,34.816500 E; 23.308634 N,34.815795 E; 23.310841 N,34.825159 E; 23.298 216 N,34.891576 E; 23.296923 N,34.892115 E; 23.296417 N,34.891411 E; 23.297838 N,34.890874 E; 23.297329 N,34.890449 E; 23.302594 N,34.880632 E; 23.305577 N,34.867857 E;

151


151

23.264315 N,34.937543 E; 23.264077 N,34.937052 E; 23.264318 N,34.938448 E; 23.264347 N, 34.936181 E; 23.263582 N,34.935513 E; 23.242793 N,34.915423 E; 23.244547 N,34.913794 E; 23.243245 N,34.915029 E; 23.243506 N,34.914754 E; 23.243769 N,34.914340 E; 23.244160 N,34.913928 E; 23.244667 N,34.914492 E; 23.245304 N,34.915058 E; 23.245940 N,34.915 624 E; 23.245546 N,34.916315 E; 23.245155 N,34.916727 E; 23.244765 N,34.917000 E; 23.243860 N,34.917405 E; 23.243342 N,34.917676 E; 23.242961 N,34.917252 E; 23.242584 N,34.916551 E; 23.242458 N,34.916271 E; 23.242849 N,34.915858 E; 23.243366 N,34.915727 E; 23.244146 N,34.915041 E; 23.244138 N,34.915738 E; 23.243873 N,34.916291 E;

23.243741 N,34.916567 E; 23.243609 N,34.916844 E; 23.243486 N,34.916424 E; 23.244904 N,34.916166 E; 23.245167 N,34.915752 E; 23.244914 N,34.915331 E; 23.244791 N,34.914911 E; 23.24 5187 N,34.914082 E; 23.245566 N,34.914644 E; 23.245949 N,34.914928 E; 23.246074 N,34.915208 E; 23.244908 N,34.915888 E; 23.244772 N,34.916443 E; 23.244510 N,34.916857 E; 23.244515 N,34.916439 E; 23.244014 N,34.915318 E; 23.244782 N,34.915608 E; 23.243354 N ,34.916711 E; 23.242191 N,34.917102 E; 23.242441 N,34.917663 E; 23.244410 N,34.914488 E; 23.244278 N,34.914765 E; 22.757697 N,34.956319 E; 22.678216 N,35.040759 E; 22.676942 N,35.039770 E; 22.677187 N,35.040744 E; 22.680445 N,35.037464 E; 22.676136 N,35.04 2392 E;22.676793 N,35.041293 E; 22.676804 N,35.040461 E; 22.677837 N,35.040199 E; 22.683557 N,35.035569 E; 22.678105 N,35.039371 E; 22.679152 N,35.038000 E; 22.678621 N,35.039240 E; 22.678762 N,35.038271 E; 22.673958 N,35.041667 E; 22.682518 N,35.036385 E; 22.681445 N,35.037464 E; 22.677076 N,35.039356 E; 22.680445 N,35.037464 E; 22.681228 N,35.036644 E; 22.680690 N,35.038438 E; 22.674353 N,35.040979 E; 22.677072 N,35.039633 E; 22.674876 N,35.040294 E; 22.675384 N,35.040856 E; 22.681474 N,35.037479 E; 22.59 4393 N,35.064449 E; 22.594287 N,35.063493 E; 22.595836 N,35.063100 E; 22.596459 N,35.064634 E; 22.597637 N,35.063127 E; 22.593254 N,35.063755 E; 22.596322 N,35.065325 E; 22.598268 N,35.064107 E; 22.596213 N,35.063799 E; 22.596822 N,35.066441 E; 22.596184 N ,35.166116 E; 22.602402 N,35.062783 E; 22.607686 N,35.062168 E; 22.597903 N,35.062438 E; 22.545514 N,35.073849 E; 22.543978 N,35.073272 E; 22.545913 N,35.072885 E; 22.547560 N,35.074849 E; 22.544119 N,35.072304 E; 22.545504 N,35.074680 E; 22.543215 N,35.07 2568 E; 23.008187 N,35.606464 E; 23.007532 N,35.607146 E; 23.007542 N,35.606590 E; 23.007808 N,35.606039 E; 23.007558 N,35.605618 E; 23.007700 N,35.604787 E; 23.007420 N,35.606171 E; 23.008201 N,35.605630 E; 23.007167 N,35.605888 E; 22.848896 N,35.678640 E ;22.847849 N,35.679730 E; 22.847222 N,35.678746 E; 22.847751 N,35.677924 E; 22.847631 N,35.677367 E; 22.848529 N,35.677523 E; 22.848387 N,35.678353 E; 22.848377 N,35.678908 E; 22.847599 N,35.679309 E; 22.847994 N,35.678762 E; 22.847489 N,35.678197 E; 22.8 46862 N,35.677213 E; 22.846366 N,35.676093 E; 22.847643 N,35.676673 E; 22.847101 N,35.678328 E; 22.848522 N,35.677939 E; 22.847344 N,35.679165 E; 22.848127 N,35.678487 E; 22.369200 N,35.973916 E; 22.367797 N,35.973720 E; 22.368412 N,35.975254 E ; 22.367396 N,35.974541 E; 22.366640 N,35.973696 E; 22.273975 N,36.370404 E;

