constitution endterm

7/24/2019 Constitution Endterm

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INTRODUCTION TOCONSTITUTION


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INHERENT POWERS OF THE STA


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POLICE POWER

It is the inherent and plenary power o the state w

ena"les it to prohi"it all that is h#rt#l to the !o$

and welare o so!iety&


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POLICE POWER

Power o pro$otin' the p#"li! welare "y restrainre'#latin' the #se o "oth li"erty and property o

people&

It is !onsidered to "e the $ost all)en!o$passin'

powers& It $ay "e e*er!ised only "y the 'o+ern$ent&

The property ta,en in the e*er!ise o this power i

"e!a#se it is no*io#s or intended or ano*io#s p#


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POLICE POWER

It lies pri$arily in the dis!retion o the le'islat#re

Hen!e% the President% and ad$inistrati+e "oards the law$a,in' "odies on all $#ni!ipal le+els% in!

"aran'ay $ay not e*er!ise it witho#t a +alid dele

o le'islati+e power&

-#ni!ipal 'o+ern$ents e*er!ise this power "y +i'eneral welare !la#se o the Lo!al .o+ern$ent C

/00/&

E+en the !o#rts !annot !o$pel the e*er!ise o th

thro#'h $anda$#s or any 1#di!ial pro!ess&


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RE2UISITES OF A 3ALID POLICE -EASURE4

LAWFUL SU56ECTThe a!ti+ity or property so#'ht to "e re'#lated a7

p#"li! welare& It re8#ires the pri$a!y o the wela

$any o+er the interests o the ew&

LAWFUL -EANS

The $eans e$ployed $#st "e reasona"le and $#

to the sae'#ards '#aranteed "y the 5ill o Ri'hts


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E-INENT DO-AIN

It is the inherent ri'ht o the state to !onde$n pr

property to p#"li! #se #pon pay$ent o 1#st !o$

It is also ,nown as the power o e*propriation&


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E-INENT DO-AIN

A7e!ts only property ri'hts&

It $ay "e e*er!ised "y so$e pri+ate entities&The property or!i"ly ta,en #nder this power% #po

o 1#st !o$pensation% is needed or !on+ersion to

or p#rpose&

The ta,in' o property in law $ay in!l#de4Trespass witho#t a!t#al e+i!tion o the owner9

-aterial i$pair$ent o the +al#e o the property9

Pre+ention o the ordinary #ses or whi!h the prop

intended&


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E-INENT DO-AIN

The property that $ay "e s#"1e!t or e*propriatio

"e li$ited to pri+ate property&P#"li! property $ay "e e*propriated pro+ided the

spe!i:! 'rant o a#thority to the dele'ate&

-oney and a !hose in a!tion are the only thin's e

ro$ e*propriation&Altho#'h it is also lod'ed pri$arily in the nationa

le'islat#re% the !o#rts ha+e the power to in8#ire

o the ri'ht o e$inent do$ain and to deter$ine

not there is a 'en#ine ne!essity thereore&


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TA;ATION

Power "y whi!h the State raises re+en#e to dera

ne!essary e*penses o the .o+ern$ent&

It is the enor!ed proportional !ontri"#tions ro$

and property% le+ied "y the State "y +irt#e o its

so+erei'nty% or the s#pport o the 'o+ern$ent a

p#"li! needs&


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TA;ATION

A7e!ts only property ri'hts and $ay "e e*er!ised

the 'o+ern$ent&

The property ta,en #nder this power shall li,ewis

intended or a p#"li! #se or p#rpose&

It is #sed solely or the p#rpose o raisin' re+en#

prote!t the people and e*tend the$ "ene:ts in th

p#"li! pro1e!ts and ser+i!es&


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TA;ATION

Hen!e% it !annot "e allowed to "e !on:s!atory% e*

intended or destr#!tion as an instr#$ent o the power&

It $#st !onor$ to the re8#ire$ents o d#e pro!e

Thereore% ta*payers are entitled to "e noti:ed o

assess$ent pro!eedin's and to "e heard therein!orre!t +al#ation to "e 'i+en the property&