22.274326 N,36.370602 E; 22.274440 N,36.369892 E; 22.274485 N,36.365525 E;

152


152

22.274145 N,36.369523 E; 22.274413 N,36.368977 E; 22.274690 N,36.368017 E; 22.274585 N,36.366909 E; 22.274 731 N,36.366083 E; 22.274628 N,36.364838 E; 22.274705 N,36.367326 E; 22.274553 N,36.368428 E; 22.274722 N,36.366498 E; 22.274608 N,36.365804 E; 22.274696 N,36.367740 E; 22.274533 N,36.369394 E; 22.274619 N,36.365252 E; 22.274625 N,36.364976 E; 22.274853 N, 36.366363 E; 22.274139 N,36.369799 E; 22.274582 N,36.367047 E; 22.274699 N,36.367602 E; 22.205242 N,36.389042 E.

14. Fagonia bruguieri DC.

23,18.113 N,34,48.146 E; 23,18.005 N,34,52.778 E; 23,17.874 N,34,53.552 E; 23,18.228 N,34,52.563 E; 23,18.307 N,34,52.447 E; 23,18.418 N,34,52.165 E; 23,18.295 N,34,52.129 E; 23,18.240 N,34,52.237 E; 23,18.121 N,34,52.511 E; 23,17.904 N,34,53.202 E; 23,17. 995 N,34,53.354 E; 23,18.168 N,34,53.064 E; 23,18.062 N,34,52.945 E; 23,18.020 N,34,52.543 E; 23,18.124 N,34,52.252 E; 23,18.370 N,34,51.704 E; 23,18.435 N,34,50.744 E; 23,18.387 N,34,50.216 E; 23,18.448 N,34,49.641 E; 23,18.498 N,34,50.009 E; 23,18.462 N, 34,51.468 E; 23,18.467 N,34,52.006 E; 23,18.281 N,34,52.714 E; 23,17.984 N,34,52.969 E; 23,17.825 N,34,53.368 E; 23,17.799 N,34,53.577 E; 23,18.154 N,34,52.345 E; 23,17.964 N,34,52.710 E; 23,17.844 N,34,53.745 E; 23,17.949 N,34,53.963 E; 23,17.995 N,34,54. 131 E; 23,18.076 N,34,53.689 E; 23,18.151 N,34,53.264 E; 23,15.861 N,34,56.266 E; 23,14.568 N,34,54.918 E; 23,15.708 N,34,56.071 E; 23,15.632 N,34,55.919 E; 23,15.432 N,34,55.883 E; 23,15.231 N,34,55.863 E; 23,15.855 N,34,56.658 E; 23,16.468 N,34,55.764 E; 23,16.859 N,34,55.352 E; 23,17.156 N,34,55.039 E; 23,17.609 N,34,54.594 E; 23,17.908 N,34,54.197 E; 23,17.270 N,34,54.556 E; 23,17.050 N,34,54.887 E; 23,16.862 N,34,55.118 E; 23,16.642 N,34,55.399 E; 23,14.908 N,34,55.809 E; 23,14.491 N,34,55.836 E; 23, 9 .326 N,34,52.622 E; 23, 9.350 N,34,52.589 E; 23, 9.452 N,34,52.440 E; 23, 9.396 N,34,52.540 E; 23, 9.390 N,34,52.456 E; 23, 9.297 N,34,52.472 E; 23, 9.350 N,34,52.539 E; 23, 9.537 N,34,52.417 E; 23, 9.522 N,34,52.408 E; 23, 9.449 N,34,52.641 E; 23, 9.553 N ,34,52.342 E; 23, 9.344 N,34,52.364 E; 23, 9.551 N,34,52.525 E; 23, 9.282 N,34,52.463 E; 23, 9.411 N,34,52.607 E; 23, 9.350 N,34,52.523 E; 23, 9.359 N,34,52.414 E; 23, 9.483 N,34,52.441 E; 23, 9.482 N,34,52.474 E; 23, 9.483 N,34,52.408 E; 23, 9.452 N,34,52 .391 E; 23, 9.437 N,34,52.357 E; 23, 9.520 N,34,52.517 E; 23, 9.474 N,34,52.508 E; 23, 9.489 N,34,52.566 E; 23, 9.405 N,34,52.498 E; 23, 9.504 N,34,52.608 E; 23, 9.396 N,34,52.582 E; 22,42.816 N,35, 1.195 E; 22,41.730 N,35, 1.798 E; 22,40.446 N,35, 2.629 E ;22,38.195 N,35, 3.312 E; 22,41.915 N,35, 1.673 E; 22,42.033 N,35,1.500 E; 22,42.289 N,35, 1.371 E; 22,42.600 N,35, 1.259 E; 22,42.544 N,35, 1.358 E; 22,42.303 N,35, 1.512 E; 22,42.170 N,35, 1.627 E; 22,41.906 N,35, 1.748 E; 22,42.499 N,35, 1.282 E; 22,4 2.811 N,35, 1.287 E; 22,42.520 N,35, 1.424 E; 22,42.745 N,35, 1.361 E; 22,42.281 N,35, 1.446 E; 22,40.600 N,35, 2.486 E; 22,40.772 N,35, 2.272 E; 22,41.061 N,35, 2.077 E; 22,41.425 N,35, 1.949 E; 22,41.293 N,35, 1.988 E; 22,40.974 N,35, 2.167 E; 22,38.350 N,35, 3.326 E;

153


153

22,38.576 N,35, 3.188 E; 22,38.878 N,35, 3.067 E; 22,39.242 N,35, 2.998 E; 22,39.538 N,35, 2.836 E; 22,39.825 N,35, 2.682 E; 22,40.181 N,35, 2.621 E; 22,39.141 N,35, 3.038 E; 22,39.299 N,35, 2.799 E; 22,39.521 N,35, 2.919 E; 22,38.831 N,35, 3.167 E; 22,39.763 N,35, 2.756 E; 22,31.928 N,35, 5.012 E; 22,31.761 N,35, 4.815 E; 22,31.829 N,35, 4.933 E; 22,31.974 N,35, 5.084 E; 22,31.843 N,35, 5.008 E; 22,31.744 N,35, 4.890 E; 22,31.762 N,35, 4.749 E; 22,31.691 N,35, 4.814 E; 22,31.751 N,35, 4.965 E; 22,34.086 N,35, 4.094 E; 22,34.799 N,35, 3.905 E; 22,35.866 N,35, 3.754 E; 22,36.886 N,35, 3.736 E; 22,37.552 N,35, 3.580 E; 22,32.677 N,35, 4.405 E; 22,32.447 N,35, 4.285 E; 22,32.310 N,35, 4.134 E; 22,33.226 N,35,13.477 E; 22,33.211 N,35,13.548 E; 22, 33.226 N,35,13.614 E; 22,33.205 N,35,13.406 E; 22,33.176 N,35,13.314 E; 22,33.123 N,35,13.206 E; 22,33.276 N,35,13.873 E; 22,33.019 N,35,12.913 E; 22,33.079 N,35,13.080 E; 22,34.536 N,35,17.974 E; 22,34.078 N,35,18.840 E; 22,34.406 N,35,18.047 E; 22,33.558N,35,19.604 E; 22,33.501 N,35,19.778 E; 22,40.743 N,35,21.903 E; 22,40.069 N,35,21.273 E; 22,40.665 N,35,21.845 E; 22,40.651 N,35,21.778 E; 22,40.590 N,35,21.702 E; 22,40.522 N,35,21.626 E; 22,40.422 N,35,21.566 E; 22,40.347 N,35,21.465 E; 22,40.256 N,35, 21.364 E; 22,40.231 N,35,21.463 E; 22,40.307 N,35,21.556 E; 22,40.398 N,35,21.657 E; 22,40.573 N,35,21.802 E; 22,40.250 N,35,21.721 E; 22,40.061 N,35,21.485 E; 22,40.222 N,35,21.039 E