It is also s#"1e!t to the 'eneral re8#ire$ents o t

prote!tion !la#se that the r#le o ta*ation shall "

and e8#ita"le&


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RE.ALIAN DOCTRINE

All lands o the p#"li! do$ain "elon' to the State

the so#r!e o any asserted ri'ht to ownership o l

All lands not otherwise appearin' to "e !learly w

ownership are pres#$ed to "elon' to the State&All lands not otherwise !learly appearin' to "e pr

owned are pres#$ed to "elon' to the State&


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RE.ALIAN DOCTRINE

All lands o the p#"li! do$ain "elon' to the State% wso#r!e o any asserted ri'ht to ownership o land& Aotherwise appearin' to "e !learly within pri+ateownpres#$ed to "elon' to the State&

All lands not otherwise !learly appearin' to "e pri+aare pres#$ed to "elon' to the State&


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CONSTITUTION

The "ody o r#les and $a*i$sin a!!ordan!e withpowers o so+erei'nty are ha"it#ally e*er!ised&


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PURPOSE OF CONSTITUTION4

To PRESCRI5Ethe per$anent ra$ewor, o a sys'o+ern$ent9

To ASSI.Nto the se+eral depart$ents their respe

power and d#ties9

To ESTA5LISH!ertain :rst prin!iples on whi!h the

'o+ern$ent is o#nded&


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@INDS OF CONSTITUTION


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AS TO ORI.IN4

CUMULATIVE OR EVOLVED one where it has i

$ainly on !#sto$s% !o$$on law prin!iples% and

!o#rts& It is the prod#!t o histori!al e+ol#tion and

rather than o deli"erate and or$al ena!t$ent&

CONVENTIONAL OR ENACTED one that is the

deli"erate asse$"ly and !ons!io#sly adopted or


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AS TO FOR-4

WRITTEN one whi!h has "een red#!ed in writinparti!#lar ti$e ashioned o#t #s#ally "y a !onstit

!on+ention&

UNWRITTEN one that is the prod#!t o politi!a"oth in or$ and in s#"stan!e% not ina#'#rated a

spe!i:! ti$e and !han'in' "y a!!retion rather th

syste$ati! $ethod&


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AS TO -ODALITB OF A-END-ENT OR RE3ISIO

RIGID one that !annot "e a$ended e*!ept "y t

pro!ed#re spelled o#t in that Charter itsel whi!h

FLEXIBLE one whi!h possesses no hi'her le'al

than ordinary laws whi!h !an "e a$ended easily&


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ESSENTIAL PARTS OF A .OODWRITTEN CONSTITUTION


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-A6OR PARTS OF A CONSTITUTION

CONSTITUTION OF .O3ERN-ENT

That portion whi!h esta"lishes the $a1or or'ans o 'oand de:nes and allo!ates these powers a$on' the se

depart$ents&

CONSTITUTION OF LI5ERTBThe pro+isions '#aranteein' indi+id#al ri'hts whi!h $ay "

a'ainst the $assi+e powers o the 'o+ern$ent in !ase o ea"#ses&

CONSTITUTION OF SO3EREI.NTB

That part o the Constit#tion where it spells o#t the a#thor

people as the repository o so+erei'nty to appro+e or !han

Constit#tion&


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RE2UISITES OF A .OOD WRITTCONSTITUTION


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RE2UISITES OF A .OOD CONSTITUTION

IT -UST 5E 5ROAD

It pro+ides or the or'aniation o the entire 'o+ern$eall persons and thin's within the territory o the State

"e!a#se it $#st "e !o$prehensi+e eno#'h to pro+ide

!ontin'en!y&

IT -UST 5E 5RIEF

It $#st !on:ne itsel to "asi! prin!iples to "e i$ple$ele'islati+e details $ore ad1#sta"le to !han'e and easi

IT -UST 5E DEFINITE

To pre+ent a$"i'#ity in its pro+isions whi!h !o#ld

!on#sion and di+isi+eness a$on' the people&


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PHILIPPINE CONSTITUTIONS INHISTORB


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CONSTITUTIONS OF THE PHILIPPINES