15. Haplophyllum tuberculatum (Forssk.) Juss.

22.369173 N,35.974106 E; 22.368692 N,35.974016 E; 22.363479 N,35.973549 E; 22.362662 N,35.973196 E; 22.358387 N,35.967851 E; 22.358750 N,35.969103 E; 22.350312 N,35.973349 E; 22.351966 N,35.974352 E; 22.348278 N,35.972061 E; 22.350996 N,35.971151 E; 22.3496 57 N,35.974026 E; 22.348770 N,35.973316 E; 22.348014 N,35.972470 E; 22.347504 N,35.972183 E; 22.347136 N,35.971207 E; 22.347406 N,35.970522 E; 22.349579 N,35.971259 E; 22.352382 N,35.972701 E; 22.351233 N,35.972262 E; 22.348820 N,35.970552 E; 22.349819 N,3 5.972232 E; 22.351573 N,35.974758 E; 22.349188 N,35.971527 E; 22.351858 N,35.973243 E; 22.348810 N,35.971105 E; 22.348420 N,35.971373 E; 22.352947 N,35.969948 E; 22.354372 N,35.969425 E; 22.351477 N,35.972959 E; 22.349811 N,35.972647 E; 22.347033 N,35.9698 23 E; 22.346789 N,35.969126 E; 22.348319 N,35.969850 E; 22.347126 N,35.971760 E; 22.350834 N,35.972945 E; 22.350598 N,35.971834 E; 22.349826 N,35.971818 E; 22.349433 N,35.972224 E; 22.349040 N,35.972630 E; 22.349047 N,35.972216 E; 22.348031 N,35.971503 E; 22.348314 N,35.970126 E; 22.348170 N,35.970953 E; 22.347908 N,35.971224 E; 22.351850 N,35.973658 E; 22.351626 N,35.971856 E; 22.350844 N,35.972392 E; 22.351593 N,35.973652 E; 22.304886 N,35.944855 E; 22.347928 N,35.970118 E; 22.348175 N,35.970676 E; 22.362 178 N,35.971527 E; 22.359116 N,35.970217 E; 22.303886 N,35.944997 E; 22.303770 N,35.944304 E; 22.305061 N,35.944054 E; 22.306198 N,35.945184 E; 22.305548 N,35.945585 E; 22.304779 N,35.945430 E; 22.303503 N,35.944851 E; 22.303125 N,35.944428 E; 22.304537 N, 35.944596 E; 22.305817 N,35.944899 E;

154


154

22.307216 N,35.945758 E; 22.307864 N,35.945495 E; 22.307615 N,35.945075 E; 22.307110 N,35.944512 E; 22.306596 N,35.944501 E; 22.306213 N,35.944355 E; 22.303704 N,35.940847 E; 22.301373 N,35.941765 E; 22.270609 N,36.372 616 E; 22.270749 N,36.372066 E; 22.271012 N,36.371796 E; 22.271275 N,36.371527 E; 22.271923 N,36.371266 E; 22.272183 N,36.371134 E; 22.272443 N,36.371002 E; 22.272834 N,36.370735 E; 22.273225 N,36.370468 E; 22.273868 N,36.370484 E; 22.273988 N,36.370901 E; 22.273728 N,36.371033 E; 22.273468 N,36.371165 E; 22.273205 N,36.371435 E; 22.273071 N,36.371708 E; 22.272811 N,36.371840 E; 22.272423 N,36.371968 E; 22.272163 N,36.372100 E; 22.271903 N,36.372232 E; 22.271514 N,36.372361 E; 22.271252 N,36.372631 E; 22.27 1989 N,36.372901 E; 22.270598 N,36.373168 E; 22.270489 N,36.372198 E; 22.271260 N,36.372217 E; 22.271780 N,36.371953 E; 22.272043 N,36.371683 E; 22.272431 N,36.371554 E; 22.272688 N,36.371560 E; 22.273211 N,36.371159 E; 22.273474 N,36.370889 E; 22.273211 N ,36.371159 E; 22.271783 N,36.371815 E; 22.271917 N,36.371542 E; 22.273085 N,36.371017 E; 22.273082 N,36.371155 E; 22.272954 N,36.371152 E; 22.271257 N,36.372355 E; 22.272822 N,36.371287 E; 22.270872 N,36.372346 E; 22.270997 N,36.372487 E; 22.271132 N,36.37 2214 E; 22.271783 N,36.371815 E; 22.271654 N,36.371812 E; 22.271517 N,36.372223 E; 22.271126 N,36.372490 E; 22.271917 N,36.371542 E; 22.273996 N,36.370487 E; 22.273865 N,36.370622 E; 22.270743 N,36.372343 E; 22.270606 N,36.372754 E; 22.270860 N,36.372898 E ;22.271789 N,36.371539 E; 22.272563 N,36.371419 E; 22.271523 N,36.371947 E;

22.271654 N,36.371812 E; 22.271794 N,36.371263 E; 22.273716 N,36.371585 E; 22.273848 N,36.371450 E; 22.273862 N,36.370760 E; 22.273371 N,36.369643 E; 22.273511 N,36.369093 E; 22.2 73251 N,36.369225 E; 22.273117 N,36.369498 E; 22.273111 N,36.369775 E; 22.273257 N,36.368949 E; 22.272994 N,36.369219 E; 22.273374 N,36.369505 E; 22.273248 N,36.369363 E; 22.273374 N,36.369505 E; 22.273377 N,36.369367 E; 22.273242 N,36.369640 E; 22.273251 N,36.369225 E; 22.273248 N,36.369363 E; 22.273377 N,36.369367 E; 22.273505 N,36.369370 E; 22.273508 N,36.369232 E; 22.273120 N,36.369360 E; 22.273254 N,36.369087 E

16. Convolvulus hystrix Vahl

23,18.614 N,34,49.530 E; 22,39.855 N,35,20.584 E; 22,39.605 N,35,20.430 E; 22,39.865 N,35,20.594 E; 22,39.849 N,35,20.658 E; 22,39.796 N,35,20.607 E; 22,39.887 N,35,20.717 E; 22,39.822 N,35,20.572 E; 23, 3.735 N,35,33.448 E; 23, 3.719 N,35,33.456 E; 23, 3. 712 N,35,33.439 E; 23, 3.712 N,35,33.422 E; 23, 3.697 N,35,33.405 E; 23, 3.688 N,35,33.430 E; 23, 3.703 N,35,33.464 E; 23, 3.682 N,35,33.380 E; 23, 3.682 N,35,33.338 E; 23, 3.667 N,35,33.354 E; 23, 3.666 N,35,33.380 E; 23, 3.675 N,35,33.296 E; 23, 3.652 N ,35,33.314 E; 23, 3.681 N,35,33.405 E; 23, 3.696 N,35,33.447 E

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155

Appendix E: Site location map of Halaib Triangle Area and the distribution of the recorded plants

Map 11 Site location map of Halaib Triangle Area

Wadi Al Daieb 32 Gabel El Meshbieh 38 Shalatten city 3 Wadi Yahmeeb 32 Wadi Mady 31 AbuRamad city 3 Wadi Kansi-Srob 37 Wadi Al Sieet 32 Wadi El Hodein 8 Wadi Akaw 33 Wadi Al Assela 32 Wadi Marafay 1 Wadi Marafawy 32 Wadi Banieet 37 Wadi Aeghat 2 Qash Ameir - Sol Hammed 83 Gabel Hamra Doom 33 Wadi Al Argha 2 Wadi Aedieb 83 Wadi Shaab 32 Wadi Khashab 7 Wadi Otefek 83 Wadi Abo Gerfan 33 Wadi Abraq 3 Wadi Karm Elba 88 Marsa Shaab 33 Wadi Qombiet 2 Wadi Sarar Sarmati 81 Wadi Messiah 33 Wadi Abo Saffaa 33 Wadi Sarar Oser 82 Wadi Abeeb 38 Wadi Deef 33

Al Adaldeeb 31 Wadi Al Fogi 33

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156

Map 12 Distribution of Citrullus colocynthis (L.) Schrad.

Map 13 Distribution of Citrullus colocynthis (L.) Schrad. (cont.1)

157


157

Map 14 Distribution of Hyoscyamus muticus L.