The /0Constit#tion o 5ia,)na)5ato

The /00-alolos Constit#tionA!ts o the United States Con'ress

Philippine Or'ani! A!t o /0G

Philippine A#tono$y A!t o /0/>

Tydin's-!D#?e A!t Freedo$ Constit#tion


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/0 PHILIPPINE CONSTITUTIO


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5ASIC CONCEPTS OF THE /0PHILIPPINE CONSTITUTION

CONSTITUTIONALIS-


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CONSTITUTIONALIS-

Constit#tionalis$ reers to the position or pra!ti!'o+ern$ent "e li$ited "y a !onstit#tion&

The do!trine or syste$ o 'o+ern$ent in whi!h t

'o+ernin' power is li$ited "y enor!ea"le r#les o!on!entration o power is li$ited "y +ario#s !he!

"alan!es so that the "asi! ri'hts o indi+id#als an

are prote!ted&

DOCTRINE OF CONSTITUIONAL SUPRE-ACB


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DOCTRINE OF CONSTITUIONAL SUPRE-ACB

I a law +iolates any nor$ o the !onstit#tion% tha

and +oid9 it has no e7e!t&

The A$eri!an !ase o -ar"#ry +& -adison laid do

!lassi! state$ent on !onstit#tional s#pre$a!yK

proposition too plain to "e !ontested% that the Co!ontrols any le'islati+e a!t rep#'nant to it&K

Constit#tional s#pre$a!y prod#!ed 1#di!ial re+iew

REPU5LICANIS-


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REPU5LICANIS-

The essen!e o rep#"li!anis$ is representation a

reno+ation% the sele!tion "y the !itienry o a !or

#n!tionaries who deri+e their $andate ro$ the

a!t on their "ehal% ser+in' or a li$ited period on

whi!h they are repla!ed or retained at the option

prin!ipal&

PRINCIPLE OF SEPARATION OF POWERS


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HISTORB Separation o powers "e!a$e the pith and !ore o the

syste$ o 'o+ern$ent lar'ely thro#'h the inM#en!e o

politi!al writer -ontes8#ie#&

5y the esta"lish$ent o the A$eri!an so+erei'nty in t

Philippines% the prin!iple was introd#!ed as an insepar

o the 'o+ern$ental syste$ or'anied "y the United S

!o#ntry&



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ESSENCE In essen!e% separation o powers $eans that le'islatio

Con'ress% e*e!#tion to the e*e!#ti+e% settle$ent o le

!ontro+ersies to the 1#di!iary&

Ea!h is pre+ented ro$ in+adin' the do$ain o others

Di+ision and Assi'n$ent& Its startin' point is the ass

the di+ision o the #n!tions o the 'o+ern$ent into th

!lassesthe e*e!#ti+e% the le'islati+e and the 1#di!ial

Its essen!e !onsists in the assi'n$ent o ea!h !lass o

one o the three or'ans o 'o+ern$ent&



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THEORB

The theory is that a power de:nitely assi'ned "y the Constit#tion

depart$ent !an neither "e s#rrendered nor dele'ated "y that dep+ested "y stat#te in another depart$ent or a'en!y&K

REASON

The #nderlyin' reason o this prin!iple is the ass#$ption that ar"it

a"#se o a#thority wo#ld ine+ita"ly res#lt ro$ the !on!entration o

powers o 'o+ern$ent in the sa$e person% "ody o persons or or'

-ore spe!i:!ally% a!!ordin' to 6#sti!e La#rel% the do!trine o separ

is intended to4

Se!#re a!tion

To orestall o+era!tion

To pre+ent despotis$

To o"tain e?!ien!y


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6UDICIAL RE3IEW


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6UDICIAL RE3IEW

Reers to the power o the !o#rts to test the +alidity

'o+ern$ental a!ts in li'ht o their !onor$ity with a

nor$


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DUE PROCESS

DEFINITION4 It is the responsi+eness to the s#pre$a!y o reason% o"edie

di!tates o 1#sti!e&

It is a '#aranty a'ainst ar"itrariness on the part o the 'o+e

O"ser+an!e o "oth s#"stanti+e and pro!ed#ral ri'hts is e8

'#aranteed "y d#e pro!ess&

ORI.IN4 5y the 0th !hapter o the -a'na Carta wr#n' "y the "aron

6ohn% the despot pro$ised that no $an shall "e ta,en% i$p

disseied or o#tlawed% or in any $anner destroyed9 nor sha

hi$% nor send hi$% "#t "y the law#l 1#d'$ent o his peers

o the land&K

DUE PROCESS


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DUE PROCESS

ORI.IN4

In /J% @in' Edward IIIs Stat#te G de!lared that nwhat state or !ondition whoe+er "e% shall "e p#t o#t

or tene$ents% nor ta,en% nor i$prisoned% nor indi!te

death% witho#t he "e "ro#'ht in to answer "y d#e pro

law&K

It is this i$$ortal phrase that has reso#nded thro#'h

!ent#ries as the or$ida"le !ha$pion o lie% li"erty a

in all)reedo$ lo+in' lands&


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PREA-5LE

-EANIN.


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-EANIN.

Prea$"le $eans to wal, "eore&K


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FUNCTIONS OF THE PREA-5LE IN THE CONST

It sets down the ori'in% s!ope and p#rpose o the

Constit#tion& It en#$erates the pri$ary ai$s and e*presses th

aspirations o the ra$ers in dratin' the Constit#

Use#l as an aid in the !onstr#!tion and interpret

te*t o the Constit#tion&

Th#s% Prea$"le is a so#r!e o li'ht& It is not a so#

ri'hts or o"li'ations&

ORI.IN AUTHORSHIP


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ORI.IN AUTHORSHIP

Its ori'in% or a#thorship% is the will o the so+ere

people&K

The identi:!ation o the Filipino people as the a#t

!onstit#tion also !alls attention to an i$portant p

that the do!#$ent is not 1#st the wor, o represe

the people "#t o the people the$sel+es who p#t

o appro+al "y ratiyin' it in a ple"is!ite&

THE PREA-5LE


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THE PREA-5LE

We% the so+erei'n Filipino people% i$plorin' the aid .od% in order to "#ild a 1#st and h#$ane so!iety% ana .o+ern$ent that shall e$"ody o#r ideals and asppro$ote the !o$$on 'ood% !onser+e and de+elop opatri$ony% and se!#re to o#rsel+es and o#r posterit

"lessin's o independen!e and de$o!ra!y #nder thlaw and a re'i$e o tr#th% 1#sti!e% reedo$% lo+e% e8pea!e% do ordain and pro$#l'ate this Constit#tion&


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NATIONAL TERRITORB

ARTICLE I

DEFINITION OF NATIONAL TERRITORB


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Territory is an area o the earths s#ra!e whi!h is th

o so+erei'n ri'hts and interests&

It is that de:nite or ali8#ot area o the earths s#rawhi!h a State e*er!ises 1#risdi!tion% s#"1e!t to the li$posed "y international law&

Territory is the :*ed portion o the s#ra!e o the eainha"ited "y the people o the state&

Territory as an ele$ent o a state $eans an area o+state has e7e!ti+e !ontrol&

5INDIN. EFFECT IN INTERNATIONAL LAW OF THE DEFINATIONAL TERRITORB IN THE CONSTITUTION


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NATIONAL TERRITORB IN THE CONSTITUTION

A !onstit#tion is a $#ni!ipal law&As s#!h% it "inds only the nation pro$#l'atin' it&

A de:nition o national territory in the !onstit#tion winternationally only i it is s#pported "y proo that !international law&

Unilateral assertions in a !onstit#tion whi!h is $#ni"y the$sel+es do not esta"lish an international ri'hterritory&

SCOPE OF PHILIPPINE NATIONAL TERRITORB


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The Philippine ar!hipela'o9

All other territories o+er whi!h the Philippines has sor 1#risdi!tion9

The territorial sea% sea"ed% s#"soil% ins#lar shel+es s#"$arine areas !orrespondin' toQ !onsist o terreM#+ial and aerial do$ains&

TERRITORIES CO3ERED UNDER ARTICLE I


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Those !eded to the US "y +irt#e o the Treaty o Paris on De/0&