Map 15 Distribution of Hyoscyamus muticus L. (cont. 1)

158


158

Map 16 Distribution of Senna italica Mill

Map 17 Distribution of Senna italica Mill. (cont.1)

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159

Map 18 Distribution of Senna italica Mill. (cont. 2)

Map 19 Distribution of Cymbopogon schoenanthus (L.) Spreng. subsp. proximus (A. Rich.) Maire and Weiller

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161

Map 20 Distribution of Cymbopogon schoenanthus (L.) Spreng. subsp. proximus (A. Rich.) Maire and Weiller (cont. 1)

Map 21 Distribution of Cymbopogon schoenanthus (L.) Spreng. subsp. proximus (A. Rich.) Maire and Weiller (cont. 2)

161


161

Map 22 Distribution of Delonix elata (L.) Gamble

Map 23 Distribution of Delonix elata (L.) Gamble (cont. 1)

162


162



163


163

Map 26 Distribution of Ricinus communis L.

Map 27 Distribution of Ricinus communis L. (cont. 1)

164


164

Map 28 Distribution of Ricinus communis L. (cont. 2)

Map 29 Distribution of Salvadora persica L.

165


165

Map 30 Distribution of Salvadora persica L. (cont. 1)


166


166


Map 33 Distribution of Solanum nigrum L.

167


167

Map 34 Distribution of Solanum nigrum L. (cont. 1)

Map 35 Distribution of Solanum nigrum L. (cont. 2)

168


168

Map 36 Distribution of Aerva javanica (Burnm. f.) Juss. ex Schult.

Map 37 Distribution of Aerva javanica (Burnm. f.) Juss. ex Schult. (cont. 1)

169


169

Map 38 Distribution of Aerva javanica (Burnm. f.) Juss. ex Schult. (cont. 2)

Map 39 Distribution of Anastatica hierochuntica L.

170


171

Map 40 Distribution of Anastatica hierochuntica L. (cont. 1)

Map 41 Distribution of Anastatica hierochuntica L. (cont. 2)

171


171

Map 42 Distribution of Asphodelus tenuifolius Cav.

Map 43 Distribution of Asphodelus tenuifolius Cav. (cont. 1)

172


172

Map 44 Distribution of Asphodelus tenuifolius Cav. (cont. 2)

Map 45 Distribution of Balanites aegyptiaca (L.) Delile

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173

Map 46 Distribution of Balanites aegyptiaca (L.) Delile (cont. 1)

Map 47 Distribution of Balanites aegyptiaca (L.) Deile (cont.2)

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174

Map 48 Distribution of Calotropis procera (Aiton) W. T. Aiton

Map 49 Distribution of Calotropis procera (Aiton) W. T. Aiton (cont.1)

175


175

Map 50 Distribution of Calotropis procera (Aiton) W. T. Aiton (cont.2)

Map 51 Distribution of Capparis decidua (Forssk.) Edgew

176


176

Map 52 Distribution of Capparis decidua (Forssk.) Edgew (cont. 1)

Map 53 Distribution of Capparis decidua (Forssk.) Edgew (cont. 2)

177


177

Map 54 Distribution of Cleome droserifolia (Forssk.) Delile

Map 55 Distribution of Cleome droserifolia (Forssk.) Delile (cont. 1)

178


178



179


179

Map 58 Distribution of Cocculus pendulus (J.R. and G. Forst) Diels

Map 59 Distribution of Cocculus pendulus (J.R. and G. Forst) Diels (cont. 1)

180


181

Map 60 Distribution of Cocculus pendulus (J.R. and G. Forst) Diels (cont. 2)

Map 61 Distribution of Commiphora gileadensis (L.) C. Chr.

181


181

Map 62 Distribution of Commiphora gileadensis (L.) C. Chr. (cont. 1)

Map 63 Distribution of Commiphora gileadensis (L.) C. Chr. (cont. 2)

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Map 64 Distribution of Convolvulus hystrix Vahl

Map 65 Distribution of Convolvulus hystrix Vahl (cont. 1)

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Map 66 Distribution of Convolvulus hystrix Vahl (cont. 2)

Map 67 Distribution of Cucumis prophetarum L.

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Map 68 Distribution of Cucumis prophetarum L. (cont. 1)

Map 69 Distribution of Cucumis prophetarum L. (cont. 2)

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Map 70 Distribution of Dodonaea viscosa (L.) Jacq.

Map 71 Distribution of Dodonaea viscosa (L.) Jacq. (cont. 1)

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Map 74 Distribution of Haplophyllum tuberculatum (Forssk.) Juss.