Those de:ned in the treaty !on!l#ded "etween the US and o Washin'ton= on No+e$"er % /00% whi!h were not de:nTreaty o Paris% spe!i:!ally the islands o Ca'ayan% S#l# and

Those de:ned in the treaty !on!l#ded on 6an#ary G% /0% "US and .reat 5ritain


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STRAI.HT 5ASELINE -ETHOD


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The $ethod #sed to delineate the territorial sea&

I$a'inary strai'ht lines are drawn 1oinin' the o#tero the o#ter$ost islands o the ar!hipela'o witho#t to any appre!ia"le e*tent ro$ the 'eneral !on:'#rar!hipela'o&

The waters within the "aselines shall "e !onsideredwaters9 while the "readth o the territorial sea shall $eas#red ro$ the "aselines&

/G $iles ro$ the "aseline is the territorial sea&

ARCHIPELA.IC DOCTRINE


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The waters aro#nd% "etween% and !onne!tin' the isar!hipela'o% re'ardless o their "readth and di$enspart o the internal waters o the Philippines&

This is "ased on the prin!iple that an ar!hipela'o% w!onsists o a n#$"er o islands separated "y "odiessho#ld "e treated as one inte'ral #nit&

CONTI.UOUS ONE AND E;CLUSI3E ECONO-


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UN Con+ention on the Law o the Sea pro+ides or aone o /G $iles ro$ the end o the territorial sea ae*!l#si+e e!ono$i! one o G $iles ro$ the "ase

Altho#'h the !onti'#o#s one and $ost o the e*!l#

e!ono$i! one $ay not% te!hni!ally% "e part o the the State% nonetheless% the !oastal State en1oys preri'hts o+er the $arine reso#r!es o#nd within these

-ODE OF AC2UIRIN. TERRITORB


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Dis!o+ery it is the oldest $ode o a!8#irin' territory&To "e +alid and e7e!ti+e% dis!o+ery $#st "e a!!o$panied "y o!!#p

$ana'e$ent and ad$inistration o the island dis!o+ered&Pres!ription the !ontin#ed o!!#pation o a territory or a lonti$e "y one state&

A!!retion it is a pro!ess where the land area o a State !a#operation o either the or!es o nat#re% or arti:!ially% thro#'la"or% is in!reased&

Cession is a "ilateral a'ree$ent where"y one State transede:nite portion o a territory to another&

Con8#est is the a!8#isition o a territory "y the #se o or!ered#!es the +an8#ished territory to the s#"$ission o the !oState&


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TERRITORIAL DISPUTES

ARTICLE I

SA5AH


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The re'ion !a$e #nder 5ritish !ontrol in / when a 5ritsyndi!ate% later !alled the 5ritish North 5orneo % wNorth 5orneo was pro!lai$ed a Crown Colony&

D#rin' World War II


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Spratly Islands% 'ro#p o $ore than > islets% !oral"ars% and atolls in the So#th China Sea& The islands

to the northwest o 5r#nei% the -alaysian state o Sthe Philippine island o Palawan&

Ownership o so$e or all o the Spratlys is disp#tedChina% Taiwan% 3ietna$% 5r#nei% -alaysia% and the PThe lar'est o the /G $ain islets is It# A"a% with a to

> he!tares


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The Spratly Islands were !ontrolled "y Fran!e ro$ /00% "y 6apan d#rin' World War II


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DECLARATION OF PRINCIPLES ASTATE POLICIES

ARTICLE II

-EANIN. AND SI.NIFICANCE


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It is a state$ent o the "asi! ideolo'i!al prin!iples that #nderlie the Constit#tion&

As s#!h% the pro+isions shed li'ht on the $eanin' opro+isions o the Constit#tion and they are '#ide o

depart$ents o the 'o+ern$ent in the i$ple$entatConstit#tion&

5ASIC CONCEPTS UNDER SECTION /


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Rep#"li!an State

One wherein all 'o+ern$ent a#thority e$anates ro$and is e*er!ised "y representati+es !hosen "y the pe

Government of the people, by, the people, & for the people

The Philippines is not only a representati+e or rep#""#t also shares so$e aspe!ts o dire!t de$o!ra!y sinitiati+e and reerend#$&

CHARACTERISTICS OF A REPU5LICAN STATE


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E*isten!e o a 5ill o Ri'hts9

O"ser+an!e o the r#le o law% it is a 'o+ern$ent o lao $en9

O"ser+an!e o the prin!iple that the State !annot "e witho#t its !onsent9

O"ser+an!e o the prin!iple that Con'ress !annot pas

irrepara"le laws9

O"ser+an!e o the prin!iple o separation o powers a!he!,s and "alan!e&

Presen!e o ele!tion thro#'h pop#lar will or the ri'ht


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5ASIC CONCEPTS UNDER SECTION G


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As applied in $ost !o#ntries% the do!trine o in!orpodi!tates that r#les o international law are 'i+en e8#

with% and are not s#perior to% national le'islati+e enSo$e prin!iples o international law a!,nowled'ed Co#rt as part o the law o the land4 Uni+ersal De!laration o H#$an Ri'hts

The ri'ht o a !o#ntry to esta"lish $ilitary !o$$issions t

!ri$inals& 3ienna Con+ention on Road Si'ns and Si'nals

In+ol+es the #se o early warnin' de+i!es&

D#ty to prote!t the pre$ises o e$"assies and le'ations&

5ASIC CONCEPTS UNDER SECTION


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The prin!iple o !i+ilian s#pre$a!y is instit#tionaliepro+ision whi!h $a,es the President% a !i+ilian and !i+ilian% !o$$ander)in)!hie o the ar$ed or!es& 5#t this does not $ean that !i+ilian o?!ials are s#perior

o?!ials& Ci+ilian o?!ials are s#perior to $ilitary o?!ials law $a,es the$ so&

5ASIC CONCEPTS UNDER SECTION


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Pri$e d#ty o the 'o+ern$ent

5ASIC CONCEPTS UNDER SECTION >


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To "e dis!#ssed #nder the 5ill o Ri'hts


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-eanin' o So!ial 6#sti!eThe e8#aliation o e!ono$i!% politi!al% and so!ial opport

spe!ial e$phasis on the d#ty o the state to tilt the "alanor!es "y a+orin' the disad+anta'ed in lie&

How pro$otion o so!ial 1#sti!e is !arried o#t in all phasede+elop$ent&

5ASIC CONCEPTS UNDER SECTION /G


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Le'al $eanin' and p#rpose o the prote!tion that is'#aranteed or the #n"ornThis is not an assertion that the lie o the #n"orn is pla!e

the le+el o the lie o the $other&

When ne!essary to sa+e the lie o the $other% the lie o$ay "e sa!ri:!ed9 "#t not when the p#rpose is $erely to$other ro$ e$otional s#7erin'% or whi!h other re$edieso#'ht% or to spare the !hild ro$ a lie o po+erty% whi!h attended to "y welare instit#tions&



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This pro+ision is so worded as not to a#to$ati!ally dthe Ci+il Code and the !i+il law 1#rispr#den!e on the

What it does is to 'i+e i$pet#s to the re$o+al% throstat#tes% o e*istin' ine8#alities&

The 'eneral idea is or the law to i'nore se* where rele+ant a!tor in deter$inin' ri'hts and d#ties&

Nor is the pro+ision $eant to i'nore !#sto$s and tr


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This does not $ean that the 'o+ern$ent is not reethe de$ands o ed#!ation a'ainst other !o$petin' de$ands



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La"or as a pri$ary so!ial e!ono$i! or!eK $eans ta!tor has pri$a!y o+er non)h#$an a!tors in prod#

Ri'hts o wor,ers


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5ASIC CONCEPTS UNDER SECTION G


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The poli!y o #ll p#"li! dis!los#re&


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CITIENSHIP

ARTICLE I3

DEFINITION OF CITIENSHIP


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It is personal and $ore or less per$anent $e$"erspoliti!al !o$$#nity&

It denotes possession within that parti!#lar politi!alo #ll !i+il and politi!al ri'hts s#"1e!t to spe!ialdis8#ali:!ations s#!h as $inority&