Map 75 Distribution of Haplophyllum tuberculatum (Forssk.) Juss. (cont. 1)

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Map 79 Distribution of Moringa peregrina (Forssk.) Fiori

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Map 80 Distribution of Moringa peregrina (Forssk.) Fiori (cont. 1)

Map 81 Distribution of Moringa peregrina (Forssk.) Fiori (cont. 2)

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Map 82 Distribution of Otostegia fruticosa (Forssk.) Penz

Map 83 Distribution of Otostegia fruticosa (Forssk.) Penz. (cont. 1)

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Map 84 Distribution of Otostegia fruticosa (Forssk.) Penz. (cont. 2)

Map 85 Distribution of Solenostemma arghel (Delile) Hayne

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Map 86 Distribution of Solenostemma arghel (Delile) Hayne (cont. 1)

Map 87 Distribution of Solenostemma arghel (Delile) Hayne (cont. 2)

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Map 88 Distribution of Tephrosia purpurea subsp. apollinea (L.) Pers.

Map 89 Distribution of Tephrosia purpurea subsp. apollinea (L.) Pers. (cont. 1)

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Map 90 Distribution of Tephrosia purpurea subsp. apollinea (L.) Pers. (cont. 2)

Map 91 Distribution of Fagonia bruguieri DC.

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Map 92 Distribution of Fagonia bruguieri DC. (cont. 1)


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Map 95 Distribution of Iphiona scabra DC.

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Map 96 Distribution of Iphiona scabra DC. (cont. 1)

Map 97 Distribution of Iphiona scabra DC. (cont. 2)

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Map 98 Distribution of Zygophyllum simplex L.

Map 99 Distribution of Zygophyllum simplex L. (cont. 1)

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Map 100 Distribution of Zygophyllum simplex L. (cont. 2)

Map 101 Distribution of Chrozophora oblongifolia (Delile) Spreng.

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Map 102 Distribution of Chrozophora oblongifolia (Delile) Spreng. (cont. 1)

Map 103 Distribution of Dracaena ombet Kotschy and Peyr.

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Map 104 Distribution of Dracaena ombet Kotschy and Peyr. (cont. 1)


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Map 107 Distribution of Echinops hussonii Boiss

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Map 108 Distribution of Echinops hussonii Boiss. (cont. 1)

Map 109 Distribution of Euphorbia consobrina N. E. Br.

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Map 110 Distribution of Euphorbia consobrina N. E. Br. (cont. 1)

Map 111 Distribution of Euphorbia consobrina N. E. Br. (cont. 2)

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Map 112 Distribution of Farsetia stylosa R. Br.

Map 113 Distribution of Farsetia stylosa R. Br. (cont. 1)

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Map 114 Distribution of Farsetia stylosa R. Br. (cont. 2)

Map 115 Distribution of Oxalis anthelmintica A. Rich.

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Map 116 Distribution of Oxalis anthelmintica A. Rich. (cont. 1)

Map 117 Distribution of Oxalis anthelmintica A. Rich. (cont. 2)

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Map 118 Distribution of Plicosepalus curviflorus (Benth. ex Oliv.) Tiegh.

Map 119 Distribution of Plicosepalus curviflorus (Benth. ex Oliv.) Tiegh. (cont. 1)

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Map 120 Distribution of Plicosepalus curviflorus (Benth. ex Oliv.) Tiegh. (cont. 2)

Map 121 Distribution of Rumex simpliciflorus Murb.

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Map 122 Distribution of Rumex simpliciflorus Murb. (cont. 1)

Map 123 Distribution of Rumex simpliciflorus Murb. (cont. 2)

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Map 124 Distribution of Tephrosia nubica (Boiss.) Baker

Map 125 Distribution of Tephrosia nubica (Boiss.) Baker (cont. 1)

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Map 126 Distribution of Tephrosia nubica (Boiss.) Baker (cont. 2)

Map 127 Distribution of Zilla spinosa (L.) Prantl

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Map 128 Distribution of Zilla spinosa (L.) Prantl (cont. 1)

Map 129 Distribution of Zilla spinosa (L.) Prantl (cont. 2)

النباتات الطبية صـــــون المستــدام فــي مصــر واستخدامها

المسوح الوطنية

5مجلد منطقة مثلث حاليب

جامعة أسيوط -كلية العلوم : الجهة المنفذة عبد العزيز علي فايد. د.أ: الرئيسيالباحث

محمد أحمد الشنواني. د.أ: الباحث المناوب

العربية مصرجمهورية - القاهرة

6102

conservation and sustainable use of medicinal …eewmp.com/./images/pdf/5.pdf · protecting...

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