Re!ipro!ally% it i$poses the d#ty o alle'ian!e to the!o$$#nity&

-ODES OF AC2UIRIN. CITIENSHIP


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6#s san'#inis a!8#isition o !itienship on the "asirelationship9

6#s soli a!8#isition o !itienship on the "asis o pl"irth9

Nat#raliation the le'al a!t o adoptin' an alien anhi$ with the pri+ile'e o a nat#ral)"orn !itien&

OTHER 5ASIC CONCEPTS


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5asi! Philippine law ollows the r#le o 1#s san'#inis and pro+idenat#raliation&

The prin!iple o 1#s san'#inis is applied in the /0 Constit#tion #/


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DUAL CITIENSHIP

UNDER SECTION J


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D#al !itienship% as a dis8#ali:!ation ro$ r#nnin' or any position #nder the Lo!al .o+ern$ent Code% $#st reer to !

d#al alle'ian!e& Persons with $ere d#al !itienship do not this dis8#ali:!ation&

For !andidates


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5e!a#se Philippine law has no !ontrol o+er !itienship law!o#ntries% d#al !itienship !an "e #na+oida"le #nder the

Constit#tion& E*a$ple4


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A-END-ENTS OR RE3ISION

ARTICLE ;3II

DEFINITION


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A$end$ent is a !han'e e7e!ted in so$e parts o tConstit#tion witho#t !onsiderin' the whole do!#$e

Re+ision is a rewritin' or s#"stantial !han'in' in the

Constit#tion +iewed in its entirety&

SECTION /


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Any a$end$ent to% or re+ision o% this Constit#tion proposed "y4

The Con'ress% #pon a +ote o three)o#rths o all its -

A !onstit#tional !on+ention&

-ETHODS OF PROPOSIN. A-END-ENTRE3IS


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5y Con'ress% as a !onstit#ent asse$"ly% #pon a +oto#rths o all its $e$"ers +otin' separately9

5y Constit#tional Con+ention !alled or the p#rpose

5y the People dire!tly% thro#'h Initiati+e #pon petitire8#ired n#$"er o re'istered +oters&


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5y Constit#tional Con+ention !alled or the p#rpose

Constit#tional Con+ention is a "ody asse$"led or te*pressed p#rpose o ra$in' the !onstit#tion% or ree*istin' Constit#tion% or or$#latin' a$end$ents to

appro+al o the ele!torate&

-ETHODS OF PROPOSIN. A-END-ENTRE3IS


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5y the People dire!tly% thro#'h Initiati+e #pon petitire8#ired n#$"er o re'istered +oters& at least /G o the total n#$"er o re'istered +oters% o w

le'islati+e distri!t $#st "e represented "y at least o re'istered +oters therein=

On!e the re8#ired n#$"er o +oters si'nat#re is !o$plieCon'ress is "o#nd to s#"$it the proposed a$end$ents t

or rati:!ation in a ple"is!ite& Rati:!ation $eans the dire!t appro+al "y the people o th

a$end$ent to% or re+ision o the !onstit#tion& It is the :n$a,e any !han'e in the !onstit#tion +alid as part thereo

LI-ITATIONS


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No a$end$ents #nder this se!tion shall "e a#thori:+e years ollowin' the rati:!ation o this Constit#tiotener than on!e e+ery :+e years thereater&

I-PORTANCE OF A-ENDIN. PROCEDURE


93/103

No Constit#tion% howe+er 'ited its ra$ers% is li,ely

ade8#ate or an inde:nite period&There are pro"le$s that no h#$an oresi'ht !an an

As !onditions are ne+er stati!% so $#st the #nda$ereed ro$ the !onstraint o ri'idity&

While it is red#!ed to writin'% it sho#ld not "e de+oiele$ent o Me*i"ility&


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Two Content Layo#t with Ta"le


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First "#llet point here

Se!ond "#llet point here

Third "#llet point here

Group 1

Class / G

Class G >

Class

Title and Content Layo#t with S$artArt


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Pi!t#re with Caption Layo#t


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Caption


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constitution endterm

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